PROJECT WORK IN BUSINESS STUDIES FOR CLASS XII

GUIDELINES FOR PROJECT

I. Project One: Elements of Business Environment

The teachers should help the students in selecting any one element of the following:
i. Changes witnessed over the last few years on mode of packaging and its economic impact. The teacher
may guide the students to identify the following changes:
ii. The changes in transportation of fruits and vegetables such as cardboard crates being used in place of
wooden crates, etc. Reasons for above changes.
iii. Milk being supplied in glass bottles, later in plastic bags and now in tetra-pack and through vending
machines.
iv. Plastic furniture [doors and stools] gaining preference over wooden furniture.
v. The origin of cardboard and the various stages of changes and growth.
vi. Brown paper bags packing to recycled paper bags to plastic bags and cloth bags.
vii. Re use of packaging [bottles, jars and tins] to attract customers for their products.
viii. The concept of pyramid packaging for milk.
ix. Cost being borne by the consumer/manufacturer.
x. Packaging used as means of advertisements.

1. The reasons behind changes in the following:

Coca – Cola and Fanta in the seventies to Thums up and Campa Cola in the eighties to Pepsi and Coke in
nineties.
The teacher may guide the students to the times when India sold Coca Cola and Fanta which were being
manufactured in India by the foreign companies.

The students may be asked to enquire about

a) Reasons of stopping the manufacturing of the above mentioned drinks in India THEN.
b) The introduction of Thums up and Campa cola range.
c) Re entry of Coke and introduction of Pepsi in the Indian market.
d) Factors responsible for the change.
e) Other linkages with the above.
f) Leading brands and the company having the highest market share.
g) Different local brands venturing in the Indian market.
h) The rating of the above brands in the market.
i) The survival and reasons of failure in competition with the international brands.
j) Other observations made by the students

The teacher may develop the following on the above lines

2. Changing role of the women in the past 25 years relating to joint families, nuclear families, women as a bread
earner of the family, changes in the requirement trend of mixers, washing machines, micro wave and standard
of living.
3. The changes in the pattern of import and export of different Products.
4. The trend in the changing interest rates and their effect on savings.
5. A study on child labour laws, its implementation and consequences.
6. The state of ‘anti plastic campaign,’ the law, its effects and implementation.
7. The laws of mining /setting up of industries, rules and regulations, licences required for running that business.
8. Social factors affecting acceptance and rejection of an identified product. (Dish washer, Atta maker, etc)
9. What has the effect of change in environment on the types of goods and services? The students can take
examples like:
a) Washing machines, micro waves, mixers and grinder.
b) Need for crèche, day care centre for young and old.
c) Ready to eat food, eating food outside, and tiffin centres.
10. Change in the man-machine ratio with technological advances resulting in change of cost structure.
11. Effect of changes in technological environment on the behaviour of employee.

II. Project Two: Principles of Management

The students are required to visit any one of the following:
1. A departmental store.
2. An Industrial unit.
3. A fast food outlet.
4. Any other organisation approved by the teacher.
They are required to observe the application of the general Principles of management advocated by Fayol.

Fayol’s principles
1. Division of work.
2. Unity of command.
3. Unity of direction.
4. Scalar chain
5. Espirit de corps
6. Fair remuneration to all.
7. Order.
8. Equity.
9. Discipline
10. Subordination of individual interest to general interest.
11. Initiative.
12. Centralisation and decentralisation.
13. Stability of tenure.
14. Authority and Responsibility OR

They may enquire into the application of scientific management techniques by F.W. Taylor in the unit visited.

Scientific techniques of management.

1. Functional foremanship.
2. Standardisation and simplification of work.
3. Method study.
4. Motion Study.
5. Time Study.
6. Fatigue Study
7. Differential piece rate plan.

Tips to teacher
(i) The teacher should facilitate the students to identify any unit of their choice and guide them to identify the
principles that are being followed.
(ii) Students should also identify the techniques of scientific management implemented in the organisation.
(iii) The observations could be on the basis of
 The different stages of division of work resulting to specialisation.
 Following instructions and accountability of subordinates to higher authorities. Visibility of order and
equity in the unit.
 Balance of authority and responsibility. Communication levels and pattern in the organisation.
 Methods and techniques followed by the organisation for unity of direction and coordination amongst
all.
 Methods of wage payments followed. The arrangements of fatigue study. Derivation of time study.
 Derivation and advantages of method study. Organisational chart of functional foremanship.

(iv) It is advised that students should be motivated to pick up different areas of visit.
(v) The students may be encouraged to develop worksheets, questionnaire, interviews and organisational
chart etc.
III. Project Three: Stock Exchange
The purpose of this project is to teach school students the values of investing and utilising the stock market. This
project also teaches important lessons about the economy, mathematics and financial responsibility.

The basis of this project is to learn about the stock market while investing a specified amount of fake money in
certain stocks. Students then study the results and buy and sell as they see fit.

This project will also guide the students and provide them with the supplies necessary to successfully monitor stock
market trends and will teach students how to calculate profit and loss on stock.

The project work will enable the students to:

 understand the topics like sources of business finance and capital market
 understand the concepts used in stock exchange
 inculcate the habit of watching business channels, reading business journals/newspapers and seeking
information from their elders.

The students are expected to:

a) Develop a brief report on History of Stock Exchanges in India. (your country)
b) Prepare a list of at least 25 companies listed on a Stock Exchange.
c) To make an imaginary portfolio totalling a sum of Rs. 50,000 equally in any of the 5 companies of their
choice listed above over a period of twenty working days.

