2 Grammar and Vocabulary

Syllabus
of
Pairs confused
ve words, Common errors, Use
ofarticles, Prepositions, Apostrophes, Agreement of
theverb with the ubject, one-word substitution, Synonyms and antonyms

Contents

2.1 Pairs of Confused Words

22 Use of Prepositions, Articles and Apostrophes
2.3 Subject- Verb Agreement
2.4 One Word Substitution
2.5 Synonyms and Antonyms
2.6 Common Errors
 Centused Words
21 Pairs of w r d s derivd tom many other t
havelanguages
a witing w
The ingh lagwnge word could
and industrn jargom A single
w t u the listener
Such words are called homons. multiple
nyms. New
a i n e d Aey a n
alsO contribute to new homons.
hreles a al hanges ari regonal dialects
te sets
Hom ma can he aseified into

Homaphnes These are words that have exactly the same sOund
(reunoation)but different meanings and spelling eg. none-nun, bread-br
-bred
Homographs These are words that have the same spelling but have
anings eg ring (She has a beautiful ring), (Ring the bell) etent

Examples of Homophones

aisle ise
aisle the walkway, as in a theater or church
quuckly ualked doun the
aisle and took my seat.
island
H greu ur on the isle of
Manama
bear bare

bear to tolerate something

Hr can t bear pan
bare naked, without
Thr child clothing
stood outsidein the rain, completely bare.
base bass

the bottom
support of
1 thunk ur nerd a
new base something
for that machine.
the lowest
sang bass in the pitches music, singer of the
in

church choir lowest pitches

toard bored

atd a plank
of wood
usd a board to
coer the
ted ot interested window
ir teo borrd to
danee

ECNNHCAL PLKCATOHNS"
Communication Skills
2- 3
break - brake Grammar and Vocabulary

break to damage something

Children often break their toys.
brake stopping device on a vehicle
He used the brake to stop
quickly.
cent scent

cent 1/100 of a dollar

One cent isn't worth very much.
Scent-a fragrance
The scent of fresh flowers filled the air.

chance chants

chance- not on purpose

Raju encountered his friend by chance in California.
chants simple song or melody
The chants of the priestfilled me with devotion.

coarse cOurse

coarse rough, not smooth

The fabric is rather coarse.
course-a class in which a subjectis studied
The English course wil begin next week.

creak creek
creak to squeak (make a high pitch sound)
The doors in the old classroom creak.
creek small stream
The creek winds through the beautiful valley.

dew duue
in the morning
ew- light water condensation usually found
lhe grass was covered with dew.

due - payable
Ne full payment is due by the end of the month.

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 Communication Skills
2-4
Grammar and Voes
B. Examples of Homographs OCahy
blue
colour
She wore a
lovely blue dress.
morose
Tm feeling the Monday morning blueS.
bank

money depository
He deposited a lot of money in the bank.

Edge
The child was found crying by the banks of the river.

box
container
He carried a fancy box containing expensive jewellery.
Fight with gloves
Thefighters will box tonight.

arms

Upper limbs
My arms are hurting after carrying the heavy luggage.

Weapons
The police asked him to lay down his arms and raise his hands above his head.

blow
spend lavishly or wastefully on
The boy blew a lot of money on new clothes.
Unpleasant or disappointing surprise
Her father's death was a huge blow for her.

desert
A hot arid
region
He wandered in the desert
searching for water.
abandon
Anju never thought that her friend would desert her.

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 content
Grammar and Vocabulary
happy or satisfied
Being content is the key to
all that is contained inside
happiness.
To give an effective presentation, you need
to
focus on the content.
wind
moving air
The wind and the rain created havoc on
To turn Sunday.
Wind the keys to see the
toy move.
fine
very good
The dog seemed to be fine
today.
a sum of money
paid to settle a matter
The motorist paid a ine for
jumping the signal.
minute

60 seconds
The child paused for a minute before delivering his speech.
Extremely small
The lawyer examined the minute details of the case

object
A thing you can see or touch
The jewellery on display was the object of desire for most women shoppers.

