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Signals Classification 1

Signals can be classified into several categories including continuous vs. discrete, deterministic vs. non-deterministic, even vs. odd, periodic vs. aperiodic, energy vs. power, and real vs. imaginary signals. Each category has specific definitions and characteristics, such as deterministic signals being exactly defined by mathematical formulas, while non-deterministic signals are random and uncertain. Additionally, energy signals have finite energy, while power signals have finite power, and a signal cannot be both energy and power simultaneously.

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3 views5 pages

Signals Classification 1

Signals can be classified into several categories including continuous vs. discrete, deterministic vs. non-deterministic, even vs. odd, periodic vs. aperiodic, energy vs. power, and real vs. imaginary signals. Each category has specific definitions and characteristics, such as deterministic signals being exactly defined by mathematical formulas, while non-deterministic signals are random and uncertain. Additionally, energy signals have finite energy, while power signals have finite power, and a signal cannot be both energy and power simultaneously.

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Signals Classification

Signals are classified into the following categories:

Continuous Time and Discrete Time Signals

Deterministic and Non-deterministic Signals


Even and Odd Signals
Periodic and Aperiodic Signals

Energy and Power Signals

Real and Imaginary Signals

Continuous Time and Discrete Time Signals

A signal is said to be continuous when it is defined for all instants of time.

A signal is said to be discrete when it is defined at only discrete instants of time/


Deterministic and Non-deterministic Signals

A signal is said to be deterministic if there is no uncertainty with respect to its value at


any instant of time. Or, signals which can be defined exactly by a mathematical formula
are known as deterministic signals.

A signal is said to be non-deterministic if there is uncertainty with respect to its value


at some instant of time. Non-deterministic signals are random in nature hence they are
called random signals. Random signals cannot be described by a mathematical
equation. They are modelled in probabilistic terms.

Even and Odd Signals

A signal is said to be even when it satisfies the condition x(t) = x(-t)

Example 1: t2, t4… cost etc.

Let x(t) = t2
x(-t) = (-t)2 = t2 = x(t)

∴, t2 is even function
Example 2: As shown in the following diagram, rectangle function x(t) = x(-t) so it is
also even function.

A signal is said to be odd when it satisfies the condition x(t) = -x(-t)

Example: t, t3 ... And sin t

Let x(t) = sin t


x(-t) = sin(-t) = -sin t = -x(t)

∴, sin t is odd function.

Any function ƒ(t) can be expressed as the sum of its even function ƒe(t) and odd
function ƒo(t).

ƒ(t ) = ƒe(t ) + ƒ0(t )

where

ƒe(t ) = ½[ƒ(t ) +ƒ(-t )]

Periodic and Aperiodic Signals

A signal is said to be periodic if it satisfies the condition x(t) = x(t + T) or x(n) = x(n +
N).

Where
T = fundamental time period,
1/T = f = fundamental frequency.

The above signal will repeat for every time interval T0 hence it is periodic with period
T0.

Energy and Power Signals

A signal is said to be energy signal when it has finite energy.


∞
2
Energy E = ∫ x (t)dt
−∞

A signal is said to be power signal when it has finite power.

T
1
2
Power P = lim ∫ x (t)dt
T →∞ 2T −T

NOTE:A signal cannot be both, energy and power simultaneously. Also, a signal may be
neither energy nor power signal.

Power of energy signal = 0

Energy of power signal = ∞

Real and Imaginary Signals

A signal is said to be real when it satisfies the condition x(t) = x*(t)

A signal is said to be odd when it satisfies the condition x(t) = -x*(t)


Example:

If x(t)= 3 then x*(t)=3*=3 here x(t) is a real signal.

If x(t)= 3j then x*(t)=3j* = -3j = -x(t) hence x(t) is a odd signal.

Note: For a real signal, imaginary part should be zero. Similarly for an imaginary
signal, real part should be zero.

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