Class XI Session 2025-26

Subject - Physics
Sample Question Paper - 8

Time Allowed: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 70

General Instructions:

1. There are 33 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.

2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E. All the sections

are compulsory.

3. Section A contains sixteen questions, twelve MCQ and four Assertion Reasoning based of 1 mark each, Section B

contains five questions of two marks each, Section C contains seven questions of three marks each, Section D

contains two case study-based questions of four marks each and Section E contains three long answer questions of

five marks each.

4. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in section B, C, D and E. You have to

attempt only one of the choices in such questions.

5. Use of calculators is not allowed.

Section A
1. Dimensions [ML-1T-1] are related to [1]

a) coefficient of viscosity b) work

c) torque d) energy
2. If the frequency of oscillation of a pendulum in simple harmonic motion is n, then frequency of pendulum whose [1]
length becomes four times is

a) 2n b) n

c) 4n d) n
3. Which one is a vector quantity? [1]

a) Energy b) Both of torque and energy

c) Torque d) Work
4. If Y and η represent Young’s modulus and rigidity for a material, then in practice: [1]

a) Y > 2η b) η = 2Y

c) Y < 2η d) Y = 2η
5. If the radius of earth reduces by 4% and density remains the same then escape velocity will be: [1]

a) Increase by 2% b) Increase by 4%

c) Reduce by 2% d) Reduce by 4%

Page 1 of 17
 6. A particle on the trough of a wave at any instant will come to the mean position after a time: (T = time period) [1]

a) T b) 2T

c) T

4
d) T

7. The work done by a conservative forces depends [1]

a) only on the end points b) depends on the path

c) on both the end points as well as the path d) on the position of the forces
8. The potential energy of a simple harmonic oscillator when the particle is half way to its end point is [1]

a) 1

4
E b) 1

2
E

c) 2

3
E d) 1

8
E

9. A body is moving unidirectionally under the influence of a source of constant power supplying energy. Which of [1]
the diagrams shown in Fig. correctly shows the displacement-time curve for its motion?

a) b)

c) d)

10. A man waves his arms, while walking. This is: [1]

a) to balance the effect of earth's gravity b) to increase the velocity

c) to ease the tension d) to keep constant velocity

11. For which of the following does the centre of mass lie outside the body ? [1]

a) A bangle b) A dice

c) A shotput d) A pencil
12. During constant temperature, we feel colder on the day when the relative humidity is [1]

a) 25% b) 60%

c) 40% d) 85%
13. Assertion: In free fall, the initial velocity of a body may not be zero. [1]
→
Reason: Free fall means the acceleration of the body is equal to the acceleration due to gravity ( g ) .

a) If both assertion and reason are true and the b) If both assertion and reason are true but the
reason is the correct explanation of reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion. assertion.

c) If assertion is true but reason is false. d) If both assertion and reason are false.

Page 2 of 17
14. Assertion (A): Moment of inertia plays the same role in rotational motion, as mass plays in linear motion. [1]
Reason (R): Moment of inertia depends only on the mass of the body.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

15. Assertion (A): Comets move around the sun in elliptical orbits. The gravitational force on the comet due to the [1]
sun is not normal to the comet's velocity but the work done by the gravitational force over every complete orbit
of the comet is zero.
Reason (R): Gravitational force is a non-conservative force.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

16. Assertion (A): In Karate, a brick is broken with a bare hand. [1]
Reason (R): In this process the impulse is sharp.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

Section B
17. A body oscillates with SHM according to the equation: [2]
x(t) = 5 cos (2πt +
π
)
4

where t is in sec. and x in metres. Calculate

i. Displacement at t = 0
ii. Time period
iii. Initial velocity
18. Find the value of 60 J per min on a system that has 100 g, 100 cm and 1 min as the base units. [2]
OR
The mass of a box measured by a grocer's balance is 2.300 kg. Two gold pieces of masses 20.15 g and 20.17 g are
added to the box. What is (a) the total mass of the box, (b) the difference in the masses of the pieces to correct
significant figures?
19. The motion of a particle of mass m is described by y = . Find the force acting on the particle. [2]
1 2
ut + gt
2

