Chapter 9 Polar Coordinates and Complex Numbers

11. 90˚ 12. 

120˚ 60˚ 2 2 
9-1 Polar Coordinates 3 3
150˚ 30˚ 5 
6 6
0˚
Pages 557–558 Check for Understanding 180˚
1 2 3 4 
0
1 2 3 4
1. There are infinitely many ways to represent the
angle v. Also, r can be positive or negative. 210˚ 330˚
7 11
2. Draw the angle v in standard position. Extend the 240˚ 300˚ 6 6
270˚ 4 5
terminal side of the angle in the opposite 3 3
3
2
direction. Locate the point that is r units from
13. 90˚
the pole along this extension. 120˚ 60˚
3. Sample answer:
60° and 300°
150˚ 30˚
Plot (4, 120) such that v is in standard position
and r is 4 units from the pole. Extend the 180˚
0˚
terminal side of the angle in the opposite 1 2 3 4

direction. Locate the point that is 4 units from the

210˚ 330˚
pole along this extension.
r 
4 240˚
270˚
300˚
v  120
180 or v  120  180
 

60  300 14. P1P2  2.52 (
3)2
2(2.5)(
3) cos 
4
6
4. The points 3 units from the origin in the opposite
5
direction are on the circle where r  3.  6.25  9  15 cos 
12
5. All ordered pairs of the form (r, v) where r  0. 5

 5.25  15 cos 
12
6. 90˚ 7.
120˚ 60˚ 2 2 
3 3  4.37
150˚ 30˚ 5  90˚
A 6 6 15a. 120˚ 60˚
0˚
180˚ 0 150˚ 30˚
1 2 3 4 
1 2 3 4
0˚
210˚ 330˚ B 180˚
5 10 15 20
7 11
240˚ 300˚ 6 6
270˚ 4 5
3 210˚ 330˚
3 3
2
240˚ 300˚
8. 90˚ 9.  270˚
120˚ 60˚ 2 2 
C 3 3 15b. 210
(
30)  240
150˚ 30˚ 5 
N
6 6 A  2
360 (r )
0˚
180˚ 0 240
1 2 3 4    2
360 (20 )
1 2 3 4
D
210˚ 330˚  838 ft2
7 11
240˚ 300˚ 6 6
270˚ 4 5
3 3 3
2 Pages 558–560 Exercises
13 25 7 
, 
2, , 2, ,
90˚
10. Sample answer: 
2, 
7

6

6
16. 120˚ 60˚ 17. 2 2 
3 3
19
2, 
6 150˚
E
30˚ 5
6

6
(r, v  2k) 0˚ F
 13 180˚ 0
→
2, 6  2(1) → 
2, 6 1 2 3 4 
1 2 3 4
 25
→
2, 6  2(2)) → 
2, 6 210˚ 330˚
7 11
240˚ 300˚ 6 6
(
r, v  (2k  1)) 270˚ 4
3
5
3 3
 7
 (1) → 2,  2
→ 2, 
6

6
 19
→ 2, 
6  (3) → 2, 
6 

Chapter 9 274
18. 90˚ 19. 
120˚ 60˚ 2 2  29. Sample answer: (1.5, 540°), (1.5, 900°), (
1.5, 0°),
3 3 (
1.5, 360°)
150˚ 30˚ 5 
6 6 (r, v  360k°)
0˚ H → (1.5, 180°  360(1)°) → (1.5, 540°)
180˚ 0
2 4 6 8  → (1.5, 180°  360(2)°) → (1.5, 900°)
1 2 3 4
G (
r, v  (2k  1)180°)
210˚ 330˚
7 11 → (
1.5, 180°  (
1)180°) → (
1.5, 0°)
240˚ 300˚ 6 6 → (
1.5, 180°  (1)180°) → (
1.5, 360°)
270˚ 4 5
7
3 3
2
3 30. Sample answer: 
1, 3, 
1, 3  
 , 1, ,
13 4
3

3 
10
20. 2

2  21. 120˚
90˚
60˚ 1,  
3 3
5 
(r, v  2k)
150˚ 30˚
 7
→ 
1, 3  2(1) → 
1, 3
6 6 K
0˚
 13
→ 
1, 3  2(2) → 
1, 3
0 180˚
 1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
J
210˚ 330˚ (
r, v  (2k  1))
7 11  4
6 6 240˚ 300˚ → 1, 3  (1) → 1, 3
4 5 270˚
 10
→ 1, 3  (3) → 1, 3
3 3 3
2
 90˚ 31. Sample answer: (4, 675°), (4, 1035°), (
4, 135°),
22. 2 2  23. 120˚ 60˚
3 3 (
4, 495°)
5  150˚ 30˚ (r, v  360k°)
6 6
0˚
→ (4, 315  360(1)°) → (4, 675°)

0 180˚
1 2 3 4 → (4, 315  360(2)°) → (4, 1035°)
1 2 3 4 (
r, v  (2k  1)180°)
L
7 11
210˚ M 330˚ → (
4, 315  (
1)180°) → (
4, 135°)
6 6 240˚ 300˚ → (
4, 315  (1)180°) → (
4, 495°)
4 5 270˚
3 3 3 32. 90˚ 33. 
2 120˚ 60˚ 2 2 
3 3
24. 90˚ 25.  5 
120˚ 60˚ 2 2  150˚ 30˚
3 3 6 6
150˚ 30˚ 5  0˚
180˚ 0
6 6 1 2 3 4 
1 2 3 4
0˚
180˚ 0
1 2 3 4  210˚ 330˚
N P 1 2 3 4 7 11
240˚ 300˚ 6 6
210˚ 330˚ 270˚ 4 5
7 11 3 3 3
240˚ 300˚ 6 6 2
270˚ 4 5 
3 3 3 34. 2 2  35. 90˚
2 120˚ 60˚
3 3
26.  27. 90˚ 5  30˚
2 2  150˚
120˚ 60˚ 6 6
3 3
5  0˚
150˚ R 30˚ 0 180˚
6 6  1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
0˚
0 180˚ 330˚
 1 2 3 4 7 11 210˚
1 2 3 4
6 6
240˚ 300˚
210˚ 330˚ 4 5 270˚
7 Q 11 3 3 3
6 6 2
240˚ 300˚
4 5 270˚ 
3 3 3 36. 90˚ 37.
2 120˚ 60˚ 2 2 
3 3
30˚ 
 7
28. Sample answer: 2, 3, 2, 3, (
2, 240°),
150˚ 5
6 6
(
2, 600°) 180˚
0˚
1 2 3 4 0
(r, v  2k) 
1 2 3 4
 
→ 2, 3  2(0) → 2, 3 210˚ 330˚
7 11
 7
→ 2,  2(1) → 2,  240˚ 300˚ 6 6
 
3 3 270˚ 4 5
3 3 3
(
r, v  (2k  1)180°) 2
→ (
2, 60°  (1)180°) → (
2, 240°)
→ (
2, 60°  (3)180°) → (
2, 600°)

275 Chapter 9
 90˚ 90˚
38. 120˚
60˚ 39. 120˚ 60˚ 49a. When v  120°, r  17. The maximum speed at
120° is 17 knots.
150˚ 30˚ 150˚ 30˚
r
0 49b. When v  150°, r  13. The maximum speed at
180˚
0˚
180˚
0˚ 150° is 13 knots.
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 
50a. 2 2 
210˚ 330˚ 210˚ 330˚ 3 3
5 
240˚ 240˚ 300˚ 6 6
270˚ 300˚ 270˚
0
40. 90˚ 
120˚ 60˚ 1 2 3 4

150˚ 30˚ 7 11

6 6
0˚ 4 5
180˚ 3 3 3
1 2 3 4
2
  2
210˚ 330˚
50b. 
3

3  3 or 120°
240˚ 300˚
270˚ Let R  3 100 or 300 and let r  0.25 100
or 25.
41. r 
2
 or r 

2  for any v. N N
360 (R )
360 (r )
A  2  2
42. P1P2 
 42  6
2
2(4)(6) c
os (10 
5°
170°)
120 120

16
36  48
 cos°)
(
65 360 ((300 )
360 ((25) )
  2  2

52
48
 cos)
(
65 120
360  (90,000
625)
 
 5.63
  93,593 ft2
12  52
2(1)(5) cos 4
6
3
43. P1P2  If each person’s seat requires 6 ft2 of space,
7
1  25
10 cos 12
93,593
 there are 6 or 15,599 seats.
7
 26
10 cos 12 51. The distance formula is symmetric with respect to
(r1, v1) and (r2, v2). That is,
 5.35


r22  
r12

2r2r1 
cos (v1

v2)
44. P1P2 


r12  
r22
 
2r1r2 cos[
(v2

v1)]
2 
(
2.5)2  (
1.75)2
2(
2.5)(
1.75)cos 
5
8  

r12  
r22

2r1r2 
cos(v2

v1)
21
 6.25  30.0625
8.75 cos
 
40   52a. 120˚
90˚
60˚
21
 
9.3125
8.75 cos
 
40  150˚ 30˚
 3.16 0˚
180˚
45. P1P2 

1.32 
(
3.6 
)2
2(1.3)(
3.6) co
s (
62 
°
(
47°)) 2 4 6 8


1.69
 12.966
 9.3(
62°
cos °)
 47
210˚ 330˚

14.65
6  9.3(
15°
cos )
 4.87 240˚
270˚
300˚

46. r 

(
3)2 
 42 5
4 52b. P1P2
 52  62
2(5)(6) c
os (34 
5°
310°)
sin v  5, v  53°

2536 60
 cos
(35°)
180°
53°  127° 
6160
 cos
(35°)
Sample answer: (5, 127°)
 3.44
47. There are 360° in a circle. If the circle is cut into 6 No; the planes are 3.44 miles apart.
360
equal pieces, each slice measures 6 or 60°. 53. Draw a picture.
Beginning at the origin, the equation of the first
Boat sin v  38
line is v  0°. The equation of the next line, sin (sin v)  sin138
1
rotating counterclockwise, is v  0  60 or 60°.
v  22.0°
The equation of the last line is v  60  60 or
 8 mph
120°. Note that lines extend through the origin, so
3 lines create 6 pieces.
48. P1P2 

r12  
r22

2r1r2 
cos (v 

v) 3 mph


r12

r22

2r1r2 
cos 0 54. 3,
2, 4 1,
4, 0  (3)(1)  (
2)(
4)  (4)(0)
380


r12  
r22

2r1r2
 11


(r1
r
2)
2
No, the vectors are not perpendicular because
 r1
r2 their inner product is not 0.

Chapter 9 276
55. Rewrite y  9x
3 as 9x
y
3  0.
2 4
1
1
1 0 
2
1
Ax1  By1  C 0 4 0 1
1
 63.
4  (
1)
d 
 A2  B2 4 5
3 5
3 4

3 4 5
9(
3)  (
1)(2)  (
3)
 
2(
5)
4(5)
1(1)
 
 92  (

1)2 
11

32
 64. 11
(
3)  14
 
82

32
11
(
2)  13

82


 

82

11
(
1)  12

82
11
0  11

32
82

  
82 {(
3, 14), (
2, 13), (
1, 12), (0, 11)}

16
82 For each x-value, there ia a unique v-value.

 41 Distance is always positive. Yes, the relation is a function.
1
sin2a 1 65. Since the two triangles formed are right triangles,
56. 
sin2a
 
1
sin2a the side opposite the right angles, A B, intercept
 csc2a
1 an arc measuring 180°, or half the circle.   is a
AB
 cot2a diameter.

3
 C  d
57. Arc cos  2  30° 50  d
2
In a 30°-60°-90° right 1 50  d
triangle, the angle opposite  The correct choice is E.
the smallest leg is 30°.

