DECIMALS

OPERATIONS ON DECIMALS

ADDITION / SUBTRACTION:
1. Write the numbers vertically. Align the decimal points.
2. Add or subtract the numbers. Place the decimal point in the answer.

Example 1: Add 102.3 + 1.76

Example 2: Subtract 102.3 – 1.76

PRACTICE EXERCISES: Answer the following.

1. 205.3 + 41.28 =
2. 12 – 0.67 =
3. 205.3 – 41.28 =
4. 10.02 – 4.86 =

MULTIPLICATION
1. Multiple the numbers like whole numbers.
2. Put a decimal point in the appropriate place value so that the number of decimal places
in the product equals the sum of the number of decimal places in all the factors.

Example: Multiply 5.6 x 2.3

PRACTICE EXERCISES: Answer the following.

1. 1.2 x 3.4 =
2. 321.5 x 1.234 =

DIVISION
1. Move the decimal point in the divisor up to the necessary number of places to the right
to make it a whole number.
2. Move the decimal point in the dividend to the same number of places to the right.
3. Put a decimal point in the quotient directly above the new location of the decimal point
in the dividend.
4. Proceed with the technique for dividing whole numbers, noting the location of the
decimal point in the quotient.

Example: 3.75 / 0.25

PRACTICE EXERCISES: Answer the following.

1. 7.04 / 0.22
2. 18.1818 / 0.02
3. 13.125 / 0.125
4. 0.6786 / 0.9
SKILL BUILDING

Addition of Decimals

1. 11.2513 + 9.0433 =
2. 1.546 + 0.34 =
3. 0.475 + 105.75 =
4. 123.94843 + 76.42 =
5. 23.8403 + 457.142 =

Subtraction of Decimals

1. 11.2513 – 9.0433 =
2. 5.546 – 2.14 =
3. 10.756 – 1.64 =
4. 123.94 – 76.42 =
5. 23.8403 – 47.56 =

Multiplication of Decimals

1. 11.01 x 9 =
2. 5.65 x 2 =
3. 10.75 x 2.8 =
4. 3.743 x 0.42 =
5. 43 x 7.56 =

Division of Decimals

1. 3576 / 9.1 =
2. 136.9 / 0.77 =
3. 0.468 / 6.5 =
4. 0.6144 / 1.6 =
5. 867.5 / 0.5 =

PROBLEM SOLVING

1. Jerry bought 6.95 lbs of cherry and lime jelly beans for his birthday party. If 1.75 lbs
were cherry flavor, how many pounds were lime flavor?

2. Paige was measuring how much taller she got over two years. In the first year she grew
4.62 cm. In the second year she grew 7.7 cm. How much taller did she get altogether?
3. Vanessa downloaded two apps which were 17.73 kb total. If one app was 8.63 kb, how
big was the other app?

4. Tom was weighing the amount of candy he received for Halloween. If he received 8.30
kg and his brother received 1.8 kg, how much candy did they get all together?

5. John ate a snack with 80.79 total calories. If the chips he ate were 43.39 calories, how
many calories were in the rest of his snack?

6. A bakery used 4 cups of flour to make a full size cake. If they wanted to make a cake that
was 0.5 the size, how many cups of flour would they need?

7. Janet can read 3.40 pages of a book in a minute. If she read for 3.22 minutes, how much
would she have read?

8. A geologist had two rocks on a scale that weighed 3.3 kilograms together. Rock A was
0.1 of the total weight. How much did rock A weigh?

9. Janet collected 4 times as many bags of cans as her friend. If her friend collected 0.87 of
a bag, how much did Janet collect?

10. Each day a carwash used 4.70 liters of soap. After 2 days, how much soap would they
have used?
 FRACTIONS
Converting Fraction to Decimal
Divide the numerator by the denominator.

4
=
5

PRACTICE EXERCISES: Convert the following fractions to decimals.

a. 1/10 =
b. 1/4 =
c. 1/8 =

Converting Decimal to Fraction

Multiply the decimal by a fraction in a power of ten that will remove the decimal point.

2.3 =

PRACTICE EXERCISES: Convert the following decimals to fractions.

a. 0.45
b. 3.25
c. 0.625
d. 0.24

Reducing Fractions
Divide the numerator and the denominator by the GCF.
a. 9/54
b. 27/45

Converting Mixed Number to Improper Fraction

Multiply the denominator and the whole number. Then add the result to the numerator. Copy
the denominator.

2
4 =
5

PRACTICE EXERCISE: Convert the following mixed numbers to improper fractions.

1
a. 4
5
6
b. 5
7
 2
c. 3
3
2
d. 14
9

Converting Improper Fraction to Mixed Number

Divide the numerator by the denominator. The answer becomes the whole number of the
mixed number while the remainder becomes the numerator. Copy the denominator.

22/5 =

PRACTICE EXERCISES: Convert the following improper fractions to mixed numbers.

a. 81/8
b. 41/8
c. 73/9
d. 35/2

Comparing Fractions

NOTE: < less than, > greater than, = is equal to

In comparing fractions, cross multiply and compare the answers.

5/7 cross multiply with ¾

20 < 21

Therefore, 5/7 < ¾

PRACTICE EXERCISES: Compare the following fractions.

a. 1/3 and 5/15

b. 2/9 and 1/4
c. 2/9 and 1/6
SKILL BUILDING

A. Reduce the following fractions to lowest term.

1. 7/21
2. 8/56
3. 17/51
4. 108/110
5. 24/45
6. 3/45
7. 21/63
8. 11/132
9. 16/24
10. 2/18

B. Convert the following improper fractions to mixed numbers.

1. 11/9
2. 61/3
3. 14/4
4. 131/11
5. 16/8
6. 41/3
7. 21/2
8. 64/4
9. 108/9
10. 91/10

C. Convert the following mixed numbers to improper fractions.

1
1. 2
3
4
2. 4
5
1
3. 11
9
2
4. 6
3
 1
5. 5
4
2
6. 9
7
1
7. 4
11
6
8. 51
13
4
9. 1
9
2
10. 3
5
D. Determine which fraction is the larger.

1. 5/21 _____ 1/3

2. 15/25_____3/5
3. 9/10_____ 10/11
4. 7/+_____ 5/4
5. 4/7_____ 4/9
6. 3/4_____ 9/10
7. 18/13_____8/7
8. 13/18_____ 7/8
9. 6_____ 39/8
10. 41/9_____ 6

E. Arrange the fractions from the least to the greatest.

1. 4/7, 5/7, 7/7

2. 7/4, 7/5, 7/6
3 5 7
3. 2 , 2 , 2
4 6 9
4. 2/3, 3/4, 4/5, 5/6, 6/7
1 2 3
5. 3 , 3 , 3
10 15 20
6. 3/4, 4/6, 5/8, 6/10, 7/12
 OPERATIONS ON FRACTIONS

NOTE: When adding or subtracting, maintain the mixed numbers. When multiplying or dividing,
convert the mixed number to improper fraction.

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION

Similar fractions: add/subtract the numerators, retain the denominator.

EXAMPLE:

a. 1/7 + 2/7 = 3/7

b. 5/8 – 2/8 = 3/8

Dissimilar fractions:
1. Write the fractions vertically. Align the whole numbers and the fractions.
2. Get the least common denominator or the LCD.
3. Change the fractions to an equivalent fraction with LCD as denominator.
4. Add or subtract as like fractions.
5. Reduce the answer to lowest term, if necessary.

SPECIAL TOPIC: Changing Fractions to Equivalent Fractions

1/4 = 7/28
2/7 = 8/28

STEP 1: Find the LCD (or LCM) of the fractions.

STEP 2: Divide the LCD by each denominator and multiply the answer to the numerator. Your
answer will be the new numerator.