To be opposed to
The father objected to his son's decision to become abartender.

block

CityCity square
The puppy ran around the block.

obstruct
view.
The new building will block our

ledae
 2-6 Votablan
Commmunication S k i l l s

Apostrophes

and
Articles
words. It iN aa w
It is Word that
w
ditions. ' P'reposiliom
Prepositions,
relationshiP
of
Prepositionsare
conditioN
2.2 Use Persons
or
things,
Prepositions:
two objects,
A. between
relationship
'on'
be divided
5 groups:
into in', 'at' and
location:

prepositions of
placeand "in' and
'into'
1. The : to',
toward',

The prepositions
ofmotion 'onto' and
'into'
2.
direction:'to,
of t i m e : on, al, in
and 'alter
3. The prepositions points ot
specific
4 The prepositions for time : since, tor', by'.
extended
fr
or
periods
5. The prepositions for and 'beyond
'within', between
from...until', 'before', 'during,

Rules for Usage:

Rule 1
certain prepositions must follow certain words a,

The first major rule is that

idioms.

Examples
i. Able to
ii. Capable of
ii. Preoccupied with
iv. Concemed by
v. Prohibited from

Rule 2
Avoid ending
the sentence with a
sentence with preposition. In some casesyou may end a
a
preposition only if it is essential for the
prepositions when the meaning is clear without them.
meaning. Do not use
Examples:
i. Iwill go later on.

(here 'on' is not essential

for the
ii. I turned the
T.V. on. meaning)
(here the preposition 'on' is essential for the
However, it is
meaning.)
constructions acceptable to end sentences
or,
count on?" occasionally, to improve in
prepositions to avoid aw
sounds better and is clarity. For example,
Although either construction ismore graceful than "On "How many of
yo
can
considered stylistically grammatically how many of
you can
preferable to the acceptable, the
second. first be
example ta
TECHNICAl n
 27
CommiHCf3)|

Rule 3 Brarma and Vocatbxdary

A preposition must
be followed
by a
noun,
followed by a verb. For instance, pronoun or
gerund. It can
never he
The cat sat under the table
I ate eorr coming

Rule 4

when using a preposition in a list of

items, the preposition
once. only needs to be used
Catherine making a chocolate cake with
is
(incorrect) whipped cream and with strawberries.
11. Catherine is
making a
chocolate cake with
(correct) whipped cream and strawberries.
Rule 5

The prepositions "between' and 'among' have

people, places or thingS, and 'among' refers to specific rules. 'Between' refers to two
more than two.
iThe secret must be kept between us.
(There are two
people involved here.)
There are
many among us who voted for the
two people involved.) proposition. (There are more than
Rule 6

The prepositions
"in" and "into" are
often
walked into his house" conveys an action that misused. "into" indicates action. "He
results in his being inside the
is in his house." This means that
he is already in the house. "He
needed. house and no such action is

B. Articles

English has two articles 'the' and 'a'l 'an'. "The' is used to refer to
particular nouns; 'a'l'an' is used to modify specific or

call 'the' the non-specific or

non-particular nouns. We
definite article and 'a'l'an' the indefinite article.
Rule 1
Use article when you have a
an
single, countable noun. We cannot say
me
paper", we must say "please pass me the paper" or "please pass me a "please pass
paper".
Uncountable nouns don't use 'a' or 'an'. For example, advice is an uncountable noun.
You can't
say "he gave me an advice", but we can say a piece of advice".
Some nouns can be both countable and
uncountable. For example, we say "cottee"
meaning the product, but we say "a coffee" when asking for one cup of coffee.

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 with a
Rle yginnng
Nn

s w f with
a singular I 'u' sounds
a ie

like the
with a
noun
be"ginning
ngular
an x i with
h e r n t an x
a

an ayle:
an tiot; an orp/an(ercenl
ou)
wlere he consonan
z1.

soud as in
wwelan an
ANlveNi Py a iNiY
and
Salet
n

Rule 3
useni to make general things secitic.
the' is
beautitul."
The p e t r n of Shakespeare is
mountain ranges, seas, ceans and geographic areas areas all
all . use
Rive 'the
For eample Ihe Cianges", "The Himalayas", "The Atlantic Ocean", "The
The Middle
ast
niqe things have 'the'
or eample. "the sun", "the moon".
Some institutional buildings don't have an article if you visit them for tho
these buildings exist. But it vou go to the building for another reason. vo
USe the' st
"Her husband is in prison." (lHe's a prisoner.)
She gos to the prison to se him once a month."
Musical instruments use
'the'
She plays the violin."

Sports doesn't have an article.