20. Find the dimension formula of force and write the SI unit of force? [2]
21. The sun attracts all bodies on the earth. At midnight, when the sun is directly below, it pulls on a body in the [2]
same direction as the pull of the earth on that body; at noon, when the sun is directly above, it pulls on a body in
a direction opposite to the pull of the earth. Then will the weight of the body be greater at mid-night than at
noon?
Section C
22. Explain why [3]
a. To keep a piece of paper horizontal, you should blow over, not under, it
b. When we try to close a water tap with our fingers, fast jets of water gush through the openings between our
fingers

Page 3 of 17
 c. The size of the needle of a syringe controls flow rate better than the thumb pressure exerted by a doctor while
administering an injection
23. Define the terms specific heat and molar specific heat. Give their SI units. [3]
24. If the earth were to suddenly contract to half of its present radius (without any external torque on it), by what [3]
duration would the day be decreased? Assume earth to be a perfect solid sphere of the moment of inertia.
25. a. Define time of flight and horizontal range. [3]
b. From a certain height above the ground, a stone A is dropped gently. Simultaneously another stone B is fired
horizontally. Which of the two stones will arrive on the ground earlier?
26. A metre stick is balanced on a knife edge at its centre. When two coins, each of mass 5 g are put one on top of [3]
the other at the 12.0 cm mark, the stick is found to be balanced at 45.0 cm. What is the mass of the metre stick?
27. A hunter aims his gun and fires a bullet directly at a monkey on a tree. At the instant the bullet leaves the barrel [3]
of the gun, the monkey drops. Will the bullet hit the monkey? Substantiate your answer with proper reasoning.
28. State and prove the equation of continuity for steady flow of an ideal fluid. [3]
OR
Show that a liquid at rest exerts a force perpendicular to the surface of the container at every point.
Section D
29. Read the text carefully and answer the questions: [4]
Clockwork refers to the inner workings of mechanical clock or watch (where it is known as "movement") and
different types of toys which work using a series of gears driven by a spring. Clockwork device is completely
mechanical and its essential parts are:
A key (or crown) which you wind to add energy
A spiral spring in which the energy is stored
A set of gears through which the spring's energy is released. The gears control how quickly (or slowly) a
clockwork machine can do things. Such as in mechanical clock/watch the mechanism is the set of hands that
sweep around the dial to tell the time. In a clockwork car toy, the gears drive the wheels.
Winding the clockwork with the key means tightening a sturdy metal spring, called the mainspring. It is the
process of storing potential energy. Clockwork springs are usually twists of thick steel, so tightening them
(forcing the spring to occupy a much smaller space) is actually quite hard work. With each turn of the key,
fingers do work and potential energy is stored in the spring. The amount of energy stored depends on the size
and tension of the spring. Harder a spring is to turn and longer it is wound, the more energy it stores.

While the spring uncoils, the potential energy is converted into kinetic energy through gears, cams, cranks and
shafts which allow wheels to move faster or slower. In an ancient clock, gears transform the speed of a rotating
shaft so that it drives the second hand at one speed, the minute hand at 1

60
of that speed, and the hour hand at
1

3600
of that speed. Clockwork toy cars often use gears to make themselves race along at surprising speed.
(a) What type of energy is stored in the spring while winding it?
(b) When the spring of a clockwork uncoils, how the potential energy of spring changes?
(c) Which instrument transform the speed of a rotating shaft to drive wheels slower or faster?

Page 4 of 17
 (d) The amount of energy stored in a spring depends on which factor?
30. Free fall is a kind of motion that everybody can observe in daily life. We drop something accidentally or [4]
purposely and see its motion. At the beginning its speed is zero and until the end it gains speed and before it
reaches ground its maximum speed. It gains speed approximately 10 m/s in a second while falling because of the
gravitation.
During the fall, the air resistance is neglected and the acceleration remains constant (equal to g). The object is
said to be in free fall. If the height through which the object falls is small compared to the earth's radius, g can be
taken to be constant and equal to 10 m/s2 approximately.
f the object is dropped from the top of a tall building, and it takes t seconds to reach the ground hen the velocity

