Studyguide​

_________________________________

United Nations Security Council

“Navigating the Risks of Outer Space Militarization and

Governance“
 Chair: Laura Dinhani​
Chair: Leonardo Toledo
 Summary​
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1. Greeting Letter................................................................................................................ 5
2. Committee History .......................................................................................................7
3. Introduction Letter ...................................................................................................... 8
4. Topic Overview ............................................................................................................. 9
4.1 Historical Context...........................................................................................................................10
4.2 Current Situation........................................................................................................................... 13
4.3 Further Possible Problems..................................................................................................... 15
5. The Role of Geography...............................................................................................16
6. Private Initiatives......................................................................................................... 17
7. Most Relevant Existing Treaties and Entities....................................................20
8. Countries’ Positions.................................................................................................... 21
8.1 The United States of America.................................................................................................21
8.2 Germany............................................................................................................................................. 22
8.3 Russia....................................................................................................................................................23
8.4 Japan.................................................................................................................................................... 24
8.5 The United Kingdom................................................................................................................. 24
8.6 The United Arab Emirates...................................................................................................... 25
8.7 Kingdom of Norway....................................................................................................................25
8.8 Brazil......................................................................................................................................................26
8.9 Egypt.....................................................................................................................................................27
8.10 Nigeria................................................................................................................................................27
8.11 China.................................................................................................................................................... 28
8.12 France................................................................................................................................................. 28
8.13 Sweden.............................................................................................................................................. 29
8.14 India.....................................................................................................................................................30
8.15 Canada................................................................................................................................................ 31
8.16 South Korea..................................................................................................................................... 31
 8.17 Argentina..........................................................................................................................................32
8.18 South Africa.................................................................................................................................... 33
8.19 Mexico.................................................................................................................................................33
8.20 Algeria...............................................................................................................................................34
8.21 Islamic Republic of Iran..........................................................................................................34
8.22 Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela................................................................................... 35
8.23 Djibouti............................................................................................................................................. 36
8.24 Finland..............................................................................................................................................36
8.25 Cuba....................................................................................................................................................37
8.26 Bolivia................................................................................................................................................ 37
8.27 Italy...................................................................................................................................................... 38
8.28 Austria............................................................................................................................................... 38
8.29 Australia........................................................................................................................................... 39
8.30 Vietnam...........................................................................................................................................40
9. Guiding Questions.......................................................................................................41
10. Bibliography................................................................................................................42
 1. Greeting Letter​
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Dear Delegates,

We are very pleased to have you all with us at this year’s United Nations
Security Council at POSMUN! In the following pages you will find the first bit
of information that will guide you during the debate. The chairs have worked
enthusiastically on writing the Background Guide and are confident it will set
you off to a great start, even though we encourage you to further your
research even more. Now, to the introductions.

As one of your chairs, Laura, I am honored to coordinate such an important

committee! Despite it being my last POSMUN, it is my first time being a chair
and I hope we can all get along. Remember to be well prepared for the
debate, but these events are also all about making friends and new
experiences! Enjoy the time you have with us. I wish you all the best of luck!

I’m Leonardo Toledo, from the Colegio Visconde de Porto Seguro, and this will
be my fourth time participating in a Model UN, and the first as a chair. As a
tennis player, I know it’s hard sometimes to deal with pressure and with
everybody watching you play – in our case speaking of our country’s position –
but I have a tip for you. Take a deep breath and try to forget about everything
that is out of your control and, most importantly, have fun! Enjoying this
moment of your life is crucial for your future development, so take this
opportunity and embrace it.

We are very happy to present the council with this topic, which becomes
more relevant with every year to pass. The exploration of space is no news, its
weaponization is, however, very particular and therefore makes an interesting
debate. The chairs hope all delegates can leave having learned something
new and wish wholeheartedly that all can actively join us in the discussion.
We look forward to meeting you soon.
PS: The guide is planned so that not only can you learn about the topic, but
also about the council! We recommend reading all of it in its original order.

Kind Regards,

Laura F. Dinhani, Co-Chair of the United Nations Security Council

Leonardo B. Toledo, Co-Chair of the United Nations Security Council

 2. Committee History ​
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The Security Council is one of the permanent organs of the United Nations,
having been founded in 1945 after World War II, and has as its main goal to
keep worldwide stability and security through international conferences. It is
constituted by five permanent members: People's Republic of China, the
Russian Federation, the United States of America, the Republic of France and
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. These nations
have veto power in the debate, which means they can block a resolution with
which they do not agree. Further member nations can vary over time, since
they can only be elected every two years for a term by the General Assembly.
Ten are chosen so that there is approximately an even worldwide distribution
present in the discussion. Recently, the UNSC has also faced criticism for the
lack of representation of Latin America and Africa, which have no permanent
members inside the committee. Its most recent meeting was set for February
10th, 2025, which aimed to discuss threats that terrorist acts pose to
international peace and stability.

The primary goal of the Security Council will always be to seek peaceful
resolutions through its discussions. To achieve this, countries are allowed to
appeal to peacekeeping operations, which can be reinforced through UN
peacekeeping troops or council authorized military interventions in response
to aggression. Furthermore, the imposition of economic sanctions is also a
tool against groups and countries that threaten global stability. It is, however,
crucial to remember that these measures are reserved only for the Security
Council, as it is the only committee with the power to bind its members to its
resolution.

In conclusion, the main goal of the Security Council is to secure international

stability, but the imbalance of power within the council can make the debate
ineffective. For this reason, one of the most important things is ensuring a
cooperative and respectful environment.

3. Introduction Letter ​
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Dear Delegates,

It is our honor to welcome you and present this year’s Study Guide for
POSMUN’s UNSC. During the days of discussion, we gather to analyze one of
the most pressing, rapidly changing ordeals for global security. Now, the task
is to develop some resolutions to ensure that the space environment stays
more peaceful for generations to come.