Case 1: Adding dissimilar proper fractions with proper fraction as the sum.
1/4 + 2/7 =

Case 2: Adding a whole number and a fraction/

1
6+3 =
4

Case 3: Adding mixed numbers with dissimilar fractions.

1 2
3 +2 =
7 3

Case 4: Adding mixed numbers with dissimilar fractions with improper fraction as the answer.

3 4
2 +4 =
4 5

Case 5: Subtracting a whole number and fraction.

1
6-3 =
4

Case 6: Subtracting mixed numbers with borrowing.

1 2
3 -2 =
7 3
ADDING SIMILAR FRACTIONS

A. Add the following. (Turn it to its simplest form if possible.)

1. 1/5 + 2/5
2. 3/7 + 2/7
3. 3/4 + 3/4
4. 5/8 + 2/8
5. 1/6 + 1/6
6. 10/18 + 2/18
7. 6/20 + 14/20
8. 11/25 + 12/25
9. 15/17 + 5/17
10. 11/40 + 19/40

B. Add the following fractions. (Simplify to lowest terms)

1. 1/8 + 3/8 + 2/8

2. 6/15 + 1/15 + 4/15
3. 2/5 + 1/5 + 2/5
4. 5/10 + 2/10 + 1/10
5. 4/27 + 3/27 + 2/27
6. 10/16 + 4/16 + 8/16
7. 3/21 + 5/24 + 4/21 + 2/21
8. 4/6 + 3/6 + 5/6
9. 11/28 + 6/28 + 9/28 + 4/28
10. 4/15 + 8/15 + 7/15
 C. Word Problem. Answer the following questions. (Simplify to lowest term)

1. Karen sliced a cake into 10 slices. She ate 2/10 of it and after some time she ate another
4/10 of it. How much of the cake did Karen eat?
2. You bought a ball of yarn. You used 6/17 of the yarn and gave 5/17 to
your friend. How much of the yarn was used?
3. Cristan put 8/20 kg of apple into a basket. Cris put 7/20 kg of oranges and
Vlad placed 4/20 kg of mangoes into the same basket. How many
kilograms of fruits were put inside the basket?
4. Gerda is baking. She used 2/3 cup of flour for her pie and 1/3 cup for the
cake. How much flour did she use all in all?
5. You gave 13/28 of pan of brownies to Jam and 11/28 to Kieth. How much
of the pan of brownies did you give away?

ADDING DISSIMILAR FRACTIONS

A. Add the following. (Turn it to its simplest form if possible.)

1. 2/3 + 1/4
2. 1/6 + 1/3
3. 5/7 + 2/6
4. 1/4 + 3/5
5. 2/6 + 4/5
6. 2/3 + 2/4
7. 12/15 + 10/30
8. 7/14 + 9/42
9. 15/20 + 5/15
10. 11/18 + 4/9

B. Add the following fractions. (Simplify to lowest terms)

1. 2/4 + 1/5 + 1/4

2. 2/3 + 1/2 + 1/5
3. 1/4 + 1/2 + 4/16
4. 3/7 + 1/2 + 12/42
5. 5/16 + 2/8 + 1/4
6. 6/15 + 3/9 + 1/3
7. 7/14 + 1/7 + 1/2 + 12/28
8. 3/6 + 7/18 + 9/27
9. 1/4 + 4/7 + 15/28 + 5/8
10. 5/9 + 6/18 + 3/8

C. Word Problem. Answer the following questions. (Simplify to lowest term)

 1. Dulfo has 1/4 of a pizza and Butac has 4/7. How many do they have all in all?
2. Kim put 3/8 of a cup of water into a mixture, Trina put 1/5 of a cup of soda
and Nicole also added 3/6 of a cup of juice. How much of a cup has been
added by Kim, Trina and Nicole into the mixture?
3. Quennie walked 7/18 of a mile from home to the church and 1/3 of a mile
from the church back home. How many miles did Quennie walk all in all?
4. April and KC rode their car 5/7 of a mile and walked another 16/30 of a
mile to their farm. How far did they travel?

ADDING MIXED NUMBERS WITH SIMILAR FRACTIONS

A. Add the following. Reduce to lowest term, if necessary.

3 5
1. 2 +1
7 7
1 4
2. 3 + 4
8 8
2 2
3. 5 + 22
3 3
7 8
4. 11 +3
15 15
18 11
5. 7 +8
22 22
4 5
6. 2 +9
13 13
16 14
7. 13 + 12
29 29
11 10
8. 3 + 20
14 14
7 6
9. 21 + 13
14 14
21 29
10. 15 +5
42 42

B. Add the following fractions. Reduce to lowest term, if necessary.

2 1 2
1. 3 + 2 + 5
3 3 3
8 4 5
2. 6 +7 + 13
10 10 10
3 5 6
3. 15 + 5 + 8
7 7 7
 2 11 12
4. 4 +1 +5
15 15 15
10 5 7
5. 12 +6 +9
11 11 11
20 12 15 7
6. 4 +2 +5 +1
29 29 29 29
5 1 1
7. 2 +4 +1
9 9 9
1 7 8 5
8. 3 +2 +6 +5
18 18 18 18

C. Word Problem. Answer the following questions. Reduce to lowest term, if necessary.
1 5
1. Jempe sliced a pie into 12 slices. She ate 3 of it and ate another 2 of it. How much of
8 8
the cake did she eat?
11 5
2. Yvonne bought a ball of yarn. She used 1 of the yarn and gave 3 to
15 15
your friend. How much of the yarn was used?
3. Nories played with 3 friends today, all at different times. He played with
6 2 12
Heidi for 3 of an hour, then Jessa for 6 of an hour, then 6 of an
14 14 14
hour with Elvie. How many hours did Nories play with his 3 friends today?
3 1
4. Steffi ate 6 of a box of cereal. Now the box is 2 full. What fraction of a
5 5
full box was there before Steffi ate?
ADDING MIXED NUMBERS WITH DISSIMILAR FRACTIONS

A. Add the following. (Turn it to its simplest form if possible.)

7 3
1. 3 +2
10 4
8 3
2. 6 +7
14 5
2 5
3. 5 + 2
3 8
11 10
4. 8 + 11
16 12
5 6
5. 14 +8
18 12
8 7
6. 6 + 13
20 36
12 15
7. 15 +7
40 25
8 10
8. 27 + 13
10 25
 4 7
9. 14 +8
5 17
7 3
10. 5 + 16
8 7

B. Add the following fractions. (Turn it to its simplest form if possible)

1 3 2
1. 2 + 4 + 7
3 8 5
6 1 4
2. 3 +1 +2
10 15 3
2 1 2
3. 8 + 4 + 7
4 5 12
5 2 1
4. 3 + 12 +8
4 10 32
4 3 2
5. 4 + 7 +2
9 27 5
10 4 8
6. 9 +2 +5
10 16 8
3 5 4 2
7. 8 + 3 +2 +7
3 21 7 10
4 3 5
8. 7 + 15 + 5
6 8 3
11 6 9 4
9. 2 + 16 +8 +7
2 28 20 7
4 8 7
10. 13 +5 + 20
15 10 2

C. Word Problem. Answer the following questions.

1 4
1. Marisse has 2 of a pizza and Rizza has3 . How many do they have all in all?
4 7
3 1
2. Arvin put 1 of a cup of water into a mixture, PJ put 2 of a cup of soda
8 5
3
and Merly also added 4 of a cup of juice. How much of a cup has been
6
added by the three into the mixture?
7 1
3. Ian walked 2 of a mile from home to the church and 3 of a mile from
18 3
the church back home. How many miles did Ian walk in all?