when it reaches ground is gt. The height of the building is 1

2
gt2.
i. If an object dropped from the top of a tall building takes 2 seconds to reach ground, find the height of the
building?
ii. Which assumptions are considered when object falls freely from height?
iii. Draw velocity time graph of an object during free fall.
iv. Draw acceleration-time graph during free fall.
Section E
31. Plot the corresponding reference circle for each of the following simple harmonic motions. Indicate the initial (t [5]
= 0) position of the particle, the radius of the circle, and the angular speed of the rotating particle. For simplicity,
the sense of rotation may be fixed to be anticlockwise in every case: (x is in cm and t is in s).
a. x = -2 sin (3t + π

3
)
b. x = cos ( π

6
– t)
c. x = 3 sin (2πt + π

4
)
d. x = 2 cos πt
OR
A particle executes simple harmonic motion of amplitude A.
i. At what distance from the mean position is its kinetic energy equal to its potential energy?
ii. At what points is its speed half the maximum speed?

32. i. State second law of thermodynamics. How is a heat engine different from a refrigerator? [5]
T2
ii. Show that for a Carnot engine, efficiency η = 1−
T1
(T2 < T1) where T1 is the temperature of the source
and
T2 is the temperature of the sink.

OR
What is an isothermal process? State two essential conditions for such a process to take place. Show analytically that
work done by one mole of an ideal gas during isothermal expansion from volume V1 to volume V2 is given by W =
V2
RT loge V1

What is the change in internal energy of a gas, which is compressed isothermally?

33. Two stones are thrown up simultaneously from the edge of a cliff 200 m high with initial speeds of 15 m/s and [5]
30 m/s. Verify that the graph shown in figure correctly represents the time variation of the relative position of the
second stone with respect to the first. Neglect air resistance and assume that the stones do not rebound after

Page 5 of 17
hitting the ground. Take g = 10 m/s2. Give the equations for the linear and curved parts of the plot.

OR
A hundred metre sprinter increases her speed from rest uniformly at the rate of 1 ms-2 upto three quarters of the total
run and covers the last quater with uniform speed. How much time does she take to cover the first half and the second
half of the run?

Page 6 of 17
 Solution

Section A
1. (a) coefficient of viscosity
Explanation:
[Coefficient of viscosity] = [ML-1T-1]
2.
(b) n

Explanation:
1
n∝
√l

′ 1
∴ n ∝
√4l

′ −
−
n l 1
= √ =
n 4l 2

n' = n

3.
(c) Torque
Explanation:
Torque is a vector while energy is a scalar.

4. (a) Y > 2η
Explanation:
Now, σ = − 1 or
Y

2η
Y

2η
= 1 + σ

In practice 0 < σ < 1

> 1 or Y > 2η
Y
∴
2η

5.
(d) Reduce by 4%
Explanation:
Escape velocity ve ∝ R√−
ρ and if density remains constant ⇒ v
−
e ∝ R
So if the radius reduces by 4% then escape velocity also reduces by 4%

6.
(c) T

Explanation:
It is clear from the figure that the particle will come after a time T

4
to its mean position.

7. (a) only on the end points

Explanation:
A force is said to be conservative if work done by this force is independent of path and is dependent only on end points.
8. (a) 1

4
E

Explanation:
Total energy, E = 1

2
ka
2

At x = a

2
, the potential energy is

Page 7 of 17
 2
P.E = 1

2
k(
a

2
) =
1

4
⋅
1

2
2
ka =
E

9.

(d)

Explanation:

10. (a) to balance the effect of earth's gravity

Explanation:
The waving of arms helps in keeping the centre of gravity at a suitable position. This helps the man to walk comfortably.
11. (a) A bangle
Explanation:
As centre of mass of bangle is in centre of its body which is outside the body of bangle.
12. (a) 25%
Explanation:
If relative humidity is low, we feel colder because of rapid evaporation of sweat from our body.
13. (a) If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
Explanation:
If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
14.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation:
The mass or inertia is the property of bodies by virtue of which the bodies have a tendency to remain at rest or in a state of
uniform linear motion unless an external force is exerted on them. Greater is the mass of the body, greater is the external force
required to brings it in the position of rest or uniform motion. Similarly, in order to rotate a body about an axis, a torque has to
be applied to the body. This is described by saying that the body has a moment of inertia about the axis of rotation. The greater
is the moment of inertia of a body about an axis, the greater is the torque required to rotate or to stop the body about that axis.
Thus, the moment of inertia plays the same role in the rotational motion as mass or inertia plays in translational motion.