The space domain has recently faced many challenges that continuously
grow, sparking international concern: new dangerous technological
advancements, the alarming number of non-state and governmental actors
involved, and controversial measures proposed in meetings. While space has
long been perceived as an area for peaceful scientific progress, the threat of
military confrontation in this area is a serious threat to peace between
nations. From anti-satellite (ASAT) weapons to cyber threats targeting civilian
infrastructure, the conflictual context now demands new comprehensive
resolutions, which can only be achieved through diplomatic approaches.

Throughout our discussions, you, as a delegate defending a country’s position,

must reach a balance between national interests, scientific advancements,
and, most importantly, the preservation of outer space as a global
community. The Outer Space Treaty of 1967, for instance, provides a basic
foundational framework, but modern tensions necessitate some updated
regulations and stronger international collaboration to maintain space
secureness. As delegates, it is essential that you explore diplomatic solutions
that reinforce security while also making sure space remains a domain for
peaceful exploration and cooperation.

We encourage each of you to engage in constructive dialogue, consider

diverse perspectives, and seek solutions that uphold the principles of
diplomacy while still following your country’s position. Will outer space
become the next battleground for international conflict, or can the nations
rise to safeguard a peaceful future?

4. Topic Overview ​
_________________________________

Introduction to the topic

Throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, space has changed from a place of
scientific discovery to a potential area of competition. Major countries, like the
USA, China, and Russia, started investing heavily in satellite technology,
missile defense systems, and anti-satellite weaponry. The dual use of these
special instruments, serving both civilian and military applications, has been
complicating some countries’ efforts to achieve international stability and
security, as one small mistake can bring severe consequences for everyone.
The challenges posed by space have a very high potential for risk, which
includes an arms race, satellite network infrastructure attacks, and
geopolitical tension escalations. With the establishment of the United States
Space Force in 2019, there is further evidence regarding a commitment to
orbital active warfare by the US military. On the other hand, China is
developing ASAT capabilities, which have been showcased through satellite
destruction in orbit. Russia has also been claimed to have tested space
weapons, such as the reported placing of a military satellite in orbit in 2020. At
last, India did its own ASAT test in 2019, which further raised concerns over the
spread of such technologies as well as the dangers posed by the debris. These
are all examples of how some important countries that have a big role in
space are being affected.

In addition, it is important to highlight how militarization and weaponization

of space differentiate themselves: militarization does not necessarily mean
aggressive use, as surveillance, monitoring, and research are tools that can be
considered military. Weaponization, however, is the placement of weapons in
space, them being nuclear, ballistic, or even the usage of space objects as
armament in a conflictual context.

That said, the lines between scientific, military, and hostile purposes can blur
out very quickly, since these aspects all involve different degrees of threat and
exposure. The legal gaps in space regulations facilitate confusion regarding
the use of this technology, leading to unethical interpretations of the
regulation, thus contributing to the threat of a space arms race. Since the
start of space exploration in the 20th century, today nearly 80 countries have
established their own space agency, which indicates a growing interest not
only in space resources but also in its governance. Hence, the discussion of
such measures is indispensable when it comes to the pacification and
stabilization of outer space environments.
4.1 Historical Context
Cold war

The beginning of space being viewed as a potential battlefield started with

the Cold War because of its competition between the US and Soviet Union,
apart from their requirements for strategic military monitoring,
communication, and activities. The 1957 launch of the Sputnik 1 satellite by
the USSR not only raised the prospect of space being yet another theater for
conflict but also escalated the competition among the superpowers in the
sphere of military technology. As a counter-response, the US launched space
satellite surveillance systems. An example of these reconnaissance programs
was the U.S. Corona Project, which sought to collect intelligence on the
opposing superpowers’ capabilities.

Furthermore, societies started having fears regarding the possibility of war in

space, directing the countries to start more negotiations throughout the
1960s to ensure that armed confrontations did not take place in outer space.
The United Nations adopted the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, which was
extremely effective in prohibiting nuclear weapons from space as well as
military base sites on planets. The treaty was, of course, a great advancement,
but it contained loopholes regarding conventional weapons as well as military
operations, which were used by both parties during their competition.

Besides, space remained crucial to the objectives of both countries in the

Cold War strategy during the 1970s and 1980s. The USA and USSR both
possessed anti-satellite (ASAT) capabilities, and in 1983, the United States
alone launched the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), which aimed to utilize
space to implement missile defense systems. As SDI was never fully realized
due to financial and political risks, it showcased the ambitions to fuel the
arms race into space. Even with these strains, attempts to control outer space
were still being made.

The U.S. and the USSR signed the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty in 1972,
which prohibited the construction and deployment of missile defense shields,
including those in outer space. This obviously did not completely rule out the
prospect of weapon systems in space in the future. The latter half of the
decade witnessed increasing ASAT tests by both nations, which also raised
new issues regarding space debris as well as the long-term sustainability of
space activities.

The end of the Cold War during the early 1990s saw an increased interest in
space regulation. Although there were steps made towards strengthening
arms control through the 1994 UN General Assembly Disarmament
Conference, there were still no steps taken to construct measures which
would decisively create control over space arms. No new binding treaties were
implemented to further limit the militarization of space while the military
continued to depend on space-based resources.

China and its involvements

Since the Cold War, China has started investing heavily in space militarization.
Initially, this powerful country stayed behind the U.S. and the Soviet Union in
the point of space technology, but it quickly advanced, launching its first
satellite, Dong Fang Hong 1, in 1970. In the next decades, China continued
focusing on the development of independent satellite and missile programs,
together with ballistic missile technology that has potential military
applications. By the early 2000s, the creation of the China National Space
Administration (CNSA) brought a strong presence of China in space, aiming to
integrate both military and civilian programs to help its society.