"He plays cricket."
llnesses don't have an article.
"He's got jaundice."
But we
say "a cold" and "a headache".
Countries
We don't use 'a' if the
country is
singular. "He lives in
country's name has England."
China", The "plural" meaning, we use
a But ir u
Netherlands", "The United
Continents, towns and streets
'the', "The People's
States of America. RepuDIc of

Asia", "New
York", "Church don't have an article.
Abbreviations use 'the'. Street".
the UN", "the
USA", "the IMF".
We use 'the'
before classes of
"the rich", "the people.
poor", "the British".
Communicsion Sklls
2

C. Apostrophe
Grammar and Vocstbulary
is
The a
punctuation mark, Jt looks the same as a
ark, In English, it ATVES three purpoes: cloning single quotation
The marking of the omision of one or more
not to don't). letters (as in the
contraction of do
The marking posASsÍVe case (as in the cat's
of
The whiskers).
marking by sone as plural of written items
that are not
English orthography (as in P's and Q's). words established in

Rule 1
fee an
apostrophe to show the omission of letters in a
contraction.
placed at the spot where the letter(s) has been removed. The
is always apostrophe
Examples:
don't, (do not)

You're right. (you are)

She's a great teacher.(she is)

Rule 2

Use the apostrophe to show

possession. Place the apostrophe before the s to show
singular possession.

Examples
one boy's house
one actress's house

Rule 3

To show plural possession, make the noun plural first. Use an apostrophe without
's' for possessives of most plural nouns.

Examples
trwo girls' hats

two actresses' hats

Ifthe plural noun does not end in -s, add an apostrophe plus -
s:

the women's conference (the conference belonging to the women)

the children's toys (the toys belonging to the children)

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 namne.

Rule 4 of a
for the
plural
apostrophe
use an
Do not

Examples:
Manhattan.
in
We isited
the Matthews

possess the same

thina
Rule 5
two or
more
nouns
1g.
with 's' when
Use an apostrophe

Examples:
renewed next year.
will be
Anjali's and Rita's job contracts
(Indicates separate ownership)

Rita's job contracts will be reneved next year.

Anjaliand
(Indicates joint ownership)

Rule 6
Never use an apostrophe with possessive pronouns : his, hers, its, theirs, ours, uours
whose. They already show possession so they do not require an apostrophe.

Examples
This book is hers, not yours (correct)
Sincerel your's (incorrect)
2.3 Subject Verb Agreement
The basic rule states that a
takes plural verb. The trick singular subject takes a singular verb, while a plural subject
a
is in
knowing whether the
next trick is
recognizing a singular or plural verb. Some subject is singular or
plural. The
rules that are to be followed tor
subject-verb agreement:
1. Two
singular subjects connected by
The boy or the girl
'or or 'nor require a singular verb.
has stolen the
22 purse.
Subjects joined by 'and' take a
My sister and brother live in plural verb
Both the teacher and Mumbai.
the student were
3.
Several', 'many', 'both', 'few' surprised.
are
Both are happy with
the
plural words and take a
Few have done their money they got. plural verb.
homework.
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 2-11
4. Vhen words lik
ike the Grammar and Vocabulary
following are used as
Everybody Anybody subjects, they take
Everyone Anyone
Somebody Nobody singular verb.
Someone No one
Each
Everything Anything Either
Something9 Nothing
Somebody was in the room. Neither
Everybody is invited.
Nobody knows French here.
5. When 'every' and 'each' come before
verb is singular.
a
singular subject joined by'and',
the
Every bride and bridegroom has to dance.
Each girl and boy is given equal opportunity.
6. Prepositional phrases that come between the
subject and the verb do not
change the number of the
as well as, in addition to,
subject. Some examples of
prepositional phrases are:
together with, along with, except, etc.
The man along with his children was walking down the street.

The boy as well as his friend is waiting.

7. When the verb comes before the subject as in 'there' or 'here' sentences, it
agrees with the subject that immediately follows the verb.
There is a cat in the backyard.
There are many trees in the garden.
There is a pine tree and some oaks in the garden.