15.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation:
The gravitational force on the comet due to the sun is a conservative force. Since the work done by a conservative force over a
closed path is always zero (irrespective of the nature of path). The work done by the gravitational forces over every complete
orbit of the comet is zero.

16. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Section B

Page 8 of 17
17. Given x(t) = 5 cos (2πt + π

4
)

We compare with standard equation,

x(t) = A cos (ωt + ϕ ) 0

i. Displacement at t = 0,
x(0) = 5 cos = 5 × π

4
1
=
5
m
√2 √2

ii. Clearly, ω = 2π or 2π

T
= 2π

∴ Time period, T = 1s
iii. Velocity, v = dx

dt
= −5 sin(2πt +
π

4
) × 2π

Initial velocity at t = 0, v = −10π sin π

4
= −
10π
m/s
√2

60 joule 60 joule
18. We are given that, P = 1min
= = 1 watt
60 s

which is the SI unit of power.

Also the dimensional formula of power = [ML2T-3]
SI New System

n1 = 1 n2 = ?

M1 = 1 kg = 1000 g M2 = 10 g

L1 = 1 m = 100 cm L2 = 100 cm

T1 = 1 s T2 = 1 min = 60 s
a b c
M1 L1 T1
Using the formula n2 = n1[ M2
] [
L2
] [
T2
] , we have
−1 −2 −3
1000 100
n2 = 1[ 100
] [
100
] [
1

60
]

= 2.16 × 106
Therefore, 60 J min-1 = 2.16 × 106
That is the value of 60 J per minute in new units of power.
OR
Mass of grocer's box = 2.300 kg
Mass of gold piece I = 20.15g = 0.02015 kg
Mass of gold piece II = 20.17 g = 0.02017 kg
a. Total mass of the box = 2.3 + 0.02015 + 0.02017 = 2.34032 kg
In addition, the final result should retain as many decimal places as there are in the number with the least decimal places.
Hence, the total mass of the box is 2.3 kg.
b. Difference in masses = 20.17 - 20.15 = 0.02 g
In subtraction, the final result should retain as many decimal places as there are in the number with the least decimal places.
19. We know
1 2
y = ut + gt
2

Now,
dy
v = = u + gt
dt

acceleration, a = dv

dt
= g

dp
Then the force is given by eq. F = dt
= ma

F = ma = mg
Thus the given equation describes the motion of a particle under acceleration due to gravity and y is the position coordinate in the
direction of g.
20. We know that
Force = mass × acceleration
Acceleration = Change in Velocity/Time Taken
⇒ Acceleration = M0L1T-2
Substituting this in Force formula we get
Force = Mass × Acceleration

Page 9 of 17
 Force = M × M0L1T-2
So Dimensional Formula of Force = M1L1T-2
SI unit of Force is kg ms-2 popularly known as Newton (N)
21. No, earth is a satellite of sun. Anybody placed on earth is also the satellite of sun. The body and the earth both will have the same
acceleration towards the sun. Hence there will be no relative sun's gravitational acceleration between the body and the earth. That
is, a body placed on earth will experience no gravitational effect due to the sun. It will experience a gravitational force only due to
the earth. This will be weight of the body measured on the earth and will remain same for all the twenty-four hours.
Section C
22. a. When we blow over the piece of paper, the velocity of air increases. As a result the pressure on it decreases in accordance with
the Bernoulli's theorem whereas the pressure below remains the same (atmospheric pressure). Thus, the paper remains
horizontal.
b. By doing so the area of outlet of water jet is reduced, so velocity of water increases according to equation of continuity av =
constant
c. For a constant height, the Bernoulli's theorem is expressed as
P + 1/2ρv = Constant
2