Furthermore, China’s most significant risky action regarding space

militarization happened in 2007, when it successfully tested an ASAT missile
that ended up destroying one of its own satellites and creating a large debris
field, raising global concerns. Despite all this, China remains a key country in
this militarization and regulatory discussions of outer space.
Other Countries

France, Germany, and Japan had important but different roles in a future of
space militarization and governance. In the past, the Five Eyes alliance
existed: The UK put an emphasis on intelligence-sharing, notably with the
United States, and developed the Skynet military satellite system. France, now
more self-reliant, emerged as a leader in European military space capabilities,
launching Asterix in 1965 and developing reconnaissance satellites such as
Helios, while pushing for European strategic autonomy. Accordingly,
Germany, which was limited after World War II, initially focused on peaceful
exploration in space but later assisted in space surveillance and tactical
military intelligence satellites such as NATO or SAR-Lupe. Japan, also
constrained after the war, concentrated on civilian space projects through
JAXA but began entering into military reconnaissance as regional threats
developed, such as the tensions between North and South Korea, launching
intelligence satellites, and establishing its Space Operations Squadron in
2020.

All four countries have engaged in advocacy for diplomatic approaches to

regulating military activity in the space domain at the same time that they
have developed military space capabilities. France, for instance, has engaged
more with military space strategy, even developing ASAT, while the UK has
joined in but with a quasi-military defense posture, and Germany and Japan
have operated mostly from their defensive frameworks. But rising
geopolitical tensions have led these countries to modernize their space
defense systems, bringing their international governance work in line with
heightened concerns about security.

India, Brazil, South Korea, and Argentina made strides in their space programs
that have both peaceful and military applications, with India testing an ASAT
weapon in 2019 and South Korea developing military surveillance satellites.
Egypt, Nigeria, Algeria, and South Africa emphasized satellite programs for
communication, environmental monitoring, and regional security during the
following decade; South Africa transitioned from previous missile research to
peaceful uses of space. Space surveillance, intelligence sharing and military
satellite operations were heavily bolstered by Sweden, Norway, and Canada,
often in cooperation with NATO and the U.S.

Meanwhile, the UAE and Mexico set civilian space projects on the priority list,
but their capabilities have advanced since then with a growing interest from
the UAE in space security. A large number of these nations advocate
demilitarization, while the others invest in defense-oriented space
technologies, thereby shaping the global debate on space governance. Their
involvement speaks to the extent that space is no longer a strategic domain
of superpowers but now extends to emerging players who seek technological
advancement and security.

4.2 Current Situation

As previously stated, the search for space development and governance has
created a new threat to all countries on Earth: a new arms race, this time
involving space weapons instead of conventional ones. Due to the Outer
Space Treaty (1957), no country officially deploys weapons in space territory,
but the challenge here really is to define which line can or cannot be crossed
when it comes to this environment: how quickly can peaceful use turn
hostile?

Recently, this question has been raised in UN discussions by several countries

with space programs, such as Egypt and Nigeria, who fear mainly military
mobilization in space. The development of anti-satellite (ASAT) weapons has
sparked concern in the latest context with new developments recently outed.
The Russian Federation, for example, started in 2024 tests of advanced,
nuclear-powered ASATs, which could violate the Outer Space Treaty (1967) if
thrown into orbit. Not only Russia, but the French Republic, the United States,
the People’s Republic of China, and India have also developed ASAT
technology and thus have destructive power over space if need be. These
include tools to deactivate or destroy other satellites, apart from other
self-defense mechanisms.

Moreover, these advancements not only have the power to start outer space
conflict, but they can also influence civilian daily life directly. GPS systems,
telecommunications, and meteorological devices can all be deeply affected
by ASATs, as their activity relies mainly on satellite activity. This means a space
conflict could lead to great destabilization of whole nations on Earth. Not to
mention other objects present in outer space, which in zero gravity could
easily be turned into weapons if force is used against them.

The most relevant issue in present discussions is the definition of what

aggressive use is. Currently, there are not enough regulations to completely
protect countries from these threats, since most drafts go against some
nations’ policies or goals. In 2008, the People's Republic of China and the
Russian Federation together submitted to the UN GA a draft for an outer
space treaty, which predicted a legally binding prohibition of weapon
placement in space, the use of force against space objects and other activities
that went against the “intent” of this draft. Other nations, mainly the United
States, were intensely skeptical of such a suggestion since both submitting
countries had already started the development of ASAT technology. Naturally,
the draft did not pass, although it was backed by 35 other members. Despite
this and many other efforts to reach an agreement on the matter, achieving
an universally legally binding instrument continues to be a challenge, and as
a result, no comprehensive, binding agreement has been established to date.

Eastern major countries are not the only ones committed to space
weaponization: the United States has shown conviction in its enhanced space
development plans. Since Trump’s first mandate, when the US Space Force
was created, the United States started investing heavily in the development of
this branch, signaling recognition of the threat of a conflict. This effort was not
as actively shown during Biden’s time in office, but promises to come back in
2025 with the return of Mr. Trump. Even so, the United States of America has
and continues to show interest in the development of space weapons, having
already claimed to think of space as the next battlefield.
Looking at other countries, ones that don’t have as much development of
space technology, it is possible to see a big interest in joining the scenery of
these advancements. African countries, mainly Nigeria and Algeria, have
started investing great amounts in this branch, founding their own space
agencies and encouraging other nations of the continent to do the same.
They received major help from the Chinese government, which took
advantage of the fading presence of the United States in the region, setting
the ground for a great alliance between the parties. Latin America, on top of
that, is also motivated when it comes to developing this part of business, with
Brazil becoming the Latin country which most invests in space technology.
Other governments, like the Argentinian and Mexican, also aim to advance in
the field. These nations, however, have encountered ordeals when it comes to
this evolution, as there is a deficiency in funds and expertise to properly
provide for research and expansion. The intent remains, nonetheless.

4.3 Further Possible Problems

There's a serious risk to global security and stability that has grown
considerably with the militarization of outer space. With a growing threat
from multiple countries developing and deploying anti-satellite (ASAT)
weapons and other military space operatives and with a lot of different
regulations still unclear, there is no telling what the outcome could be outside
of the earthly platform. An absence of rigorous governance may pressure
countries to align with militarization, subsequently creating an environment
full of tension as nations feel the need not to stay behind and invest in military
assets in outer space. Furthermore, the absence of universally accepted
definitions of what constitutes peaceful versus hostile space activities permits
the excess of legal loopholes to serve as justification for the strengthening of
the military presence in space under the aegis of self-defense.