SUBTRACTING SIMILAR FRACTIONS

A. Subtract the following. (Turn it to its simplest form if possible.)

1. 9/11 - 7/11
 2. 9/13 - 5/13
3. 13/15 - 3/15
4. 15/19 - 12/19
5. 7/8 - 3/8
6. 25/29 - 12/29
7. 6/9 - 5/9
8. 11/13 - 5/13
9. 23/25 - 15/25
10. 32/35 - 19/35

B. Subtract the following fractions. (Simplify to lowest terms)

1. 4/5 - 1/5 - 1/5

2. 8/10 - 1/10 - 3/10
3. 7/8 - 1/8 - 4/8
4. 15/17 - 4/17 - 2/17
5. 21/27 - 9/27 - 5/27
6. 25/30 - 12/30 - 10/30
7. 20/22 - 5/22 - 7/22 - 8/22
8. 13/15 - 3/15 - 5/15
9. 25/28 - 6/28 - 5/28 - 8/28
10. 30/37 - 8/37 - 17/37

C. Word Problem. Answer the following questions.

1. Janine’s hair was 8/10 of a meter long. Her mother cut off 3/10 of a meter of her hair.
How long is Janine’s hair now?
2. Jude’s dancing class lasts for 15/17 of an hour each day. Today, he has
been in the class for 10/17 of an hour so far. How much more time is left
in the class?
3. Jieo’s belt is 4/5 of a meter long. Jose’s belt is 2/5 of a meter long. How
much longer is Jieo’s belt than Jose’s belt?
4. Charisse had 21/27 meter of ribbon. She used 15/27 of a meter of a ribbon
to make bows of her cousins. How many meters of ribbon has left?

SUBTRACTING DISSIMILAR FRACTIONS

A. Subtract the following. (Turn it to its simplest form if possible.)

1. 4/5 - 2/4
2. 5/7 - 4/10
3. 15/20 - 1/4
4. 2/3 - 2/8
5. 8/10 - 3/6
6. 11/18 - 2/20
7. 14/15 - 1/2
8. 21/25 - 12/20
9. 15/17 - 1/5
10. 26/30 - 15/40

B. Subtract the following fractions. (Turn it to its simplest form if possible.)

1. 7/8 - 1/4 - 2/10
2. 18/20 - 4/15 - 1/3
3. 2/5 - 1/4 - 2/3
4. 8/10 - 2/11 - 1/5
5. 24/27 - 1/3 - 2/9
6. 15/16 - 1/2 - 3/8
7. 18/20 - 1/2 - 1/15 - 1/30
8. 5/6 - 1/2 - 1/5
9. 27/28 - 3/14 - 2/7 - 1/4
10. 13/15 - 3/30 - 1/2

C. Word Problem. Answer the following questions.

1. Lizette has 2/3 meters of cloth. She used of 3/30 meters for her dress. How much of the
cloth was left?
2. You bought a ball of yarn. You used 2/5 of the yarn with a total of 9/10 a
meter. How much of the yarn was left?
3. Jose walked 7/8 a mile while Romel walked 1/4 a mile. How much farther
did Jose walked than Romel?

SUBTRACTING MIXED NUMBERS WITH SIMILAR FRACTIONS

A. Subtract the following. (Turn it to its simplest form if possible.)

1 2
1. 3 - 1
5 5
 3 2
2. 6 -2
7 7
3 3
3. 9 - 4
4 4
5 2
4. 12 - 7
8 8
1 1
5. 8 - 2
6 6
10 2
6. 14 -6
18 18
6 14
7. 21 - 13
20 20
11 12
8. 6 -2
25 25
15 5
9. 24 -7
17 17
11 19
10. 35 -7
40 40

B. Subtract the following fractions. (Turn it to its simplest form if possible)

1 3 2
1. 9 - 2 - 3
8 8 8
6 1 4
2. 16 -4 -6
15 15 15
2 1 2
3. 9 - 2 - 3
5 5 5
5 2 1
4. 15 -4 -6
10 10 10
4 3 2
5. 12 -4 -5
27 27 27
10 4 8
6. 17 -3 -6
16 16 16
3 5 4 2
7. 25 -2 -4 -5
21 21 21 21
4 3 5
8. 16 - 4 - 7
6 6 6
11 6 9 4
9. 29 -5 -2 -4
28 28 28 28
4 8 7
10. 17 -6 -2
15 15 15
SUBTRACTING MIXED NUMBERS WITH DISSIMILAR FRACTIONS

A. Subtract the following. (Turn it to its simplest form if possible.)

2 1
1. 9 - 2
3 4
1 1
2. 5 - 1
6 3
5 2
3. 14 - 5
7 6
1 3
4. 8 - 2
4 5
2 4
5. 6 - 1
6 5
2 2
6. 4 - 1
3 4
12 10
7. 21 - 13
15 30
7 9
8. 16 -6
14 42
15 5
9. 9 -2
20 15
11 4
10. 6 -1
18 9
B. Subtract the following fractions. (Turn it to its simplest form if possible)
2 1 1
1. 16 - 2 - 5
4 5 4
2 3 1
2. 21 - 3 - 5
3 2 5
1 1 4
3. 15 - 4 - 7
4 2 16
3 1 12
4. 25 - 5 - 7
7 2 42
5 2 1
5. 34 - 13 - 5
16 8 4
6 3 1
6. 15 -3 -7
15 9 3
7 1 1 12
7. 27 -3 -6 -2
14 7 2 28
 3 7 9
8. 5 -1 -1
6 18 27
1 4 15 5
9. 37 - 4 - 6 - 10
4 7 28 8
5 6 3
10. 7 - 2 -1
9 18 8
C. Word Problem. Answer the following questions.
1. Vance has a banana tree and Popo has an acacia tree. After 2 years, the banana tree
1 3
was 5 of a foot high. The acacia tree was 25 of a foot high. Find out how much more
4 7
acacia tree is higher than banana tree.

2 5
2. Shin’s fence is 13 of a meter long. Richard’s fence is 7 of a meter long.
8 9
How much longer is Shin’s fence than Richard’s?
1 7
3. Fatima had 6 meter of string. She used 1 of a meter of string. How
2 18
many meters of strings has left?
4
4. Jedi and Hazel had a race for distance. Jedi ran 7 of a kilometer and
16
5
Hazel ran 7 of a kilometer. Who won the race?
15
 OPERATIONS ON FRACTIONS
MULTIPLICATION
In multiplying fractions, multiply numerators and multiply denominators;
reduce the product to its lowest term, if necessary.

CASE 1: Multiplying proper fractions without cancellation. Simply multiply the numerator and
the denominator.
2 3 6
x =
7 5 35

CASE 2: Multiply proper fractions with cancellation.

4 7
x
6 21
Before multiplying the fractions, get the lowest term of each fraction first.
2 1 2
x =
3 3 9
Therefore,
4 7 2
x =
6 21 9
You may also cancel the GCF of the numerator of the other fraction to the denominator of the
next fraction. For example,
 5 9
x
21 25
Each of these fractions is already in its lowest term. But there are still common factors for the
numerators of the fractions to the denominators of the other fractions.
5 9 1 3
21
x 25
-------> 7
x 5
After cancelling the common factors,
1 3 3
x =
7 5 35

CASE 3: Multiplying mixed numbers.

1 1
2 x3
3 2
Convert the mixed number to improper fraction before answering. Then, convert the answer
to mixed number.
7 7 49 1
x = or 8
3 2 6 6

DIVISION
Get the reciprocal of the second number then proceed to multiplication.

NOTE:
To find the reciprocal of a fraction, invert or reverse the positions of the numerator and the
denominator.
2 3
For example, the reciprocal of is .
3 2

To find the reciprocal of a mixed number, change it to an improper fraction before inverting it.
1 7 3
For example, the reciprocal of 2 or is .
3 3 7

CASE 1: Dividing proper fractions.

