REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

NORTHERN NEGROS STATE COLLEGE OF SCIENC

TECHNOLOGY
OLD SAGAY, SAGAY CITY, NEGROS OCCIDENTA
(034)722-4169/[Link]

COLLEGE OF
INFORMATION
COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGY &
ENGINEERING
(Bachelor of Science in
Entertainment and
Multimedia Computing)
COURSE MODULE IN
SCIENCE,
TECHNOLOGY AND
SOCIETY
MOD
 MODULE 1

LESSON
1
Historical
1 Antecedents
8
HOURS

Science and technology studies, or science, technology and society studies (STS) is
the study of how society, politics, and culture affect scientific research and
technological innovation, and how these, in turn, affect society, politics and culture.

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

a. Explain how science and technology affected the society and environment
and vice versa.
b. Identify inventions and discoveries that changed the world over the course
of history
c. Discuss the scientific and technological developments in the Philippines.
d. Present a creation or output in class about the prominent inventions and
discoveries on different eras.
e. Show appreciation of the different technological changes across eras.
A. Introduction
Science may be defined as the system of knowledge of the natural world gained through
the scientific method. It was originally called "philosophy of the natural world" since it
stemmed from the ancient Greeks' desire to know about nature. Thus, the first scientists
were called "philosophers of nature! They sought to discover the truth behind material
things and natural things. It was the task of the philosophers of nature to observe the
world and beyond, and to discover what makes materials the same and what makes them
different. How is a tree not a flower and a flower not a rock? In their quest for
understanding the natural world, the ability to name and classify the objects found in
nature was seen as the first step towards knowledge. Thus, the scientific search for truth
early on recognized the usefulness of language and the ability it gave to describe, classify,
and explain the different objects of study. Meanwhile, the term technology comes from
Greek words tekhnemeaning"art or craft" and -logia, meaning a "subject or interest."
Taken together, the term has come to mean "practical applications of what we know
about nature" using scientific principles for the betterment of the human situation.

SCIENCE-the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the

Systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through
observation and experiment.
TECHNOLOGY-the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially
in industry
SOCIETY-composed of 5 basic social institutions (family, church, school, government,
mass media) where people interact and share their culture.

Science and Technology Plays a major role in our daily life

 Make difficult/complicated tasks easier.
 Allow people do more with so little effort and time
 Gradual improvements to earlier works from different time periods.
 Raise the quality of life.

I. ANCIENT TIMES
In the ancient times, people were concerned with transportation and navigation,
communication and record-keeping, mass production, security and protection, as well as
health, aesthetics, and architecture.
Transportation
Was significant during that time because people were
trying to go places and discover new horizons. They
travelled to search for food and find better locations
for their settlements. They also travelled to trade their
surplus goods in exchange for things that they lacked.
Navigation assisted them in their journeys to
unfamiliar and strange areas in the world. It allowed
them to return home after they discovered new places or completed an important trade
with another group of people.

Communication
Was also essential in their endeavors to discover and
occupy new places. They needed a way to
communicate with the natives of the areas they visited
so as to facilitate trade and prevent possible conflicts.
Record-keeping was also important since they needed
to remember the places they had been to and
document the trades they made with each otherIt was
also vital to keep records of their history and culture so
they could establish their identities as they tried to
relate with other cultures and civilizations.
The increase in size and number of nations connoted
increased demand for food and other basic necessities. This
condition also implied that people must be able to produce
food at a given time and space since resources were getting
scarcer as more people struggled to share the basic
necessities. The people thus needed a form of technology
that would enable them to increase food supplies and other survival needs without them
travelling more or working harder.

Record keeping was also important since they needed

to remember the place they had been to and
document the trades they made with each other. It
was also vital to keep record of their history as culture
so they could establish their identities as they tried
relate with other cultures and civilizations.
The increase in size and number of nations increased
demand for food and other basic necessity. They
condition also implied that people must be able
produce food at a given time and space since resources
with getting scarcer as more people struggled to share the basic necessities. The people
thus needed a form of technology that would enable them to increase food supply and
other survival needs without them travelling more or working is harder.

Weapons and armors

Were important as well in the discovery of new places
or the establishment of new alliances with other tribes.
At that time, there was always a risk of conflict when
people met others with different culture and
orientations. Conflicts were common especially if
different groups struggled to control vital resources.
Stronger nations tended to invade weaker ones so they could take much needed
resources. As such, the development of weapons and armors for security and protection
was considered a major achievement.
A primary challenge they faced was the conservation of life. The early people might have
been successful in harnessing the rich resources that the world could provide, but their
survival posed a great problem. Different illnesses and diseases, both natural and man-
made, hampered the full potential of a human being. Given this predicament, science and
technology played a major role in the discovery of cures to, if not the prevention of,
illnesses.
Moreover, in order to integrate their needs—for better transportation, establishment of
structures for protection from human attacks and natural disasters, and construction of
bigger and stronger infrastructures—people ventured into what is now known as the field
of engineering. The development in this field allowed humans to build structures that
would address their specific needs and wants. Some of the structures built during the
ancient times still exist today and continually awe people.
The development in engineering also ushered in the introduction of architecture. Others
might see architecture as a mere style, but
during the ancient times, elaborate architectural
designs were signs of technological advancement
of a particular civilization. In the generations to
come, architecture would be considered a status
symbol among nations of how advanced their
technology is. It may also establish the identity of
a nation.
The people were not contented on beautifying
only their infrastructures and surroundings.
Being able to prolong life with the mass
production of food and advancement of medical
technology, as well as raise the quality of life by
making complicated and difficult tasks easier,
humans later on developed the technology to
improve how they look. They discovered that
people looked more visually presentable and appealing by adding some features and
decorations in their body.
With all these in mind, one can conclude that the developments in science and technology,
aside from affecting the lives of the people, were the results of many prior antecedents.
Out of necessity, people in ancient times were able to discover and invent things that
would impact the lives of the modern people. The following discussions will tackle the
different major technological advancements during the ancient times, which include some
of the achievements of the early civilizations such as the Sumerians, Babylonians, and
Egyptians. It will continue to describe the gradual application of knowledge up to the
contemporary time.
At the time, there was always a risk of conflict when people met others with different
cultures and orientations. Conflicts were common specifically of different group struggled
to commercial vital resources. Strongest
nations tended to invade weaker one so they
could take much needed resources. As much,
that development of weapons and armors for
security and production was considered a
major achievement. It is important as well in
the discovery of new places or the
establishment of new alliances with other
tribes
Stone ages- It is the time where all humans
were hunter gatherer. The ages before
human discovered metals and so used mainly
stones for making foods.
Stone Tools- were made by chipping away stones to make hammer, spear and arrow head,
knives, and scrapers

II. CIVILIZATIONS
With all these in mind, one can conclude that the development in science and technology,
aside from affecting the lives of the people, were the results of many prior antecedents.
Out of necessity, people in ancient time were able to discover and invent things that would
impact the lives of the modern people.
The following discussion will tackle the different major technology advancement during
the ancient times, which include some of the achievements of the early civilization such as
the Sumerians, Babylonians, and Egyptians. It will continue to describe the gradual
application of knowledge up to the contemporary time.
SUMERIANS CIVILIZATION
Sumeria is located Mesopotamia on the
southernmost tip of ancient Mesopotamia
Known for their high degree of cooperation with
one another and their desire for great things.
Contented with the basic things that life can offer.
Develop the first writing known as cuneiform.