Beyond direct military conflict, however, there is great potential for severe
civilian consequences. An orbital encounter between satellites for military
purposes would in turn affect GPS, telecommunications, and weather
forecasting, threatening national security in addition to disrupting vital global
operations. Destruction of satellites would lead to enormous satellite debris,
turning into threats of collision and making the orbits surrounding the Earth
even more dangerous for both military and commercial purposes.
Furthermore, the possible use of non-traditional space weapons, such as
cyber attacking space infrastructure, could indeed lead to unpredictable,
enormous disruptions.

Geopolitical rivalry and national interests in conflict have precluded the efforts
to negotiate a binding agreement on outer space regarding militarization.
While certain countries would push for stricter regulations, some see space as
a future battlefield and may thus want to avoid putting any limitations on
military expansion. This is further complicated by private space companies, for
their growing influence raises questions of accountability should space
conflict occur. Without a comprehensive and enforceable international
regime, there is a real danger that space will fall into militarization, with failure
of the tension leading to conflict that could spell disaster for the security of
humanity at large.

5. The Role of Geography​

_________________________________

Another essential aspect of the space arms race is the placement of bases
and launch facilities on earth. Not only do they influence the location of
satellites and space equipment in orbit, but some areas, such as those close
to the equator, provide launching advantages due to earth’s rotational speed.
This can reduce the amount of fuel required for launches and maximize a
nation’s capacities. The five most used spaceports in the world are Kourou
(French Guiana), Cape Canaveral/Kennedy Space Center (Florida), Vandenverg
(California), Baikonur (Kazakhstan) and Plesetsk (Russia).

These terrestrial bases are crucial when operating, tracking and

communicating with space equipment in orbit. For those reasons, their
strategic placement is vital for a country to control and respond to global
events and casualties with ease. This also enables a country to swiftly
coordinate civilian services, such as telecommunications and forecasts, within
its borders.

Lastly, the need for this strategic placement also shifts geopolitical dynamics.
This happens mostly because countries with more resources seek to build
their bases inside the borders of equatorial countries, which tend to accept
collaborations to benefit from this market. Thus, new alliances and pacts are
not uncommon in the space field.

For a more detailed and complete overview of the space base locations, the
delegates can access this online map of documented space facilities!

[Link]
 6. Private Initiatives​
_________________________________

The increasing militarization of space has sparked a new private market of

space industry. This includes manufacturing equipment, investment in the
market, etc. This has created many opportunities not only for governments,
which can reduce costs by harvesting investment in the field, but also for a
country’s economy and the increased access people now have to this sector.
These new partnerships have sparked many new concerns, such as
accountability for space activities, conflicts of interest and even potential
conflicts between international companies.

Nowadays more than 10,000 companies compose the global space sector,
which collectively are valued at 4 trillion American dollars. In addition, more
than 50% of these are American companies, which shows that despite global
activity, the United States is still way ahead of other countries when it comes
to the space private sector. The second leading country is the United
Kingdom, with 612 companies, still almost 10 times less than the US. Mostly,
the North American market is driven by substantial investments from the U.S.
Department of Defense and NASA. Europe and Asia-Pacific are also
significant contributors, with countries like China, Russia, and India
expanding their military space capabilities.

This new industry has developed a wide range of services, such as launching,
manufacturing, analytics and even tourism. This brings a huge versatility to
the market, serving both governmental and civilian purposes. This way, the
growing geopolitical tension must deal not only with governance aspects, but
a whole new market boosting global economy and capitalization of the space
arms race. This takes the concept of military competition and puts it in the
capitalistic context of a parallel economic race. This could arouse conflicts of
interest between companies and their respective countries, which could have
diverging goals regarding economic growth and the safeguard of national
interests.

Further challenges for the development of the industry would be the legal
framework that hinders militarization in space, in addition to the high costs of
equipment production, research and maintenance. Currently there are
different options for this, such as bilateral government-company investment
and international partnerships. Another less regarded, but also important,
aspect would be the sustainability of the market, which produces tons of
space debris and therefore is not environmentally sustainable.

Nevertheless, the private sector also brings many advantages to a country. It

can encourage innovation in the sector, pushing manufacturers to develop
new and revolutionary technologies. Moreover, investment from private
companies can greatly relieve governments of the absurdly high costs of
maintaining a position in the outer space arms race. These collaborations
between private companies and national defense agencies highlight the
evolving landscape of space militarization, where private sector innovation
plays a crucial role in advancing military capabilities.
Via: The Business Research Company

Via: Forbes
 7. Most Relevant Existing Treaties and
Entities​
_________________________________

The Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT) – 1963

This treaty, being the first relevant agreement regarding space affairs and
established after the Second World War, bans nuclear tests in outer space,
underwater, and in the atmosphere. Although not specifically directed to
space activities, this effort has set the ground for the start of space being seen
as a military zone and how its weaponization should be avoided.

Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space (PAROS) – Ongoing

The PAROS agreement is an ongoing treaty proposed by the UN, although

not yet legally binding for member nations. Its measures aim to prevent
direct and indirect weaponization of space through international
collaborations and prohibitions. It has not yet passed due to a US block, which
claims to have verification concerns.

The Outer Space Treaty (OST) – 1967

The Outer Space Treaty is one of the most, if not the most, relevant
agreement regarding space activities. Being the only binding treaty proposed
by UN member nations, it outlines that space is free to use and explore by all
countries on earth, which means the space domain shall not be subject to
national appropriation. The placement of any kind of weapons of mass
destruction in orbit or celestial bodies is also prohibited, as the treaty’s key
point is that space should remain free from hostile purposes.

The Liability Convention – 1972

This convention predicts that all countries hold liability for any damage done
against another nation’s property and discusses compensation in such a case.