3 2
÷
4 5
Get the reciprocal of the second number and then proceed to multiplication.
 3 5 15 7
x = or 1
4 2 8 8
CASE 2: Dividing a fraction by a whole number.
2
÷3
3
2
NOTE: The denominator of a whole number is 1. For example, 2 is also equal to . So the
1
1
reciprocal of a number is 1 over that number. In this case, it’s .
2

Get the reciprocal of the second number and then proceed to multiplication.
2 1 2
× =
3 3 9
CASE 3: Dividing mixed numbers.
2 1
4 ÷2
5 2
Convert the mixed numbers to improper fractions before solving.
22 5
÷
5 2
Get the reciprocal of the second number and then proceed to multiplication.
22 2 44 19
x = or 1
5 5 25 25

MULTIPLYING FRACTIONS
SKILL BUILDING
A. Answer the following:

2 2
1. × =¿
3 5
3 1
2. × =¿
2 2
8 4
3. × =¿
9 5
 2 6
4. × =¿
7 7
11 5
5. × =¿
12 6
5
6. × 22=¿
11
1
7. × 7=¿
14
8 2
8. × =¿
9 8
5 6
9. × =¿
9 10
9 4
10. × =¿
16 12
6 3 5
11. × × =¿
10 4 6
3 8 2
12. × × =¿
8 9 3
4 6 3
13. × × =¿
9 8 4
11 6 6
14. × × =¿
12 8 11
15 10
15. × =¿
25 20

B. Answer the following:

7 8
1. × =¿
5 7
12 5
2. × =¿
2 3
18 6
3. × =¿
15 2
10
4. × 9=¿
3
20 14
5. × =¿
7 2
10 12 18
6. × × =¿
8 6 5
14 20 4
7. × × =¿
8 10 2
1 1
8. 5 ×1 =¿
3 3
4 5
9. 2 ×3 =¿
5 6
 1 1
10. 4 × 4 =¿
4 2
1 1
11. 2 ×1 =¿
9 5
3 2
12. 3 ×1 =¿
7 3
1 2
13. 1 ×2 =¿
7 5
4 1 2
14. 2 ×6 ×1 =¿
5 2 7
8 1 1
15. 8 × 5 × 1 =¿
9 4 2

PROBLEM SOLVING

3 4
1. In Jake’s grade, of the students have a sister. Of the students who have a sister,
4 5
also have a brother. What fraction of the students in Jake’s grade have both a sister
and a brother?
9 1
2. At the Clinton Aquarium, of the animals are mammals. Of the mammals, are
10 4
dolphins. What fraction of the animals at the Clinton Aquarium are dolphins?
9
3. Sandra operates a hot dog stand. On Wednesday she used of a bag of hot dog
10
5
buns. On Thursday she used as many hot dog buns as on Wednesday. How many
6
bags of hot dog buns did Sandra use on Thursday?
DIVIDING FRACTIONS
SKILL BUILDING

A. Answer the following:

5 1
1. ÷ =¿
6 9
8 6
2. ÷ =¿
11 7
4 8
3. ÷ =¿
5 10
2 6
4. ÷ =¿
9 10
7 1
5. ÷ =¿
12 2
1 3
6. 2 ÷ =¿
4 5
7 5
7. ÷ 5 =¿
9 6
1 10
8. 4 ÷ =¿
6 11
7 8
9. ÷ 3 =¿
9 9
11 1
10. ÷ 8 =¿
12 4
8
11. ÷ 6=¿
9
4
12. 2 ÷ =¿
5
2
13. 5 ÷ =¿
3
7
14. 1 ÷ =¿
10
3
15. ÷ 2=¿
14
 B. Answer the following:

8 3
1. ÷ =¿
5 10
1 4
2. ÷ =¿
6 3
16 4
3. ÷ =¿
8 8
25 5
4. ÷ =¿
14 7
13 2
5. ÷ =¿
15 9
10 1
6. ÷ 3 =¿
9 3
4 11
7. 5 ÷ =¿
5 10
2 11
8. 6 ÷ =¿
7 2
8 5
9. ÷ 4 =¿
3 6
6 13
10. 1 ÷ =¿
7 2
8
11. 6 ÷ =¿
3
7
12. ÷ 2=¿
5
2
13. 5 ÷ 3 =¿
5
3
14. 9 ÷ 24=¿
5
1
15. 7 ÷ 3 =¿
2

PROBLEM SOLVING

1 1
1. A relay race covers 1 miles, and each runner on a team will run of a mile. How
2 4
many runners are needed for a team?
1 1
2. A baker has 5 pies in her shop. She cut the pies in pieces that are each of a whole
4 8
pie. How many pieces of pie does she have?
 2
3. Alyssa is building a brick mailbox. She is going to stack bricks that are each ft. tall,
3
2
and the finished stack of bricks needs to be 4 ft. tall. How many bricks will go in the
3
stack?

FRACTIONS AS PART OF A WHOLE

part = fraction x whole

NOTE: When translating words to math, use the following:

is/are : =
of :x
What : N

CASE 1: Solving for the part.

 1
What is of 100?
4

1
N = x 100
4
1
N= x 100
4
100
N=
4
N = 25

CASE 2: Solving for the whole.

1
25 is of what number?
4

1
25 = x N
4
1
25 = xN
4
N
25 =
4
(4)25 = N
N = 100

CASE 3: Solving for the fractional part.

What part of 100 is 25?

N x 100 = 25
100N = 25
Divide both sides by 100 to get the values of N.
100N/100 = 25/100

N = 25/100
N=¼

SKILL BUILDING
FRACTION AS PART OF A WHOLE
A. Solve the following.
1
1. N = ×200
4
3
2. X = ×60
4
 3
3. W = 3 × 45
5
5
4. D = × 120
6
9
5. L = × 55
2
1
6. A = ×55
5
1
7. B = 2 ×12
6
1
8. G = 4 ×80
9
2
9. R = 9 ×100
5
7
10. P = 5 ×14
8

B. Solve the following.

1
1. What is of 50?
2
3
2. What is of 100?
4
1
3. What is of 45?
3
2
4. What is of 90?
3
4
5. What is of 180?
3
4
6. What is of 200?
5
2
7. What is of 700?
7
3
8. What is of 1,500?
5
8
9. What is of 900?
3
7
10. What is of 60?
2

PROBLEM SOLVING
1. Having so much left of the 200 gummies Shirley has, she gave ¼ of it to Perry and ½ to
her best buddy, Gemma. How much gummies were left?
2. Of the 1,757 voters in Barangay Carolina, only 2/7 voted for Ethan. How many votes did
Ethan get?
 3. Trevy City has a population of 456,000. ¼ of its population, however, are originally from
other cities. How many are originally from Trevy City?
4. Sheldon has P56,843 in his Metrobank Account. After budgeting, he decided to
withdraw 1/10 of it for his tuition fee, 3/8 for his apartment rental, 1/12 for his food and
transportation. How much will be left in Sheldon’s account after he withdrew?
5. When Andrea opened her package from France, she noticed that 1/8 of her 500mL
perfume spilled. How many milliliters was left?

FRACTION AS PART OF A WHOLE

A. Solve the following.
1
1. 15 = x P
3
1
2. 11 = x L
4
1
3. 40 = x Q
4
1
4. 5 = xG
10
3
5. 14 = x D
2
3
6. 85 = x F
5
5
7. 63 = x C
6
2
8. 4 = xY
25
3
9. 9 = x V
8
4
10. 12 = x H
5

B. Solve the following.

1
1. 20 is of what number?
5
5
2. 62.5 is of what number?
8
2
3. 180 is of what number?
3
3
4. 750 is of what number?
4
3
5. 30 is of what number?
7
1
6. 45 is of what number?
3
 1
7. 68 is of what number?
4
8
8. 13 is of what number?
9
2
9. 93 is of what number?
3
1
10. 6 is of what number?
8

PROBLEM SOLVING
1. Chell gets an allowance of P2,000 per month from her mother. This is 1/13 of her
mother’s salary. How much is her mother’s salary?
2. Maffi sets aside P500 from her allowance every month. This is 2/7 of her allowance
monthly. How much is her allowance per month?
3. 1/3 of the Ventures’ family budget goes to savings for their children’s education. The
wife earns P23,500 per month while the husband earns P35,000. How mucg goes to
their savings account for education?
4. Only 19,500 Civil Service Exam takers passed the exam. This is 3/20 of the total number
of examinees. How many took the exam?
5. Only 540 freshmen students taking BS Civil Engineering in the University of the
Philippines Diliman became successful engineers. This number is only 2/5 of the total
number of engineering students in UPD. What is the total number of engineering
freshmen students?