1. Cuneiform- first writing system, a system that utilizes word pictures and triangular
symbols which are carved on clay using wedge instruments and then left to dry.

Keep records of things with great historical value or their

everyday life.
[Link] City - Considered to be the first city in the world.
Only mud or clay from the river, which is mixed with reeds,
producing sunbaked bricks – A true engineering feat
.
They used the bricks to makes houses that protected them
from the harsh weather and to build a wall around the city that
prevents wild animals and neighboring raiders from entering.

It is great wonders not only because it is considered to be the

first true city in the world but also for the way it was erected.

3. The Great Ziggurat of Ur - Called the mountain of

God, was built in the same manner that they
constructed the Uruk city.
 Serve as the sacred place of their chief god, where
only

 Their priests were allowed to enter.

 The temple showcase not only the elaborate and

intricate Sumerians architecture but also the remarkable technology used to build it.

4. Irrigation and Dikes

As population increased, so did the demand for food. The Sumerians were
challenged to mass produce food items but the elements in the environment seemed
uncooperative.
It was difficult to get water from the rivers, thus
they could not maintain farmlands. Some groups
had scarce water supply, while others had
problems with flooding caused by the river. As a
solution to this dilemma, the Sumerians created
dikes and irrigation canals to bring water to
farmlands and at the same time control the
flooding of the rivers. This method was considered
as one of the world's most beneficial engineering
works. Through the dikes and canals, the
Sumerians were able to enjoy year-long farming
and harvesting, which increased their food
production.
 5. Sailboats
Another challenge to the Sumerians was transportation. At that time, the wheel was not
yet invented; the main mode 'of transportation was through waterways such as rivers and
seas. Boats were used to carry large
quantities of products and were able to
cover large distances. However, they wanted
to discover faraway lands to settle since the
population was getting larger, and boats
were not enough to accommodate more
people and products. They needed a mode
of transportation that did not require much
human resource.
Some sources attribute to the Sumerians the
invention of sailboats to address their
increasing demands. Sailboats were essential in transportation and trading as well as in
fostering culture, information, and technology.

6. Wheel
In the latter part of their history, the Sumerians were able to
invent the wheel since the specialized tools needed to create it
were already available. The first wheels were not
made for transportation but for farm work and food
processes. With the use of the wheel and axle, mass
production was made easier. Farmers were able to
mill grains with less effort in less time.

7. The Plow
Another farm technology invented by the
Mesopotamians is the plow. Humans evolved from
being food gatherers to farm cultivators. However, farmers
needed a technology which would enable them to dig the
ground where seeds would be planted. The plow was invented
to dig the earth in a faster pace.
As the plow breaks the ground, the farmer would just drop the
seeds and farm work would already be done. With this tool,
farmers could cultivate larger parcels of land faster, enabling
them to mass produce food without taking so much effort and
time.
 8. Road
In order to facilitate faster and easier travel, the Sumerians developed the first roads. With
this work, the flow of traffic became faster and more organized. They made the roads with
the same technology they used in making the sun-baked bricks that they laid down on the
ground. They later poured bitumen, a black sticky substance similar to asphalt, to
smoothen the roads. The invention of roads was very useful especially during the rainy
season when traveling in soft and muddy roads proved to be too difficult.

BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION
Babylonian civilization emerged (near the Tigris and
Euphrates Rivers. The Babylonians were great builders,
engineers, and architects. One of their major
contributions is the hanging gardens of Babylon, one of
the seven wonders of the ancient world.

Babylonians were the great builders, Engineers and

Architects.

[Link] Garden of Babylon- one of the seven

wonders of the ancient world. -One of
the greatest engineering and architectural
achievements of the world that is almost
impossible to replicate.

According to the legends, the great Babylonian King

Nebuchadnezzar II build the gardens for his wife,
Queen Amytis.

Hanging Garden of Babylon may be considered one

of the greatest engineering and architectural achievement of the world that is almost
impossible to replicate.

The Babylon has reached its peak in two phases the Old Babylonian Empire and the New
Babylonian Empire. The first king of Babylon was King Humarabi and he became powerful
and was a great law maker, some of his laws were inscribed on a stone pillar or stele (now
Lourve in Paris). He is 42 years old and one of his laws was “strong shall not oppress the
weak”.

The Babylonian king Nabopolassar was the father of Nebuchadnezzar and the first king of
the Neo-Babylonian Empire. one of his strong laws was “Punish Crimes and Protect People
from poor workmanship by builders and doctors”
 1. EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

An early civilization famous for its legacy and located

in North Africa. Many stories tell about the
engineering feats of the Egyptians especially
regarding the infrastructures established by
Pharaohs.

1. Paper or Papyrus
Egypt was not the first to develop a system of writing, but they were able to make writing
easier for the world.

Papyrus was a plant that grew abundantly along

Nile River in Egypt.

They will process the plant to in order to produce

thin sheets on which they could write down
things.
Egyptian innovation, clay tablets were used.
However, safe-keeping and transporting them
were a major problem.
Lighter and thinner than clay tablets, it was easy to carry and store.
This invention was a major accomplishment in Egyptian record-keeping and
communication.
People then send letters or correspondence anywhere in the world since the pieces of paper
were very light that they could be carried and delivered by birds.

2. Ink
Egyptian invented ink by combining soot with
different chemicals to produce inks of different
colors.
Used ink to record the history, culture, and
codified laws.
It must be tampered – proof so that people could
not simply tinker with those written down by
authorities.
3. Hieroglyphics
A system of writing in Egyptians using symbols.
This system of writing was provided to them by their gods.
Writing system established in Mesopotamia as a result of trade between civilizations, the
Egyptians believed that this writing system
was provided to their gods. This form of
writing can still be seen today and remains to
be as famous as the pyramid where they were
found.
Hieroglyphics was the language that tells the
modern world of the history and culture of the
ancient Egyptians. Their records were well-
preserved since they were carved at the walls
of pyramids and other important Egyptian
structures.

4. Cosmetics
Used to improved and highlight the facial
features of a person, their function in ancient
Egypt was for both health and aesthetic
reasons.
Kohl – a cosmetic in the eyes to prevent and
even cure eye disease.
Created by mixing soot or malachite with
mineral galena.
They believe that a person wearing make-up
was protected from evil and that beauty was a
sign of holiness.

5. Wig
To enhance the appearance of people who want to try
new hair trends.
Ancient Egyptian times, wigs were worn for health and
wellness rather than for aesthetics purposes.
To protect the shaved heads for wealthy Egyptian from
the harmful rays of the sun.
It was considered cleaner than natural hair because it
prevented the accumulation of head lice.

6. Water Clock/Clepsydra
This device utilizes gravity that affects the flow of
water from one vessel to another.
The amount of water remaining in the device determines
how much time has elapsed since it is full.
The water clock was widely used as a
timekeeping device during the ancient times.