In this equation, the pressure P occurs with a single power whereas the velocity occurs with a square power. Therefore, the
velocity has more effect compared to the pressure. It is for this reason that needle of the syringe controls flow rate better than
the thumb pressure exerted by the doctor.
23. Specific heat: The specific heat of a substance may be defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of unit
mass of the substance through one degree. It depends on the nature of the substance and its temperature.
If an amount of heat ΔQ is needed to raise the temperature of M mass of a substance through ΔT, then specific heat is given by
ΔQ
c =
M×ΔT

The CGS unit of specific heat is cal g-1 °C-1 and the SI unit is Jkg-1K-1.
Clearly, the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of M mass of a substance through ΔT is
ΔQ = M cΔT .

Molar specific heat: The molar specific heat of a substance is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of
one mole of the substance through one degree. It depends on the nature of the substance and its temperature.
If an amount of heat ΔQ is required to raise the temperature of nmoles of a substance through ΔT, then molar specific heat is
given by
ΔQ
C =
nΔT

The CGS unit of molar specific heat is cal mol-1 °C-1 and SI unit is J mol-1 K-1.
Therefore, the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of n moles of a substance through ΔT is
ΔQ = nC ΔT .

24. Present radius of the earth, R1 = R

R
New radius of the earth after contraction R2 = 2

T1 = 24 h, T2 = ?
By conservation of angular momentum,
I1 ω1 = I2 ω2

or 2

5
MR
2
1
⋅
2π

T1
=
2

5
2
MR
2
⋅
2π

T2

2 2
R2 R/2
or T 2 = (
R1
) ⋅ T1 = (
R
) × 24 =
1

4
× 24 = 6h
∴ Decrease in the duration of the day
= 24 - 6 = 18 h
25. Projectile motion is a form of motion experienced by an object or particle (a projectile) that is thrown near the Earth's surface and
moves along a curved path under the action of gravity only (in particular, the effects of air resistance are assumed to be
negligible).
a. Time of flight - The time taken by the projectile to complete its trajectory is called time of flight.
Horizontal Range - The maximum horizontal distance covered by the projectile form the foot of the tower to the point where
projectile hits the ground is called horizontal range.
b. Both the stones will reach the ground simultaneously because the initial vertical velocity in both cases is zero and both are
falling with same acceleration equal to acceleration due to gravity.

Page 10 of 17
26. Let W and W' be the respective weights of the meter stick and both the coins.

The mass of the meter stick is concentrated at its mid-point, i.e., at the 50 cm mark.
Let the mass of the meter stick = M
Mass of each coin, m = 5 g
When the coins are placed 12 cm away from the end P, due to the weights of the coin, the center of mass gets shifted by 5 cm from
point R toward the end P. The center of mass is located at a distance of 45 cm from point P.
According to the principle of moments, for equilibrium net torque on the system about the center of mass S should be zero. Hence
-10 × g(45 - 12) + m'g(50 - 45) = 0 (Using the convention; clockwise torque = -ve and anticlockwise = +ve)
hence the mass of the stick
′ 10×33
∴ m = = 66g
5

Hence, the mass of the metre stick is 66 g.

27. As shown in Figure, the gun at O is directed towards the monkey at position M. Suppose the bullet leaves the barrel of the gun
with velocity u at an angle θ with the horizontal. Let the bullet cross the vertical line MB at A after time t. Horizontal distance
travelled,
OB = x = u cos θ ⋅ t
x
or t = u cos θ
..... (i)

For motion of the bullet from O to B, the vertical range is

AB = u sin θ ⋅ t − g t = u sin θ ⋅ 1

2
2
− gt
x

u cos θ
1

2
2

= x tan θ −
1

2
gt
2
[using (i)]
Also MB = x tan θ
∴ MA = MB - AB
1 2 1 2
= x tan θ − [x tan θ − gt ] = gt
2 2

Thus in a time t the bullet passes through A a vertical distance 1

2
2
gt below M.
The vertical distance through which the monkey falls in time t
1 2 1 2
= 0 + gt = gt
2 2

Thus the bullet and the monkey will always reach the point A at the same time. Hence the bullet will always hit the monkey
whatever be the velocity of the bullet.