3
58. y  5 cos 4v
Amplitude  5; Period  24 or 2
9-2 Graphs of Polar Equations
59. b sin A  18.6 sin 30°
 9.3
Since a  b sin A, there is one solution. Page 565 Check for Understanding
Find B. Find C. 1. Sample answer: r  sin 2v
18.6 9.3

sin B
 
sin 30°
C  180°
90°
30° The graph of a polar equation whose form is
18.6 sin 30°  9.3 sin B  60° r  a cos nv or a sin nv, where n is a positive
18.6 sin 30° integer, is a rose.
  sin B
9.3 2.
1  sin v  1 for any value of v. Therefore, the
90°  B maximum value of r  3  5 sin v is r  3  5(1)
Find c. or 8. Likewise, the minimum value of r  3  5

c
 9.3
 sin v is r  3  5(
1) or
2.
sin 60° sin 30°
3. The polar coordinates of a point are not unique. A
c sin 30°  9.3 sin 60°
9.3 sin 60°
point of intersection may have one representation
c 
sin 30° that satisfies one equation in a system, another
c  16.1 representation that satisfies the other equation,
60. 3 or 1 positive but no representation that satisfies both
f(
x) 
x3
4x2
4x
1 simultaneously.
0 negative 4. Barbara is correct. The interval 0  v   is not
P always sufficient. For example, the interval 0  v
1
Q   only generates two of the four petals for the
Since there are only positive real zeros, the only rose r  sin 2v. r  sin 2v is an example where
rational real zero is 1. values of v from 0 to 4 would have to be
61. x
3 considered.
x  5x2 2x
 3 5. 90˚ 6. 90˚
120˚ 60˚ 120˚ 60˚
x2 5 x


3x
3 150˚ 30˚ 150˚ 30˚

3x
15
 180˚ 0˚
10 180˚ 0˚
1 2 2 4 6 8
10
As x →  ,   → 0. Therefore, the slant
x5
asymptote is y  x
3. 210˚ 330˚ 210˚ 330˚

62. y-axis: 240˚

270˚
300˚ 240˚ 300˚
270˚
For x: f(x)  x4
3x2  2
For
x: f(
x)  (
x)4
3(
x)2  2 cardioid limaçon
 x4
3x2  2
So, in general, point (
x, y) is on the graph if and
only if (x, y) is on the graph.

277 Chapter 9
  
7. 2 2  8. 2 2  Pages 565–567 Exercises
3 3 3 3
5  5  11. 90˚ 12. 90˚
6 6 6 6 120˚ 60˚ 120˚ 60˚

150˚ 30˚ 150˚ 30˚

 0  0
1 3 6 9 12
180˚ 0˚ 180˚ 0˚
7 11 7 11 1 2 3 4 2 4 6 8
6 6 6 6
4 5 4 5 210˚ 330˚ 210˚ 330˚
3 3 3 3 3 3
2 2
240˚ 300˚ 240˚ 300˚
270˚ 270˚
rose spiral of Archimedes

circle cardioid
9. 2 2  
13. 2  14. 90˚
3 3 2 120˚ 60˚
5  3 3
6 6 5 
6 6 150˚ 30˚

 0 180˚ 0˚
1 2  0 1 2 3 4
5 10 15 20
7 11
6 6 7 11 210˚ 330˚
4 5 6 6
3 4 5 240˚ 300˚
3 3 270˚
2 3 3 3
2
2 sin
 2 cos 2

spiral of Archimedes lemniscate
sin
 cos 2

sin
 1
2 sin2
15. 90˚ 16. 90˚
120˚ 60˚ 120˚ 60˚
2 sin2
 sin

1  0
(2 sin

1)(sin
 1)  0 150˚ 30˚ 150˚ 30˚
2 sin

1  0 or sin
 1  0
180˚ 0˚ 180˚ 0˚
sin
 12 sin

1 1 2 1 2

 6 or
 56 or
 32 210˚ 330˚ 210˚ 330˚

 5
If
 
6
or
 
6
is substituted in either original 240˚
270˚
300˚ 240˚
270˚
300˚
3
equation, r  1. If
 
2
is substituted in either
original equation, r 
2. The solutions are rose rose

1, 6, 1, 56, and 
2, 32. 17. 2
3
2 
3
18.
120˚
90˚
60˚
 5 
10a. 2 2  6 6 150˚ 30˚
3 3
5  180˚
6 6  0 0˚
4 8 12 16 2 4 6 8

 0 7 11 210˚ 330˚

4 8 12 16
6 6
4 5 240˚ 300˚
7 11 3 270˚
3 3
6 6 2
4 5
3 3 3 Spiral of Archimedes limaçon
2
 
14 19. 2 2  20. 2 2 
10b. Sample answer: 0  v   3
 3 3 3 3
Begin at the origin and “spiral” twice around it, 5  5 
6 6 6 6
or through 4 radians. Move straight up
through 4  2 or 92 radians. Now move to the  0  0
left slightly, through approximately 92  6 or 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
14
 radians. 7 11 7 11
3
6 6 6 6
4 5 4 5
3 3 3 3 3 3
2 2

cardioid lemniscate

Chapter 9 278
21. 90˚ 22. 90˚ 28. (1, 0.5), (1, 1.0), (1, 2.1), (1, 2.6), (1, 3.7), (1, 4.2),
120˚ 60˚ 120˚ 60˚
(1, 5.2), (1, 5.8)
150˚ 30˚ 150˚ 30˚

180˚ 0˚ 180˚ 0˚
1 1 2 3 4

210˚ 330˚ 210˚ 330˚

240˚ 300˚ 240˚ 300˚

270˚ 270˚
rose cardioid
23. Sample answer: r  sin 3v
[
2, 2] scl1 by [
2, 2] scl1
The graph of a polar equation of the form r  a cos
3v or r  a sin 3v is a rose with 3 petals. 29. (2, 3.5), (2, 5.9)
24. Sample answer: r  2v


4  a2 r  12

1


2
a r  2

25. 3  2  cos
2 2 
1  cos
3 3
5 

0 6 6
The solution is (3, 0)

1 2 3 4
0 [
6, 6] scl:1 by [
6, 6] scl1
30. (3.6, 0.6), (2.0, 4.7)
7 11
6 6
4 5
3 3 3
2

26. 1  cos
 1
cos
2 2 
2 cos
 0 3 3
5 
cos
 0 6 6

 2 or
 32
 0
1 2
Substituting each angle [
4, 4] scl1 by [
4, 4] scl1
into either of the original 7 11 31a. If the lemniscate is 6 units from end to end, then
equations gives r  1, so 6 6
4 5 a  12(6) or 3.
the solutions of the system 3 3 3
r2  9 cos 2
or r2  9 sin 2

 and 1, .
 3 2
are 1, 
2

2
 31b. If the lemniscate is 8 units from end to end, then
27. 2 2  a  12(8) or 4.
3 3
5  r2  16 cos 2
or r2  16 sin 2

6 6
90˚
32. 120˚ 60˚
 0
1 2 150˚ 30˚

7 11 0˚
6 6 180˚
2 4 6 8
4 5
3 3 3
2 210˚ 330˚
2 sin
 2 sin 2
240˚ 300˚
270˚
sin
 sin 2

sin
 2 cos
sin
This microphone will pick up more sounds from
0  2 cos
sin

sin
behind than the cardioid microphone.
0  sin
(2 cos

1) 33. 0  v  4: Begin at the origin and curl around
sin
 0 or 2 cos

1  0 once, or through 2 radians. Curl around a second
cos
 12 time and go through 2  2 or 4 radians.
34. All screens are [
1, 1] scl1 by [
1, 1] scl1

 0 or  or
 3 or
 53
If
 0 or
  is substituted in either original
equation, r  0. If
 3 or
 53 is substituted in
either original equation, r 
3  or r 

3 ,
respectively. The solutions are (0, 0), (0, ),

3, 3, and 

3, 53.

279 Chapter 9



34a. r  cos 2 r  cos 7

r  cos 4 r  cos 9

When n  11, the innermost loop will be on the

r  cos 6
left and there will be an additional outer ring.
35. Sample answer: r 
1
sin v
A heart resembles the shape of a cardioid. The
sine function orients the heart so that the axis of
symmetry is along the y-axis. If a 
1, the heart
points in the right direction.
36a. For a limaçon to go back on itself and have an
inner loop, r must change sign. This will happen
if b a.


r  cos 8 36b. For the other two cases, a  b.
Experimentation shows that the dimple
disappears when a  2b, so there is a
dimple if b  a  2b.
36c. For this remaining case, there is neither an
inner loop nor a dimple if a  2b.
37a. Subtracting a from v rotates the graph
counterclockwise by an angle of a.
37b. Multiplying v by
1 reflects the graph about the
polar axis or x-axis.
When n  10, two more outer rings will appear.

37c. Multiplying the function by
1 changes r to its
34b. r  cos 3 opposite, so the graph is reflected about the
origin.
37d. Multiplying the function by c results in a
dilation by a factor of c. (Points on the graph
move closer to the origin if c  1, or farther
away from the origin if c 1.)
38. Sample answer: (4, 405°), (4, 765°), (
4,
135°),
(
4, 225°)
(r,
 360k°)

→ (4, 45°  360(1)°) → (4, 405°)
r  cos 5
→ (4, 45°  360(2)°) → (4, 765°)
(r,
 (2k  1)180°)
→ (
4, 45°  (
1)180°) → (
4,
135°)
→ (
4, 45°  (1)180°) → (
4, 225°)

Chapter 9 280
 i j k 3. x2

39. v  
w 2 3 0 r cos
 2

1 2 4 r
2

cos

3 0  2 0  2 3 
 i
j k r  2 sec

2 4
1 4
1 2
   4. To convert from polar coordinates to rectangular
 12i
8j  7k
coordinates, substitute r and v into the equations
 12,
8, 7
x  r cos v and y  r sin v. To convert from
2, 3, 0 12,
8, 7  24  (
24)  0 or 0
rectangular coordinates to polar coordinates, use

1, 2, 4 12,
8, 7 
12  (
16)  28 or 0
the equation r 
 x2  y2 to find r. If x 0, v 
40. 3.5 cm, 87°
sin x 2 Arctan yx. If x  0, v  Arctan yx  . If x  0, you
41. 
cos4 x  cos2 x sin2 x  tan x
2
can use 2 or any coterminal angle for v.
sin2 x
  tan2 x
cos2 x (cos2 x  sin2 x) y
sin2 x
  tan2 x
(cos2 x)(1)
sin2 x
  tan2 x
cos2 x
r
y
r sin 
tan2 x  tan2 x
42. Find C. 
C  180°
21°15

49°40
O x
x
r cos 
 109°5

Find b.
b 28.9
  
)2 v  Arctan 


5. r 
 
)2  (

sin 49°40
sin 109°5
2
(

2 2
b sin 109°5
 28.9 sin 49°40


2
28.9 sin 49°40

 
4
 or 2  34
b sin 109°5

b  23.3 2, 34

2 

5
Find a. 6. r 

(
2)2 
 (
5
)2 v  Arctan  
a 28.9 
29  5.39  4.33

sin 21°15

 
sin 109°5

a sin 109°5
 28.9 sin 21°15
(5.39, 4.33)
28.9 sin 21°15

 7. x 
2 cos 43 y 
2 sin 43
a  sin 109°5

1 
3
a  11.1
(1,
3)
43. NY LA Miami
8. x  2.5 cos 250° y  2.5 sin 250°
Bus $240 $199 $260

0.86 
2.35
Train $254 $322 $426
(
0.86,
2.35)
44. 1  6  1  
12 1
3 9. y2
8 4 8 8 8
r sin v  2
1 6 13 2

4   r 
8
So   8 1
 3 
16 sin v
3

3
 8 3 r  2 csc v
16 16
10. x2  y2  16
2
 6
3 (r cos v)2  (r sin v)2  16
The correct choice is A. r2(cos2 v  sin2 v)  16
r2  16
r  4 or r 
4
11. r6
9-3 Polar and Rectangular
 x2  y2  6
Coordinates x2  y2  36
12. r 
sec v
Page 571 Check for Understanding r
1
, 45°)
1. Sample answer: (2
2 
r
 
r cos v

1
r 

22  22
 Arctan 22 1x



8  45° x 
1
 2
2 
2. The quadrant that the point lies in determines
y y
whether v is given by Arctan x or Arctan x  .

