Q4.
Define the following terms :
(a) Incident ray
(b) Reflected ray
(c) Normal
(d) Angle of incidence
(e) Angle of reflection
Ans. (a) Incident ray: The ray of light that falls on the reflecting surface.
(b) Reflected ray: The ray of light that bounces off the surface after reflection.
(c) Normal: An imaginary line drawn perpendicular to the surface at the point of
incidence.
(d) Angle of incidence: The angle between the incident ray and the normal.
(e) Angle of reflection: The angle between the reflected ray and the normal.
Q5. What is a mirror? Name the types of mirrors.
Ans. A mirror is a smooth, highly polished surface usually made of glass coated with
silver or aluminium that reflects light to form images. The types of mirrors are: 1.
Plane mirror 2. Spherical mirror
Q. What is meant by an object and an image?
Ans. Object: Anything placed in front of a mirror is called an object.
Image: Anything formed as a result of reflection or refraction is called an image.
Q6. State the properties of the image formed by a plane mirror.
Ans. The properties of the image formed by a plane mirror are:-
1. It forms a virtual image.
2. The image is erect.
3. The image is of the same size as the object.
4. The image distance is equal to the object distance.
5. The image is laterally inverted.
Q7. What is lateral inversion?
Ans. Lateral inversion is the phenomenon in which the left side of an object appears
as the right side in the mirror image and vice versa.
Q8. David is observing his image in a plane mirror. The distance between the mirror
and his image is 4 m. If he moves 1 m towards the mirror, then find out the distance
between David and his image. Answer: Distance between the mirror and David’s
image is 4m. If the David moves 1 m towards the mirror, then the distance between
mirror and David’s image will be (4 – 1) m = 3m
We know that in case of plane mirror image is at the same distance behind the mirror
as the object is in front of it.
Therefore, Distance between David and mirror = Distance between mirror and David’s
image So, Distance between David and his image = Distance between David and
mirror + Distance between mirror and David’s image (i.e., 3 + 3 = 6 m).
Q9. What are spherical mirrors? Name their types.
Ans. A spherical mirror is a curved mirror formed by a part of a hollow glass sphere
whose one surface is reflecting.
They are of two types:
Concave Mirror: A concave mirror has its reflecting surface on the inner side and
converges light rays. Convex Mirror: A convex mirror has its reflecting surface on the
outer side and diverges light rays.
Q10. Define the following terms related to spherical mirrors:
(a) Pole
(b) Principal focus
(c) Centre of curvature
(d) Radius of curvature
(e) Focal length
Ans. (a) Pole (P): The midpoint of the reflecting surface of a spherical mirror.
(b) Principal focus: The point where parallel rays of light converge or appear to
diverge after reflection. (c) Centre of curvature (C): The centre of the sphere of which
the mirror is a part.
(d) Radius of curvature ( R): The distance between the pole and the centre of
curvature.
(e) Focal length (f) : The distance between the pole and the principal focus. (f = R/2)
Q11. Write the uses of a concave mirror and convex mirror.
Ans. Concave mirror 1. Used by dentists to see an enlarged image of teeth.
2. Used as shaving or makeup mirrors.
3. Used in telescopes and solar furnaces.
Convex mirror.
1. Used as rear-view mirrors in vehicles.
2. Used for surveillance in shops and malls.
Q12. Draw the ray diagrams of images formed by concave mirror.
{Dear students, I am giving this diagram as only reference.
While copying notes, don’t copy this diagram as I will teach you
in class and you copy from [Link] 2 pages for diagram.}
Q13. Draw ray diagrams of convex mirror.
Ans-
Q14. What are lenses? Name their types.
Ans- A lens is a transparent optical device made of glass or
plastic, bounded by at least one curved surface, that refracts
light to form images.
Types of lenses: 1. Convex lens (converging lens) 2. Concave
lens (diverging lens)
Q15. State the differences between a convex and a concave
lens.
Q16. What is dispersion of light?
Answer: Dispersion of light is the phenomenon in which white
light splits into seven different colours when it passes through a
glass prism. These seven colours together form the spectrum.
Q17. What is Newton’s Disc? What can we conclude from
Newton’s Disc experiment?
Answer: Newton’s disc is a circular disc divided into seven
coloured sectors representing the seven colours of white light.
When the disc is rotated very fast, the colours mix together and
appear white. This happens due to persistence of vision, where
the images of different colours overlap in our eyes and are
interpreted by the brain as white.
Conclusion: The experiment proves that white light is a
combination of seven colours.