FRACTION AS PART OF A WHOLE

A. Solve the following.
1. 4 = N x 12
2. 5 = R x 55
3. 11 = D x 132
4. 34 = S x 170
5. 7 = B x 98
6. 13 = D x 45
7. 78 = W x 654
8. 2 = E x 42
9. 6 = Z x 36
10. 8 = Q x 16

B. Solve.
1. 3 is what part of 15?
2. 18 is what part of 162?
3. 11 is what part of 14?
4. 6 is what part of 15?
5. 25 is what part of 5?
6. 5 is what part of 25?
 7. 34 is what part of 2?
8. 4 is what part of 16?
9. 7 is what part of 7?
10. 42 is what part of 84?

PROBLEM SOLVING
1. 1,350 out of 13,500 Civil Service Exam takers passed the exam last March 12, 2017.
What part of the total number of examinees passed?
2. Lorlyn gives P4,500 of her salary to her mother every month. She earns P18,000
monthly. What part of Lorlyn’s salary goes to her mother?
3. Only 9 among 24 applicants passed the qualification test in Convergys. What is the
fractional part of those who passed the exam?
4. Jeff always puts P2,500 of his P30,000 salary in the bank as his savings. What part of his
salary does he save?

PERCENT
Convert Percent to Decimal
Move the decimal place two places to the left. Drop the % sign.

PRACTICE EXERCISE: Convert the following percent to decimal.

a. 3.75%
b. 325%
c. 0.25%
d. 420.35%

PERCENT FORMULA

part = percent x whole

or

percentage (P) = base (B) x rate (R)

NOTE: In solving percent problems, always convert the percent to decimal before solving.

CASE 1: Solving for the percentage.

What is 25% of 50?

N = 25% x 50
N = 0.25 x 50
N = 12.5

*12.5 is 25% of 50

CASE 2: Solving for the base.

12.5 is 25% of what number?

12.5 = 25% x N
12.5 = 0.25N

12.5/0.25 = 0.25N/0.25
N = 50

*12.5 is 25% of 50

CASE 3: Solving for the rate.

What percent of 50 is 12.5?

N x 50 = 12.5
50N = 12.5

50N/50 = 12.5/50
N = 0.25
N = 25%

*25% of 50 is 12.5
SKILL BUILDING
PERCENT

A. Complete the table. Convert Percent to Fraction and Decimal.

PERCENT DECIMAL FRACTIO PERCENT DECIMAL FRACTION

N
1 90% 6 4245%
2 75% 7 50%
3 175% 8 975%
4 2% 9 200%
5 11% 10 0.55%

PROBLEM SOLVING

1. Among the 90 students of Philippine Science High School, 18 came from SPED. What
percent of students came from other schools?
2. Rosano bought 2 cases of Cafe Blanca costing P1,344 each, 5 cases of Bearbrand Swak
at P1,406 each and 3 cases of Milo 22g at P2,730 each. He was given 5% discount on
his total purchase. How much did he have to pay?
3. Out of 1,250 students in the College of Engineering, only 350 graduated. What percent
of the students graduated?
4. Trinka City has 235,000 population. 50% of its population are Filipinos. Only 25% of
the Filipinos speak Waray. How many speak Waray?
5. What is 15% of 50% of 350?
PERCENT AS PART OF A WHOLE

A. Solve for the following.

1. N = 0.35 x 50
2. X = 0.9 x 180
3. H = 0.4 x 30
4. A = 0.65 x 90
5. Y = 0.7 x 58
6. R = 1.25 x 65
7. D = 2.5 x 50
8. F = 0.05 x 123.75
9. J = 0.075 x 24
10. T = 0.87 x 126

B. Solve.

1. What is 20% of 140?

2. What is 35% of 1,500?
3. What is 26% of 985?
4. What is 14% of 1,330?
5. What is 23% of 155?
6. What is 145% of 1,350?
7. What is 250% of 1,400?
8. What is 300% of 2,730?
9. What is 102% of 1,370?
10. What is 150% of 75?

C. Solve the following word problems.

1. Emily promised to give Faye 5% of her commission. She just got a 20% commission
from the house and lot she sold worth P1,500,000. How much should she give Faye?
2. Only 2% of 121,450 Nursing Licensure Exam takers in the Philippines passed the exam.
How many passed the exam?
3. Jeff gets a 2.49% discount every time he buys Nestle products. Last week, he bought
Nestle products worth P1,012,340.24. How much was his discount? How much should
he pay?

PERCENT AS PART OF A WHOLE

A. Find the value of the unknown.

1. 20 = 0.5N
2. 14 = 0.25X
 3. 135 = 0.45D
4. 12 = 1.2W
5. 45 = 1.5H
6. 68 = 0.8F
7. 94 = 0.25S
8. 11 = 0.1E
9. 35 = 2.5K
10. 55 = 0.16P

B. Solve.

1. 10 is 50% of what number?

2. 4 is 5% of what number?
3. 55 is 40% of what number?
4. 70 is 35% of what number?
5. 12 is 75% of what number?
6. 60 is 400% of what number?
7. 30 is 150% of what number?
8. 75 is 15% of what number?
9. 15 is 60% of what number?
10. 45 is 200% of what number?

C. Solve the following word problems.

1. Kyle’s allowance is P3,000 per month. This is 5% of her mother’s salary. How much is
his mother’s salary?
2. Jan Michael scored 153 on his qualification exam in Brainbox Tutorial and Review
Center. This is 85% of the total score. How many items was the exam?
3. The discount for the pair of shoes Lyzette bought was P250. The shoes were marked
down 25%. What was the original price of the pair of shoes.
4. An item has a selling price of P63.00. If this is 70% of the original price, what is the
original price?
5. The sale price of the Civil Service Exam Reviewer is P175. This is 80% of its original
price. What is its original price?

PERCENT AS PART OF A WHOLE

A. Answer the following.

1. 25 is what percent of 10?

2. 10 is what percent of 25?
3. 75 is what percent of 1000?
4. 15 is what percent of 3?
5. 3 is what percent of 15?
 6. 6 is what percent of 360?
7. 13 is what percent of 65?
8. 19 is what percent of 152?
9. 14 is what percent of 280?
10. 14 is what percent of 140?

PROBLEM SOLVING

1. A high school had 500 students in its graduating class. Out of this graduating class,
only 150 went to college. What percent of the graduating class went to college?
2. Only 3 among the 12 applicants were accepted in Brainbox Tutorial and Review
Center. What percent were accepted in Brainbox?
3. Out of 140 students in the UPCAT Review class in Brainbox, 120 passed in UP. What
percentage of the entire class passed the UPCAT?

PERCENT INCREASE AND DECREASE

Finding the percent increase Finding the percent decrease

new value−old value old value−new value

% = % =
old value old value

NOTE: Always divide by the old value.