The Registration Convention – 1976

This convention foresees that all countries should provide reports on all
objects sent into orbit or placed in celestial bodies in order to enhance
transparency policies and international collaboration.

Committee of disarmament and international security

This important UN committee is set to develop resolutions against

international disarmament and instability, which makes it a helpful organ
when advocating against space militarization and weaponization. Its
measures are, however, not binding and can only make recommendations to
the UNSC.
 8. Countries’ Positions​
_________________________________

8.1 The United States of America

Since space exploration became possible, the United States had already
pioneered space research and development. The involvement of this nation in
these affairs has only evolved ever since, with a current investment of nearly
five billion dollars in the domain and several plans for scientific improvements.

The militarization of space is also a key point in the USA’s strategies, as the US
Space Force and government continue to see space as a critical domain for
national security. Although the country claims to have mostly defensive
purposes, mainly against Eastern powers, the nation maintains its own
interests in militarization and will not stay behind in the race for space
influence. This commitment is shown through the development of ASAT
technology, self-defense mechanisms, and the amplification of satellites sent
into orbit, among other strategies.

Furthermore, according to the US government, this year the American Space

Policies are changed to more effectively protect American interests in the
area, in addition to a Commercial Space Strategy created to align interests
with private and commercial companies that deal with space affairs.

To sum up, the United States of America is deeply reinforcing its space
strategy organization, with new advancements not only in agreements with
private companies but in seeking international support as well. Although
committed to scientific research, the country seems to be most interested in
defense mechanisms and reinforcement of its space military, nonetheless.
8.2 Germany
In recent times Germany is also one of the countries that have shown interest
in space investment. This nation has shown itself as a key actor of cooperation
through its involvement in space dynamics. Its full membership in the
European Space Agency (ESA) showcases the German will to be present in
the scenery.

Germany aspires to maintain its position as a guarantor of European security,

remaining one of the most relevant global role models. To achieve this, it
must first recognize the importance of protecting its own interests in space,
something that has only recently started to appear in German plans. The new
Space Strategy submitted by the country in 2024 is a showcase of
encouragement in the field, although there are many challenges yet to be
overcome. On top of that, Germany has also collaborated with the United
States of America regarding defensive mechanisms by joining the
Multinational Operation OLYMPIC DEFENDER, which aims to reinforce
alliances to ensure that the space community remains peaceful, deterring
aggression. This deal can also be seen as a demonstration of the strong
alliances among NATO members in the space field.

In summary, Germany is proactively advancing its exploration and defense

capabilities to effectively address contemporary challenges while also
recognizing the importance of its own interests in the field. The nation
advocates for a balanced use of the outer space domain, promoting stability
in the region.

8.3 Russia
The Russian military strategy is globally known to be one of the most
straightforward: throughout the last decades, this federation has shown
strong commitment to protecting its interests in several conflictual situations.
In the space field, naturally, it is no different, with Russia being one of the
most advanced countries in the prospect of a new space arms race.

In the next year, the Russian Federation has planned to allocate more than
337 billion Russian rubles in space activities, something that makes very clear
the Russian desire to thrive in the domain. Moreover, the Russian government
is eager to collaborate with friendly nations, having already sent international
co-developed satellites into orbit and collaborated with the European Space
Agency (ESA), even with the United States of America.

Although the Russian Federation has aimed for cooperation and peace, it also
sets goals for space militarization: Russia is one of the few countries that most
invests in military space technology, having already developed and tested
ASAT weapons, nuclear-based ASATs, and appropriated air-defense systems
designed to contain attacks coming from the space field.

In conclusion, Russia is actively pursuing not only scientific advancements but

also the intense development of military technology, which makes this nation
one of the most relevant countries in the space field.

8.4 Japan
The Japanese nation is known to make investments mostly in the scientific
field. Satellite and rocket development, space investigation, and research are
all aspects that seem most relevant to Japan, as funding in these fields is
continuously growing. This country also collaborates deeply with its private
entities, thus receiving billions from them in investment.

The Japanese militarization happens mainly through international

cooperation, specifically with the United States of America. The US Space
Force has units and bases in Japan, with the primary goal of expanding
air-defense facilities and strengthening the US-Japan alliance. Other efforts
include the launch of a Japanese American satellite, set to deliver information
on Space Surveillance Networks.
Ultimately, Japan is enhancing its space exploration and defense capabilities
through scientific advancements, private sector partnerships, and mainly
international collaborations, particularly with the United States. These efforts
demonstrate Japan's commitment to securing its interests in the evolving
space domain and concern involving new stability challenges.

8.5 The United Kingdom

The United Kingdom is set to proactively evolve its space business, funding,
and defense. It is one of the nations that seems most committed to these
advancements as of 2025. Only in February has the country already held two
separate space conventions, gathering experts from all over the country to
discuss the space programs’ future development. There is also a new satellite
launch set for mid-2025.

The British government is also eager to enhance its military assets, having
already planned controlled missile defense tests, live fire drills, and
real-world-based training, ensuring readiness against evolving threats. Not
only that, but this nation is also collaborating greatly with its private entities to
successfully boost its economic growth while also expressing concern over
the prospect of the space arms race. Being a full member of the European
Space Agency also demonstrates a proactive approach to international
cooperation.

The UK's approach to space in 2025 reflects a balanced plan for commercial
growth and national security. By investing in cutting-edge technologies,
evolving industry actors, and fostering collaboration with the ESA, the UK
aims to solidify its position as a leading spacefaring nation, especially in the
current context of instability.
8.6 The United Arab Emirates
The United Arab Emirates has shown itself as an interested spacefaring nation
in recent times. In January 2025, the UAE successfully launched multiple
satellites with various goals that include observation, telecommunications,
and scientific research facilities. These efforts have marked important steps in
the country’s path to development.

The UAE Space Agency has established over 30 agreements with major
international space companies, including NASA, JAXA, Roscosmos, and the
Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). These partnerships show
dedication to global affairs, with projects addressing education, research,
security, and many more areas.