2. GREEK CIVILIZATION
Greece is an archipelago in the south-eastern part of Europe. Known as the birthplace of
western philosophy. Some of the major achievements include in-depth works on
philosophy and mathematics.

1. Alarm Clock

One of the most utilized gadgets today that was

invented by the ancient Greeks is the alarm
dock. Although the alarm clock during that time
did not resemble the present-day alarm clock,
the purpose was just the same--to tell an
individual when to stop or when to start. The
ancient Greek's alarm clocks used large
complicated mechanisms to time the alarm.
They made use of water (or sometimes small
stones or sand) that dropped into drums which
sounded the alarm.
Plato was believed to have utilized an alarm
clock to signal the start of his lecture. His
version used four water vessels lined up
vertically; The upper vessel supplied the water
which dropped to the vessel below it, which was set to be filled in a given time. After it
was full, water was siphoned off at a faster rate into the third vessel which would cause
the expulsion of contained air, creating a whistling noise. Afterwards, this vessel would
empty towards the bottom vessel for storage and reuse.

2. Water Mill Were also considered as one of the

most important contributions of the Greek
civilization to the world. They were commonly used
in agricultural processes like milling of grains which
was 2, necessary form of food processing during
that time. Because milling was made possible by
the use of watermills, the mass production of rice,
cereals, flours, and the like became common.
Watermills were considered better than mills
powered by farm animals because they required
less effort and time to operate since the farmer did
not have to raise animals. They only required
access to rivers or flowing water where a
mechanism of a large wheel with small "buckets" of water attached to it could be installed.

3. ROMAN CIVILIZATION
The Roman Empire was perceived to be the
strongest political and social entity in the west. It
was considered to be the cradle of politics and
governance during that period. Because the Roman
Empire was so large, other civilizations looked up
to it as their model in terms of legislation and
codified laws. Aside from their contributions in
politics, a lot of discoveries and inventions still
relevant today can be attributed to the Roman
Empire.

1. Newspaper One of the major

contributions of the Romans is the
newspaper. The first newspapers,
known as gazettes, contained
announcements of the Roman Empire
to the people. Made before the
invention of paper, these gazettes
were engraved in metal or stone
tablets and then publicly displayed.
When paper was invented, it became
easier for the Romans to "publish"
matters that needed the attention of
the Roman citizens. In fact, with the
advent of paper, minutes of the proceedings of the Roman senate were done in
shorthand. These documents were edited and published on the same day that they were
recorded. This way, the Romans enjoyed easy access to government information the same
way we benefit from present-day newspapers.

2. Bound Books or Codex With the invention

of paper, it became easier for civilizations to
write down everything that happened in
their time. Record-keeping was much easier
since paper did not easily break, was
lightweight, and did not occupy much space.
As a result, civilizations became fond of
record-keeping, especially documenting
historical events and newly legislated laws.
Aside from Romans writing down
information about history and politics,
literature also changed form from clay
tablets to parchments of paper.
According to sources, Julius Caesar started the tradition of stacking up papyrus to form
pages of a book. Later on, they were able to provide covers to protect the papyrus. The
earlier covers were made of wax but were later on replaced by animal skin which proved
to be stronger and longer-lasting. With the papyrus pages bound together and covered by
animal skin, the ancient Roman Empire was able to produce the first books or codex.

3. Roman Architecture architecture is

one of the most visual contributions of
the ancient Roman Empire to the world.
Roman architecture was considered a
continuation of Greek architecture,
hence, the resemblance. However,
Roman architecture was still regarded as
pioneering since the Romans were able
to adapt new building and engineering
technology on architectural designs
established in the past. In this manner,
they were able to preserve great and
elaborate architectural designs because
they could produce sturdier and
stronger infrastructures. The Romans
were also able to creatively redesign old
architectural patterns to adapt to the new trends at that time. This development in the
field of engineering and Architecture was fully supported and funded by the Roman
government so they were able to implement major projects such as large churches
(cathedrals and basilicas), aqueducts, coliseums, amphitheaters, and even residential
houses. The quality of these majestic Roman structures can be seen by the way they
withstood time and the harsh elements of the environment. Today, people of the world
still enjoy these marvels. These structures are proofs of ancient Roman technology.

4. Roman Numerals Although other number

systems had already been established before the
Roman numeral, these old systems could not
keep up with high calculation requirements due
to the increasing rate of communication and
trade among nations. Since the Roman Empire
was expanding, it had to deal with many nations
to maintain its power. For this reason, the
Romans devised their own number system
specifically to address the need for a standard
counting method that would meet their
increasing communication and trade concerns.
Although the Roman numeral is no longer widely
used today due to its inherent limitations, quite a number of enthusiasts would still use it
over other more popular number systems, like the Hindu-Arabic system, due to its
aesthetic and historical value.
 4. CHINESE CIVILIZATION The Chinese
civilization is considered to be the oldest
civilization in Asia, if not the world. Also
known as the middle kingdom, China is
located on the far east of Asia. It was famous
among other ancient civilizations because of
its silk trade. Not a great amount was written
about ancient China partly due to its distance
from the other civilizations. Despite its less
popular status among the early civilizations,
one cannot discredit the significant contributions of Chinese civilization to the world.

1. Silk One of the things that connected Far

East China to the world is silk. Although silk is
naturally produced by silk worms, the
Chinese were the ones who developed the
technology to harvest the silk and process it
to produce paper and clothing. Silk
production resulted in the creation of a
product for trade. The silk trade opened
China to the outside world, making way for
cultural, economic, and scientific exchanges.
It bridged the gap between the western
world and the middle kingdom.

2. Tea Production Tea is a beverage

produced by pouring hot or boiling water
over crushed or shredded dried tea leaves.
It was believed that the first tea was drunk
by a Chinese emperor. Tea production was
developed when an unknown Chinese
inventor created a machine that was able to
shred tea leaves into strips. This machine
was done using a wheel-based mechanism
with sharp edges attached to a wooden or
ceramic pot. Because of this invention, the
Chinese were able to increase their
production of tea and trade with other
nations. China thus became known for its tea exports aside from its silk products. Tea
production developed by the ancient Chinese may have resulted in making tea as one of
the most popular beverages in the world today.
3. Great Wall of China Once considered the only
man-made structure that could be seen from
outer space, the Great Wall of China is said to be
the largest and most extensive infrastructure that
the nation built. It was constructed to keep out
foreign invaders and control the borders of China.
Made with stone, brick, wood, earth, and other
materials, it showcased the extent of Chinese
engineering technology at that time. The
structure was so massive and strong that it was
said to have literally divided China from the rest
of the world. The wall's construction put the
nation among the powerful civilizations during
the ancient times. It was the pride of their land and their crowning glory. Today, with some
sections already in ruins, the Great 'Wall still continues to be a world attraction due to its
historical significance and architectural grandeur.