OTHER TERMS / CLUE WORDS for

percent increase: mark up, inflation
percent decrease: discount, depreciation

EXAMPLE:
a. Solve for the percent increase.
Given: old value: 12; new value: 18
Substitute to the equation:
new value−old value
percent increase =
old value

18−12
percent increase =
12
6
=
12
= 0.5 or 50% increase
 b. Solve for the percent decrease.
Given: old value: 200; new value: 150
Substitute to the equation:
old value−new value
percent decrease =
old value

200−150
percent decrease =
200
50
=
200
= 0.25 or 25% decrease

PRACTICE EXERCISE:

1. old value: 24; new value: 16

2. old value: 10; new value: 25
3. If the temperature rises from 72 deg to 80 deg, what is the percent of increase?
4. If the temperature drops from 80 deg to 72 deg, what is the percent of decrease?

FINDING THE OLD VALUE

When the new value and the percent increase or decrease are given, use the following
formulas to solve for the old value.

old value + (percent increase) (old value) = new value

old value – (percent decrease) (old value) = new value

CLUE PHRASES / SENTENCES:

You will know that the old value is missing when you encounter some of these phrases or
sentences in the word problem.

after a (percent) increase / decrease, the (noun) was (amount)

What was the (noun) before the increase / decrease?
What was the original/list/regular price?

EXAMPLE: After a 20% increase, the population was 48,000. What was the population before
the increase?
Given: percent increase: 20%
new population: 48,000
Solution: Substitute the values to the formula.
OV + 0.20(OV) = 48,000
 1.20(OV) = 48,000

1.20(OV ) 48,000
=
1.20 1.20
OV = 40,000

FINDING THE NEW VALUE

When the old value and the percent increase or decrease are given, use the same formulas to
solve for the new value.

old value + (percent increase) (old value) = new value

old value – (percent decrease) (old value) = new value

CLUE PHRASES / SENTENCES:

You will know that the old value is missing when you encounter some of these phrases or
sentences in the word problem.

What is the present (noun)?

What is the discounted/sale price?
(amount) before the (percent) increase

EXAMPLES: Solve for the new value.

a. Increase 60 by 20%
old value + (percent increase) (old value) = new value
60 + 0.20(60) = N
60 + 12 = N
N = 72

b. Decrease 60 by 20%
old value – (percent decrease) (old value) = new value
60 – 0.20(60) = N
60 – 12 = N
N = 48

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
1. Increase 40 by 35%.
2. Decrease 100 by 10%.
3. The house rent of Php 12,000 increased by 10% this year. What is the present rent of
the house?

COMBINED PERCENT INCREASE AND DECREASE

The combined percent increase or decrease is an application on finding the new value. There
are problems where you should get the new value at least twice.
EXAMPLE: Last month, a store manager decided to decrease the prices of all items by 20%.
This month he increased the prices by 10%. What would be the price for a pair of shoes that
had cost P750 before prices were decreased last month?

Given: last month: 20% decrease

this month: 10% increase
original price: P750
Solution:
last month: old value – (percent decrease) (old value) = new value
750 – 0.20(750) = N
750 – 150 = N
600 = N

P600 will be the original value for next calculation.

this month: old value + (percent increase) (old value) = new value
600 + 0.10(600) = N
600 + 60 = N
660 = N

Therefore, the new price for the pair of shoes P660.

Discount, Commission and Mark-up
Original Price (OP) – This is the marked price or list price
Discount (D) – the amount being deducted from the original price
Selling Price (SP) – The resulting amount after the discount had been deducted from
the original price.
SP = OP – D

Discount
Rate of Discount = x 100 %
Original Price

EXAMPLE:
A bag is being sold at Php 390.00. If its original price is Php 600.00, find the rate of discount.
Given:
Selling Price = P390
Original Price = P600

Solution:
Solve for the discount in order to get the rate of discount.
D = OP – SP
D = 600 – 390
D = 210
Therefore, discount is P210. Substitute the values to the formula for rate of discount.

Discount
Rate of Discount = x 100 %
Original Price
210
= x 100 %
600
= 35%
The rate of discount is 35%.

INTEREST

Interest is the amount paid for the use of money

Principal is the money that is borrowed
Time is the number of days or months or years for which the money is being borrowed and
interest is calculated

Simple Interest (I) = Principal (P) x Rate (r) x time (t)

EXAMPLE:
Thomas earned $65.25 simple innterest for one year on an investment of $900. What annual
rate of interest was paid?

Given:
simple interest = $65.25
time = 1 year
principal investment = $900

Solution:

I 65.25
r= =
Pt 900(1)
= 0.0725
= 7.25%

The annual rate of interest is 7.25%

SKILL BUILDING
PERCENT INCREASE/DECREASE

Find the percent increase/decrease.

1. Old value: 36; new value: 72

2. Old value: 15; new value: 20
3. Old value: 1,000; new value: 3,000
4. Old value: 500; new value: 750
5. Old value: 100; new value: 250
6. Old value: 150; new value: 75
7. Old value: 45; new value: 15
8. Old value: 100; new value: 10
9. Old value: 12; new value: 200
10. Old value: 10; new value: 3

PROBLEM SOLVING
Solve the following word problems.

1. Liza bought a shirt originally sold at P500 for only P400. What was the percent of
decrease?
 2. What was the rate of inflation (increase) for the year 2013 if sugar that was initially
sold at 30 pesos per kilo rose to 45 pesos at the end of the year?
3. After a mark down, the book with an original price of P900 was being sold at P765.
What was the rate of discount?
4. The car’s value a year after it was bought was P500,000. It was originally bought at
P550,000. What was the rate of depreciation?

SKILL BUILDING
FINDING THE OLD VALUE

Find the value of the following variable.

1. X + 0.25X = 50,000
2. N + 0.25N = 2,875
3. A + 0.25A = 19,500
4. W + 0.25W = 30,800
5. X + 0.25X = 20,350
6. B - 0.25B = 1,500
7. C - 0.25C = 6,370
8. X - 0.25X = 4,104
9. M - 0.25M = 6,675
10. E - 0.25E = 2,700

PROBLEM SOLVING
Solve the following word problem.

1. After 20% increase, the new price of the furniture was P24,000. How much was it sold
before?
 2. After a 12.5% increase of room rental, Josie is now paying P9,000. How much was her
previous rental rate?
3. During the 3-day sale of Robinsons, the shirt that Janna wanted to buy was now only
worth P600 after 25% was taken off the original price. What was the original price?
4. Sammy bought a typewriter for only P1,500 after Typos went on 50% off sale. What
was the list price of the typewriter?
5. After a 5% discount given by the store supervisor, Jeff got his electric washer for only
P7,650. What was the regular price of the washer?

FINDING THE NEW VALUE

SKILL BUILDING

A. Find the value of the following.

1. 50 + 0.20(50) =
2. 100 + 0.75(100) =
3. 35 + 0.25(35) =
4. 24 + 0.40(24) =
5. 68 + 0.35(68) =
6. 405 - 0.5(405) =
7. 36 - 0.8(36) =
8. 45 - 0.5(45) =
9. 26 - 0.25(26) =
10. 120 - 0.10(120) =

B. Find the new value.

1. Increase 30 by 50% =
2. Increase 115 by 10% =
3. Increase 250 by 45% =
 4. Increase 1,200 by 12% =
5. Increase 34 by 120% =
6. Decrease 45 by 30% =
7. Decrease 100 by 12% =
8. Decrease 2,125 by 15% =
9. Decrease 350 by 25% =
10. Decrease 72 by 20% =

PROBLEM SOLVING

Solve the following word problems.

1. After a 15% discount, how much should a shirt originally sold at P440 cost?
2. The landlady told Lito that there will be a 15% increase on their rental which was only
P7,200 before. What will be the new rental rate after the increase?
3. During the midnight sale in Gaisano Capital, the pair of Jag pants with an original price
of P1,200 is now being sold at 35% discount. For how much is the pants sold?
4. Paul is on a buying and selling business. He bought a junk car for P35,000, fixed it and
sold it at 125% mark up. How much did he sell it for?
5. Leila had a savings deposit of P150,000 in PHCCI 10 years ago. The teller told her that
her money grew by 8.5% as of today. How much does she have in her savings account
now?