281 Chapter 9
13a. 22. x 
1 cos 
6 y 
1 sin 
6
90˚
120˚ 60˚

2 
150˚ 30˚

3

1 


1
12

3


2  12
180˚ 0˚
1 2 3 4


23 , 12
210˚ 330˚
23. x 
2 cos 270° y 
2 sin 270°
240˚ 300˚ 0 2
270˚
(0, 2)
13b. No. The given point is on the negative x-axis,
24. x  4 cos 210° y  4 sin 210°
directly behind the microphone. The polar
pattern indicates that the microphone does not  4

3

2   4
12
pick up any sound from this direction. 
2
3  
2
(
2
3 ,
2)
25. x  14 cos 130° y  14 sin 130°
Pages 572–573 Exercises 
9.00  10.72

2

14. r 
22  (

2)2 v  Arctan 2 (
9.00, 10.72)
26. x 
7

8
 or 2
2
 
4
r cos v 
7
Add 2 to obtain v  74.
7
r  
cos v
2
2, 74 r 
7 sec v
15. r 

02  12 27. y5
r sin v  5

1  or 1 5
r  
Since x  0 when y  1, v  2. sin v
r  5 csc v
1, 2 28. x2  y2  25

3


16. r 

12  (

3
)2 v  Arctan 1 (r cos v)2  (r sin v)2  25
 r2(cos2 v  sin2 v)  25

4
 or 2  3
r2  25
2, 3 r  5 or r 
5

3  x2  y2  2y

 

  29.
4
17. r   
1 2

4 

3


4
 2
 v  Arctan 

14
(r cos v)2  (r sin v)2  2r sin v
r2 (cos2 v  sin2 v)  2r sin v

3 r2  2r sin v
 14 6
 Arctan  or 43 r  2 sin v
1
 24 or 12 30. x2
y2  1
(r cos v)2
(r sin v)2  1
12, 43 r2 (cos2 v
sin2 v)  1
18. r 

32  82 v  Arctan 83 r2 (cos 2v)  1
1

73  8.54  1.21 r2   
cos 2v
(8.54, 1.21) r  sec 2v
2

4 

7
19. r 

42  (

7)2 v  Arctan  31. x2  (y
2)2  4

65  8.06 
1.05 x2  y2
4y  4  4
Add 2 to obtain v  5.23. (r cos v)2  (r sin v)2
4r sin v  0
(8.06, 5.23) r2(cos2 v  sin2 v)
4r sin v  0
r2
4r sin v  0
20. x  3 cos 2 y  3 sin 2 r2  4r sin v
0 3 r  4 sin v
(0, 3) 32. r2
21. x  12 cos 34 y  12 sin 34
 x2  y2  2
x2  y 2  4
 12 
2  12 
2


2

2
33. r 
3

2

2

4 
4

 x  y2 
3
2



42 , 
42  x2  y2  9

Chapter 9 282
34. v  3 y 43. horizontal distance: y
y 25(4  2 cos 120°)  75 m east 120˚
Arctan x  3 vertical distance:
2
2
y
  
3

 6

3 25(3  2 sin 120°)  118.30 m north
x 1 3
O x
y 
3
x 1 x
44a. x  4 cos 20° y  4 sin 20°
 3.76  1.37
3.76, 1.37
x  5 cos 70° y  5 sin 70°
35. r  2 csc v  1.71  4.70
r
  
2 1.71, 4.70
r r sin v
44b. 3.76, 1.37  1.71, 4.70
1  2y  3.76  1.71, 1.37  4.70
y2  5.47, 6.07
36. r  3 cos v 44c. 5.47  r cos v; 6.07  r sin v
r2  3r cos v 6.07
 
r sin v

5.47 r cos v
x2  y2  3x
6.07
37. r2sin 2v  8 
5.47
 tan v
r22 sin v cos v  8 47.98  v; 47.98°
2r sin v r cos v  8 5.47  r cos 47.98°
2yx  8 
5.47
r
xy  4 cos 47.98°
8.17  r
38. yx
y 8.17∠47.98°

x 1 44d. 8.17 sin (3.14t  47.98°)
y
Arctan 
x  Arctan 1 45. r  2a sin v  2a cos v
r2  2ar sin v  ar cos v
v  4
x2  y2  2ay  2ax
39. r  sin v x
2ax  y
2ay  0
2 2
r2  r sin v (x
a)2  (y
a)2  2a2
x2  y2  y The graph of the equation is the circle centered at
40. x  325 cos 70° y  325 sin 70° (a, a) with radius
2a.
 111.16  305.40 46. 90˚
120˚ 60˚
(111.16, 305.40)
5  150˚ 30˚
 
4 4 5 
6
6 
41. —

—  
24 24 180˚ 0˚
1 2 3 4
4
 
24
210˚ 330˚
 0.52 unit
42. Drop a perpendicular from the point with polar 240˚ 300˚
270˚
coordinates (r, v) to the x-axis. r is the length of
47. Sample answer: (
2, 405°), (
2, 765°), (2, 225°),
the hypotenuse in the resulting right triangle.
(2, 585°)
x is the length of the side adjacent to angle v, so
(r, v  360k°)
cos v  xr. Solving for x gives x  r cos v. y is the
y → (
2, 45°  360(1)°) → (
2, 405°)
length of the side opposite angle v, so sin v  r. → (
2, 45°  360(2)°) → (
2, 765°)
Solving for y gives y  r sin v. (The figure is drawn (
r, v  (2k  1)180°)
for a point in the first quadrant, but the signs → (2, 45°  (1)180°) → (2, 225°)
work out correctly regardless of where in the → (2, 45°  (3)180°) → (2, 585°)
plane the point is located.)
48. r2  502  4252  2 50 425 cos 30°
y r  382.52 mph
(r, ) 50 382.52 r

sin v  
sin 30° 

r 50 sin 30°  382.52 sin v 30˚ 425 mph

50 sin 30°

382.52
 sin v 50 mph
 3°45
 v
O x The direction is 3°45
west of south.

283 Chapter 9
49. sin2 A  cos A
1 3. The graph of the equation x  k is a vertical line.
1
cos2 A  cos A
1 Since the line is vertical, the x-axis is the normal
0  cos2 A  cos A
2 line through the origin. Therefore, f  0° or f 
0  (cos A  2)(cos A
1) 180°, depending on whether k is positive or
cos A  2  0 or cos A
1  0 negative, respectively. The origin is k units
cos A 
2 cos A  1 from the given vertical line, so p  k. The polar
A  0° form of the given line is k  r cos (v
0°) if k is
50. y positive or
k  r cos (v
180°) if k is negative.
2
Both equations simplify to k  r cos v.
y
2 cos  4. You can use the extra ordered pairs as a check on
1
your work. If all the ordered pairs you plot are not
collinear, then you have made a mistake.
O 90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 360˚


1 5. 
 A2  B2  
 32  (

4)2
 5

2
Since C is negative, use 5.
3
x
5

45y
2  0
51. The terminal side is in the y 4
third quadrant and the cos f  35, sin f 
5, p  2
reference angle is 30˚ f  Arctan
43
210
180 or 30°.
x 
53° or 307°

3

cos 210° 
2 p  r cos (v
f)
 3,  1
( )
2 2 2  r cos (v
307°)

52. Enter the x-values in L1 and the f(x)-values in L2 6. 
 A2  B2  
 (
2)2 
 42
of your graphing calculator. Make a scatter plot.  2
5 
The data points are in the shape of parabola. Since C is negative, use 2
5.
Perform a quadratic regression. 2 4 9

 x   y
  0
2

5 2

5 2

5
a 
0.07, b  0.73, c 
1.36 
9
5

5 2
5
Sample answer: cos f 

5
, sin f  , p  
5

10
y 
0.07x2  0.73x
1.36 f  Arctan(
2)
53. 2 1 0 0
3 0
20 
63°
Since cos f  0, but sin f 0, the normal lies in
2
4
8
1
0
2
0

1 2 4 5 10  0 the second quadrant.
x4  2x3  4x2  5x  10 f  180°
63° or 117°
625
145
54. m    (y
145)  60(x
17) p  r cos (v
f)
25
17 9
5
 60 y  60x
875 
10
 r cos (v
117°)
55. x y and y z, so x z. 7. 3  r cos (v
60°)
If x z, then 0  xz  1. 0  r cos (v
60°)
3
0  r (cos v cos 60°  sin v sin 60°)
3
The correct choice is C.
3
0  12r cos v  
2
 r sin v
3

3
0  12x  
2
y
3

0  x 
3y
6 or
9-4 Polar Form of a Linear Equation
x 
3y
6  0
8. r  2 sec v  4
Pages 577–578 Check for Understanding
r cos (v  4)  2
1. The polar equation of a line is p  r cos (v
f).
r and v are the variables. p is the length of the r cos v cos 4
sin v sin 4
2  0
normal segment from the line to the origin and
2
2
f is the angle the normal makes with the positive 
2
r cos v

2
 r sin v
2  0

x-axis.
2
2

x
2


2
y
2  0
2. For r to be equal to p, we must have cos (v
f) 
x

2

2 y
4  0
1. The first positive value of v for which this is
true is v  f.

Chapter 9 284
 
14. 
 A2  B2  
 62  (
9. 10. 90˚
2 2  120˚ 60˚
8)2
3 3
5 
 10
150˚ 30˚
6 6 Since C is negative, use 10.
6
0 180˚
0˚
x
10

18
0
y
21
1
0
0
 1 2 3 4
2 4 6 8 3 4
cos f  5, sin f 
5, p  2.1
210˚ 330˚ 4
7 11
6 6 f  Arctan
3
240˚ 300˚
4
3
5 270˚ 
53°
3 3
2 Since cos f 0, but sin f  0, the normal lies in
the fourth quadrant.
11a. p  r cos (v
f) → 5  r cos v
56 f  360°
53° or 307°
Since the shortest distance is along the normal, p  r cos (v
f)
the answer is (p, f) or 5, 56. 2.1  r cos (v
307°)


15. 
 A2  B2  
 32  22
11b. 2 2   
13 
3 3
5 
Sinc C is negative, use 
13 .
6 6 3 2 5
x


13
y



13
0


13
0 3
 2
13
 5

 cos f   13
, sin f  , p  
13
2 4 6 8 13 13 13
f  Arctan 23
7 11
6 6  34°
4 5
3 3 3 p  r cos (v
f)
2 5

13
  r cos (v
34°)
13
16. 
 A2  
B2  
 42  (

5)2
 
14
Pages 578–579 Exercises Since C is negative, use 
41
.
12. 
A2B 2  
72  (

24)2 4 5 10
x
y
0
 25 

41 

41 1

4
Since C is positive, use
25. 4

41 

5
41 
10
41
cos f   , sin f  
41
, p  
41

41
7 24

25x  25y
4  0 f  Arctan 
4
5

7 24
cos f 
2 5 , sin f   , p4 
51°
25
Since cos f 0, but sin f  0, the normal lies in
f  Arctan
274 the fourth quadrant.

74° f  360°
51° or 309°
Since cos f  0, but sin f 0, the normal lies in p  r cos (v
f)
the second quadrant. 
10
41
   r cos (v
309°)
f  180°
74° or 106° 41
p  r cos (v
f) 17. 
 A2  B2  
 (–1)2 
32
4  r cos (v
106°)  
10
13. 
 A2  B2  
 212 
202 .
Since C is negative, use 
10
1 3 7
  29
x  y
  0


10
10

10

Since C is negative, use 29.
10 3

10 7

10
21 cos f 
 sin f   , p  
x
29
 2209y
8279  0 10 10 10
f  Arctan (
3)
cos f  2219, sin f  2209, p  3 
72°
f  Arctan 2201 Since cos f < 0, but sin f > 0, the normal lies in
the second quadrant.
 44° f  180°
72° or 108°
p  r cos (v
f)
p  r cos (v
f)
3  r cos (v
44°)
7

10
  r cos (v
108°)
10
18. 6  r cos (v
120°)
0  r (cos v cos 120°  sin v sin 120°)
6

3
0 
12 r cos v  
2
 r sin v
6

3
0 
12x  
2
y
6

0 
x 
3y
12 or

x 
3y
12  0

285 Chapter 9
 28.  29. 
19. 4
r cos
v  4 2
3
2 
3
2
3
2 
3
0
r
cos v cos 4  sin v sin 4  4 5
6

6
5
6

6
2 2
0

2
 r cos v   r sin v  4
2 0 0
 
2 2 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8
0

2
x  y  4
2
0
2 x  2 y  8 or 7
6
11
6
7 11
6 6
2x  2 y  8
0 4 5 4 5
3 3 3 3 3 3
20. 2
r cos (v  ) 2 2
0
r (cos v cos   sin v sin ) 2 4 2
30. m
 or 
0
r cos v  2 6 3
2
0
x  2 (y  1)
3(x  4) → 2x  3y  5
0
x
2

A2  
B2

22  32
21. 1
r cos (v  330°)
0
r (cos v cos 330°  sin v sin 330°)  1
13 
3 1 Since C is negative, use 13
.
0
 r cos v  r
2 2
sin v  1 2 3 5
  
3 1 13
  13
  13

0
0
x  y  1
2 2 2
13 3
13 5
13
0
3x  y  2 or cos f
 ,
13
sin f
 , p

13 13
3x  y  2
0 f
Arctan 32
22. r
11 sec
v  76 56°
p
r cos (v  f)
r cos
v  7

6 
11 5
13

r cos (v  56°)
r
cos v cos 7

6
 sin v sin 7

6   11
0 13
31. p
r cos (v  f)
3 1
 r cos v  r sin v  11
0
2 2 → p
3 cos
4  f
3 1
x  y  11
0
2 2 → p
2 cos
76  f
3 x  y  22
0
Use a graphing calculator and the INTERJECT
23. r
5 sec (v  60°) feature to find solutions to the system at (2.25,
r cos (v  60°)
5 0.31) and (5.39, 0.31). Since p, the length of the
r (cos v cos 60°  sin v sin 60°)  5
0 normal, must be positive, use f
2.25 and p