28.

According to the equation of continuity, if there is no source or sink along the length of a pipe then for steady flow of an ideal
fluid the mass of the fluid crossing any section of the pipe per unit time is always constant. Mathematically,
A v p = A v ρ
1 1 1 = a constant
2 2 2

Consider steady flow of an ideal fluid through a pipe (or tube) PRQ of varying cross-section. Let us consider flow of fluid across
any two transverse sections, say at P and Q, of the pipe having areas A1 and A2, where velocity of fluid flow is v1 and v2,
respectively.
∴ Volume of fluid crossing the area A1 per unit time at section P = A1v1

Page 11 of 17
 Similarly, volume of fluid crossing the area A2 per unit time at section Q = A2v2.
If ρ 1 and ρ 2 be the densities of the given fluid at two sections, the mass of the fluid entering per unit time at section P is m1 =
A1v1ρ 1 and mass of the fluid leaving per unit time at section Q is m2 = A2v2 ρ 2
If there is no source or sink of fluid within the pipe, i.e., the flow is steady one, then from the law of conservation of matter, it
follows that
m1 = m2
∴ A1 v1 ρ1 = A2 v2 ρ2 .......(1)
which is the general form of the equation of continuity.
For flow of an ideal incompressible liquid, the liquid density at both the cross-sections remains constant i.e., ρ = ρ .
1 2

Thus, equation of continuity may be expressed as A v = A v .................(2)

1 1 2 2

From this equation, it is clear that at narrower portion of a pipe the velocity of flow increases and vice-versa.
OR
Consider a liquid contained in a vessel in the equilibrium state of rest. As shown in Fig., suppose the liquid exerts a force F on the
bottom surface in an inclined direction OA. The surface exerts an equal reaction R to water along OB.

The reaction R along OB has two rectangular components:

i. Tangential component, OC = R cos θ
ii. Normal component, OD = R sin θ
Since a liquid cannot resist any tangential force, the liquid near O should begin to flow along OC. But the liquid is at rest, the
force along OC must be zero.
∴ R cos θ = 0

As R ≠ 0, so cos θ = 0 or θ = 90o
Hence a liquid always exerts a force perpendicular to the surface of the container at every point.
Section D
29. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
Clockwork refers to the inner workings of mechanical clock or watch (where it is known as "movement") and different types of
toys which work using a series of gears driven by a spring. Clockwork device is completely mechanical and its essential parts are:
A key (or crown) which you wind to add energy
A spiral spring in which the energy is stored
A set of gears through which the spring's energy is released. The gears control how quickly (or slowly) a clockwork
machine can do things. Such as in mechanical clock/watch the mechanism is the set of hands that sweep around the dial to
tell the time. In a clockwork car toy, the gears drive the wheels.
Winding the clockwork with the key means tightening a sturdy metal spring, called the mainspring. It is the process of storing
potential energy. Clockwork springs are usually twists of thick steel, so tightening them (forcing the spring to occupy a much
smaller space) is actually quite hard work. With each turn of the key, fingers do work and potential energy is stored in the spring.
The amount of energy stored depends on the size and tension of the spring. Harder a spring is to turn and longer it is wound, the
more energy it stores.

While the spring uncoils, the potential energy is converted into kinetic energy through gears, cams, cranks and shafts which allow

Page 12 of 17
 wheels to move faster or slower. In an ancient clock, gears transform the speed of a rotating shaft so that it drives the second hand
at one speed, the minute hand at of that speed, and the hour hand at
1

60
of that speed. Clockwork toy cars often use gears to
1

3600

make themselves race along at surprising speed.