4. Gunpowder The gunpowder is one of the most

interesting inventions in China. Originally, it was
developed by Chinese alchemists who aimed to
achieve immortality. They mixed charcoal, sulfur,
and potassium nitrate, but instead of creating an
elixir of life, they accidentally invented a black
powder that could actually generate large
amounts of heat and gas in an instant. Ironically,
instead of prolonging life, gunpowder is widely
used to propel bullets from guns and cannons
which cause countless deaths. In fact, gunpowder-
propelled weapons are preferred by raiders who
plan to attack at a distance. The same weapons are also used to dissipate any attempts of
invasion. On the other hand, gunpowder is also used in fireworks during important
celebrations in China.

5. MEDIEVAL/MIDDLE AGES/AGE OF WAR

The start of the middle ages was

marred by massive invasions and
migrations. Wars were prevalent
during this time. As such, great
technology was needed in the fields
of weaponry, navigation, mass food
and farm production, and health. The
wars have resulted in population
decline, but during the latter part of
the period, there was a significant
rise in population. Trade and commerce among nations increased, which resulted in
greater demands for transportation technology. Some of the most innovative minds came
from this period.

[Link] Press After the Chinese developed

woodblock printing, Johann Gutenberg was
able to invent the printing press, a more
reliable way of printing using a cast type. He
utilized wooden machines that extracted
juices from fruits, attached to them a metal
impression of the letters, and pressed firmly
the cast metal into a piece of paper, which
then made an exact impression on paper. This
general invention soon evolved to be the
mechanical printing press which was
eventually used all over the world. The
printing press was invented to address the need for publishing books that would spread
information to many people at a faster rate. This invention also made works accessible to
individuals who could not even write (Streissguth, 1997).

2. MICROSCOPE Another invention in the Middle Ages is

the microscope. Growing populations caused massive
migration and urbanization during the period. More and
more people transferred to polluted and populated
urban areas which resulted in more people getting sick
and needing medical attention. To develop the proper
medicines for illnesses, experts must understand the
sickness through an investigation.
Thus, they needed a
device that could magnify things invisible to the eye.
Guided by the principles used for the invention of
eyeglasses in earlier years, Zacharias Janssen was able
to develop the first compound microscope. With this
device, people were able to observe organisms that
were normally unseen by the naked eye. The
microscope was key in discovering new means in
preventing and curing various illnesses (Davidson,
2015).

3. TELESCOPE Since the middle Ages was also known as

the Age of Exploration, the need for nautical inventions
was high. Considering the vast and empty oceans that
separated lands, ship captains needed to see far and
wide for them to navigate or to avoid dangers at sea.
 The invention of the telescope, an optical
instrument that helps in the observation of remote
objects, was a great help for navigators during this
time. Together with the telescope, the invention of
the compass, oars, and rudders made sea travelling
easier and safer (Heiden, 1989)

4. WAR WEAPONS Since wars were widespread during the middle Ages, great
development in the weaponry technology also occurred. All sides must develop
weaponries not only as offensive tools but also as defensive instruments. For open-area
battles, people developed cross bows and long bows so that they could attack the enemies
at long ranges, keeping themselves safe with the protection of walls and fortresses.
Additionally, in close-range hand-to-hand combat, soldiers should wear something to
protect themselves, a need addressed by the creation of iron body armors. However, body
armors were heavy and limited their movements. The problem was eventually solved by
the invention of the chainmail.

6. MODERN TIMES

The booming world population during

the nineteenth century onwards
demanded that more goods be
produced at a faster rate. People
needed efficient means of
transportation to trade more goods
and cover a larger distance. Machines
that required animals to operate must
thus be upgraded. Faster and easier
means to communicate and compute should be developed to establish connections
between and among nations. All these needs resulted in the development of industries.
However, due to massive industrialization, the modern times again faced more
complicated problems. Food processing and medicine posed some of the bigger challenges
since health was of great concern.

5. PASTEURIZATION As people
were able to develop better
means of production to meet
the needs of the population,
food preservation and food
safety became an issue. The
challenge to keep
manufactured food from
deteriorating was greater for
dairy products, especially milk,
since they usually spoiled faster. These goods needed to be consumed almost immediately
after production or they would cause illness like diphtheria, food poisoning, and typhoid
fever. Since transporting these products would also take time, it would be impossible to
trade them.
Louis Pasteur, a French biologist, microbiologist, and chemist, found a way to solve the
problem. He invented pasteurization, the process of heating dairy products to kill the
harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster. Through this process, milk could be stored
and consumed for a longer period. It also prevented illnesses caused by harmful bacteria
(Macalester College, 2010). Other contributions of Pasteur to science, technology, and
medicine included his works on molecular asymmetry, fermentation, and vaccination.

6. PETROLEUM REFINERY The modern times demanded better means of powering homes
and transportation. At first, people used animal oils for generating light to illuminate their
homes. However, the production of animal oils could not keep up with the demand. Faced
with this concern, Samuel M. Kier was able to invent kerosene by refining petroleum.
Kerosene was later on referred to as the "illuminating oil" because it was used at first to
provide lighting to homes. After some time, it was applied for heating purposes. The
development of kerosene established the petroleum refinery industry (Skrabec, 2010). At
present, petroleum is widely used in powering automobiles, factories, and power plants,
among others.

7. TELEPHONE The more people

got connected by trade and
exploration, the more they
needed a way to easily maintain
these connections and
communicate with each other
in real time. Governments
likewise needed some kind of
communication system which
would allow them to administer
their states well. Important day-to-day decisions must be discussed and addressed at the
fastest time possible. Thus, the development of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell
was one of the most important inventions at that time.

8. CALCULATOR Although
an earlier version of the
calculator had already
been developed,
circumstances in the
modern times required a
faster way to compute
more complicated
equations. Computing
devices must also be easy
to carry since they would be utilized on a day-to-day basis. The creation of modern
calculators did not only pave the way for easier arithmetic calculations, but also resulted in
the development of more complex processing machines like the computer.

PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS Despite being

considered a developing country, the
Philippines also contributes to the global
advancement of science and technology.
It is quite remarkable to note the
ingenuity of the Filipinos despite the lack
in resources. The Philippines is known to
be one of the most vulnerable countries
in terms of natural disasters. Many of
the discoveries and inventions made by
the Filipinos were therefore built from
indigenous materials or created to adapt to the harsh tropical environment.

1. SALAMANDER AMPHIBIOUS TRICYCLE

It has become ordinary for Filipinos to
convert transport vehicles into
something more useful. An example is
the conversion of American military
jeeps used in World War II into
jeepneys. Another Filipino innovation is
the addition of a sidecar to a
motorcycle, transforming it into a
tricycle to accommodate more
passengers. During the rainy season, flooding is a common occurrence in many areas in the
country. Tricycles find it very difficult to traverse the streets. To remedy the issue, H2O
Technologies headed by Dominic N. Chung and Lamberts Armada, together with Chief
Designer Victor "Atoy" Llave, was able to invent the Salamander, an amphibious tricycle
that can cross not only flooded streets but also rivers and lakes. It may also be utilized to
travel from island to island. Since the Philippines is an archipelago, the Salamander is a
useful invention that has a lot of potential.
2. 2. SALT LAMP One of the major needs in the
Philippines, as a developing, nation, is
electrification. Electricity powers various types
of machines, including light sources. In many
rural areas in the country, activities would cease
when it gets dark. It also becomes more
dangerous to travel. Filipinos have resorted to
using candles and kerosene lamps but they carry
certain risks as they are fire hazards. Solar power
is also a welcome development but like
 rechargeable batteries, solar panels are too expensive for ordinary Filipinos. Fortunately, a
young Filipina inventor named Aisa Mijeno was able to invent a lighting system that
utilizes a material abundant in the Philippines—saltwater. She invented the Sustainable
Alternative Lighting (Salt) lamp, an environment-friendly light source that runs on
saltwater. The Salt lamp is safer as it poses no risk of fire and emits no toxic gases. Aside
from people who live in coastal areas, it may also benefit those from far-flung barrios
because they can make their own saltwater by mixing two tablespoons of salt and a glass
of tap water.