1 3
r cos v   r sin v  5
0 0.31.
2 2
1 3
x  y  5
0
0.31
r cos (v  2.25)
2 2
32a. p
r cos (v  f) → 6
r cos (v  16°)
y  10
0
x  3
Since the shortest distance is along the normal,
24. 90˚ 25.  the closest the fly came was p or 6 cm.
120˚ 60˚ 2 2 
3 3 32b. (p, f) or (6, 15°)
150˚ 30˚ 5  33. Since both normal segments have length 2, p must
6 6
0˚
be 2 in both equations. Since the two lines
180˚ 0 intersect at right angles, their normals also
3 6 9 12 
1 2 3 4
intersect at right angles. This can be achieved by
210˚ 330˚
7 11 having the two f-values differ by 90°. To make
240˚ 300˚
6 6 sure neither line is vertical, neither f-value
270˚ 4 5
3 3 3 should be a multiple of 90°. Therefore, a sample
2 answer is 2
r cos (v  45°) and 2
r cos (v 
26. 90˚ 27. 90˚ 135°).
120˚ 60˚ 120˚ 60˚
34. m
0
150˚ 30˚ 150˚ 30˚ (y  4)
0(x  5) → y  4
0
0˚ 0˚ cos f
0, sin f
1, p
4
180˚ 180˚
1 2 3 4 2 4 6 8 Since cos f
0 when sin f
1, f
90°.
p
r cos (v  f)
210˚ 330˚ 210˚ 330˚ 4
r cos (v  90°)
240˚ 300˚ 240˚ 300˚
270˚ 270˚

Chapter 9 286
 90˚
35a. 120˚ 60˚ 40. x  3y
6
x  6
150˚ 30˚ y
3


0˚ y
13x  2
180˚
x
t, y
13t  2

5
0
505
0
12
25
37
360

 r2
210˚ 330˚ N
41. A


360

 62
240˚ 300˚ 65
270˚

35b. p
r cos (v  f) 20.42 ft2
→ p
125 cos (130  f) 42. Since 360° lies on the x-axis y
→ p
300 cos (70  f) of the unit circle at (1, 0),
Use a graphing calculator and the INTERSECT sin 360°
y or 0. (1, 0)
feature to find the solutions to the system at
(45, 124.43) and (135, 124.43). Sinc p, the x
length of the normal, must be positive, use f

135° and p
124.43.
124.43
r cos (v  135°)
43. 2x3  5x2  12x
0
36. k
r sin (v  a)
x(2x2  5x  12)
0
k
r [sin v cos a  cos v sin a]
x(2x  3)(x  4)
0
k
r sin v cos a  r cos v sin a
k
y cos a  x sin a x
0 or x
32 or x
4
This is the equation of a line in rectangular 44. c2  d2
48
coordinates. Solving the last equation for y yields (c  d)(c  d)
48
k
y
(tan a)x   . The slope of the line shows
cos a 12(c  d)
48
that a is the angle the line makes with the x-axis. cd
4
To find the length of the normal segment in the
figure, observe that the complementary angle to a
in the right triangle is 90°  a, so the v-coordinate Page 579 Mid-Chapter Quiz
of P in polar coordinates is 180°  (90°  a)
90˚ 
1. 2. 
a  90°. Substitute into the original polar 120˚ 60˚ 2 2
3
3
equation to find the r-coordinate of P: 150˚ 30˚ 5 
k
r sin (a  90°  a) 6 6
k
r sin 90° 180˚
0˚
0
2 4 6 8 
k
r 1 2 3 4
Therefore, k is the length of the normal segment. 210˚ 330˚
7 11
y
6 6
240˚ 300˚
270˚ 4 5
3 3 3
2
90˚ 
3. 120˚ 60˚ 4. 2 2 
P 3 3
150˚ 30˚ 5 
6 6

O x 180˚ 0˚
2 4 6 8  0
1
210˚ 330˚
7 11
6 6
37. p
r cos (v  f) 240˚
270˚
300˚
4 5
3
→ p
40 cos (0°  f) 3
2
3
→ p
40 cos (72°  f)
Use a graphing calculator and the INTERSECT
feature to find the solutions of the system at
5. r
 
(2)2  (
2
)2 v
Arctan
2



(144, 32.36) and (36, 32.36). Since p, the length
4
 or 2
4
of the normal, must be positive, use f
36° and Since (2 , 2 ) is in the third quadrant,
p
32.36. v
  4 or 54.
32.36
r cos (v  36°)

2, 54
38. r
6
6. r
02  (
4)2
 x2  y2
6

16
 or 4
x2  y2
36
Since x
0 when y
4, v
32.
39. The graph of a polar equation of the form
r
a sin nv is a rose.
4, 32

287 Chapter 9
 7. x2  y2
36 4. Sample answer: x2  1
0
 x2  y2
36  (x  i)(x  i)
0, where the solutions are x
i.
r
6 or r
6 x2  xi  xi  i2
0
8. r
2 csc v x2  (1)
0
r sin v
2 x2  1
0
6 2
5. i
(i )  i2
4
y
2
9.  
A2  B2
 52  (
12)2
12  (1)

13
1
Since C is positive, use 13. 6. i10  i2
(i4)2  i2  i2
5 12 3
(1)2i2  i2
3x  
1 y  
0
13 13
1  (1) or 2
5 12 3
cos f
1
3 , sin f
, p

13 13 7. (2  3i)  (6  i)
(2  (6))  (3i  i)

4  4i
f
Arctan
15
2

8. (2.3  4.1i)  (1.2  6.3i)
67°
(2.3  (1.2))  (4.1i  (6.3i))
Since cos f 0, but sin f  0, the normal lies in
3.5  10.4i
the second quadrant.
9. (2  4i)  (1  5i)
(2  (1))  (4i  5i)
f
180°  67° or 113°

1  9i
p
r cos ( f)
3 10. (2  i)2
(2  i)(2  i)

13

r cos (v  113°)
4  4i  i2
10. 
A2  
B2

(2)2 
 (6
)2
3  4i

210  i i 1  2i
11.  
  
1  2i 1  2i 1  2i
Since C is negative, use 210
. i  2i2
2 6 2
 
1  4i2
 x
 y  
0
210 210 
210 i2


 
10 
310 10 5
cos f
1 , sin f
10, p

0 10
25  15i
f
Arctan
3
 
1 12. (2.5  3.1i)  (6.2  4.3i)
72°
(2.5  (6.2))  (3.1i  4.3i)
Since cos f 0 and sin f 0, the normal lies in
3.7  7.4i N
the third quadrant.
f
180°  72° or 252°
p
r cos (v  f) Pages 583–585 Exercises

10

10

r cos (v  252°) 13. i6
i4  i2

1  1

1
14. i19
(i4)4  i3
9-5 Simplifying Complex Numbers
14  i

i
15. i1776
(i4)444
Page 583 Check for Understanding
1444
1. Find the (positive) remainder when the exponent
1
is divided by 4. If the remainder is 0, the answer 16. i9  i5
(i4)2  i  (i4)2  i3
is 1; if the remainder is 1, the answer is i; if the
12  i  12  i
remainder is 2, the answer is 1; and if the
i  (i) or 0
remainder is 3, the answer is i.
17. (3  2i)  (4  6i)
(3  (4))  (2i  6i)
2. Complex Numbers (a  bi )
1  8i
18. (7  4i)  (2  3i)
(7  2)  (4i  3i)
Reals Imaginary

9  7i
(b
0) (b  0)
19.
12  i  (2  i)

12  (2)  (i  (i))
Pure
32  2i
Imaginary
(a
0) 20. (3  i)  (4  5i)
(3  (4))  (i  (5i))

7  4i
21. (2  i)(4  3i)
8  10i  3i2
3. When you multiply the denominators, you will be
5  10i
multiplying a complex number and its conjugate. 22. (1  4i)2
(1  4i)(1  4i)
This makes the denominator of the product a real
1  8i  16i2
number, so you can then write the answer in the
15  8i
form a  bi.

Chapter 9 288
23. (1  7
i)(2  5i) 3i 3i
34.  

(2  i)2 (2  i)(2  i)

2  5 i  27
i  35
i2 3i

(2  35)  (27  5
)i
 
4  4i  i2
24. (2  3
)(1  12)
(2  3 i)(1  12
i) 3i

 
3  4i

2  212i  3i 3i 3  4i
 36i2
   
3  4i 3  4i

2  43 i  3
i  6 9  9i  4i2

 
9  16i2

8  33 i
13  9i
2i 2i 1  2i
 
25.  
   25
1  2i 1  2i 1  2i
2  3i  2i2
1235  295i

 
1  4i2
(1  i)2 (1  i)(1  i)
4  3i

  35. 
(3  2i)2

(3  2i)(3  2i)
5
1  2i  i2

45  35i

9  12i  4i2
3  2i 3  2i

  4  i
26.  4  i  
2i
4  i 4  i
 
5  12i
12  11i  2i2


16  i2
 2i 5  12i
  
5  12i 5  12i
10  11i 10i  24i2

 
17
 
25  144i2
11

11
0
7
 17i 24  10i

 
169
5i 5i 5i
27. 
5i


5i
 
5i
24 10
  i
169 169
25  10i  i2


25  i2 36a. Z
R  (XL  XC )j
24  10i → Z
10  (1  2)j → Z
10  j ohms


26 → Z
3  (1  1)j → Z
3  0j ohms
12 5

  i
13 13 36b. (10  j)  (3  0j)
(10  3)  (1j  0j)
28. (x  i)(x  i)
0
13  j ohms
1
x2  i2
0 36c. S
Z → S
 1

6  3j
x2  1
0
1 6  3j
29. (x  (2  i))(x  (2  i))
0
   
6  3j 6  3j
(x  2  i)(x  2  i)
0

6  3j

x2  2x  xi  2x  4  2i  xi  2i  i2
0 36  9j2
6  3j
x2  4x  4  1
0
 
45
x2  4x  5
0 0.13  0.07j siemens
30. (2  i)(3  2i)(1  4i)
(6  i  2i2)(1  4i) 8i 
(8i)2 
4(1)(
25)
37a. x


(8  i)(1  4i) 2(1)

8  31i  4i2 8i 36

 


12  31i 2

3  4i
31. (1  3i)(2  2i)(1  2i)
(2  8i  6i2)(1  2i)

(4  8i)(1  2i) 37b. No

4  16i  16i2 37c. The solutions need not be complex conjugates

12  16i because the coefficients in the equation are not
1 1 all real.
  3
i   3
i
32.
2


2
  
1  2
i 37d. (3  4i)2  8i(3  4i)  25
0
1  2i 1  2i 1  2
i 7  24i  24i  32  25
0
1 2
  i  3i  6i2
0
0


2 2 (3  4i)2  8i(3  4i)  25
0
2 1  2i
7  24i  24i  32  25
0

12  6 
22  3i 0
0


3 38. f(x  yi)
(x  yi)2

x2  2xyi  y2


16  
3 
 
  i
6 3 2
3 6
(x2  y2)  2xyi
2  2
i 2  2
i 3  6
i
33. 
   39a. z0
2  i
3  
6i 3  6
i 3  6
i
z1
i(2  i)  i2 or 1  2i
6  2
6i  3 2i  
12i2

 z2
i(2i  1)
2i2  i or 2  i
9  6i2
(6  2
3)  (2
6  3
2)i z3
i(2  i)
2i  i2 or 1  2i


15 z4
i(1  2i)
i  2i2 or 2  i

23 
26 z5
i(2  i)
2i  i2 or 1  2i


25  
15 
 
  i
2
5

15

289 Chapter 9
39b. z0
1  0i 46. tan a
43 cot B
152
z1
(0.5  0.866i)(1  0i)
0.5  0.866i
tan2 a  1
sec2 a 1  cot2 B
csc2 B
z2
(0.5  0.866i)(0.5  0.866i) 4 2 2

0.25  0.866i  0.75


3
1
sec2 a 1 
1
2
5

csc2 B

0.500  0.866i 25

sec2 a
169

csc2 B
9 144
z3
(0.5  0.866i)(0.500  0.866i) 9 144

0.250  0.750 
25
cos2 a 
169
sin2 B

1.000  0.000i 3

cos a

12

sin B

5 13
z4
(0.5  0.866i)(1.000)
0.500  0.866i
sin2 a  cos2 a
1 sin2 B  cos2 B
1
z5
(0.5  0.866i)(0.500  0.866i) 3 2 2

0.250  0.866i  0.75 sin2 a 
5
1
1123  cos2 B
1
16 25

0.500  0.866i sin2 a
 cos2 B
 
25 169
1
40. (1  2i)3
 
(1  2i)3 sin a

4
 cos B
1
5
5 3
1
 cos (a  B)
cos a cos B  sin a sin B

(3  4i)(1  2i)