(i) Winding the spring means tightening a sturdy metal spring. It is the process of storing potential energy (forcing the
spring to occupy a much smaller space) is actually quite hard work. With each turn of the key, fingers do work and
potential energy is stored in the spring.
(ii) When the spring uncoils, the potential energy is converted into kinetic energy through gears, cams, cranks and shafts
which allow wheels to move faster or slower.
(iii)In an ancient clock, gears transform the speed of a rotating shaft so that it drives the second hand at one speed, the
minute hand at of that speed, and the hour hand at
1

60
of that speed. Clockwork toy cars often use gears to make
1

3600

themselves race along at surprising speed.

(iv)The amount of energy stored depends on the size and tension of the spring. Harder a spring is to turn and longer it is
wound, the more energy it stores.
30. i. Height of building is given as
H = g t = × 10 × 2 = 20 m
1

2
2 1

2
2

ii. It is assumed that there is no air resistance and height through which the object falls is small compared to the earth's radius.

iii.

iv. The acceleration is constant during the free fall, acceleration time graph is given as

Section E
31. a. x = 2 cos(3t + π

3
+
π

2
)

Radius of the reference circle, r = amplitude of SHM = 2 cm,

−2√3 –
At t = 0, x = −2 sin π

3
= 2
= -√3 cm
Also ω t = 3t ∴ ω = 3 rad/s
, ϕ = 150o
√3
cos ϕ = −
0
2
0

The reference circle is, thus, as plotted below.

Page 13 of 17
 b. x = cos(t − π

6
)

Radius oif circle, r = amplitude of SHM = 1 cm.

√3
At t = 0, x = cos π

6
=
2
cm
Also ω t = 1t ⇒ ω = 1 rad/s
√3 π
cos ϕ0 = , ϕ0 = −
2 6

The reference circle is, thus as plotted below.

c. x = 3 cos(2πt + π

4
+
π

2
)

√3
Here, radius of reference circle, r = 3 cm and at t = 0, x = 3 sin π

4
= 2
cm
ω t = 2π t ⇒ ω = 2π rad/s
√3

2 1
cos ϕ0 = = −
3 √2

Therefore, the reference circle is being shown below.

d. x = 2 cos π t
Radius of reference circle, r = 2 cm and at t = 0, x = 2 cm
∴ ωt = πt or ω = π rad/s
cos ϕ0 = 1, ϕ0 = 0

The reference circle is plotted below.

OR
The potential energy and kinetic energy of a particle at a displacement y are given
Ep = ky1

2
2

and Ek = 1

2
k (A
2
− y )
2
...(i)
where A is the amplitude and k is the force constant.
i. As Ek = Ep

∴
1

2
k (A
2
− y )=
2 1

2
ky
2
or 2y2 = A2
or y = ± A
= ± 0.71 A
√2

= 0.71 times the amplitude on either side of the mean position.

1
ii. Here, v = 2
vmax

In general, kinetic energy

2
= 1

2
mv
2
=
1

2
m(
1

2
vmax ) = 1

4
⋅
1

2
2
mvmax

Page 14 of 17
 = 1

4
× Maximum kinetic energy
or Ek = 1

4
× (Ek )
max
...(ii)
From equation (i),
Ek = k (A − y )
1

2
2 2

∴ (Ek)max = 1

2
kA
2
[Put y = 0]
Putting these values in equation (ii), we get
k (A − y ) =
1 2 2 1 1 2
× kA
2 4 2

or 4y2 = 3A2
√3
or y = ± 2
A= ± 0.86 A
= 0.86 times the amplitude on either side of the mean position.
32. i. The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that the state of entropy of the entire universe, as an isolated system, will always
increase over time. Refrigerators create cold air with a compressor, whereas heat engines create hot air with a fan. Unlike a
combustion engine, a refrigerator (or heat pump) operates in the other direction.
useful output
ii. Efficiency, η = = W