8. Introductory 'it is always singular.

It is my friend who teaches in that school.
take a plural verb. Some examples
9. Some nouns arealways plural and always
scissors, pliers, etc.
of such nouns are trousers, pants, sunglasses,
My jeans are trendy.
Where are my scissors?
'neither, 'either,
'not only' the
words such as
10. When subjects are joined by
must agree with
the closer subject.
verb
Mr. Mehta.
Either the m a n or his wife knows
know Mr. Mehta.
Either the m a n or his friends as a unit. Somecollective
when regarded
nouns are usually singular committee, crew,
etc.
.Collective
government,
are: class,
nouns in this group
in Kerala.
My family lives this year.
every game
Our team has
won

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 Grammar and Vocabulay
2 12
Communication Skils

when the
members
arc
SCen as
functioning
lependently, thes
indenon.

Sometimes

olective
nouns
may beplural. management
decision.
favour of the
not in
They tako
form.
ingular or
are
Some of the staff and plural
singular gron5lar .
have the
same
Some nouns this
in this
group are
12. Some
nouns

verb depending
on the meaning. series,
plural
deer, fish, sheep, etc. India.
monkeys lives only in
This species of

There are many species of monkeys.

Weight, v o l u m e are plural in
in form
13. Expressions stating
amount oftime, money,
verb as in :
but take a singular

Three weeks is a long time.

lot of money.
Two hundred dollars is a

with 's' but they take a singular verb. Some evam

14. Some nouns look plural
etc.
Physics, Economics, news, measles, mumps,
are

students.
Communication Skills is found interesting by many

2.4 One Word Substitution

Sometimes it is possible to express the idea of a phrase or even a clause with just one
word. One-word substitutes make your writing concise and hence
they are the best
friends of a writer. Here is a list of common one word substitutes in
English.
.1 Abdicate To give up a throne voluntarily
2
Autobiography Life story of a man written by himself
3
Aggressor A person who attacks first
Amateur One who
pursues some art or
sport as hobby
5 Arbitrator
A
person appointed by parties to settle the
them disputes between
6
Adolescence The period between childhood and
7 Bibliophile A
adulthood
great lover of books
8
Botany The branch of
9 Bilingual biology dealing with
A
person who speaks two plant life
10 Catalogue
A list of books languages
11 Centenary
Celebration of
12 Colleague
A
a
hundredth year, once -a-
co-worker or a fellow century
worker in the same
TECHNICaL nu institution
CommUIa

2-13
13 Contemporaries Persons living in the rammar and Vocabulary
14 Credulous
A
same agge
person who
15 Callous A man
readily believes whatever
is told to
devoid of kind him/her.
16 Cosmopolitan A man
with a broad
feeling and sympathy
and
17 Curb Control international outlook
18 Deteriorate To go from bad
to worse
19 Democracy Government of the people, for the
20 Monarchy A people, by the people
political system in whicha state is
21 Draw A game in which
ruled by one person
neither party wins
22 Egotist A
person who always thinks of himself;
selfish or self-centered somebody who is
23 Epidemic A contagious disease which spreads over huge area a

24 Extempore A speech or a presentation made without previous preparation

25 Etiquette Established rules of conduct; rules of acceptable behavior
26 Epicure Somebody who has refined taste for food; somebody who
loves sensual pleasure and luxury

27 Exonerate Free somebody from blame or guilt; free somebody from an

obligation
root out an evil or
28 Eradicate Destroy or get rid of something completely;
bad practice
A person difficult to please
29 Fastidious
determined
believes that all events are pre-
30 Fatalist A person who
doesn't carry any salary
31 Honorary A post which

That which is against law

32 Illegal
read or write
who cannot
A person
33 Illiterate of antagonism
state
or anger;
I n t e n s e aggression
34 Hostility
Impossible to change
35 Incorrigible irritated
who is easily
A man

36 Irritable
N o t applicable
37 Irrelevant cannot be s e e n
which
That
38 Invisible knowledge

thrust for
A T I Q N S

- An up
Communicalioil d
heard
cannot be
That which
Inaudible believed
39 cannot be
That which
40 Incredible
cannot be practiced
That which
41 Impracticable
cannot be conquered
That which
42 Invincible dispensed
c a n n o t be wil
ith
is essential and
Something that
43 Indispensable
cannot be avoided
That which
44 Inevitable
cannot be changed
45 Irrevocable
That which
That which is considered wrong or unacceptable by Dreua:l:
ailing
46 Illicit
social standards

dissolved in a liquid
47 Insoluble Incapable of being
fire
48 Inflammable Something that quickly catches
49
49 Infanticide The act of killing an infant

