21UBM602 MEDICAL IMAGING EQUIPMENT L T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVES:
This course gives knowledge of the principle of operation and design of Radiological
equipment.
UNIT – I X – RAYS 9
Nature of X-rays- X-Ray absorption – Tissue contrast. X- Ray Equipment (Block Diagram) – X-
Ray Tube, the collimator, Bucky Grid, power supply, Digital Radiography- discrete digital
detectors, storage phosphor and film scanning, X-ray Image Intensifier tubes – Fluoroscopy –
Digital Fluoroscopy. Angiography, cine Angiography. Digital subtraction Angiography.
Mammography.
UNIT – II COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY 9
Principles of tomography, CT Generations, X- Ray sources- collimation- X- Ray Detectors-
Viewing systems- spiral CT scanning – Ultra fast CT scanners. Image reconstruction techniques-
back projection and iterative method.
UNIT – III MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING 9
Fundamentals of magnetic resonance- Interaction of Nuclei with static magnetic field and
Radio frequency wave- rotation and precession – Induction of magnetic resonance signals
– bulk magnetization – Relaxation processes T1 and T2. Block Diagram approach of MRI
system- system magnet (Permanent, Electromagnet and Super conductors), generations of
gradient magnetic fields, Radio Frequency coils (sending and receiving), shim coils,
Electronic components, fMRI.
UNIT – IV NUCLEAR IMAGING AND OTHER IMAGING TECHNIQUES 9
Radio Isotopes- alpha, beta, and gamma radiations. Radio Pharmaceuticals. Radiation
detectors –gas filled, ionization chambers, proportional counter, GM counter and scintillation
Detectors, Gamma camera- Principle of operation, collimator, photo multiplier tube, X-Y
positioning circuit, pulse height analyzer. Principles of SPECT and PET.
Microwave imaging –Photo acoustic imaging – Optical coherence tomography – Microscopy
imaging techniques.
UNIT – V RADIATION THERAPY AND RADIATION SAFETY 9
Radiation therapy – linear accelerator, Telegamma Machine. SRS –SRT,-Recent
Techniques in radiation therapy - 3D CRT – IMRT – IGRT and Cyber knife- radiation
measuring instruments Dosimeter, film badges, Thermo Luminescent dosimeters- electronic
dosimeter- Radiation protection in medicine - radiation protection principles.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
COURSEOUTCOMES:
At the end of the course the student will be able to:
CO1: Demonstrate the physics and principles underlying the operation of medical imaging
Equipment. [Understand]
CO2: Apply the tools for different problems in medical imaging and respond technically. [Apply]
CO3: Identify the suitable medical imaging techniques for specific pathology. [Apply]
CO4: Analyze different imaging techniques and safety issues and suggest appropriate imaging
methodology for specific applications. [Analyze]
CO5: Evaluate different imaging methodologies for diagnosing various human organs
depending on the sensitivity, depth of penetration and resolution required. [Evaluate]
CO6: Develop new ideas to solve specific medical imaging problems. [Create]
TEXTBOOKS:
1. Isaac Bankman, I. N. Bankman , Handbook Of Medical Imaging: Processing and
Analysis(Biomedical Engineering),Academic Press,2000
2. Jacob Beutel (Editor), M. Sonka (Editor), Handbook of Medical Imaging, Volume 2.
Medical Image Processing and Analysis , SPIE Press 2000
3. Khin Wee Lai, Dyah Ekashanti Octorina Dewi “Medical Imaging Technology”, Springer
Singapore, 2015
REFERENCES:
1. Khandpur R.S, “Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation”, Tata McGraw – Hill, New
Delhi,2003.
2. Dougherty, Geoff (Ed.), “Medical Image Processing - Techniques and Applications“,
Springer-Verlag New York, 2011.