The UAE continues to enhance its defense capabilities through strategic

investments and international collaborations, although it hasn’t shown a very
advanced military system. Its strategy consists mostly of collaboration with
private entities and friendly allies. The country can, nonetheless, still become a
protagonist in the space field if it continues this proactive pursuit.

8.7 Kingdom of Norway

Norway is actively advancing its space exploration and defense capabilities in
its new strategic framework. This includes partnerships with the United States
and the amplification of bonds between industry, academia, and national
security.

In January 2025, Norway and the United States signed a Technology

Safeguards Agreement (TSA), which authorizes American activity, such as
satellite launches, in the Norwegian platform in Andoya. The partnership does
not end there, as a joint satellite launch is scheduled for late 2025.

Norway's satellite program is mainly targeting activities in the High North,

due to the area’s great contribution to national economy and strategies.
Because of that, military and logistic affairs have been a great part of the
nation’s space program.

Furthermore, projecting $60 billion over 12 years, the new Norwegian space
plan foresees investments in security and defense mechanisms, set in April
2024. It emphasizes the advancement of military space operations and the
development of new satellite systems, underscoring Norway's commitment
to strengthening its infrastructure.

8.8 Brazil
Brazil’s history with space development dates back to the last century, since
the country always tried to be proactive in various areas of knowledge and
advancements. Its efforts include earth observation, multi-use launch
platforms, defense systems, and many more. The nation also strives for global
cooperation while also safeguarding its own interests.

As one of Brazil’s major allies, the Chinese participate in the biggest

collaboration of Brazilian space projects, the Sino-Brazilian Earth Resources
Satellite (SBERS), having already launched six satellites born from this
partnership. This collaboration demonstrates the closeness of these two
nations not only in other fields but also in space affairs. Brazil is also preparing
for other future space missions in 2025.

Lastly, Brazil aims to become the first Latin American country to complete an
orbital launch from its own territory. The Alcântara Launch Center, due to its
equatorial location, provides advantage for satellite launches. Turning
Alcântara into a center for orbital launches in the Southern Hemisphere is
now a major goal of the Brazilian plan.
8.9 Egypt
Egypt has been involved in space exploration since the 1960s, officially
establishing the Egyptian Space Agency (EgSA) in 2018 to enter the space
industry. The country has focused on satellite technology, launching
EgyptSat-1 in 2007 and collaborating with China to build space infrastructure
within its borders. The Chinese influence in Africa is demonstrated through
this and other deals.

This nation opposes space militarization and is a strong advocate for peaceful
use in UN meetings. In UN meetings earlier this year, Egypt was elected to
lead a UN team drafting a treaty to prevent an arms race in space,
highlighting its diplomatic role in global space security.

Currently, Egypt continues to expand its satellite programs, positioning itself

as a regional player of utmost importance. In summary, Egypt's advocacy for
peace and the continuous effort in space development underscores the
nation as an important figure in the conflictual scenery.

8.10 Nigeria
Nigeria is one of the newest space actors, positioning itself as a nation that
prioritizes space exploration and scientific progress, advocating for peaceful
use of outer space.

The Nigerian ambition in the field was always present, since the beginning of
space affairs, but other national ordeals impeded the country from
developing this branch of security and advancement. Consequently, it wasn't
until 1999 that the National Space Research and Development Agency
(NASRDA) was established to tend to space affairs. In 2003, Nigeria launched
its first satellite, NigeriaSat-1, marking a significant milestone in its space
journey. The Nigerian space program serves both civilian and military
applications. The Defense Space Administration (DSA), a national security
organization, collaborates with NASRDA to combine space activity with
security purposes.

In summary, Nigeria's space program has made notable progress, with

proactive development in the field. With a focus on leveraging space as a
collaborative zone, the nation strives to expand its capabilities while
addressing pressing global issues.

8.11 China
China, contrary to popular belief, has been trying to reach a peaceful use of
the space and firmly opposes the militarization of it. This fact is shown in
China’s constitution, reflecting its will to prevent an arms race beyond Earth’s
atmosphere. This powerful country also actively takes part in international
dialogues, such as the Conference on Disarmament, creating initiatives like
Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space (PPWT) with the aim
of establishing legal measures against the deployment of weapons in space.

Together with its peaceful objectives, the People’s Republic of China

emphasizes that international cooperation and the sharing of space can bring
a bunch of benefits. The BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, for example,
offers free services globally, and China’s space station is open to all UN
member states for scientific collaboration. Additionally, China already provides
meteorological satellite data to over 120 countries and regions, preventing
different global disasters that might occur.

Finally, China is open to helping less technologically developed countries to

reach space with security and efficiency, being able to provide investments to
countries all over the world. China ensures that its technology is the best
available technology in the market and, because of that, the countries have
the potential to reach technological freedom in space, helping them to
upgrade their social and economic aspects.
8.12 France
First, France recognizes the increasing role of space in its military operations
and has been making, in the past years, significant efforts to strengthen its
defense capabilities to protect its population. In 2019, the French government
created a new space defense strategy, emphasizing the need to protect
national advantages and ensure the superiority of its operations. Following
this strategy, the establishment of a dedicated Space Command reflects
France’s commitment to addressing emerging dangers in outer space.

Furthermore, French policies on the militarization of space also reflect the

increased dependence of national security and defense on space-based
assets. Operations in Mali and the extended Sahel region have underscored
that satellite-based surveillance and communication systems are vital. This
initiated investment by France in high-tech equipment and international joint
ventures to protect such space assets while maintaining a degree of strategic
autonomy and contributing to global voluntary cooperation for security and
sustainability in outer space activities.

The space defense policy of France represents the balance between

deterrence and cooperation that, on the one hand, recognizes strategic risks
and, on the other, provides for their responsible governance in space. Further
building up its military capacity, France is also supporting international norms
to prevent conflict in space, in line with European and global security
frameworks. This dual approach demonstrates its commitment to both the
national defense and the long-term sustainability of space activities.

