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The document discusses geometric transformations in image processing, including translation, scaling, rotation, and perspective projection. Each transformation is defined mathematically and has various applications in fields such as computer vision, graphics, and robotics. Interpolation techniques are also outlined, emphasizing their importance in achieving quality results in image manipulation.

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Mrs. P. Ganga Bhavani
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7 views2 pages

4 4ho

The document discusses geometric transformations in image processing, including translation, scaling, rotation, and perspective projection. Each transformation is defined mathematically and has various applications in fields such as computer vision, graphics, and robotics. Interpolation techniques are also outlined, emphasizing their importance in achieving quality results in image manipulation.

Uploaded by

Mrs. P. Ganga Bhavani
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Handout: Image Scaling, Translation, Rotation and

Perspective Projection

Introduction
• Geometric transformations modify the spatial relationship between pixels in an image.

• They are widely used in image processing, computer vision, and graphics.

• A geometric transformation consists of spatial coordinate mapping and intensity interpolation.

1. Image Translation
• Translation shifts an image from one location to another in the x and y directions.

• It is defined by adding displacement values to the original coordinates.

• Mathematical form: x' = x + tx, y' = y + ty.

• Applications include image alignment and motion tracking.

2. Image Scaling
• Scaling changes the size of an image by enlarging or shrinking it.

• Uniform scaling uses the same factor in both directions, while non-uniform uses different factors.

• Mathematical form: x' = sx * x, y' = sy * y.

• Common interpolation methods: nearest neighbor, bilinear, and bicubic.

3. Image Rotation
• Rotation turns an image around a fixed point, usually the origin or image center.

• Positive angles represent counterclockwise rotation.

• Mathematical form: x' = x cosθ − y sinθ, y' = x sinθ + y cosθ.

• Rotated images may require cropping or padding to fit the output frame.

4. Perspective Projection
• Perspective projection maps 3D points to a 2D image plane to simulate depth perception.

• Objects farther from the camera appear smaller.

• Based on the pinhole camera model.

• Used in 3D graphics, robotics vision, augmented reality, and camera modeling.

Interpolation Techniques
• Nearest Neighbor: simplest and fastest but may produce blocky images.

• Bilinear: smoother results using weighted averages of four neighboring pixels.

• Bicubic: higher quality using sixteen neighboring pixels with better edge preservation.

Applications
• Image registration and alignment
• Medical imaging

• Computer graphics and animation

• Virtual and augmented reality

• Robotics and autonomous navigation

Conclusion
Geometric transformations are fundamental tools in digital image processing. Understanding translation, scaling,
rotation, and perspective projection helps in analyzing, enhancing, and manipulating images effectively across many
applications.

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