COMBINED PERCENT INCREASE AND DECREASE

SKILL BUILDING

Solve for the selling price after the combined percent increase and decrease.

1. Original Price: P400

1st year: increase by 20%
2nd year: decrease by 10%

2. Original Price: P1,000

1st month: decrease by 15%
2nd month: increase by 10%

3. Original Price: P500

1st week: decrease by 20%
2nd week: increase by 15%

4. Original Price: P1,200

1st year: decrease by 10%
3rd year: increase by 20%
 5. Original Price: P13,500
1st month: increase by 25%
4th month: decrease by 25%

6. Original Price: P1,000

1st month: decrease by 10%
2nd month: increase by 10%
3rd month: decrease by 15%

PROBLEM SOLVING

1. A hand bag, purchased for P880 was marked up 25% on the selling price. Later, as
retail prices fell, this bag was marked down 20% on the current sale price. Find its new
sale price.

2. Last month, Robinsons decided to decrease the prices of all items by 10%. This month,
they increase the prices by 10%. What would be the price for a sunglasses that had
cost P1,250 before prices were decreased last month?

3. A year ago, a smart watch costing P2,499.00 was marked up by 10% due to high
customer demand. As new technology came and the demand fell, prices for smart
watches decreased by 30%. Find its new sale price.

4. Samsung Galaxy S7 was released in 2016 with a price of P36,000. After 6 months,
Samsung decided to drop the price by 10%. After another 6 months, when Samsung
was about to release a new flagship product, they dropped the current price of the
Galaxy S7 by another 15%. What is the new selling price of S7?

5. Salary of skilled workers in Tacloban in 2012 was only P250. Due to high inflation rate
caused by the Supertyphoon Yolanda in 2013, it increased by 100%. Right now, as the
economy in Tacloban City is improving, it increased by another 20%. What is the
current salary of skilled workers in Tacloban City?
 RATIO AND PROPORTION
RATIO
A ratio is a comparison of two numbers or two quantities of the same unit.

EXAMPLE:
In a class of 40 students, there are 25 boys and 15 girls. What is the ratio of boys to girls? Girls
to children? Boys to children?

boys to girls: 25:15 or 5:3

girls to children: 15:40 or 3:8
boys to children: 25:40 or 5:8

PROPORTION
A proportion is an equation stating two ratios are equal.

a c
=
c d
or a : b = c : d

There are three types of proportions:

DIRECT PROPORTION
When one quantity increases, the other quantity also increases.

EXAMPLE:
If someone can drive 174 kms in 3 hrs, how far can he go in 5 hrs?

174 kms : 3 hrs = N : 5 hrs

174 (5) = 3N

870 3 N
=
3 3
N = 290 kms.

INVERSE PROPORTION
When one quantity increases, the other decreases. This is applicable in food and water
consumption and work.

EXAMPLE:
If 4 men can finish a job in 6 hours, how many hours will it take 12 men to finish the same job?

4 men : 6 hrs = 12 men : N hrs

4(6) = 12N
24/12 = 12N/12
N = 2hrs
PARTITIVE PROPORTION
One quantity is being partitioned into different proportions.

EXAMPLE:
A wood 120 cm is cut in the ratio 2:3:5. Find the measure of each part.

2x + 3x + 5x = 120
10x/10 = 120/10
x = 12

WARNING!!! THIS IS NOT YET THE ANSWER!

Substitute the value of x with each number in the ratio to get the measurement of each part.

2(12) = 24
3(12) = 36
5(12) = 60

Therefore, the measurements of each part are 24cm, 36cm, and 60cm.

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
 1. If 2 inches of snow falls in 5 hours, how many inches will fall in 8 hours, if the snow
continues to fall at the same rate?
2. The water stored is enough to quench 25 thirsty athletes in 6 days. How many days
would it last for 30 athletes?
3. A real property which costs Php 12,000,000, was divided among a wife, a son, and a
daughter in the ratio 6:5:4. How much did each receive?
4. The perimeter of a triangle is 75cm. How long is each side if they are in the ratio 7:5:3?
5. In a class of 45 students, the ratio of boys to girls is 4:5. How many girls are there?
6. If it takes 16 minutes to cut a log into 4 pieces, how long would it take to cut a log into
12 pieces?

RATIO AND PROPORTION

WORKSHEET

A. Select the letter of the correct answer.

1. There are 40 students in Mrs. Ramirez’s advisory class. The ratio of boys to girls is 2:6,
respectively. How many boys are there in Mrs. Ramirez’s advisory class?
a. 25
b. 15
c. 10
d. 8

2. A biscuit pack contains 12 biscuits. One pack costs P96.00. How much does each
biscuit cost?
a. P12.00
b. P10.00
c. P7.00
d. P8.00

3. Four lemons cost P95.00. The following are ways to express it EXCEPT:
a. 4 is to 95
b. 4:95
c. 4 x 95
d. 4 for 95

4. What is the simplest form of 162:198?

a. 9:11
b. 8:9
c. 2:5
d. 13:15

5. Mary Anne has a collection of perfumes and colognes. She currently has 24 perfumes
and 18 colognes. How is the ratio of perfumes to colognes expressed in simplest form?
a. 24:18
b. 4:3
c. 5:4
d. 3:2

6. Manny is helping his aunt sell books. For every 5 books sold, Manny will be given
P80.00. In the end, Manny was able to help hid aunt sell 130 books. How much will
Manny receive in return?
a. P1,890.00
b. P2,080.00
c. 2,020.00
d. P1,980.00
7. The Lombardo siblings will be inheriting their late father’s wealth in the ratio 4:3:3:2.
The amount to be divided is P420,000.00. How will the division of the wealth be
expressed?
a. P140,000 : P105,000 : P105,000 : P70,000
b. P123,000 : P105,000 : P105,000 : P87,000
c. P134,000 : P108,000 : P108,000 : P70,000
d. P155,000 : P115,000 : P115,000 : P35,000

8. Which of the following ratio could be simplified to 14:3?

a. 81:27
b. 120:85
c. 210:45
d. 180:60

9. A factory conveyer belt moves at a rate of 50 meters per 4 minutes. How far does it
travel in an hour?
a. 750m
b. 800m
c. 900m
d. 650m
 10. Based on item #9, how will you express the movement of the conveyer belt as a ratio
in its simplest form?
a. 50:4
b. 12:10
c. 25:2
d. 5:4

B. Find the simplified form of the following ratios.

1. 195 is to 78 =
2. 504 : 456 =
3. 80 is to 56 =
4. 119 is to 77 =
5. 315 : 270 =

C. Find the value of n in the following proportions.

1. 8:9 = n:36
2. 7:n = 105:195
3. 11:18 = 121:n
4. n is to 103 = 291 is to 309 =
5. 2 is to n = 76 is to 342 =

AVERAGES

STANDARD AVERAGE PROBLEM

The standard formula for solving averages is:

Average =
∑ of terms
Total Number of Terms

EXAMPLE:
Find the average time it takes Joey to travel from home to work.
Time it took Joey to travel (in minutes) : 15, 22, 27, 14, 19, 19, 15, 16, 19, 18, 17, 20, 12, 15

Solution:

15+22+27+14 +19+19+15+16+ 19+ 18+17+20+12+15

Average =
14

246
Average =
14
Average = 17.57 minutes

Answer:
On average, it takes 17.57 minutes for Joey to get to work.

FINDING THE MISSING NUMBER

When you are provided the average but a term is missing, you can find the term by following
the steps below:

Find the missing term: 50, 60, 75, 70, X (Average = 71)

Average =
∑ of terms
Total Number of Terms

50+60+75+70+ X
71 =
5

71(5) = 255 + X
355 = 255 + X
355 – 255 = X
X = 100

Answer: The missing term is 100.