8.13 Sweden
Sweden remains committed to the peaceful use of outer space and strongly
opposes militarization. Swedish representatives stated in many other debates
the need to develop norms, rules, and principles for responsible behavior in
outer space works as an efficient way to prevent an arms race. The thematic
debate in the First Committee (Disarmament and International Security) on 19
October 2023, reflects Sweden's conviction that efforts from every country
could perform effectively in addressing the emerging security challenges in
the space area.

Given the complexities of space security, Sweden advocates for a progressive

and committed strategy that attempts to blend both legally binding and
non-legally binding measures. This would be complementary to international
efforts to solve complex problems arising from outer space activities.

Sweden’s position also underlines the necessity of international cooperation

to keep the space a place free of any conflict or dispute. By promoting
transparency, confidence between countries, and developing a responsible
behavior on the use of weapons in space, Sweden states that a sustainable
space relation can be kept. This point of view aligns with some other
countries, such as Germany and France, showing deep concernings regarding
the whole world

8.14 India
India has historically been not only in favor of the peaceful use of outer space,
attacking its weaponization and militarization, but also opposing the
American Strategic Defense Initiative and the development of anti-satellite
systems such as ASAT. But, with the current shift in the geopolitical
landscape, which became evident after the successful ASAT test by China in
2007, India found valid reasons to revisit its old policy perspectives in dealing
with the new challenges to security.

India has already taken steps to boost its space defense capabilities against
any threats. Soon after China's ASAT demonstration, a space cell was created
by India within its Integrated Defense Headquarters to coordinate all military
space operations. This announcement marked a significant change from a
purely peaceful stance to a more decisive approach. This change involves
recognizing the dual-use nature of space technologies and the need for
caution.

With the aim to solidify its commitment to space security, India launched the
Defense Space Agency (DSA) in April 2019. This works as an overseer of its
country’s military space operations in order to keep everything going as
planned. All these evolutions of India’s position relate to the new recognition
of this country on the space field.

8.15 Canada
The Dominion of Canada, differently from the view of the USA, has a
commitment to peaceful use. This country opposes the deployment of armed
satellites like the ASAT and supports, in all ways, the non-weaponization of
outer space, as peace is always what this country seeks.

To assure this peace, Canada believes in a space surveillance contribution

between countries, by tracking and characterizing for example objects in
orbit, with the only aim to defend its country from danger. It also agrees on
ways of implementing non-weaponization defense measures, advocating
space situational awareness and international cooperation rather than
military escalation. Besides its long-known alliance with the US, Canada
opposes this country on this topic, and is committed to ensure the
non-weaponization and peace in outer space.

At the end, Canada is open to promote diplomatic efforts and transparency

between the countries, working as a key country on these relations and even
leading movements against the armed satellites. The space, for Canada, must
remain at all costs a free-domain, and a possible arms race must be
prevented perfectly.
8.16 South Korea
South Korea has taken significant steps on upgrading its military space
capabilities through the “425 Project”, a project initiated in 2014 aiming to
make a constellation of five reconnaissance satellites by 2025. These satellites
would have a lot of different features, but the primary objective is to protect
the country from North Korea by having real-time monitoring of their military
activities.

The advances of the “425 Project” enhance South Korea’s posture of

surveillance and defense. With the threat of North Korean special forces,
South Korea must keep going and keep developing its space technology to
not stay behind. To ensure this development, an alliance with the USA was
helpful, as the satellites of the “425 Project” were launched aboard a SpaceX
Falcon 9 rocket from the Florida Gulf.

Moreover, South Korea has cemented its partnership with the US specifically
concerning space defense. Their cooperation includes sharing intelligence on
space activities, carrying out joint training programs, and enhancing
interoperability for combined space operations. Working together in this way
addresses common security concerns and strengthens regional stability,
showing South Korea's commitment to national defense and international
partnerships.

8.17 Argentina
The Argentine Republic believes that since space is the common property of
all people, it must never be made into a fortress, being used only for the
benefit of our species and reason in the peace between nations. Similarly to
the views on outer space of some other countries, Argentina was also in
harmony with resolution 71/31 of the United Nations General Assembly, stating
that all countries have rights to explore and use outer space and related
space resources following international law.
Keeping in mind that an arms race in outer space must be prevented,
Argentina has been one of the main centers in the evolution of the
international legal system for space activities through its active participation
in the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. Argentina also agrees
that comprehensive treaties are required to avoid this arms race in outer
space.

In conclusion, Argentina agrees with the principle of equality of states in the

exploration and use of outer space and is convinced that space activities can
and should positively contribute to a more sustainable development and
bring immense economic, social, and environmental benefits if they are used
properly and for peaceful purposes only. This is because the attitude
reinforces Argentina's position in ensuring that space is free from conflicts
and can be used by any country for peaceful purposes.

8.18 South Africa

Just as lots of other countries, South Africa prioritizes a space without
weapons, focusing its use only on socio-economic development and, as
always, on national security. This means that this country also sees the
importance of the protection of critical infrastructure, as space is essential for
cybernetworks, geolocation systems and daily use.

Furthermore, South Africa has been placing some effort into improving its
space program to strengthen technological independence and, most
importantly, reduce the reliance on foreign entities, such as the USA and
China. South Africa wants, with these, to guard the sovereignty of its country
and its population, not being indirectly dominated by a more developed
country just because of its technology.
Besides that, South Africa searches for international cooperation with other
countries, creating agreements to prevent an arms race in space and
maintain international peace and security. These partnerships would be
better with countries from Africa, bringing an image to this important
continent.

8.19 Mexico
Mexico, as an important founding member of the Committee on the Peaceful
Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS), is with the ideas of peaceful exploration and
utilization of outer space. Supporting international guidelines is a common
thing that Mexico also does, such as the alignment with the Space Debris
Mitigation Guidelines of COPUOS ideas and the direct support to the
Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC) guidelines, for
example.

Additionally, Mexico is developing mechanisms such as national regulatory

frameworks with the aim of helping the mitigation of space debris hitting its
satellites. This hit would not only worsen its national security but also bring
problems to its society, with GPS, for example. Mexico also has similar
opinions to the US, emphasizing the importance of international
collaboration to prevent the weaponization of outer space and ensure its use
for peaceful purposes.

