Methods of
Dynamic Analysis
Dr. S. K. Prasad
Professor of Civil Engineering
S. J. College of Engineering, Mysore
prasad_s_k@[Link]
Seismic shaking of structures - COMPLEX!!!!
Different structures behave differently during different
earthquakes. Material of structure, height of structure, seismic
weight, overburden soil, characteristics of earthquake force have
varied influence on shaking.
ANALYSIS TYPE
2D 3D
Classification of Dynamic Analysis
Seismic
Analysis
Linear Non-Linear
Equivalent Response Time Pushover Time
Static Spectrum History Analysis History
Analysis Type Depends
Information needed
Complexity of the structure
Resources available e.g. time, money, skill etc.
Expected force level on the structure
Expected behaviour of the structure
Equivalent static force method
• The equivalent static lateral force method is a
simplified technique to substitute the effect of
dynamic loading of an expected earthquake by a
static force distributed laterally on a structure for
design purposes.
• The total applied seismic force V is generally
evaluated in horizontal directions parallel to the
main axes of the building.
• It assumes that the building responds in its
fundamental lateral mode. For this to be true, the
building must be low rise and must be fairly
symmetric to avoid torsional movement under
ground motions.
Equivalent static force method
• The structure must be able to resist effects
caused by seismic forces in either direction,
but not in both directions simultaneously.
V=W*A
V = Base shear
W = Total weight of the structure
A = Basic horizontal seismic coefficient
• Also called Seismic Coefficient Method
Equivalent lateral shear force along two
orthogonal axis
Pseudo Static or Seismic Coefficient Method
ZI S a
H = W * Ah Ah
2R g
W
Zone Zone Factor
Designation Z
Zone II 0.10
Zone III 0.16
H Zone IV 0.24
Zone V 0.36
When to use Equivalent static method?
• All design against earthquake effects must consider
the dynamic nature of the load. However, for simple
regular structures, analysis by equivalent linear
static methods is often sufficient.
• This is permitted in most codes of practice for
regular, low- to medium-rise buildings.
• Tall buildings (over, say, 75 m), where second and
higher modes can be important, or buildings with
torsional effects, are much less suitable for the
method.
• Regular buildings up to around 15 storey's in height
can usually be designed using equivalent static
analysis.
Response Spectrum Method
Response Spectrum
Response spectrum is a plot of peak or
steady state response (displacement,
velocity or acceleration) of a series of
oscillators (SDoF systems) of varying
natural frequency at a given damping and
forced in to motion by the same base
vibration.
Response Spectrum Method
• The method involves the calculation of only the
maximum values of the displacements and forces in
each mode of vibration.
• Response spectra are curves plotted between
maximum response of SDOF system and time
period (or frequency).
• Response spectrum can be interpreted as the locus
of maximum response of a SDOF system for given
damping ratio.
• Response spectra helps in obtaining the peak
structural responses under linear range.
Response Spectrum Method
• Response of a SDOF system is determined by time
domain or frequency domain analysis, and for a
given time period of system, maximum response is
picked.
• This process is continued for all range of possible
time periods of SDOF system.
• Final plot with system time period on x-axis and
response quantity on y-axis is the required
response spectra.
• Same process is carried out with different
damping ratios to obtain overall response spectra.
Response Spectrum Method
Response spectrum for El Centro ground motion plotted
with normalized scale for damping ratios of 0, 2, 5 & 10%
Design spectra for earthquakes originating from two
different faults
Response Spectrum IS : 1893 :2002
2.5
Rock or Hard Soil
Medium Soil
2.0 Soft Soil
1.5 VB AhW
Sa/g
1.0 Z Sa I
Ah . .
2 g R
0.5
Time Period (secs)
0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Structural Response Factor, Sa/g
The advantages of RSA, compared with time-history
analysis
• The size of the problem is reduced to finding only
the maximum response of a limited number of
modes of the structure, rather than calculating the
entire time history of responses during the
earthquake.
• The use of smoothed envelope spectra makes the
analysis independent of the characteristics of a
particular earthquake record.
• RSA can very often be useful as a preliminary
analysis, to check the reasonableness of results
produced by time-history analyses.
Disadvantages of RSA
• RSA is essentially linear and can make only
approximate allowance for nonlinear
behavior.
• The results are in terms of peak response
only, with a loss of information on
frequency content, phase and number of
damaging cycles, which have important
consequences for low-cycle fatigue effects.
Time history analysis
• To perform such an analysis, a representative
earthquake time history is required for a structure
being evaluated.
• In this method, the mathematical model of the
building is subjected to accelerations from
earthquake records that represent the expected
earthquake at the base of the structure.
• The method consists of a step- by- step direct
integration over a time interval.
• The time-history method is applicable to both
elastic and inelastic analysis.
Time history analysis
• In elastic analysis the stiffness characteristics of the
structure are assumed to be constant for the whole
duration of the earthquake.
• In the inelastic analysis, however, the stiffness is
assumed to be constant through the incremental
time only.
• The method involves significantly greater
computational effort than the corresponding RSA
which gives precise results.
• Performance based design – better means to
evaluate and understand different performance
levels.
Time history analysis
What is Pushover Analysis?
Δroof
VB
VB Δroof
What is Pushover Analysis?
Building is pushed in one horizontal direction.
Proportion of applied force on each floor is constant,
only its magnitude is increased gradually.
Load pattern may be 1st mode shape, parabolic,
uniform, inverted triangular etc.
Material nonlinearity is modeled by inserting plastic
hinge at potential location.
Lateral load is increased in step and sequence of
cracking, yielding, and failure of component is
recorded.
Why Pushover Analysis?
More accurate prediction of
Global displacement
Demand on individual members
Weakest link (“bad actors”)
Building do not respond as linearly elastic
during strong ground motion
How much information is needed?
Forces & displacement
Linear static
Modal properties & dynamic effects
(Elevation and plan irregularity)
Linear Dynamic
Post yield behavior & performance of
structure
Nonlinear Static (Pushover)
It is impossible to stop or predict
earthquake. As engineers, let us all
unite and move forward & work for
reducing calamities due to natural
and man made hazards