3. MEDICAL INCUBATOR A common problem in

the Philippines is the high mortality rate of
newborn babies. One reason for this problem in
the 20th century was the lack of available
incubators especially in far-flung rural areas due
to lack of resources and electricity. Dr. Fe Del
Mundo, a Filipino pediatrician and the first
Asian woman admitted into Harvard Medical
School, devised a medical incubator made from
indigenous and cheap materials which did not
run on electricity. Dr. Del Mundo's incubator was made by placing a native laundry basket
inside a bigger one. Hot water bottles were inserted between the baskets to provide
warmth and a makeshift hood to allow oxygen circulation. Its main purpose was to
maintain conditions suitable for a newborn, usually a pre-term baby. Other breakthroughs
in Philippine medicine attributed to Dr. Del Mundo include her works on the immunization
and treatment of jaundice and the BRAT diet for curing diarrhea.

4. MOSQUITO OVICIDAL/LARVICIDAL TRAP

SYSTEMDengue, a mosquito-borne viral
illness, is endemic in tropical and
subtropical areas, including the Philippines.
This virus is usually transmitted by
Aedesaegypti mosquito, rampant during
the rainy season. Insecticides were
previously used to kill the species. However,
recent studies show that insecticide
resistance has evolved in some mosquito
populations. Likewise, using insecticides is harmful not only to humans but also to the
environment. In 2010, the Department of Science and Technology—Industrial Technology
Development Institute (DOST-ITDI) was able to introduce the Mosquito Ovicidal/
LarvicidalTrap System, also known as OL Trap. This trap system is made of natural
ingredients that are lethal to mosquitos but safe for humans and the environment.
 5. EJEEPNEY A major
innovation that changed the
transportation industry in the
Philippines was the
development of the jeepney.
This iconic public utility
vehicle was built using the
military jeeps left by the
Americans after World War II.
The chassis and the body of
the military jeeps were
extended to accommodate more load and passengers. Because of its usefulness, the
jeepney dominated Philippine streets and is considered as the primary mode of
transportation of most Filipinos. However, the diesel-powered jeepney produces large
quantities of black smoke, and is usually a major contributor of noise pollution due to its
primitive exhaust system. To counter these disadvantages, the electric jeepney (eJeepney)
was developed. This modern type of transportation utilizes electricity instead of the more
expensive diesel. It is environment-friendly since it does not emit any smoke and noise.
The items discussed in this chapter are only some of the great inventions and
developments during the different time periods. There are still more innovations and
discoveries that were bade in the course of history that changed the world. Can you name
other great discoveries?
LESSO
N

INTELLECTUAL
2 REVOLUTIONS
3
HOURS

Intellectual revolution is the period where paradigm shifts occurred. It is where the
scientific beliefs that have been widely embraced and accepted by the people where
challenged and opposed.

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

a. Discuss the paradigm shift through history,
b. Explain how the Intellectual Revolution changed the way humans see the world
c. Describe the technological advancements that happened in the information age.
d. Present an argument in the form of debate on the innovations and technological
advances in the information age.
e. Relate the importance of intellectual revolution to the development of Science and
Technology
 Scientific Revolution
Science is as old as the world itself. There is no individual that can exactly
identify when and where science began. From the genesis of time, science has
existed. It is always interwoven the society. So, how can science be defined?
1. Science as an idea. It includes ideas, theories and all available systematic
explanations and observations about the natural and physical world.
2. Science as an intellectual activity. It encompasses a systematic and
practical study of the natural and physical world. This process of study
involves systematic observation and experimentation.
3. Science as a body of knowledge. It is a subject or a discipline. A field of
study, or a body of knowledge that deals with the process of learning about
the natural and physical world. This is what we refer to as school science.
4. Science as a personal and social activity. This explains that science is both
knowledge and activities done by human beings to develop better understanding
of the world around them. It is means to improve life and to survive in life. It is
interwoven with people live. Human beings have remarked in scientific activities in
order to know and understand everything around them. They have persistently
observed and studied the natural and physical world in order to find meanings and
seek answer to many questions.

The idea of scientific revolution is

claimed to have started in the early 16th
century up to the 18th century in
Europe. Why in Europe? The probable
answer is the invention of the printing
machine and the blooming intellectual
activities done in various places of
learning and the growing number of
scholars in various fields of humans’
interests. This does not mean,
however, that science is a foreign idea
transported from other areas of the
globe. Scientific revolution was the
period of enlightenment when the
developments in the fields of
mathematics, physics, astronomy,
biology and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature. It explained the
emergence of birth of modern science as results of these developments from the discipline
mentioned. Scientific revolution was the golden age for people committed to scholarly life
in science but it was also deeply trying moment to some scientific individuals that led to
their painful death or condemnation from the religious institutions who tried to preserve
their faith, religion, and theological views. It has been established that most, if not all, of
the discoveries and inventions in science and technology during each time period were
due to human needs and wants. Brilliant minds responded to the call of the times and
created things that could make life easier for the people. The developments during the
Intellectual Revolutions showed how society was transformed by science and technology.
This chapter aims to establish the interaction between science and technology and society,
cementing further the relationship as introduced in the previous chapter. Intellectual
Revolution a.k.a Scientific Revolution of theories/models=paradigm. Intellect means (mind
and knowledge or (reasoning and understanding). Intellectualism started when human
knowledge begun to be disseminated (papyrus, writing on the walls, printing press) –
published materials, books, journals and the media information age.

Thomas Samuel Kuhn (1922-

1996)
• The Man who changed the Way
the World looked at Science
(Scientific Revolution – paradigm
shifts)
• Physicist from Harvard, Berkeley,
Princeton, Cambridge

Karl Popper (1902-1994)

• A Great Contemporary Philosopher
(20th Century)

Kuhn’s Cycle (Structure of Scientific Revolutions)

 Pre-science – In the beginning, there is no workable paradigm (model) to
successfully guide the work in a particular field.
1. Normal Science - The normal step, where the field has a scientifically
based model of understanding (a paradigm) that works. (positivist)
2. Model Drift - The model of understanding starts to drift, due to
accumulation of anomalies/controversies, phenomenon the model cannot
explain.
3. Model Crisis - The Model Drift/Anomalies become so excessive the model
is broken. It can no longer serve as a reliable guide to problem solving.
Attempts to patch the model up to make it work fail. The field is in anguish.
4. Model Revolution – Revolution begins when serious candidates for a new
model emerge. It's a revolution because the new model is so radically
different from the old one.
5. Paradigm Change/Shift - A single new paradigm emerges and the field
changes from the old to the new paradigm. When this step ends the new
paradigm becomes the new Normal Science and the Kuhn Cycle is complete

Copernican revolution
 In early times,
people questioned
what created days
and nights.
 Many Greek
philosopher and
intellectual wrote
about planets in an
attempt to explain
the movement of
heavenly bodies and
their effects on the world as they knew it.
 Philosopher agreed that planets moved around in circular motion,
and that these movement created days and nights among others.
 This caused the paradigm shift of how the earth and sun were
placed in the heavens/universe. It is the idea that rejected Ptolemaic
model (earth is the center of

The solar system) and proved the heliocentric model (Sun is the center of the solar system
having the earth revolving around it.)

CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY
Stated that the planets, as well as the sun
and the moon, moved in a circular motion
around the Earth.
He called his theory GEOCENTRISM
NICOLAS COPERNICUS
Introduce a new concept known as
HELIOCENTRISM.
Suggested that the center of the Solar
System was not the Earth but actually the
sun.
The birth of Modern Astronomy Take
place

Darwinian Revolution
“Charles Robert Darwin” –Darwin’s full
name
Charles Darwin was a British naturalist
who developed a theory of evolution
based on natural selection. His views and “social
Darwinism” remain controversial.
This has brought a great impact on how people approach
Biology forever. This revolution provided a different
than the "theory of Creation". The Darwinian revolution
started when Charles Darwin published his book "The
Origin of Species" that emphasizes that humans are the
result of an evolution.
One of the most
controversial intellectual
revolution of its time.
Different Theories
created includes
The origin of the
species - the
development of different
life forms over millions
of years
Theory of natural
selection- the process
whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to
 survive and produce more offspring. The theory of its action was first fully expounded by
Charles Darwin and is now believed to be the main process that brings about evolution.
Theory of Evolution- a theory of organic evolution claiming that new species arise and are
perpetuated by natural selection

Freudian Revolution
Sigmund Freud (1856 to 1939)
was the founding father of
psychoanalysis, a method for
treating mental illness and also a
theory which explains human
behavior.
This theory has started to
revolutionize Psychiatry with
Sigmund Freud. This includes
the "Freudian Theory of
Personality" that involves the
human development contributes
to his/her personality and also his "psychoanalysis" that is the process for achieving proper
functioning if a human does not complete his/her developmental stage.
Psychoanalysis is the study that explains human behavior. Freud explained that there are
many conscious and unconscious factors that can influence behavior and emotions.
He explains the human behavior that there are many conscious and unconscious factors that
influence behavior and emotion.
He argued that personality is a product of three conflicting elements: id, ego and superego.
Id- Instinct, Ego- Reality, Superego-morality

CRADLE OF EARLY SCIENCE

Development of Science in Mesoamerica
Mesoamerica includes the entire area of
Central America from southern Mexico up to
the border of South America. There is no
doubt that the Mesoamerican region is rich in
culture and knowledge prior to the arrival of
its Europe colonizers. Mesoamerican
civilization, the complex
of indigenous cultures that developed in
parts of Mexico and Central America prior to
Spanish exploration and conquest in the 16th
century. In the organization of its kingdoms
and empires, the sophistication of its monuments and cities, and the extent and
refinement of its intellectual accomplishments, the Mesoamerican civilization, along with
the comparable Andean civilization farther south, constitutes a New World counterpart to
those of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and China.

Archaeologists have dated human presence in Mesoamerica to possibly as

early as 21,000 BCE (though the dating of the Valsequillo finds on which that early
date is based remains controversial). By 11,000 BCE, hunting-and-gathering
peoples occupied most of the New World south of the glacial ice cap covering
northern North America. The cooler climate of this period as compared with that of
the present day supported a grassland vegetation, especially in the highland
valleys, that was ideal for large herds of grazing animals. The shift toward
sedentary agriculture apparently began after about 7000 BCE, when a
dramatic global warming caused the glaciers to retreat The gradual domestication
of successful food plants—most notably a mutant corn (maize) with husks, dating
to c. 5300 BCE—over succeeding millennia gave rise to more or less permanent
village farming life by about 1500 BCE. In addition to corn, crops
included beans, squashes, chili peppers, and cotton. As agricultural productivity
improved, the rudiments of civilization emerged during the period designated by
archaeologists as the Early Formative (1500–900 BCE). Pottery, which had appeared
in some areas of the region as early as 2300 BCE, perhaps introduced from Andean
cultures to the south, took on varied and sophisticated forms. The idea of the
temple-pyramid seems to have taken root during these period and tropical forests
to overtake the Mesoamerican grasslands.
Mayan Civilization is one of the famous civilizations that lasted for
approximately 2,000 years. These people are known for their works in astronomy.
They incorporated their advanced understanding for astronomy into their temples
and other religious structures. This allows them to use their temples for
 astronomical observation. For example, the pyramid at Chichen Itza in Mexico is
situated at the location of the Sun during the spring and fall equinoxes.
The Maya civilization
was a Mesoamerican
civilization developed by the
Maya peoples, and noted for its
logo syllabic script—the most
sophisticated and highly
developed writing system in
pre-Columbian Americas—as
well as for its art, architecture,
mathematics, calendar, and
astronomical system.
Mayan knowledge and understanding about celestial bodies was advanced
for their time, as evidenced by their knowledge of predicting eclipse and using
astrological cycles in planting and harvesting. The Mayans are also known for
measuring time using two complicated calendar systems. These calendars were
very useful for their religious rituals and cultural celebrations. The Mayans also
developed the technology for growing different crops and building elaborate cities
using ordinary machines and tools. The Mayans also built looms for weaving cloth
and devised a rainbow of glittery paints made from a mineral called mica.
Mayans believed to be one of the first people to produce rubber products
3,000 years before Goodyear received its patent in 1844. They are considered one
of the most scientifically advanced societies in Mesoamerica. They are also famous
as one of the world’s first civilizations to use a writing system known as the Mayan
hieroglyphics. They were also skilled in mathematics and created number system
based on the numeral 20. They developed the concept of zero and positional value,
even before the Romans did.

The Inca Civilizations is also famous

in Mesoamerica. The Inca made
advanced scientific ideas considering
their limitations as old civilizations.
The following were scientific ideas
and tools that they developed to help
them in everyday life:
1. Roads paved with stones;
2. Stone buildings that
surmounted earthquakes and
other disasters;
3. Irrigation system and
technique for storing water for their crops to grow in all types of land;
4. Calendar with 12 months to mark their religious festivals and prepare them for
planting season;
5. The first suspension bridge;
 6. quipu, a system of knotted ropes to keep records that only experts can interpret;
and
7. Inca textiles, since cloth was one of the specially prized artistic achievements.