5
1
3  
5 
13 
3 5 4 12
1  


11  2i
33


1 11  2i
 
65
11  2i 11  2i
1

11  2i
 47. amplitude
2(7) or 3.5
125
2 


11 2 period
1 
2 or 6
12 5  
 i
125

41. c1(cos 2t  i sin 2t)  c2(cos 2t  i sin 2t) y
3.5 cos
6t

c1 cos 2t  c1i sin 2t  c2 cos 2t  c2i sin 2t 48. h
x3


(c1  c2)(cos 2t)  (c1  c2)(i sin 2t) 
x3

(c1  c2)(cos 2t) only if c1
c2 tan 52°
 
x  45

42. 
A2  
b2
 62  (
2)2 x tan 52°  45 tan 52°
x3


210  x tan 52°  x3
45 tan 52°
Since C is positive, use 210
. 45 tan 52°
x

6 2 3 tan 52°  3
 x  y  
0 x 127.40

210 
210 
210

310 
10 3
10 h
x3

127.40(3
) 221 ft
cos f
 10 , sin f

  ,
10
p
 
20
1
f
Arctan 3
 8˚

18° 30˚
Since cos f 0, but sin f  0, the normal lies in 120˚ h
the second quadrant.
f
180°  18° or 162° 52˚
60˚
p
r cos (v  f) 45 ft x
3
10

r cos (v  162°) 49. Enter the x-values in L1 and the f(x)-values in L2
20
 of your graphing calculator. Make a scatter plot.
43. 2 2  The data points are in the shape of a parabola, so
3 3
5  a quadratic function would best model the set of
6 6 data.
50. Let d
depth of the original pool.
 0
7 14 21 28 The second pool’s width
5d  4, the length

10d  6, and the depth
d  2.
7 11
6 6 (5d  4)(10d  6)(d  2)
3420
4 5 (50d2  70d  24)(d  2)
3420
3 3 3
2 50d3  100d2  70d2  140d  24d  48
3420
50d3  170d2  164d  3372
0
44. x  (3), y  6
t 1, 4
25d3  85d2  82d  1686
0
x  3, y  6
t 1, 4
Use a graphing calculator to find the solution

45. u
1 8, 6, 4  2 2, 6, 3 d
3.
4
The dimensions of the original pool are 15 ft by

2, 32, 1  4, 12, 6
30 ft by 3 ft.

6, 227, 5 51. 80
k(5)(8)
2
k
y
2(16)(2)

64

Chapter 9 290
52. y
7  x2 4. The conjugate of a  bi is a  bi.
x
7  y2 (a  b
i)(a bi)
a2  b2, so the friend’s
x  7
y2 method gives the same answer.
x  7
y2 Sample answer: The absolute value of 2  3i is
x
7 
y 22  32
13
. Using the friend’s method, the
f1(x)
7 x absolute value is (2  3
i)(2  3i)
4 9

53. y 13
.
(6, 8) 5. 2x  y  (x  y)i
5  4i
2x  y
5 xy
4
2x  (x  4)
5 y
x  4
x
1
y
(1)  4 or 3
(6, 1)
6. 7.
O (1, 1) x i i
f(x, y)
2x  y 2 2 (1,
2 )
f(1, 1)
2(1)  1 or 3
1 1
f(6, 1)
2(6)  1 or 11
f(6, 8)
2(6)  8 or 4 O
2 1 1 2  2 1 O 1 2 
The maximum value is 3 and the minimum value
is 11. 1 1
(2, 1)
54. x  2y  7z
14 2 2
x  3y  5z
21
y  2z
7
x  3y  5z
21 → 5x  15y  25z
105 z
 (22 (1)2 z
 12  (
2 )2
5x  y  2z
7 5x  y  2z
7
5
3
16y  27z
112 8. r
2  (
2 2)2
2
v
Arctan
2  2
y  2z
7 → 16y  32z
112 7
16y  27z
112  6y  27z
112  or 22

8 
4
1

59z
0 v is in the fourth quadrant.
7 7
z
0 2  2i
22 
cos 4  i sin 4
y  2(0)
7 → y
7
v
Arctan
4
5
9. r
 42  52
x  2(7)  7(0)
14 → x
0
(0, 7, 0)
41
0.90
4  5i
41 (cos 0.90  i sin 0.90)
55. Since BC
BD, m∠BDC
m ∠DCB
x 0
m ∠DBC
180  120 or 60. 10. r

(2)2 
 02 v
Arctan 
2  


x  x  60
180
4  or 2

2x
120
is on the x-axis at 2.
x
60 2
2 (cos   i sin )
x  40
60  40 or 100  
11. 2  12. 2 
The correct choice is A. i 2
i 2
3 3 3 3
5
 5 
6 (4, 3 ) 6 6 6

9-6 The Complex and Polar Form 

0

(2, 3) 0

of Complex Numbers 2 4 6 8  1 2 3 4 
7 11 7 11
6 6 6 6
Pages 589–590 Check for Understanding 4 5 4 5
3 3
1. To find the absolute value of a  bi, square a and 3
2
3 3
2
3
b, add the squares, then take the square root of
 
the sum. 4
cos 3  i sin 3 2(cos 3  i sin 3)
 
2. i
0  i; cos 2
0 and sin 2
1 

4
 i

1 3
   —— 2(0.99  i(0.14))
i
cos 2  i sin 2 2 2
i

2  23
1.98  0.28i
3. Sample answer: z1
i, z2
i
z1  z2
z1  z2
i  (i)
i  i
0
i  i
0 2i

291 Chapter 9
13. 
2 2  19. 20.
3 i 3
i i
5 
6 6
3 (2, 3)
( 2 , 2
) 0

1 2 3 4 
7 11 O  O 
6 6
4 5
3
3
2
3 (3, 4)
3
(cos 2  i sin 2)
2
3

2 (1  i(0)) z

22  32 z

32  (
4)2
3

2
13

25
 or 5
14. i 21. 22.
1 i i

0.63
0.90 
1 O 0.36 1 1.30 O
0.38i 
 O
1 (0, 3)

(1, 5)

15a. magnitude
102 152

325
 z

(1)2 
 (5
)2 z

02  (3)2
18.03 N
26

9
 or 3
15
15b.

Arctan 1
0 23. 24.
56.31° (1,
5 ) i i
2

1 (4,
2 )
Pages 590–591 Exercises
16. 2x  5yi
12  15i
2x
12 5y
15 2 1 O 1 2  O 
x
6 y
3 1
17. 1  (x  y)i
y  3xi
2
1
y x  y
3x
x  (1)
3x
1
2x
1 z
(1)2  
 (5)2 z

42  (
2
 )2

x
2
6
18
 or 32

18. 4x  (y  5)i
2x  y  (x  7)i
25. r
(4)2 
 62
y5
x7 4x
2x  y
y
x  12 4x
2x  (x  12)
52
 or 213
v
Arctan
3
3
3x
12 26. r

32  32
x
4 

18
 or 32

4
y
(4)  12 or 8
 

cos 4  i sin 4
3  3i
32
3

27. r

(1)2 
 (
 )2
3 v
Arctan

1   

4
 or 2

4
3
v is in the third quadrant.
4 4
i
2
cos 3  i sin 3
1  3
8
28. r

62  (
8)2 v
Arctan
6  2
 or 10

100 5.36
v is in the fourth quadrant.
6  8i
10(cos 5.36  i sin 5.36)

Chapter 9 292
  
4   
v
Arctan

1 39. 40.
29. r

(4)2 
 12  2
i 2  2
i 2 
3 3 3 3

17 2.90 5  5 (2.5, 1) 
6 6 6 6
v is in the second quadrant.
4  i
17 (cos 2.90  i sin 2.90) 0 0
 
21
30. r

202 
(21 v
Arctan
2
0   2
 
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
)2 (2, 5
)
4
 or 29

841 5.47 7 11 7 11
6 6 6 6
v is in the fourth quadrant. 4 5 4 5
3
20  21i
29(cos 5.47  i sin 5.47) 3
2
3 3 3
2
3

v
Arctan

2   
4
31. r

(2)2 
 42 
5 5
2
cos 4  i sin 4 2.5(cos 1  i sin 1)

20 or 25  2.03
2 

2
i

2
v is in the second quadrant. 2 2 2.5(0.54  i(0.84))
2  4i
25 (cos 2.03  i sin 2.03)   2

2 i
1.35  2.10i
v
Arctan
3
0
32. r

32  02 41. 2

 42. 2


2 2
3 i 3 3 i 3

9  or 3
0
5  5 
v is on the x-axis at 3. 6 6 6 6
3
3(cos 0  i sin 0) (3, )
0 (5, 0) 0 0

33. r
(4)2  
2 02 v
Arctan    
2 4 6 8 

1 2 3 4 

42

32 or 42 
 7 11 7 11
v is on the x-axis at 42 . 6 6 6 6
42 
42  (cos   i sin ) 4
3 3
5
3
4
3 3
5
3

34. r
0  (2)2
2  2 2

4  or 2 5(cos 0  i sin 0) 3(cos   i sin )

3
Since x
0 when y
2, v
2.
5(1  0)
3(1  0)
3 3
5
3
2i
2
cos 2  i sin 2
43. i
  1
35. 2 2  36. 2 2 
3 i 3 3 i 3 0.44 0.5i


5 (3, 4 )  5 
6 6 6 6
1
0 0
  1 O 0.50 0.39i
1 2 3 4  1 2 3 4  0.60 0.39i
7 11 7 (1,
)
6 11
0.44 0.44i
6 6 6 6
4 5
0.25 i 1
3 4 5
3 3 3 3 3
2 2
44. i i
   
3
cos 4  i sin 4 cos
6  i sin
6 1
  

3
2  i
2
2 2 3 1

2  2i
32 32

2  2 i
37.  38.  1 O 1
2 2  2 2 
3 i 3 3 i 3
5  5 
6 6 6 6
1
0 0
 
1 2 3 4  3 6 9 12  45. i
(10, 6)
7 (2, 4
) 11 7 11 1
6 3 6 6 6
0.5  0.5i
4 5 4 5
3 3 3 3 3 3
2 2
4
2
cos 3  i sin 3
4
10(cos 6  i sin 6) 1 O 1 


2
2  i
2
1 3
10(0.960  i(0.279)) 0.5  0.5i
1
i

1  3
9.60  2.79i

293 Chapter 9
46a. 40∠30°
40(cos 30°  j sin 30°) 51. (6  2i)(2  3i)
12  22i  6i2

40


 j

6  22i
3

2
1

2 
52. x
3 cos  135° y
3 sin  135°

34.64  20j  

3
2
3
2
2 2
60∠60°
60(cos 60°  j sin 60°)


60
2  j
2
1 3 32 32

2
2

30  51.96j 32 32

2 , 2 
 
46b. (34.64  20j)  (30  51.96j)
53. magnitude
 (3)2 
 72

(34.64  30)  (20j  51.96j)
58

64.64  71.96j u  7ju
3, 7
3i
46c. v(t)
r sin (250t  v°) 54. tan 105°
tan (60°  45°)
71.96
r

64.64
2  71
.962 v
Arctan   tan 60°  tan 45°

64.64
1  tan 60° tan 45°
96.73 48° 31
v(t)
96.73 sin (250t  48°)

1  (3)(1)
47. The graph of the conjugate of a complex number is 3  1 1  
3

  
obtained by reflecting the original number about 1  3 1  3


the real axis. This reflection does not change the 3

  3  1  3



modulus. Since the amplitude is reflected, we can
4  23

write the amplitude of the conjugate as the

2
opposite of the original amplitude. In other words,

2  3

the conjugate of r(cos v  i sin v) can be written as
v
r(cos (v)  i sin (v)), or r(cos v  i sin v). 55. w
t
48a. 10(cos 0.7  j sin 0.7) 7.65  6.44j 12(2)

1 or 24
16(cos 0.5  j sin 0.5) 14.04  7.67j
v
rq
48b. (7.65  6.44j)  (14.04  7.67j)

18(24) or 432 cm/s

(7.65  14.04)  (6.44j  7.67j)
432 cm/s
4.32 m/s

21.69  14.11j ohms
14.11
13.57 m/s
2
48c. r
21.69  14
.112

Arctan   12
21.69 56. sin A
1
8
25.88 0.58
A
sin1
3
2
21.69  14.11j
25.88 (cos 0.58  j sin 0.58) ohms
49a. Translate 2 units to the right and down 3 units. A 41.8°
49b. Rotate 90° counterclockwise about the origin. 47. 2a
1  
3a
5 
49c. Dilate by a factor of 3. 2a  1
3a  5
4
a
49d. Reflect about the real axis.
58. as x → , y → ; as x → , y → 
50a. Sample answer: let z1
1  i and z2
3  4i.
z1z2
(1  i)(3  4i) y
2x2  2

1  7i x y

50b. z1
2
cos 4  i sin 4

1.41(cos 0.79  i sin 0.79) 1000 2  106
z2
5(cos 0.93  i sin 0.93) 10 202
z1z2
52  (cos 1.71  i sin 1.71) 0 2

7.07(cos 1.71  i sin 1.71) 10 202
50c. Sample answer: Let z1
2  4i and 1000 2  106
z2
1  3i. Then
z1
25 (cos 5.18  i sin 5.18) 59. In the fourth month, the person will have received
4.47(cos 5.18  i sin 5.18), 3 pay raises.
z2
10
(cos 1.89  i sin 1.89) $500(1.10)3
$665.50
3.16(cos 1.89  i sin 1.89), and The correct choice is D.
z1z2
(2  4i)(1  3i)

10  10i
 

cos 4  i sin 4

102

14.14(cos 0.79  i sin 0.79).
50d. To multiply two complex numbers in polar form,
multiply the moduli and add the amplitudes. (In
the sample answer for 50c, note that 5.18  1.89

7.07, which is coterminal with 0.79.)

