SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
I. Middle Ages (5th–14th Century)
Topic Key Points
Dark Ages Science declined in Western Europe after fall of Rome.
Islamic World Major advancements in medicine, astronomy, chemistry.
Inventions Windmills, mechanical clocks, printing press.
Scholasticism Reconciled Greek philosophy and Church teachings.
Key Figure
Scientist Contribution
Avicenna Advanced medicine; influenced development of hospitals.
II. Renaissance (1400–1700)
Topic Key Points
Humanism Revival of classical knowledge.
Scientific Thinking Shift from Church authority to experimentation.
Scientists
Scientist Contribution
Nicolaus Copernicus Proposed heliocentric model.
Galileo Galilei Improved telescope; supported heliocentrism.
William Gilbert Studied magnetism; Earth is a magnet.
Johannes Kepler Laws of planetary motion (elliptical orbits).
III. Age of Enlightenment (17th Century)
Topic Key Points
Science replaces superstition Emphasis on reason and laws of nature.
Scientific Method Observation, experimentation, analysis.
Scientists
Scientist Contribution
Francis Bacon Developed scientific method.
Isaac Newton Laws of motion & universal gravitation.
John Locke Theory of knowledge from experience.
IV. Industrial Revolution (18th Century)
Topic Key Points
Mechanization Shift from manual labor to machines.
Steam Engine Major technological breakthrough.
Agriculture Seed drill, crop rotation improvements.
Energy Coal-powered steam engines.
Scientists / Inventors
Scientist Contribution
James Watt Improved steam engine.
Robert Fulton Developed steamboat.
Thomas Edison Invented light bulb.
Alexander Graham Bell Invented telephone.
Jethro Tull Invented seed drill.
📚 19th Century (Second Industrial Revolution)
Topic Key Points
Electricity Battery, electromagnetism discoveries.
Chemistry Periodic table, atomic theory.
Biology Evolution, genetics.
Thermodynamics Laws of heat and energy.
Scientists (From Timeline)
Scientist Contribution
Alessandro Volta Electrical battery.
Thomas Young Light is wave.
John Dalton Atomic theory.
Amedeo Avogadro Avogadro’s Law.
Michael Faraday Electromagnetism.
Samuel Morse Telegraph & Morse code.
James Prescott Joule Work & heat equivalence.
William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin Kelvin scale.
Charles Darwin Evolution.
James Clerk Maxwell Electromagnetic laws.
Gregor Mendel Genetics.
Dmitri Mendeleev Periodic table.
Heinrich Hertz Electromagnetic waves.
Wilhelm Roentgen X-rays.
Antoine Henri Becquerel Radioactivity.
Joseph John Thomson Electron discovery.
📚 20th Century (Modern Age)
Topic Key Points
Relativity & Quantum Theory Modern physics revolution.
Medicine Vaccines, antibiotics.
Space Exploration First human in space & Moon landing.
Technology Computer, Internet, AI.
Scientists
Scientist Contribution
Max Planck Quantum theory.
Albert Einstein Theory of relativity.
Alexander Fleming Penicillin.
James Chadwick Neutron.
Francis Crick DNA structure.
James Watson DNA structure.
Jonas Salk Polio vaccine.
Yuri Gagarin First human in space.
Neil Armstrong First man on the Moon.
🇵🇭 Science and Technology in the Philippines
Presidents and Their Contributions (Table Form)
President Term Contributions to Science & Technology
Manuel 1946– Focused on post-war rehabilitation; strengthened research
Roxas 1948 institutions.
Elpidio 1948– Supported agricultural and industrial research programs.
Quirino 1953
Ramon 1953– Promoted rural development and science-based farming.
Magsaysay 1957
Carlos P. 1957– Signed the Science Act of 1958; created National Science
Garcia 1961 Development Board (NSDB).
Diosdado 1961– Encouraged industrialization and technological self-
Macapagal 1965 sufficiency.
Ferdinand 1965– Strengthened science agencies; reorganized NSDB into
Marcos 1986 Department of Science and Technology; expanded Philippine
Science High School; established Philippine Atmospheric
Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration.
Corazon 1986– Reorganized DOST; strengthened research and development
Aquino 1992 institutions.
Fidel V. 1992– Implemented Science and Technology Agenda for National
Ramos 1998 Development (STAND); promoted global competitiveness.
Joseph 1998– Focused on poverty reduction through technology programs.
Estrada 2001
Gloria 2001– Strengthened biotechnology and ICT programs.
Macapagal 2010
Arroyo
Benigno 2010– Launched Project NOAH; improved disaster risk reduction
Aquino III 2016 systems.
Rodrigo 2016– Implemented Balik Scientist Law; expanded free public Wi-Fi;
Duterte 2022 increased research funding.