Input Q1

( Q1 − Q2 )
= Q
1
V
2
R( T1 − T2 ) loge
V
1

V
2
RT1 log e
V
1

T1 − T2
η = T1

T2
or η = 1- T1

From the equation, we conclude that efficiency depends only upon the temperature of the source and sink, and is always less
than unity. The efficiency is independent of the nature of the working substance.
OR
The process in which, temperature of gas remains constant is said to be an isothermal process.
In this Process. Heat exchanged is used entirely as work.
In an isothermal process, dQ = dW and dU = 0, dT = 0 and PV = constant
To take a gas through an isothermal process, it must be placed in a container fitted with a piston and the container should have
conducting walls. The process is carried out by varying the pressure of the gas very slowly by adjusting the mass kept on the
piston. The slow speed of the process allows the gas to always remain in thermal equilibrium with its surroundings. As the
surroundings are at a constant temperature, the gas temperature also remains constant. Work done in Isothermal Process.
W = ∫ p⋅ dV = ∫ ⋅ dV By using PV = nRT
nRT

V2
V2
= ∫ nRT
dV

V
= nRT |lnV | V1
V1

V2
W = nRT ln V1

For n = 1
V2
W = RT log V1

Change in internal energy, ΔU = nCVΔT for any process. So, for isothermal compression ΔU = 0 as ΔT = 0
33. For the first stone, Initial velocity is given by, u1 = 15 m/s

and Acceleration is, a = -10 m/s2

Now, using the second equation of motion, we get
x1 = x0 + u1t + ( )at 1

Here x0 = 200 m is the height of the cliff.

Therefore, x1 = 200 + 15 t = 5t2 ...(i)

When stone hits the ground, x1 = 0

∴ -5t2 + 15t + 200 = 0

⇒ t2 - 3t - 40 = 0
⇒ t2 - 8t + 5t - 40 = 0
⇒ t(t - 8) + 5(t - 8) = 0

Page 15 of 17
i.e., t = 8 s or t = -5 s
t cannot be negative as the stone is projected at a certain time.
Therefore, t = 8 sec
For second stone, Initial velocity is given by, u2 = 30 m/s

and Acceleration is, a = -g = -10 m/s2

Now, using the second equation of motion, we get
x2 = x0 + x2t + ( )at21

= 200 + 30t - 5t2...(ii)

When stone hits the ground, x2 = 0

So, -5t2 + 30t + 200 = 0

⇒ t2 - 6t - 40 = 0
⇒ t2 - 10t + 4t + 40 = 0
⇒ t(t - 10) + 4(t - 10) = 0

⇒ t(t - 10)(t + 10) = 0

⇒ t = 10s ot t = -4 s
t cannot be negative again.
∴ t = 10 s

On subtracting equations (i) and (ii), we have

x2 - x1 = (200 + 30t - 5t2)-(200 + 15t - 5t2)
x2 - x1 = 15t....(iii)
Equation (iii) represents the linear path of both stones.
Due to this linear relation between (x2 - x1) and t, the path remains a straight line till 8s.
At t = 8 sec, stones are separated by a maximum distance. hence,
(​​x2 - x​1​ )max = 15 × 8 = 120 m
this is in accordance with the given graph.
After 8s, only second stone is in motion whose variation with times is given by the quadratic equation:
x2 - x​1​ = 200 + 30t = 5t2
Therefore, the equation of the linear path is given by:
x2 - x​1​ = 15t,
and the equation of curved path is given by:
​x2 - x​1​ = 200 + 30t - 5t2
OR
The situation is shown in Fig.

For the motion from A to B:

u = 0, a = 1 ms-2, s = 50m
at2
1
As s = ut + 2

∴ 50 = 0 + 1

2
× 1 × t
2
1

or t = 100
2
1

∴ Time taken for first half run AB = t1 = 10 s.

For the motion from A to C:

u = 0, a = 1 ms-2, s = 75 m
As s = ut + 1

2
at2
1
∴ 75 = 0 + 2
× 1 × t
2
2
−−−
or t2 = √150 = 12.2 s
Time taken to run BC = 12.2 - 10 = 2.2 s

Page 16 of 17
Again for part AC, u = 0, a = 1 ms-2, t = 12.2 s
∴ v = u + at = 0 + 1 × 12.2 = 12.2 m s-1
For motion from C to D: This motion is uniform with speed equal to 12.2 ms-1
25 m
∴ Time taken = −1
= 2.04 s
12.2 ms

Total time taken for 2nd half run BD = 2.2 + 2.04 = 4.24 s

Page 17 of 17