Chapter 9 294
 3  2
9-6B Graphing Calculator Exploration: 5. r
4 v
6  3
Geometry in the Complex Plane 3

6 or 2


Page 592
3

4
cos
2  i sin
2
34(0  (1)i)
3
1. They are collinear.
4i
9 
v
4 
2
4
6. r
2 or 2
9 2 11

4  4 or 4
11 11  
2
cos 4  i sin 4
2
2  i
2
2 2

2
  2
i
1  5
7. r
(6)
2 or 3 v
3  6
2 5 7

6  6 or 6
2. Yes. M is the point obtained when T
0, and N is 7 7 
3
cos 6  i sin 6
3
2  i
2
3 1
the point obtained when T
1.
33 3
3. The points are again collinear, but closer together.
2  2i
8. r1
22  (23)2 r2

(3)2  
 (3)2

16
 or 4
12
 or 23
r
4(23) or 83
23 3
v1
Arctan
2 v2
Arctan
3
  
 5

3
6
 5
v
3  6
2 5 7
4. The points are on the line through M and N.
6  6 or 6
5. If one of a, b, or c equals 0, then aK  bM  cN is 7 7 3

cos 6  i sin 6
83

2  i
2
1
83
on KMN. If none of a, b, or c equals 0, then
aK  bM  cN lies on or inside KMN.
12  43
i
6. M is the point obtained when T
0 and N is the 9. E
IZ
11 11  
point obtained when T
1. Thus, a point between
2
cos 6  j sin 6  3
cos 3  j sin 3
M and N is obtained when 0 T 1. 11 
r
2(3) or 6 v
6  3
7. The distance between z and 1  i is 5. This
11 2
defines a circle of radius 5 centered at 1  i.
6  6
8. The distance between a point z and a point at 13 

6 or 6
2  3i is 2.  
z  (2  3i)
2 V
6
cos 6  j sin 6 volts

Products and Quotients of Pages 596–598 Exercises

9-7 10. r
4(7) or 28

v
3  3
2
Complex Numbers in Polar Form 3

3 or 
Pages 596 Check for Understanding 28(cos   i sin )
28(1  i(0))
1. The modulus of the quotient is the quotient of the
28
moduli of the two complex numbers. The 6 3 
11. r
2 or 3 v
4  4
amplitude of the quotient is the difference of the
2 
amplitudes of the two complex numbers.
4 or 2
 
2. Square the modulus of the given complex number 3
cos 2  i sin 2
3(0  i(1))
and double its amplitude.
3i
3. Addition and subtraction are easier in rectangular 1

form. Multiplication and division are easier in 2 1  
12. r

3
or 6 v
3  6
polar form. See students’ work for examples.
2  
 3
6  6 or 6
4. r
2  2 or 4 v
2  2
4

2 or 2
1

6
cos 6  i sin 6
16
23  i
12
3 1
4(cos 2  i sin 2)
4(1  i(0))

12  12 i
 

4

295 Chapter 9
 3
13. r
5(2) or 10 v
  4 24. r1

22  (
2)2 r2
(3)2 
 32
4 3 7
8
 or 22
18
 or 32

4  4 or 4 r
22
(32 ) or 12
7 7 
10
cos 4  i sin 4
10
2  i
2
2 
v1
Arctan
2  2 v2
Arctan

3   
2 2 3


52
  52
i 7 3

4
4
 5
14. r
6(3) or 18 v
3  6 7 3
v
4  4
2 5

6  6 10 

4 or 2
3 

6 or 2  
 
12
cos 2  i sin 2
12(0  i(1))
18
cos 2  i sin 2
18(0  i(1))

12i

18i
3 7  25. r1
 (2)2 )2 r2
(3

 (2  )2  (
2 
32)2
15. r
1 or 3 v
3  2

4 or 2
36
 or 6
14 3 11

6  6 or 6 r
2  6 or 12
v1
Arctan
  2 v2
Arctan

11 11 3 2 3
2
3
cos 6  i sin 6
3
2  i
2
1

2 32

7 5
33

2  2i
3
4
4
7 5
16. r
2(3) or 6 v
240°  60° v
4  4

300° 12

4 or 

6(cos 300°  i sin 300°)
6
 i

1 3

2 2 12(cos   i sin )
12(1  i(0))

3  33
i
12
2
17. r
 7
v
4  4
3
26. r1
 )2
(3  ( 1)2 r2
 
22  (23)2
2

2 4
4 or 2
16
 or 4

4 or  2 1
22 r
4 or 2

 or 2 23

v1
Arctan
  2 v2
Arctan
   2

2 1
2(cos   i sin )
2(1  i(0)) 3

11 5

2
6
3
18. r
3(0.5) or 1.5 v
4  2.5 or 6.5 11
v
6  3
5
1.5(cos 6.5  i sin 6.5) 1.46  0.32i 11 10 
4
6  6 or 6
19. r
1 or 4 v
2  3.6 or 5.6

cos 6  i sin 6
12
23  i
12
1 

4[cos (5.6)  i sin (5.6)] 3.10  2.53i 2
20 4 7 11 
3
20. r
15 or 3 v
6  3
4  4i
1

7 22

  
6 6 27. r1
(4
  )2  
2 )2
(42 r 2

62  62
15 
64
 or 8
72
 or 62 

6 or 2
8
  r

4

3
cos 2  i sin 2 
4
(0
3
 i (1)) 62
4

2 

  
4 32
2 

3i 42 2
2
3 

or 3
6

) or 22
21. r
2(2  v
4  2
3 2 5
v1
Arctan 
4
2
42

 v2
Arctan
6
6


4  4 or 4 3 
5 5  

4
4

cos 
22


2 2
22 
4  i sin 
4 2  i 2 3 
v
4  4

2  2i 2 
 
4 or 2
22. r
2(6) or 12 v
3 
6
2   22 
2 

6  6 or 6
 3
2


 cos   i sin 
2 2 
3 (0  i(1))

2
2
  
3i
12
cos 6  i sin 6
12
2  i
2
3 1

63
  6i
4 5 

23. r
1 or 8 v
3  3

2 4

3
4 4 
8
cos 3  i sin 3
8
2  i
2
1 3

4  43
i

Chapter 9 296
 E 5
28. I
Z 34. r
5 sec
v  6
13 5

 
3  2j r cos
v  6
5
r1
13 r 2

32  (
2)2 5 5
r
cos v cos 6  sin v sin 6  5
0

13
 
3 1
13 2r cos v  2r sin v  5
0
r
 or 13

13 
3 1
2x  2y  5
0
v2
Arctan
3
2
v1
0
x  y 10
0
3
0.59
v
0  (0.59) or 0.59 35. 130˚
I
13
(cos 0.59  j sin 0.59) 3  2j amps x lb x lb
E x lb 23 lb
29. Z

I 23 lb
100 50˚


4  3j
x lb
r1
100 r 2

42  (
3)2 Prop

25
 or 5
100 Since the triangle is isosceles, the base angles are
r
5 or 20 180  50
3 congruent. Each measures 2 or 65°.
v1
0 v2
Arctan
4 23 x

 
0.64 sin 50° sin 65°
v
0  (0.64) or 0.64 23 sin 65°
x sin 50°
z
20(cos 0.64  j sin 0.64) 23 sin 65°

x
sin 50°

16  12j ohms
 27.21 x; 27.21 lb
30. Start at z1 in the complex 2 
plane. Since the modulus 3 i 2
3 36. cos 2x  sin x
1
z1
of z2 is 1, z1z2 and z will 5 z1  1  2 sin2 x  sin x
1
2 6 z1z2 z2 6 2 sin2 x  sin x
0
both have the same
modulus as z1. Then z1z2  0 sin x (2 sin x  1)
0
z1
and z can be located by 1 2 3 4  sin x
0 or 2 sin x  1
0
2  1
rotating z1 by 6 7 11
x
0° sin x
2
6 6
counterclockwise and
4 5
x
30°
clockwise, respectively. 3 3 3 37. y
cos x
2
x
cos y
31a. The point is rotated counterclockwise about the arccos x
y
origin by an angle of v. 38. BC
ED
BE
AF
CD
3
31b. The point is rotated 60° counterclockwise about AB
FE
2
the origin. AC
AB  BC
32. Since a
1, the equation will be the form z2  bz
2  3 or 5
 c
0. The coefficient c is the product of the FD
FE  ED
7 7
solutions, which is 6
cos 6  i sin 6, or
2  3 or 5
33   3i in rectangular form. The coefficient b perimeter of rectangle ACDF
3  5  3  5
is the opposite of the sum of the solutions, so or 16
convert the solutions to rectangular form to do the perimeter of square BCDE
4(3) or 12
addition. 16  12
4
  5 5 The correct choice is C.
b
3
cos 3  i sin 3  2
cos 6  i sin 6
3


2  2i  (3
  i)
3 3

2  3
3
 
2i
2
33
9-8 Powers and Roots of Complex
Therefore, the equation is z2  

3
2  
 3
Numbers
2
33


2 iz  (33  3i)
0. Page 602 Graphing Calculator Exploration
12
33. r

52  (
12)2

Arctan
5  2 1. Rewrite 1 in polar form as 1(cos 0  i sin 0).
Follow the keystrokes to find the roots at 1,
 or 13

169 5.11
0.5  0.87i, and 0.5  0.87i.
5  12i
13(cos 5.11  i sin 5.11)
 
2. Rewrite i in polar form as 1
cos 2  i sin 2.
Follow the keystrokes to find the roots at
0.92  0.38i, 0.38  0.92i, 0.92  0.38i, and
0.38  0.92i.

297 Chapter 9
 

cos 4 

3. Rewrite 1  i in polar form as 2 7. r

02  12 or 1 v
2

.
1


cos
16
2  i sin
16
2

i sin 4 1 6

Follow the keystrokes to find the roots at 1.06   

1
cos 12  i sin 12 

0.17i, 0.17  1.06i, 0.95  0.49i, 0.76 
0.76i, and 0.49  0.95i. 0.97  0.26i
1
4. equilateral triangle 8. r

(2)2 
 (1
)2 or 5
 v
Arctan

2   


5. regular pentagon 2.677945045

1
6. If a  0 and b
0, then a  bi
a. The principal

cos
(
)  i sin (3)(
)
 1

5 3 
3
roots of a positive real number is a positive real
number which would lie on the real axis in a
0.82  1.02i
complex plane. 9. x4  i
0 → x4
i
Find the fourth roots of i.
3
r

02  (
1)2
1 v
2
Pages 604-605 Check for Understanding 1
3 3
1

(i)
1 (cos
2  2n  i sin
2  2n 4

 
4

1. Same results, 4  4i; answers may vary.

3  4n 3  4n
(1  i)(1  i)(1  i)(1  i)(1  i)
cos 8  i sin 8

(1  2i  i2)(1  2i  i2)(1  i) 3 3
x1
cos 8  i sin 8 0.38  0.92i

(2i)(2i)(1  i)
7 7

4(1  i) x2
cos   i sin 
8 8 0.92  0.38i

4  4i 11 11
(1  i)5 x3
cos   i sin 
8 8 0.38  0.92i
 15 15
→ r
2 , v
4 x4
cos   i sin 
8 8 0.92  0.38i
 
(2
cos (5)
  i sin (5)

 )5 
4

4 i
1
0.38  0.92i
5 5

cos 4  i sin 4

42
2 
2 0.92  0.38i

2  i
2

42

4  4i
1 O 1
2. Finding a reciprocal is the same as raising a
number to the 1 power, so take the reciprocal of 0.92  0.38i
the modulus and multiply the amplitude by 1. 0.38  0.92i
3. 1
i
a  ai a  ai
a 10. 2x3  4  2i
0 → x3
2  i
Find the third roots of 2  i.
1
r

(2)2 
 (1
)2
5
 v
Arctan

2   


a O a  3.605240263 1
1
 
(2  i) 3
[5
(cos (v  2i)  i sin (v  2n))] 3
a  ai a  ai 1
v  2n v  2n
) 3
cos 3  i sin 3

a
(5
1

) 3
cos 3  i sin 3
0.47  1.22i

 v v
x1
(5
1
4. Shembala is correct. The polar form of a  ai is v  2 v  2

cos    i sin 

x2
(5
) 3
3 3 1.29  0.20i
 

cos
a2  . By De Moivre’s Theorem,
 i sin  1
v  4 v  4

3 

4 4 x3
(5
) 3
cos 
3
  i sin   0.81  1.02i
 
the polar form of (a  ai)2 is 2a2
cos 2  i sin 2.
 i 0.47  1.22i
Since cos 2
0, this is a pure imaginary number.
1

v
Arctan
 or 6
1
5. r
 )2
(3  (
1)2 or 2
3

 
23
cos (3)
6  i sin (3)
6
 

8 cos
2  i sin
2 1 O 1 
1.29  0.20i


8(0  i (1))

8i 1
5 0.82  1.02i
6. r

32  (  v
Arctan
3
5)2 or 34
1.030376827
34
4 (cos (4)(
)  i sin (4)(v))

644  960i

Chapter 9 298
11. For w1, the modulus
( 0.82  (0.7 v
Arctan

2   
)2)2 or 1.13. 21. r

(2)2 
 12
5
 
1

For w2, the modulus
1.132 or 1.28.