The Aztec Civilizations has also made substantial contributions to Science and Technology
and to the society as a whole. Some of their contributions are the following:

1. Mandatory
Education:
2. The Aztec puts
value on
education; that
is why their
children are
mandated to
get education
regardless of
their social
class, gender,
or age. It is an early form of universal or inclusive education.
3. Chocolates: The Aztec in Mexico developed chocolate during their time. In mayan
culture, they used it as currency. The Aztec valued the cacao beans highly and
made it as part of their tribute to their gods.
4. Antispasmodic Medication: They use a type of antispasmodic medication that
could prevent muscle spasm and relax muscles, which could help during surgery.
5. Chinampa: It is a form of Aztec technology for agricultural framing in which the
land was divided into rectangular areas and surrounded by canals.
6. Aztec Calendar: This enabled them to plan their activities, rituals, and planting
season.
7. Invention of the Canoe: A light narrow boat used for traveling in water system.

DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN ASIA

Asia is the biggest continent in the
word and the home of many ancient
civilizations. It is a host to many cultural,
economic, scientific, and political activities
of all ages. In the field of science,
technology and mathematics, great
civilizations have stood out: India, China
and the Middle East civilizations to the development of knowledge during their
time.

India
India is
huge peninsula
surrounded by
vast bodies of
water and
fortified by
huge mountains
in its northern
boarders. The
Indians creatively developed various ideas and technologies useful in their
everyday lives. They are known for manufacturing iron and in metallurgical works.
Their iron steel is considered to be the best and held with high regard in the whole
of Roman Empire.
India is also famous in medicine. For example, Ayurveda, a system of
traditional medicine that orifinated in ancient India before 2500 BC, is still practiced
as form of alternative medicine. They discovered some medicinal properties of
plants that led them to develop medicones to cure various illnesses. Some ancient
texts, like the Susruta Samhita, describes different surgical and other medical
procedures famous in Ancient India.
Ancient India is also notable in the field of astronomy. They developed
theories on the configuration of the universe, the spherical self-supporting Earth,
and the year of 360 days with equal parts of 30 days each. The interest in
astronomy was also evident in the 1st 12 chapter of the Siddhanta Shiromani
written in the 12th century. This ancient text covered topics such as; mean
longitudes of the planets, true longitudes of the planets, the three problems of
diurnal rotation, syzgies, lunar eclipses, solar eclipses, latitudes of the planets,
rising and settings, the moon’s crescent, conjunctions of the planets with each
other, conjunctions of the planets with the fixed stars, and the paths of the sun and
moon.

Ancient india was known for their mathematics. The earlier traces of
mathematical knowledge on the Indian subcontinent appeared in the Indus valley
civilizations. The people of this civilization tried to standardize measurement of
length to high degree of accuracy and designed a ruler, the Mohenjodaro ruler.
Aryabhatiya is an Indian astronomer and mathematician introduces a number of
trigonometric functions, tables and techniques as well as algorithms of algebra.
Another Indian Brahmagupa also suggested that gravity was a force of attraction
and lucidly explained the use of zero as both placeholder and the decimal digit,
along with the Hindu- Arabic numeral system now used universally throughout the
world. Another Indian name Madhava of Sangamagrama is also considered as the
founder of the mathematical analysis.
China
China is one of the
ancient civilizations with
substantial contributions in many
areas in life like medicine,
astronomy, science,
mathematics, arts, philosophy
and music among others. Chinese
civilizations have greatly
influenced many of its neighbor
countries like Korea, Japan,
Philippines Vietnam, Thailand,
Cambodia, Myanmar, and other
countries that belong to the old
Silk Road.
The Chinese was known
for traditional medicines, a product of centuries of experiences and discovery of
the Chinese people. They discovered various medical properties and uses of
different plants and animals to cure human illness. An example is the practice of
Acupuncture.
In terms of technology, the Chinese are known to develop many tools.
Among the famous discoveries and inventions of the Chinese civilizations were
compass, papermaking, gunpowder, and printing tools that became known in the
west only by the end of the middle ages. They invented also other tools like iron
plough, wheelbarrow, and propeller, among others. They develop a designed of
different models of detector and developed a dry dock facility.
In the field of astronomy, the Chinese also made significant records on
supernovas, lunar and solar eclipses, and comets, which were carefully recorded
and preserved to understand better the heavenly bodies and their effects to our
world. They observed the heavenly bodies to understand weather changes and
seasons that may affect their daily activities. They used lunar calendars, too. The
Chinese are also known in seismology. This made them more prepared in times of
natural calamities.
China made substantial contributions in various fields. The list of their
discoveries and inventions is overwhelming. These contributions were made along
with mathematics, logic, philosophy, and medicine. However, cultural factors
prevented these Chinese achievements from developing into modern science. It
may have been the religious and philosophical framework of Chinese intellectuals
that made them unable to accept the ideas of laws of nature.

Middle East Countries

 The Middle
East countries are
dominantly
occupied by
Muslim. With the
spread of Islam in
the 7th and 8th
centuries, a period
of Muslim
scholarship, or what
is called the Golden
Age of Islam lasted
until the 13th
century. The
common language of Arabic, access to Greek text from the Byzantine Empire, and
their proximity to India were contributory to the intellectualization of the Muslims
and provide their scholars knowledge to create innovations and develop new ideas.
But contrary to the Greeks, Muslim scientist placed greater value on science
experiments rather than plain- though experiments. This led to the development of
the scientific method in the Muslim world, and made significant improvements by
using experiments to distinguish between competing scientific theories set within a
generally empirical orientation .A Muslim scientist named Ibn al-Haytham is also
regarded as the Father of Optics, especially for his empirical proof of the
intromission theory of light. In mathematics, the mathematician Muhammad ibn
Musa al-Khwarizmi gave his name to the concept of the algorithm while the term
algebra is derived from al-jab the beginning of the title of one of his
publications .What is now known as the Arabic Numeral System originally came
from India, but Muslim mathematicians did make several refinements to the
number system, such as the introduction of decimal point notation.
Muslim chemist and alchemist also played an important role in the
foundation of modern chemistry. In particular, some scholar considered
JābiribnHayyān to be the ʺFather of Chemistryʺ.
In the field of medicine, IbnSina pioneered the science of experimental
medicine and was the first physician to conduct clinical trials. His two most notable
works in medicine, the Book of Healing and the Canon of Medicine, were used as
standard medical text in both the Muslim world in Europe during the 17 th century.
Among his many contributions are the discovery of the contagious nature of
infection diseases and the introduction of clinical pharmacology.
There are numerous Muslim scholars who made significant contributions in
the field of science, mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, and even in the field of
social sciences. The decline of the golden age of Islam started in the 11th to 13th
century due to the conquest of the Mongols whereby libraries, observatories, and
other learning institutions were destroy.