.50 Matricide Killing of one's own mother; killer of one's own mother

51 Patricide Killing of one's own father; killer of one's own father

52 Kidnap To take somebody away by force and hold him her
or
prisoner,
usually for ransom
53 Medieval Belonging to the Middle Ages
54 Matinee A cinema show which is held in the afternoon
55 Notorious A person with an evil
reputation
56 Manuscript
Handwritten book
57 Namesake
Somebody or something with the same name
something else as somebody or
58 Novice One who is new to a
trade or
59 Omnipotent
All-
profession
powerful; possessing
60 Omnipresent
One who is
complete power and authorit
61 Optimist present everywhere
One who
looks at the
62 Panacea bright side of things;
A
supposed cure for all somebody Po»ositive
63 Polyandry diseases or
The custom of
having problems
64 Polygamy more than
The custom of one
husband at a time
having more than one
wife at a time
Communication Skills
2- 15

Grammar and Vocabulary

65 Postmortem
Medical examination
of a dead
66 Pessimist
Very negative body
person; somebody who
worst to happen
always expects the
67 Postscript A short
message added on to the end of
signature a letter after the
58 Synonyms Words which have the same
Smuggler A
meaning
69 person who imports or
secretly because they are exportsor goods into or from
country a

duty on them illegal in order to avoid

paying
70 Vegetarian Somebody who doesn't eat meat or fish
71 Venial A pardonable offense

72 Veteran Somebody who is considerably experienced in something

73 Zoology The branch of
biology dealing with the study of animals
74 Mercenary Somebody who works or serves only for personal profit.
75 Misogynist A person who hates women

76 Misogamist A persorn who does not believe in the institution of marriage

77 Matricide The act of murdering one's own mother

78 Omniscient A person who knows everything

of food
79 Omnivorous An animal or a human being that eats any kind
over all
80 Omnipotent A person who has power

cure for all diseases or problems

81 Panacea A supposed
in
by another and giving him/her nothing
82 Parasite A person supported
return
father
one's own
83 Patricide The act of murdering

84 Potable Fit for drinking

85 Parable Allegory, fable

Following, chase
86 Pursuit
somebody
action against
87 Prosecute Take legal
be aggressive
88 Pugnacity Inclined to fight o r
 2- 16
Grammar and Voca
oulary
Communication Skills
others, especially
those who who are
A person
who helps poor and
8 9 P h i l a n t h r o p i s t

in trouble

its wealthiest people

a society by
The rule of
90 Plutocracy

91 Somnambulism Sleepwalking

who is
unattected
by emotions
A person
92 Stoicc
that induces sleep
or other substance
A drug
93 Soporific
three years
once every
94 Triennial
Taking place
believes in the existence of God
A person who
95 Theist

A substance that allows light

to pass through with little or
no
96 Transparent interruption so that objects on the otner side can be clearly

seen

97 Usurer Somebody who loans money to other people and charges them
exorbitant or unlawtul interest on it

A person who seizes something without the right to do So

98 Usurper
99 Verbatim Corresponding word for word translation

100 Valetudinarian Somebody who is excessively concerned with his or her own
health
101 Widower A man whose wife has died

102 Widow A woman whose husband has died

2.5
Synonyms and Antonyms
Learning synonyms and antonyms helps build vocabulary.
Words with identical or at least similar Synonyms are
aine"
choosing the most meanings. There is a certain skill nvo d in
appropriate synonym, as not all
consider the connotation
of the word are created equal. It is tant i
impodifferent
0
meaning than the because some
intended.
this word carries quite a For
one
synonyms can impiy " .
example, one svnonvm of sad is
negative
circumstance, but if you want to 'gloomy. no wever,
connotation. You can use it the
as 'blue' say that depenu
n
or
'unhappy' would be more someone is 'down', then another syi such
Antonym is
another word or a word or
applicable.
phrase. For phrase that means
instance, tall short, the opposite or nearly opposite from
uT
-

thick thin and -

difficult eusy -
Communication Skills
- 17
Grammar and Vocabulary
synonyms:
A list of
Word
Synonym
abandon discard Synonym
accord agree
Vacate
Grant
adversity
Difficulty
affluent Plentiful Misfortune
Rich
aggravate
Annoy
Infuriate
alleviate Lighten
mitigate
a m e n a b l e

agreeable
favorable
anguish Distress
Sorrow
apainetic Dispirited
lifeless
arrogant disdainful
imperious
baffle Confuse
deceive
banal Common
plain
barren Desolate sterile
berate criticize
disapprove
betray deceive fool