For w3, the modulus
1.282 or 1.64. 2.677945045
1

cos
(v)  i sin
(v)

 1 1
This moduli will approach infinity as the number ( 5
) 4 
4

4
of iterations increases. Thus, it is an escape set.
0.96  0.76i
1
22. r

42  (
1)2
17
 v
Arctan
4
Pages 605–606 Exercises 0.2449786631
 


 (3)

1

cos
(v)  i sin
(v)


12. 33 cos (3) 6  i sin 
6 (17
) 3
1

1

3 3
 



27 cos 2  i sin 2 
1.60  0.13i

v
Arctan
2
4
2

27(0  i(1)) 23. r

22  22
22


27i 1

cos
13
4  i sin
13
4



  (22
) 3

13. 25


cos (5) 4  i sin (5) 4

1.37  0.37i
5 5



32 cos 4  i sin 4  24. r

(1)2 
 (1
)2
 2
 v
Arctan

1   

1
2 
2



32 2  i 2

4
3

162  162i 1

cos
14
34  i sin
14
34


7 ( 2
) 4

v
Arctan


2
14. r
 
(2)  2
22
2 2  
2

4
7 7
0.91  0.61i
)3
cos (3)
9  i sin (3)
4
(22 
21 21 25. r

02  12
1 v
2

cos

162   i sin   1

cos
12
2  i sin
12
2

4 4 

2 2 12




162   i
 
2 2
0.71  0.71i

16  16i 26. x3  1
0 → x3
1
15. r

12  (
3
 )2
2
3

v
Arctan
1
3
 
Find the third roots of 1.

24
cos (4)
3  i sin (4)
3
 r 1

12  02
1 v
0 1
 
4 4 1
[1 (cos (0  2n)  i sin (0  2n))] 3
3

16
cos 3  i sin 3 2n 2n

cos 3  i sin 3

16

1
2 i

3
2  x1
cos 0  i sin 0
1

8  83
i 2 2 1 
3
6
x2
cos 3  i sin 3
2  2i
16. r

32  (
6)2
35
 v
Arctan

3  4 4 1 
3
x3
cos 3  i sin 3
2  2i
1.107148718
)4 (cos (4)(v)  i sin (4)(v))
(35 i
1

567  1944i
 1 
3 i
v
Arctan
2
3
17. r

22  32
13
 2 2

0.9827937232
)2 (cos (2)(v)  i sin (2)(v))
(13 1 O 1

0.03  0.07i
v
Arctan
2
4
18. r

22  42
25
  1 
3 i
2 2

1.107148718 1
(25
) (cos (4)(v)  i sin (4)(v))
4

112  384i

1
2 2
19. 32 5
cos
5
3  i sin
5
3
 1 1

2 2

2
cos 
15  i sin 
15 
1.83  0.81i
20. r
(1)2 
 02
1 v

1

cos
()  i sin
()

 1 1
14  
4 4
 

cos 4  i sin 4
0.71  0.71i

299 Chapter 9
27. x5  1 → x5
1 i


2 

2i

2 

2i
Find the fifth roots of 1.
r
(1)2  02
1 v
 1
1 1
 
(1)
[1 (cos (  2n)  i sin (  2n))]
5 5

  2n   2n

cos 5  i sin 5 1 O 1 
 
x1
cos   i sin 
0.81  0.59i
5 5 1
3 3
x2
cos   i sin 
0.31  0.95i
5 5
5 5


2 

2i

2 

2i
x3
cos   i sin 
1
5 5
7 7 30. x4  (1  i)
0 → x4
1  i
x4
cos   i sin 
0.31  0.95i
5 5 Find the fourth roots of 1  i.
9 9 
x5
cos   i sin 
0.81  0.59i
v
Arctan
1
4
1
5 5 r

12  12
2

1 1
 
(1  i) 4
2

cos
4  2n  i sin
4  2n 4
 
i
1 1
  8n   8n
) 4
cos 16  i sin 16

0.31  0.95i 0.81  0.59i
(2
i
1
0.21  1.07i
1 O 1
1.07  0.21i

0.31  0.95i 0.81  0.59i

1 1 O 1
1.07  0.21i

28. 2x4  128
0 → x4
64

Find the fourth roots of 64. 0.21  1.07i
1
r
642 02
64 v
0
1
 
6 
1.07  0.21i

3
i ) 4
cos 16  i sin 1
x1
(2
2i
2
 1
9 9
) 4
cos 16  i sin 16
0.21  1.07i


2 x2
(2
1
17 17
6  i sin 16 
1.07  0.21i


1
x3
(2
) 4

cos 1 
1
25 25
6 
0.21  1.07i

2

2 2

2 x4
(2
) 4

cos 16  i sin 1
3 2 1 O 1 2 3 31. 2x4  2  23 i
0 → x4
1  3i.
1 Find the fourth roots of 1  3
i.
2 r
(1)2 
 (  )2
2
3
 4
1 

v
Arctan

3
2

2i 
   or 
3 3
1
3


1 1
(1  3
i) 4
  1
64
[64 (cos (0  2n)  i sin (0  2n))] 4 4

2
cos
3  2n  i sin
3  2n 4
4 4 

n n

cos 2  i sin 2
1

22 4  6n 4  6n

2 4
cos 12  i sin 12


x1
22
 (cos 0  i sin 0)
22
 1
4 4

cos 12  i sin 12
0.59  1.03i


 
x1
2 4


cos
x2
22   i sin  
22i 1
10 10
2  i sin 12 
1.03  0.59i

2 2
x2
2 4
cos 1 
x3
22
 (cos   i sin )
22
 1
22 22

cos 12  i sin 12
0.59  1.03i

3 3 x3
2 4
x4
22

 cos 2  i sin 2 
22i 1
28 28
x4
2 4
cos 12  i sin 12
1.03  0.59i


29. 3x4  48
0 → x4
16

Find the fourth roots of 16. i
 1
r
(16) 2  02
16 v
 0.59  1.03i
1 1
 
(16)
[16 (cos (  2n)  i sin (  2n))]
4 4

  2n   2n 1.03  0.59i

2
cos 4  i sin 4
 
x1
2
cos 4  i sin 4
2
  2
i 1 O 1
3 3 1.03  0.59i
x2
2
cos 
4  i sin 
4 
2  2i
5 5
x3
2
cos 
4  i sin 
4 
2  2i 0.59  1.03i
1
7 7
x4
2
cos 
4  i sin 
4 
2  2i

Chapter 9 300
32. Rewrite 10  9i in polar form as 38a. The point at (2, 2) becomes the point at (0, 2).
9 9 From the origin, the point at (2, 2) had a length
 cos
tan1

181    i sin
tan1
.

10 10 of 22  and the new point at (0, 2) has a length
Use a graphing calculator to find the fifth roots at 2
of 2. The dilation factor is 2.
0.75  1.51i, 1.20  1.18i, 1.49  0.78i,
0.28  1.66i, and 1.66  0.25i. 2 y (2, 2)
33. Rewrite 2  4i in polar form as (0, 2) 2 2
25[cos (tan1 (2))  i sin (tan1 (2))]. 1
Use a graphing calculator to find the sixth roots at x
1.26  0.24i, 0.43  1.21i, 0.83  0.97i, 2 1 O 1 2
1.26  0.24i, 0.43  1.21i, and 0.83  0.97i. 1
34. Rewrite 36  20i in polar form as
2
 cos
tan1
9  i sin
tan1
9.
5 5
4106
Use a graphing calculator to find the eighth roots 2
 (cos 45°  i sin 45°)
at 1.59  0.10i, 1.05  1.19i, 0.10  1.59i, 2


2 2
 
2
1.19  1.05i, 1.59  0.10i, 1.05  1.19i,
 
2 2
 i sin
2
0.10  1.59i, and 1.19  1.05i.
0.5  0.5i
35. For w1, the modulus


2 or 0.81.

122 
23

4 38b. 22 (cos 45°  i sin 45°)
 2 1

2(cos 90°  i sin 90°)
For w2, the modulus
(0.81)2 or 0.66. The square is rotated 90° counterclockwise and
For w3, the modulus
(0.66)2 or 0.44. dilated by a factor of 0.5.
This moduli will approach 0 as the number of 39. The roots are the vertices of a regular polygon.
iterations increase. Thus, it is a prisoner set. Since one of the roots must be a positive real
36a. In polar form the 31st roots of 1 are given by number, a vertex of the polygon lies on the
2n 2n positive real axis and the polygon is symmetric
1  i sin 31 , n
0, 1, . . . , 30. Then
cos 3 
2n about the real axis. This means that the non-real
a
cos 31 . The maximum value of a cosine
 
complex roots occur in conjugate pairs. Since the
expression is 1, and it is achieved in this
imaginary part of the sum of two complex
situation when n
0.
conjugates is 0, the imaginary part of the sum of
36b. From the polar form in the solution to part a, we all the roots must be 0.
2n 2n
get b
sin 3 
1 . b will be maximized when 31 is  5
 40. r
2(3) or 6 v
6  3
as close to 2 as possible. This occurs when n
8,  10 11
16
6  6 or 6
so the maximum value of b is sin 3 1 , or about
11 11 
3
6
cos 6  i sin 6
6
2  i
2
0.9987. 1

37. x6  1
0 → x6
1
Find the sixth roots of 1.
33  3i
r
 12  02
1 v
0 41. (2  5i)  (3  6i)  (6  2i)
1

1

(2  (3)  (6))  (5i  6i  2i)
1 6
[1 (cos (0  2n)  i sin (0  2n))] 6
5i
n n

cos 3  i sin 3 42. x
t, y
2t  7
43. cos 22.5°
cos
2
45°
x1
cos 0  i sin 0
1
  1 
3
x2
cos 3  i sin 3
2  2i
2 2 1 3



1  cos 45°
2

x3
cos   i sin 
2  i


3 3 2 2
3 3 1 
x4
cos 
3  i sin 
3
1

2
2
4 4 1 
3
x5
cos   i sin 
2  2i
x6
cos
3
5
  i sin
3
5


1 3
  i


 4 
2  2



3 3 2 2

2  

2


2
44. Find B.
B
180°  90°  81°15


8°45

Find a.
a
tan 81°15

2
8
28 tan 81°15

a
181.9
a

301 Chapter 9
 Find c. 15. Sample answer: (4, 585°), (4, 945°), (4, 45°),
28 (4, 405°)
cos 81°15

c
28 (r, v  360k°)
c
 
cos 81°15
→ (4, 225°  360(1)°) → (4, 585°)
c
184.1 → (4, 225°  360(2)°) → (4, 945°)
45. Let x
the number of large bears produced. (r, v  (2k  1)180°)
Let y
the number of small bears produced.
→ (4, 225°  (1)180°) → (4, 45°)
x  300 y
y  400 1200 → (4, 225°  (1)180°) → (4, 405°)
(300, 900) 
x  y  1200 1000 16. 120
90˚
60 17. 2 
800 ˚ ˚ 2
f(x, y)
9x  5y (800, 400) 3 3
600 5 
f(300, 400)
9(300)  5(400) 400 150˚ 30˚
6 6