Development of Science in Africa

 Africa is blessed with natural and mineral resources. Science also emerged
in this part of the planet long before the Europeans colonized it. The history of
science and mathematics show that similar to the ancient civilizations, the early
civilization in Africa is knowledge producers, too.
The ancient Egyptian civilization has contributed immensely and made
significant advances in the fields of astronomy, mathematics, and medicine .For
example, the development of geometry was a product of necessity to preserve the
layout and ownership of farmlands of the Egyptians living along the Nile River. The
rules of geometry were developed and used to build rectilinear structures, the post
of lintel architecture of Egypt .These early science activities in Egypt were develop
to improve

the quality of life of

the Egyptians especially in
building their early homes and
cities .The great structure of
the Egyptian pyramids and the
early dams built to divert
water from the Nile River are
some proofs of their advanced
civilization.
Egypt was known to be
a center of alchemy, which is
known as the medieval
forerunner of chemistry. They
tried to study human anatomy
and pharmacology, and applied important components such as examination,
diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis for the treatment of diseases. These
components displayed strong parallels to the basic empirical method of studying
science.
Astronomy was also famous in the African region .For instance documents
show that African used three types of calendars: lunar, solar, and stellar or a
combination of the three.
Metallurgy was also known in the African regions during the ancient time.
North Africa and the Nile Valley imported iron technology from the Near East
region that enabled them to benefit from the developments during the Bronze Age
until the Iron Age .They invented metal tools used in their homes ,in
agriculture ,and in building their magnificent architectures.
Mathematics was also known to be prominent in the life of early people in
the African continent. The Lebombo Bone from the mountains between Swaziland
and South Africa, which may have been a tool for multiplication, division and
simple mathematical calculation or a six months lunar calendar is considered to be
the oldest known mathematical artifact dated from 35,000BCE. Ancient Egyptians
are good in the four fundamental mathematical operations and other
 mathematical skills. They have knowledge of the basic concept of algebra and
geometry .The Islamic regions in Africa during the medieval period was also
benefiting from mathematical learning, which is considered advanced during those
times, such as algebra, geometry , and trigonometry.

LESSO
N
SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND
3 NATION BUILDING
3
HOURS

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

a. Explain how early Filipinos applied scientific principles in their daily living.
b. Discuss the government policies on science and technology in nation building.
c. Cite the role and contribution of science and technology in nation building
d. Make a creative video presentation on the contributions of the different past
presidents after Marcos in science and technology.

The developments of Science and Technology in the Philippines have

already come a long way. Many significant inventions and discoveries have been
accomplished by or attributed to Filipinos.
 PRE-COLONIAL
PERIOD
Scientific and
technological
development in
the Philippines
began in the
pre-colonial
period. Even
before the
Spaniards came
to the Philippine
islands, early
Filipino settlers
were already using certain plants and herbs as medicines. Systems of farming and
animal-raising were also implemented. Moreover, early Filipinos had also
developed different modes of transportation, whether terrestrial or maritime.
A complicated engineering feat was achieved by the natives of the
Cordilleras when they built rice terraces by hand. Through these terraces, the
people were able to cultivate crops on the mountainsides in cold temperatures.
They incorporated an irrigation system that uses water from the forests and
mountain tops to achieve an terraces of the Cordilleras, which is still functional,
show the innovative and ingenious way of the natives to survive in otherwise
unfriendly environment.
The developments of Science and Technology in the Philippines have
already come a long way. Many significant inventions and discoveries have been
accomplished by or attributed to Filipinos Scientific and
technologies development in the Philippines began in the
pre-colonial period. Even before the Spaniards came to
the Philippine islands, early Filipino settlers already are
using certain plants and herbs as medicines.
System of farming and animal raising were
also implemented. Some Filipino’s had also developed
different modes of transportation, whether terrestrial of
submarines.
A complicated engineering feat was
achieved by the natives of the Cordilleras when they build
rice terraces by hand. With this, people will cultivate
crops on the mountainside in cold temperatures. They
incorporated an irrigation system that uses water from
the forest and mountain tops to achieve an collaborate
farming system, this invention shows the innovative and indigenous way of natives
to survive in an otherwise unfriendly environment.
 Communities of various ethnic groups in the archipelago established city-
states often governed by a raja or a lakan. These city-states were formed by
assimilating small political units known as barangay that were each led by a datu.
Each barangay consisted of about a hundred families.
By the 5th century, the city-states in the Philippine archipelago were
organized in strict social classes as follows:
 Datu (ruling class)
 Maginoo (noble class, where the datu ascends from)
 Maharlika (Warrior class)
 Timawa (freemen)
 Alipin (dependent class), classified
into alipingnamamahay (serfs) and alipingsaguiguilid (slaves)

In Luzon
In the Cagayan Valley, the head of the Ilongot city-states was called
a benganganat, while for the Gaddang it was called a mingal.
The Ilocano people in northwestern Luzon were originally located in
modern-day Ilocos Sur and were led by a babacnang. Their polity was
called Samtoy which did not have a royal family but was headed as a chieftaincy.
The people of the Cordilleras, collectively known by the Spanish as Igorot,
were headed by an apo. These civilizations were highland plutocracies with
distinct cultures where most were headhunters. According to literature, some
Igorot people were always at war with the lowland Ilocano people from the west.

In Mindanao
The Lumad people from inland Mindanao are known to have been headed
by a datu. The Subanon people in the Zamboanga Peninsula were ruled by
a timuay until they were overcame by the Sultanate of Sulu in the 13th century.
The Sama-Bajau people in Sulu who were not Muslims nor affiliated with
the Sultanate of Sulu were ruled by a nakurah before the arrival of Islam.

COLONIAL PERIOD
Colonization by the
Spaniards provided the
Philippines with modern
means of construction.
Walls, roads, bridges, and
other large infrastructures
were built using some of
the engineering skills and
tools brought by the
 Spaniards. In addition, the Spanish government developed health and education
systems that were enjoyed by the principaliaclass.

The American occupation modernized almost all aspects of life in the

Philippines. They established a government agency, the Bureau of Science, for the
sole purpose of nurturing development in the field of science and technology.
Colonization by the Spaniard provided the Philippines with modern means
of construction walls, roads, bridges, and other large infrastructure were built
using some of the engineering skills and tools brought by the Spaniards.
Spaniards Government developed health and education system that were
enjoyed by the “Principalia Class”
The Principalia or noble class was the ruling and usually educated upper
class in the towns of colonial Philippines, composed of the Gobernadorcillo (who
had functions similar to town mayor) and the Cabezas de Barangay (chiefs of the
barangays) who governed the districts. The distinction of status of being part of
the principalia was a hereditary right.
The Principalia was the first estate of the four echelons of Filipino society
at the time of contact with the Spaniards, as described by Fr. Juan de Plasencia, a
pioneer Franciscan missionary in the Philippines.

POST-COLONIAL PERIOD

After achieving
independence from the
colonizers, the Philippines, under
different administrations,
continued to pursue programs in
science and technology. Each
leadership had its own science
and technology agenda. However,
it is important to note than some
Philippine presidents posted more developments in the field than others.

One of the presidents who ushered in advancements in science and

technology was former president and dictator Ferdinand Marcos. Under his term,
many agencies in science and technology were established and strengthened,
including the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services
Administration (PAGASA) in place of the abolished Weather Bureau; the National
Academy of Science and Technology (NAST); and the reconstituted National
Science and Technology Authority (originally established in 1958 as the National
Science and Development Board and now the Department of Science and
Technology), among others. Marcos saw that the key to nation-building is the
continued development of science and technology. The progress in science and
technology continued even after his dictatorial rule and the presidents after him
left their own legacies in the field.