Bias inclination predisposition

bitter acrid SOur

blend combine mix

Bliss happiness joy

bluff boast feign

candid honest truthful

cartoon imitation
caricature
natural
casual informal
division
classification
category
desist stop
cease

disordered
messy
chaotic
love
cherish esteem
go around
avoid
circumvent
honor
celebrate
Commemorate
 and Voc
CommunicCation Skills
recompense
balance
wet
compensate
moist
defy
challenge
damp rot
decline
dare

pure
decay
honorable

packed
decent
filled
select
dense
name

designate
keep
hold
reveal
detain a n n o u n c e

disclose
View
belief

dogma lasting
constant

durable diminish
abate
dwindle
keen
earnest
eager idiosyncratic
abnormal
eccentric

embellish
enhance
elaborate

arise
radiate
emanate
steal
embezzle purloin

distinguished prominent
eminent

encourage foster induce

endure last persist

essential cultured learned
essential basic necessary
fastidious exacting particular
federation alliance band
feeble
helpless infirm
fervor
intensity passion
feud
argument
filth dispute
dirt
flatter squalor
Compliment
fleet praise
nimble
frivolous swift

frugal
inconsequential trivial
prudent
saving
Communication Skills
2-19
Grammar and Vocabulary
furious angry
generous
benevolent outraged
unselfish
genuine actual
real
glare gleam
glisten
gloomy cheerless
dim
goad provoke
badger
grasp grab
hold
greed avarice
longing
guarantee assure
pledge
guile Cunning deceit
gullible credulous
unsuspicious
habitual accustomed
regular
handicap disability disadvantage
harass annoy disturb

harmless innocuous inoffensive

harsh hard Coarse

hasty abrupt hurried

haughty arrogant pretentious

humiliate humble shame

hygiene cleanliness sanitation

duplicity falseness
hypocrisy
ideal goal perfection

idle unoccupied
lazy
unintelligent
ignorant stupid
rambling
illogical incongruent
famous
illustrious eminent

reflect
imitate copy
mammoth
immense huge
impersonal
impartial candid
eager
impatient anxious
insinuate

implicate accuse

slang
jargon argot
Communication Skills
merry

referee
genial

reason
jovial estimate

immature
Judge excuse

observant
j u s t i f i c a t i o n

a d o l e s c e n t

juvenile
clever
classify
keen brand Work

label
toil proceed
labor
direct
thin
lead
slim desert
lean
abandon
unrestrained
leave
copious
liberal open-minded
lenient
liberal constraint
boundary
limitation understandable
clear
lucid
fortunate
auspicious
lucky
irate
furious
mad
control
administer
manage

manipulate control shape

marginal borderline limited

match agree Correspond

maze complexity labyrinth
meditate ponder think
memorial commemoration monument
mention
allude refer to
merge blend
fuse
narrow
confined
nature restricted
aspect
necessary character
mandatory
negate requisite
contradict
negligent refute
careless
negotiate remiss
bargain
nice deal
affable
benign
 221
noble

aristocratic Grammar and Vocabulary

novice
beginner dintinguishe
nuisance
annoyance nonprofessional
obedient
faithful offense
objection
disapproval loya
obligatory
protest
compulsory
observe
notice required
obvious watch
conspicuous
offend
anger definite
offer irritate
bid
omen proposal
premonition
omit Sign
exclude
opportune remove
advantageous
pacify auspicious
appease
pain placate
ache
paramount
discomfort
chief
partisan
leading
biased
dogmatic
passive inactive
lethargic
pause break
cease
permeate diffuse
disseminate
perpetuate endure
preserve
perplex astonish baffle
persecute afflict harass
radiate effuse emanate

range anger furor

rank
arrange classify
realize accomplish fulfill

recalcitrant obstinate stubborn

receptacle container repository

reconcile atone conciliate

gneve
regret deplore
trustworthy
reliable dependable
 CommmnICatiOn S k / s permit

approval extent
s a n c t i o n

portion
scope division
Compromise
section
adjust trivial
settle superficial
calculating
shallow
careful
important
shrewd distinctive
slender
significant
delicate
unplanned
slight impromptu
-

spontaneous
broadcast
announce

spread steady
balance
stabilize Subdue
domesticate

tame twist
intertwine
tangle nature
mood
temper trend
inclination
tendency
duration
term cycle
Conservation prudence
thrift