4700 200 (300, 400) x 0˚
180˚
f(300, 900)
9(300)  5(900) O 200 600 1000 1 2 3 4 
0
1 2 3 4

7200
f(800, 400)
9(800)  5(400) 210˚ 330˚
7 11

9200 240˚ 300˚ 6 6
270˚ 4 5
Producing 800 large bears and 400 small bears 3 3 3
yields the maximum profit. 2
18. 19. 
46. 0.20(6)
1.2 quarts of alcohol 90˚ 2 2 
120˚ 60˚ 3 3
0.60(4)
2.4 quarts of alcohol
5 
1.2  2.4 3.6

64

1
0
or 36% alcohol 150˚ 30˚ 6 6

The correct choice is A. 0˚ 0

180˚ 
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

210˚ 330˚ 7 11

6 6
Chapter 9 Study Guide and Assessment 240˚
270˚
300˚ 4
3 3
5
3
2
20. 21. 
90˚ 2 2 
Pages 607 Check for Understanding 120˚ 60˚ 3 3
1. absolute value 2. Polar 5 
150˚ 30˚ 6 6
3. prisoner 4. iteration
5. pure imaginary 6. cardioid 180˚
2 4 6 8
0˚  0
8 16 24 32
7. rectangular 8. spiral of Archimedes
210˚ 330˚ 7 11
9. Argand 10. modulus 6 6
240˚ 300˚ 4 5
270˚ 3 3 3
2
Pages 608–610 Skills and Concepts circle Spiral of Archimedes
11. 12. 90˚ 22. 23. 
90˚
120˚ 60˚ 90˚ 2 2 
120˚ 60˚ 120˚ 60˚ 3 3
5 
150˚ 30˚ 150˚ 30˚ 150˚ 30˚ 6 6

0˚ 0˚
180˚
180˚
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 180˚ 0˚  0
B 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8
A
210˚ 330˚ 210˚ 330˚ 210˚ 330˚ 7 11
6 6
240˚ 300˚ 240˚ 300˚ 240˚ 300˚ 4 5
270˚ 270˚ 270˚ 3
3 3
2
13.  14. 
2 2  2 2  limaçon rose
3 3 3 3
5  5  24. x
6 cos 45° y
6 sin 45°

22 
22 
6 6 6 6
C
6
6
0 0

1 2 3 4

1 2 3 4
32 
32

(32, 32)
7 11 7 D 11
6 6 6 6 25. x
2 cos 330° y
2 sin 330°
4
3 3
2
5
3
4
3 3
2
5
3
2
 3

2


2 2
1

3 
1
, 1)
(3

Chapter 9 302
26. x
2 cos
34 y
2 sin
34 34. 3
r cos
v  3


 

2
2
2
2
2 2 0
r cos v cos 3  r sin v sin 3  3
1 3


2 
2
 0
2r cos v  2 r sin v  3
, 2
(2 ) 1 3

0
2x  2 y  3
27. x
1 cos
 y
1 sin

 
 
2 2 0
x  3y  6 or

0
1 x  3y  6
0
35. 4
r cos
v  2
(0, 1) 

28. r
 
(3)2  (
3)2 v
Arctan
3

3
 
0
r cos v cos 2  r sin v sin 2  4

4
 or 23

12 

3 0
0  r sin v  4

23, 43 0
y  4
v
Arctan
5
5
29. r

52  52 0
y  4 or

50
 or 52



4 y4
0
36. i10  i25
(i4)2  i2  (i4)6  i

52, 4
(1)2  (1)  (1)6  i
v
Arctan

3 

1  i
1
30. r

(3)2 
 12  

10 3.16 2.82 37. (2  3i)  (4  4i)
(2  (4))  (3i  (4i))

2  7i
(3.16, 2.82)
38. (2  7i)  (3  i)
(2  (3))  (7i  (i))
v
Arctan
4
2
31. r

42  22
1  6i

20 4.47 0.46 39. i (4  3i)
4i  3i4
3 3
(4.47, 0.46)
4(i)  3(1)
32. 
A2  
B2

22  12
3  4i

5  40. (i  7)(i  7)
i2  14i  49

1  14i  49
Since C is positive, use 5
.
2 1 3

48  14i
  x   y  
0 4  2i 4  2i 5  2i
5 5 5 41. 
5  2i

   
5  2i 5  2i
25 5
 
35
cos f
5, sin f
5, p
5

20  18i  4i2

25  4i2
1
f
Arctan 2
 16  18i

29
27° 16 18

29  29i
Since cos f 0 and sin f 0, the normal lies in
5i 5i 1  
2i
the third quadrant. 42. 
  
1  
2i 1  
2i 1  2
i
f
180°  27° or 207° 5  52
i  i  2
i2

p
r cos (v  f)
1  2i2
35 (5  2
)  (52
  1)i

5

r cos (v  207°)

3
33. 
A2  
B2

32  12 5  2
 1  52


3  3i

10 
v
Arctan
2
2
Since C is positive, use 10
. 43. r

22  22
3 1 4 
 x   y  
0
8
 or 22

4
10
 
10 
10

cos 4  i sin 4

310 
10 2
10  
cos f
10, sin f
1
0
, p
5 22
v
Arctan
1  2
3
1
f
Arctan 3
 44. r

12  (
3)2
18° 

10 5.03
Since cos f 0 and sin f 0, the normal lies in 10
 (cos 5.03  i sin 5.03)
v
Arctan

1 
3

the third quadrant. 45. r

(1)2  
 (3)2  

f
180°  18° or 198°  or 2

4
2

3
p
r cos (v  f)
2
cos 3  i sin 3
2 2

210

r cos (v  198°) 4
5
46. r

(6)2 
 (4
)2 v
Arctan

6   


 or 213

52  3.73
 (cos 3.73  i sin 3.73)
213
1
47. r

(4)2 
 (1
)2 v
Arctan

4   




17 3.39
17
 (cos 3.39  i sin 3.39)

303 Chapter 9
48. r
 42  02 v
0 60. r
( )2 
3  (1
)2
2

16
 or 4 1 
v
Arctan 

3
4(cos 0  i sin 0) 6
 
49. r
 (2  )2  
2 02 v
 27
cos

(7) 6  i sin (7) 6


8 or 22  7 7
22(cos   i sin )

128
cos 6  i sin 6 


128


3 1
50. r

02  32 v


 2  i 2
2

9  or 3
643
  64i
v
Arctan

1   
  1
3
cos 2  i sin 2 61. r

(1)2 
 12
2
 

 3
51. 2  52. 2


4
3 i 2 3 3 i 2 3 3 3
5  5  )4
cos (4)
4  i sin (4)
4
(2
6 ( 2,
6 ) 6 6 6

4(cos 3  i sin 3)

0

0
4
1 2 3 4  1 2 3 4 2
62. r

(2)2 
 (2
)2
22
 v
Arctan

2   

7
6
11
6
7
6 ( 3, 5

3)
11
6
5

4
4 5 4 5 5 5
3 3 3 3 3 3 )3
cos (3)
4  i sin (3)
4
(22
2 2
15 15
  5 5 
cos 4  i sin 4

162


2 cos 6  i sin 6 

3 cos 3  i sin 3  2 

2  i
2
2

162
3 



2 2  i 2
1


1

3 2  i 2
3 


16  16i
3 33

3
i
2  2i 
63. r

02  12
1 v
2
  2
53. r
4(3) or 12 v
3  3 or 3 1
 
1
cos
4
2  i sin
4
2
 1 1
4

2 2


12 cos 3  i sin 3  

cos 8  i sin 8

1


3

12 2  i 2


 0.92  0.38i

v
Arctan

6
1

6  63
i 64. r
 )2
(3  12
2 3

  1
 
2
cos
3
6  i sin
3
6
 1 1
54. r
8(4) or 32 v
4  2 3

3 3  2 3
32
cos 4  i sin 4
1
 

2 3
cos
18  i sin
18


4  4 or 4
2


32
2  i
2 1.24  0.22i
2


162   162 i
55. r
2(5) or 10 v
2  0.5 or 2.5 Page 611 Applications and Problem Solving
10 (cos 2.5  i sin 2.5) 65. lemniscate
8.01  5.98i
v
Arctan
7
5 
125
8 7 5
66. r

752 
1252
56. r
2 or 4 v
6  3

21,25
0  145.77 59.04°
  7 10 
4cos
2  i sin
2
6  6 or 2 (145.77, 59.04°)


4(0  i(1)) 67. r cos
v  2  5
0
 

4i r cos
cos 2  r sin v sin 2  5
0
6 3  
57. r

4 or 
2 v

2  
6 r sin v  5
0
  3   y5
0
3
2
cos  i sin 
 
3

3

6  
6 or 
3 y
5

2
2  i
2
3 1 3 E
68. I
Z
 50  180j
3

4  4i
32
 
4  5j
50  180j 4  5j
58. r
 
2.2
v
1.5  0.6 or 0.9

4  5j  4  5j
 
4.4 or 0.5
200  470j  900j2
0.5 (cos 0.9  i sin 0.9)

16  25j2
0.31  0.39i 1100  470j2


v
Arctan
2
4
2
59. r
 22  22
22  41
  26.83  11.46j amps
)8
cos (8)
4  i sin (8)
4
(2

4096 (cos 2  i sin 2)

4096

Chapter 9 304
Page 611 Open-Ended Assessment 180  (c  b)
180  x
1a. Sample answer: 4  6i and 3  2i x
cb
(4  6i)  (3  2i)
(4  3)  (6i  2i) The correct choice is E.

7  4i 4. Volume

wh
1b. No. Sample explanation: 2  3i and 5  i also 16,500
75  w  10
h
10 ft
have this sum. 16,500
750w
(2  3i)  (5  i)
(2  5)  (3i  (i)) 22
w

7  4i w

75 ft
2a. Sample answer: 4  i The correct choice is A.
1 1 1 10
z
 42  12 5. 
100100 
1099
100100  10100
  

17 9

 
10100
2b. No. Sample explanation: 1  4i also has this
absolute value. The correct choice is A.
z
 12  42 6. Consider the three unmarked angles at the

17 intersection point. One of these angles, say the top
one, is the supplement of the other two unmarked
angles, because of vertical angles. So the sum of
the measures of the unmarked angles is 180°.
The sum of the measures of the marked angles
Chapter 9 SAT & ACT Preparation and the three unmarked angles is 3(180), since
these angles are the interior angles of three
Page 613 SAT and ACT Practice triangles.
1. ∠a and ∠b form a linear pair, so ∠b is m(sum of marked angles) 
supplementary to ∠a. Since ∠b and ∠d are m(sum of unmarked angles)
3(180)
vertical angles, they are equal in measure. So ∠d m(sum of marked angles)  180
3(180)
is also supplementary to ∠a. Since ∠d and ∠f are m(sum of marked angles)
360
alternate interior angles, they are equal. So ∠f is The correct choice is C.
supplementary to ∠a. And since ∠f and ∠h are 7. Subtract the second equation from the first.
vertical angles, ∠h is supplementary to ∠a. The 5x2  6x
70
angles supplementary to ∠a are angles b, d, f, and 5x2  6y
10
h. The correct choice is A.
6x  6y
60
2. Draw the given triangle and draw the height h x  y
10, so 10x  10y
100.
from point B. The correct choice is E.
B 8. Since ∠B is a right angle, ∠C is a right angle also,
because they are alternate interior angles.
In the triangle containing ∠C, 90  x  y
180 or
8
h x  y
90.
The straight angle at D is made up of 3 angles.
x˚
120  x  x
180
A 10 C
2x
60 or x
30
The answer choices include sin x. Write an x  y
90
expression for the height, using the sine of x. (30)  y
90
h 1
sin x
8 A
2bh y
60
1 The correct choice is B.
8 sin x
h
2 (10)(8 sin x)
9. In the slope-intercept form of a line, y
mx  b,

40 sin x m represents the slope of the line, and b
The correct choice is B. represents the y-intercept. Since the slope is
3
3. Since PQRS is a parallelogram, sides PQ and SR given as 2, the slope-intercept form of the line is
3
are parallel and m∠Q
m∠S
b. y
2x  b.
M Q Since (–3, 0) is on the line, it satisfies the
3 9
c˚ T b˚ equation. 0
2(–3)  b. So b
2.
x˚ The correct choice is D.
P
R 10. Note that consecutive interior angles are
a˚
O supplementary.
S N 110  2x
180 y  x
180
2x
70 y  (35)
180
In SMO, c  b  a
180 or a
180  (c  b). x
35 y
145
Also, x  a
180 or a
180  x since consecutive The answer is 145.
interior angles are supplementary.

305 Chapter 9