 The students may be required to report the prices of the stocks on daily basis and present it
diagrammatically on the graph paper.
 They will understand the weekly holidays and the holidays under the Negotiable Instruments Act.
 They will also come across with terms like closing prices, opening prices, etc.
 During this period of recording students are supposed to distinctively record the daily and starting and
closing prices of the week other days under the negotiable instrument act so that they acquire knowledge
about closing and opening prices.
 The students may conclude by identifying the causes in the fluctuations of prices. Normally it would be
related to the front page news of the a business journal, for example,
 Change of seasons. Festivals.
 Spread of epidemic. Strikes and accidents
 Natural and human disasters. Political environment.
 Lack of faith in the government policies.
 Impact of changes in government policies for specific industry. International events.
 Contract and treaties at the international scene. Relations with the neighbouring countries.
Crisis in developed countries, etc.

The students are expected to find the value of their investments and accordingly rearrange their portfolio.

The project work should cover the following aspects;

1. Graphical presentation of the share prices of different companies on different dates.
2. Change in market value of shares due to change of seasons, festivals, natural and human disasters.
3. Change in market value of shares due to change in political environment/ policies of various countries/crisis
in developed countries or any other reasons
4. Identify the top ten companies out of the 25 selected on the basis of their market value of shares.
It does not matter if they have made profits or losses.
IV. Project Four: Marketing
1. Adhesives 59. Sarees
2. Air conditioners 31. Infant dress 60. Sauces/ Ketchup
3. Baby diapers 32. Inverter 61. Shampoo
4. Bathing Soap 33. Jams 62. Shaving cream
5. Bathroom cleaner 34. Jeans 63. Shoe polish
6. Bike 35. Jewellery 64. Shoes
7. Blanket 36. Kurti 65. Squashes
8. Body Spray 37. Ladies bag 66. Suitcase/ airbag
9. Bread 38. Ladies footwear 67. Sunglasses
10. Breakfast cereal 68. Tea
39. Learning Toys
11. Butter 69. Tiffin Wallah
40. Lipstick
12. Camera 70. Toothpaste
41. Microwave oven
13. Car 71. Wallet
42. Mixers
14. Cheese spreads 72. Washing detergent
43. Mobile
15. Chocolate 73. Washing machine
44. Moisturizer
16. Coffee 74. Washing powder
45. Music player
17. Cosmetology product 75. Water bottle
46. Nail polish
18. Crayons 76. Water storage tank
47. Newspaper
19. Crockery 77. Wipes
48. Noodles
20. Cutlery
49. Pen
21. Cycle
50. Pen drive
22. DTH
51. Pencil
23. Eraser
52. Pickles
24. e-wash
53. Razor
25. Fairness cream
54. Ready Soups
26. Fans
55. Refrigerator
27. Fruit candy
56. RO system
28. Furniture
57. Roasted snacks
29. Hair Dye
58. Salt
30. Hair Oil
Any more as suggested by the teacher.

The teacher must ensure that the identified product should not be items whose
consumption/use is discouraged by the society and government like alcohol
products/pan masala and tobacco products, etc.

Identify one product/service from the above which the students may like to manufacture/provide [pre-
assumption].

The project report should include following observations:

1. Why have they selected this product/service?
2. Find out ‘5’ competitive brands that exist in the market.
3. What permission and licenses would be required to make the product?
4. What are your competitors Unique Selling Proposition.[U.S.P.]?
5. Does your product have any range give details?
6. What is the name of your product?
7. Enlist its features.
8. Draw the ‘Label’ of your product.
9. Draw a logo for your product.
10. Draft a tag line.
11. What is the selling price of your competitor’s product?
(i) Selling price to consumer
(ii) Selling price to retailer
(iii) Selling price to wholesaler
What is the profit margin in percentage to the Manufacturer. Wholesaler. Retailer.

12. How will your product be packaged?

13. Which channel of distribution are you going to use? Give reasons for selection?
14. Decisions related to warehousing, state reasons.
15. What is going to be your selling price?
(i) To consumer
(ii) To retailer
(iii) To wholesaler
16. List 5 ways of promoting your product.
17. Any schemes for
(i) The wholesaler
(ii) The retailer
(iii) The consumer
18. What is going to be your ‘U.S.P?
19. What means of transport you will use and why?
20. Draft a social message for your label.
21. What cost effective techniques will you follow for your product.
22. What cost effective techniques will you follow for your promotion plan.(promotional techniques
used)
 Presentation and Submission of Project Report

At the end of the stipulated term, each student will prepare and submit his/her project report.

Following essentials are required to be fulfilled for its preparation and submission.
1. The total length of the project will be of 25 to 30 pages.
2. The project should be handwritten.
3. The project should be presented in a neat folder.
4. The project report should be developed in the following sequence-
a) Cover page should include the title of the Project, student information, school and year.

b) List of contents.
c) Acknowledgements and preface (acknowledging the institution, the places visited
and the persons who have helped).
d) Introduction.
e) Topic with suitable heading.
f) Planning and activities done during the project, if any. Observations and findings of the
visit.
g) Conclusions (summarized suggestions or findings, future scope of study). Photographs
(if any).
h) Appendix
i) Teacher’s observation. Signatures of the teachers.

At the completion of the evaluation of the project, it should be punched in the centre so that the report may
not be reused but is available for reference only.

ASSESSMENT
Allocation of Marks = 20 Marks

The marks will be allocated under the following heads:

1 Initiative, cooperativeness and participation 2 Mark

2 Creativity in presentation 2 Mark

3 Content, observation and research work 4 Marks

4 Analysis of situations 4 Marks

5 Viva 8 Marks

Total 20 Marks