tough aggressive unyielding

transfer convey exchange
tumult agitation commotion
turbulent disordered violent
vain Boastful inflated
valid Authorized legitimate
Variety Assortment Diversify
List of Antonyms

absence presence
accurate
accept refuse
inaccurate
alive advantage disadvantage
dead
ancient always never
modern
approval answer question, query
disapproval receded, departed
approached
bad
good
bend
backward forward, onward
straighten
beginning beautiful1
bent ending ugly
straight below above
blunt
sharp big small, little

better Worse
mmunicallo 23

vague, cloudy
Grammar and Vocabulary
clear Careful
troubled ush, careless
calm

capable
freedonm, liberty incapable
cellar
captivity

dear, expensive attic

cheap close
stupid distant
clever
cold
Hot

clumsy
dainty
danger safety
light
dark
deep shallow
increase
d e c r e a s e e

definite indefinite
-

d e m a n d
supply despair hope
appear disease
disappear
health

late
early easy difficult
ebb
flow East West
economise
waste encourage discourage
entrance
exit employer employee
full excited calm
empty

succeed false true

fail
WIse
sturdy, strong, powerful foolish
feeble
slow few many
fast
hind legs
unknowvn forelegs
famous lose
find
thin
fat

gentle rough
mean
generouss
glad
Sorry
Distribute dwarf, pygmy
gather giant
Cheerful minute, small, little
gloomy great

Refused Host
granted
guest sad, miserable
Ward
guardian happy
Innocent Harmless
guilty harmful
Soft Love
hard hate
Dawdle There
hasten here
unhealthy, ill, d i s e a s e d
Depth
healthy height
Light
heavy
Coward
hero tiny, minute

immense

genuine
imitation
for kagwledge
 2 24 (Gramrnar and Voc
include Gude
froo inhabited
Imprlson
uninhabited
inside Outside
Incroaso
tuporior
inhale ehale
Inferlor unintelligent, stupid

Intollgont

junior senior
soparalo

oln
king Subject
injustice
Justico laugh cry
ignorance

knowledgo0
unlawful
lazy industrious, energetic
lawful landlord tenant
Sca
land

master servant
demagnetize
magnetize maximum minimum
immature
mature
merry mirthless, sad
me
you
majority
miser spendthrift
minority
understand
narrow wide
misunderstand

near
far, distant neat untidy
new old night day
quiet North South
noisy
obedient disobedient odd even

offer refuse open shut

optimist pessimist out in
parent child past present
patient impatient peace war
permanent temporary please displease
plentiful Scarce
poetry prose
possible impossible
poverty wealth

qualified unqualified
rapid slow
regularly irregularly rich
right Wrong, left
poor
rough rigid pliable, soft
smooth
security
insecurity satisfactory unsatisfactory
serious Scatter collect
trivial
sense
nonsense second-hand new
singular plural shopkeeper customer
slim simple
thick, stout complicated
 Cira r and
VorIatnlary
take

tame
teve
hick

T
nsparen
ruth

valuabte
victory
efeat
virtue
vieitvle
visibiee
Consonvant
voluntary comory
Wax
ware
wrisdom folly
within without

2.6 Common Errors

Correct theerrors in the following sentences

1. Amid the loud music, we could not hardly hear each other's voices.
Amid the loud music, we could hardly hear each other's voices.
IfI was the teacher I would not give homework.
1f1 were the teacher, I would not give homework.

3. The cake is smelling sweet.

The cake smells sweet.

4. Sorry, I am not understanding your point.

understand your point.
Sorry, I do not

no one else.
5. I only saw Jim in the garden,
no one else.
I saw only Jim in the garden,

6. She likes to eat and drinking.

drink -or-She likes eating
and drinking
She likes to eat and to natured.
because she is good
content and
because she is
7. Sheela is happy natured.
content and good
because she is
Sheela is happy
that had 4 legs.
stool to the beggar
8, He gave the
stool that had legs.
4
the beggar the
He gave Delhi.
here is from
which works
9. The woman
Delhi.
here is from
who works in college.
The woman
also
in school but
famous
. Simon was not only also in college
in school but
famous not only
m o n was
our wages.
cannot
raise
he
. Paras said that
krsvalen

thrust
Rr
An up
TFCtINICAL
PUBLICA
TIONS
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