🌍 A. COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
Inventor – Invention
• Nicolaus Copernicus – Heliocentric Theory (Sun-centered solar system)
• Johannes Kepler – Elliptical orbits of planets
• Tycho Brahe – Accurate planetary observations
Other Contributions
• Rejected Ptolemaic (geocentric) model
• Started the Scientific Revolution
• Changed humanity’s view of its place in the universe
🧬 B. DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
Inventor – Invention
• Charles Darwin – Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
Other Contributions
• Survival of the Fittest
• Adaptation
• Origin of Species
• Challenged religious explanation of creation
🧠 C. FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
Inventor – Invention
• Sigmund Freud – Psychoanalysis
Other Contributions
• Conscious, Preconscious, Subconscious Mind
• Id, Ego, Superego
• Psychosexual Stages of Development
• Dream interpretation
💻 D. INFORMATION AGE
1️⃣ First Modern Information Revolution (Mid-19th Century)
Inventor – Invention
• Samuel Morse – Telegraph
• Alexander Graham Bell – Telephone
• Guglielmo Marconi – Radio communication
• Charles Babbage – Analytical Engine (Mechanical computer)
Other Contributions
• Morse Code
• Early communication networks
2️⃣ Second Modern Information Revolution (Mid-20th Century)
Inventor – Invention
• Lee DeForest – Electronic amplifying tube (Triode)
• Philo Taylor Farnsworth – Television
• Sergei Korolev – Sputnik (First artificial satellite)
• Claude Shannon – Information theory (Bits)
Other Contributions
• Live radio broadcasting
• Space technology
• Digital communication foundation
3️⃣ Third Modern Information Revolution (1980s)
Inventor – Invention
• Tim Berners-Lee – World Wide Web
• Shiva Ayyadurai – E-mail
• Mark Zuckerberg – Facebook
• Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz Stone – Twitter
• Larry Page, Sergey Brin – Google
• Kevin Systrom – Instagram
• Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, Jawed Karim – YouTube
Other Contributions
• Social media platforms
• Internet expansion
• Smartphones
• AI platforms
🌎 E. MESO-AMERICAN CIVILIZATION
🏺 1. MAYAN CIVILIZATION
Civilization – Inventions
• Maya – Haab Calendar (365.2420 days)
• Maya – Tzolk’in Calendar (260 days)
• Maya – Base-20 (Vigesimal) System
• Maya – Hieroglyphic Writing
Other Contributions
• Hydraulic systems
• Rubber production
• Slash-and-burn agriculture
🏔 2. INCA CIVILIZATION
Civilization – Inventions
• Inca – Machu Picchu
• Inca – Sacsayhuaman Fortress
• Inca – Q’eswachaka Suspension Bridge
• Inca – Quipu (knotted record system)
Other Contributions
• Extensive road system
• Solar & Lunar calendars
• Ashlar stone construction (no mortar)
🌞 3. AZTEC CIVILIZATION
Civilization – Inventions
• Aztec – Chinampa (Floating gardens)
• Aztec – Sun Stone (Aztec Calendar)
• Aztec – Canoe
• Aztec – Antispasmodic medicine (Passion flower)
Other Contributions
• Mandatory education
• Cacao (Chocolate)
• Advanced wound treatment (Agave sap)
• Tenochtitlan urban planning
🌏 F. ASIAN CIVILIZATION
🏮 Chinese Civilization
Inventor – Invention
• Cai Lun – Papermaking
• Chinese – Printing
• Chinese – Gunpowder
• Chinese – Compass
Other Contributions
• Iron plough
• Wheelbarrow
• Propeller
• Seismological detector
• Dry dock
• Astronomical records
🇮🇳 Indian Civilization
Inventor – Invention
• Aryabhata – Concept of Zero; Trigonometry
• Brahmagupta – Gravity explanation
• Bhaskaracharya – Accurate solar year computation
• Kanad – Atomic theory
• Sushruta – Surgery with anesthesia
• Charaka – Ayurveda (Charakasamhita)
Other Contributions
• Decimal system
• Binary system
• Standard weights (Indus Valley)
• Astronomy models
• Metallurgy
🕌 G. ISLAMIC GOLDEN AGE
Inventor – Invention
• Ibn al-Haytham – Optics
• Al-Khwarizmi – Algebra; Algorithms
• Jabir ibn Hayyan – Chemistry foundations
• Ibn Sina (Avicenna) – Canon of Medicine; Clinical trials
Other Contributions
• Decimal point refinement
• Pharmacology
• Preservation of Greek knowledge
• Advancement in mathematics & medicine
🌍 H. ANCIENT AFRICAN CIVILIZATION
Civilization – Inventions
• Ancient Egyptians – Geometry
• Ancient Egyptians – Calendars (Lunar, Solar, Stellar)
• Africans – Metallurgy
• Early Africans – Lebombo Bone (35,000 BCE math artifact)
Other Contributions
• Alchemy (early chemistry)
• Medical diagnosis & treatment methods
• Astronomy developments