AVERAGES
WORKSHEET

A. FIND THE AVERAGE.

1. 8, 12, 7, 8, 10
2. 25, 14, 37, 22, 28, 30, 17
3. 487, 445, 463, 422, 477, 454
4. 126, 180, 145, 198, 150
5. 85, 94, 102, 75, 54, 112, 99
6. 1,214, 1,189, 1,458, 1,789, 1,240

7. Magnus went to the market to buy apples. The prices for a kilogram of apples vary.
The following are the prices for a kilogram of apples: P125, P95, P110, P135, P114,
P108, P98.
 8. Viv owns a street stall that sells isaw, fish balls, kwek-kwek, and the likes. She
recorded the number of customers that she gets in a day for a week. What follows is
the data that she collected: 32, 97, 87, 102, 83, 123, 65. Find the average.

9. To study the effects of the new weight-loss supplement, Mindy gathered 50 subjects.
She let her subjects take the supplement once a day for a month, then she listed down
how much weight each of her subjects lost:

5kg 11kg 7kg 10kg 15kg 4kg 11kg 6kg 9kg 10kg
10kg 9kg 13kg 11kg 3kg 17kg 8kg 14kg 11kg 14kg
12kg 8kg 9kg 12kg 11kg 8kg 7kg 10kg 11kg 3kg
5kg 6kg 12kg 8kg 7kg 11kg 9kg 12kg 11kg 6kg
5kg 14kg 12kg 10kg 18kg 22kg 11kg 10kg 8kg 14kg

Find the average:

10. A data on the number of passengers arriving at Juan Dela Cruz International Airport
shows the following:
2014 : 1,274,518
2015 : 1,545,622
2016 : 1,922,890
2017 : 2,022,124
2018 : 2,345,897
2019 : 2,854,414

Find the average:

B. Find the missing number.

1. 15, 8, 14, 17, ________; average: 13

2. 22, 25, 33, 20, ________; average: 25
3. 97, 85, 72, 102, ________; average: 91
4. 63, 52, 78, 87, ________; average: 73.6
5. 44, 37, 55, 52, 63 ________; average: 48
6. 224, 214, 278, 297, ________; average: 253
7. 587, 264, 399, 412, ________; average: 461
8. 289, 542, 897, 323, ________; average: 492.4
9. 1,111, 1,243, 1,096, 1,277, ________; average: 1,182
10. 1,254, 898, 2,435, 3,124, ________; average: 2,374
 TABLE, CHARTS AND GRAPHS

Graphs help readers visualize numbers. In addition, graphs provide clear comparison among
variables in a topic.

A. BAR GRAPH

Bar graphs are composed of rectangles that represent a certain variable. The height or
length of these rectangles are proportional to their corresponding value.

EXAMPLE:
 Chart Title

Brgy. 4

Brgy. 3

Brgy. 2

Brgy. 1

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

Men Women

NOTE:

 The bar graph above represents the number of men and women in barangays 1, 2, 3,
and 4.
 Colors are used to help separate the elements (men and women).
 The X-axis (horizontal line) represents the value of the elements (i.e., the number of
men and women). The Y-axis on the other hand represents the barangays that were
included in the study.
 The bars are independent of each other, which means that the bars of Barangay 1
does not affect the bars of Barangay 2.

B. PICTOGRAM

A pictogram is different from a bar graph as it does not use a single shape to represent
value. Here, a certain image or a slightly related shape is used in order to express
value.

EXAMPLE:

TOURIST SITE NUMBER OF VISITORS

 = 100 visitors
Mt. Park

History Museum

Basilica

NOTE:
 According to the legend on the table, a smiley represents 100 visitors. It is important
to notice what the pictures represent, especially the value.
 The picture is divided according to the value that it is supposed to represent. (In this
case, if we see only half of a smiley face, then we assume that the value would be half
of what the picture represents. In this case, half of 100 is 50, hence, if we encounter a
half of a smiley face, then its value is only 50. Do note, however, that there could be
pictures with values less or more than a half.)
 In the Pictogram above, the following are the values associated:
- Mt. Park: 450
- History Museum: 300
- Basilica: 525 (Note that the face is less than half. It is only a quarter. A quarter of
100 is 25.)

C. HISTOGRAM
A histogram has values that are presented in ranges. Unlike a bar graph, a histogram has
bars that have no gaps.
EXAMPLE:
NOTE:
 The x-axis shows a set of ranged values (i.e. 75-80, 80-85, 85-90, 90-95, 95-100)
 The y-axis shows the frequency of the values. In other words, it shows how many
Physics majors belong to each grade range.
 If we are to describe the histogram above, we could say that “85-90” is the grade
range that has the most frequency, followed by the “90-95” range. Meanwhile, only a
few students fall on the extremes (75-80 and 95-100).

D. PIE GRAPH
A pie graph helps in representing how a whole value is divided. The name is derived from
its shape which is circular and the fact that it is cut into portions. Percentages are put in
each portion to represent values.
EXAMPLE:
Below is a pie graph that represents how the budget (P10,000) for an outreach program
was allocated.

NOTE:
 The budget is divided into 4. The division of the circle describes the budget
allocation.
 The legend helps us determine whether the budget is allocated.
 Using the aforementioned information, we could find out exactly how much was
allocated for the relief goods, snacks, etc. We simply multiply 10,000 with
percentage (e.g. If we multiply 10,000 by 45% or 0.45, we get 4,500. This is the
amount that was allocated to relief goods.).

E. LINE GRAPH
A line graph is often used when we want to represent trend or a constant change in
something. An example would be a change in the value of a currency or the trend in
the number of voters.
 EXAMPLE:
Below is a graph that represents the trend in the number of mallgoers of Mall A in a
span of a week.

NOTE:
 The line helps the readers visualize the trend.
 When interpreting the line, we could easily say that the number of mallgoers
drops during the weekdays but rises during the weekends.
 We could also interpret that Saturday is the day that has the most mallgoers
and that Wednesday has the least.
 In addition, the number of mallgoers ranges from a little over 4,000 to a little
over 10,000.

F. TABLE

A table has a more direct approach in presenting data. Unlike the other graphs, a table
doesn’t provide a proper visualization of trends or a visualization of how values
 compare with each other. Instead, it directly presents the data while the visualization
of how the values compare is left to the interpreter to imagine. A table, however, is
best used when the data is simple in form or that there are other information that are
not quantifiable such as names, descriptions, types, etc. In addition, some data may
look messy if too much needs to be graphed, hence a table would be preferable.

EXAMPLE:
The table below shows the result of a survey on students who work part-time.

JOB TYPE Common Course for QTY.

Students with this Job
Type
TUTOR BS BIOLOGY 20
SCHOOL ADMIN BS MANAGEMENT 8
ASSISTANT
RESEARCH ASSISTANT BA POLITICAL SCIENCE 7

NOTE:

 The date contains information that cannot be quantified (i.e. Job type and
Common Course for Students with this job type).
 For this type of data, a table is suitable due to its simplicity and the fact that it
contains additional information that cannot be easily graphed out.

TABLES, CHARTS, AND GRAPHS

WORKSHEET
Choose the letter of the correct answer.
The table shows a summary of the number of job applicants in 5 companies for the second
half of 2018.

NUMBER OF APPLICANTS FROM JULY – DECEMBER 2020

JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBE DECEMBER
R
KOMPANYA 52 55 57 62 65 68
COMPAGNIE 87 78 83 80 80 82
GONGXI 64 74 68 72 75 74
ENTERPRESA 58 65 51 62 64 65
GESELLSCHAF 49 34 45 50 58 59
T
LINEAR EQUATIONS