Finally, Mexico also signed and ratified all five UN treaties regarding the global
security of outer space, reinforcing its commitment to the peaceful use and
non-militarization of outer space.

8.20 Algeria
The People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria has been an important country
in African space developments. European countries such as Italy support
Algeria’s space initiatives by investing direct money and importing their
technologies. This direct support helps the country develop its own
technology by affecting education, forming more Algerian aerospace
engineers and astronauts.

A five-year Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed in January

2023 between Algeria and Italy to reach a peaceful space exploration. This
memorandum would also be a framework that would help with this
collaboration, reflecting common goals in technological innovation and
sustainable development and seeking to expand cooperative projects in Earth
observation, space technology development, and research.

Through this agreement, Algerian and Italian space specialists will be able to
share their expertise and participate in joint seminars, workshops, and space
science and technology training programs, intensifying this country’s will to
develop peace and safe space exploration.

8.21 Islamic Republic of Iran

The Islamic Republic of Iran has long aspired to develop its space programs,
and, consequently, its militarization. Having officially founded its
governmental space program (ISA) in 2003, Iran has since developed
strategies involving satellite launches, Solid Fuel Rockets and Satellite Launch
Vehicles.

In this country there are also diversions regarding space activity, since the
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps also partakes in these affairs. An example
would be the Noor 1 satellite in April 2020, which was launched into low orbit
by the organization through one Iranian launch vehicle. Later, more satellites
were launched, Noor 2 in 2022 and Noor 3 in 2023.

Furthermore, this nation recently carried out research and tests on more
developed Solid Fuel Rockets, which could potentially carry ballistic weapons
and increase the Iranian long-reach missile capabilities. Not only that, but
scientific research is also one element of Iranian focus: in 2025, the Iranian
Space Agency (ISA) initiated a major lunar project, which sets a goal to
explore lunar resources and development.

The ISA has ambitious plans, with 25 satellites under construction and
intentions to launch two by the end of 2025. These endeavors aim to bolster
Iran's activity in space. Iran's space program reflects a strategic commitment
to this development, especially in the rise of recent tension.​

8.22 Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

Venezuela, as one of the newest space participants, focuses mainly on
peaceful use of outer space, such as earth observation, telecommunications
and monitoring. It also established international collaborations to
compensate for its lack of resources directed at the space field.

Throughout its evolution, the Venezuelan republic launched a few satellites,

all aiming to socially enhance the country’s society. The Venesat-1, for
example, was launched to provide free internet across the nation, but was
unfortunately lost due to a communication issue. Other satellites, like VRSS-1
and VRSS-2, are successfully operating, providing earth monitoring,
cartography and agricultural information, which are key knowledge for the
nation’s development.

Venezuela's partnership with China has been essential, leading to the

construction and launch of its satellites. In 2023, Venezuela joined China's
International Lunar Research Station (ILRS) project, contributing
ground-based space infrastructure and collaborating on lunar exploration
initiatives.

Despite setbacks, such as the loss of a satellite and lack of financial support,
Venezuela continues to pursue advancements in space technology. The
nation's involvement in international projects, particularly with China,
indicates a commitment to expanding its role in global space exploration.
8.23 Djibouti
Djibouti entered the space scenario very recently compared to other nations.
Although its national space program didn’t get officialised until 2020, its
geographical positioning is a key area for launches due to its proximity with
the equator.

In the last two years, Djibouti launched two satellites, both aiming for social
enhancements within the country. Space militarisation is not something that
plays a major role in plans, but instead the country targets commercial and
social partnerships. In 2023, for example, Djibouti collaborated with Hong
Kong to build the first African space port, which will be used for business
purposes by international customers.

In conclusion, although Djibouti may not participate directly in space

militarisation or any conflicts, it can represent a key future actor in launches,
especially with the new spaceport coming soon.

8.24 Finland
Finland is one of the most respected nations inside space dynamics, having
quietly grown its agencies, businesses and research in the area. Its activity
consists of international collaborations, satellite launches and research
missions.

The Finnish space sector is now home to a growing number of startups and
research institutions, such as ICEYE, which is a global leader in
synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) satellites. These provide real-time Earth
observation data, even through clouds and at night—essential for both
environmental monitoring and security operations.

Aside from its own satellite activity, Finland is also a full member of the
European Space Agency (ESA), taking part in international missions as well. In
2025 the nation also signed the Artemis Accords from NASA, setting the
ground for partnerships with America as well.

In the latest context of conflict and diversions between continents, Finland

can serve as a bridge between the parties in possible negotiations.

8.25 Cuba
The Cuban space history is rooted in Cold War collaborations. With soviet aid,
Cuba was successfully the first Latin American country to launch a citizen into
space. Since then, this was a powerful symbol of its alignment with eastern
powers, such as Russia and China, not only in the space sector but various
others.

The country’s space affairs are not very deeply developed, consisting mainly of
earth-observation satellites and telecommunications. The nation also
participates in several bilateral international partnerships, such as Venezuela,
which consist of technological exchange and research.

Cuba also takes part in regional initiatives such as the Bolivarian Alliance for
the Peoples of Our America (ALBA), which aims to improve technological
autonomy and satellite coverage for Latin American nations. With increasing
global interest in Latin American space cooperation, Cuba could serve as a
valuable political and logistical partner in efforts to expand space access
across the continent.

8.26 Bolivia
The Plurinational State of Bolivia emphasizes that the space must be used in
a peaceful way, with a strong alignment with international treaties like the
Outer Space Treaty of 1967. Bolivia already takes actions to achieve this peace,
by collaborating with Argentina in the upgrade of space technology and
satellite development, focusing on civilian and scientific applications rather
than military purposes.
Bolivia also supports a multilateral governance of space, advocating for
international frameworks to regulate all space activities. This would ensure
that space remains a shared resource free of any type of weaponization,
sustaining peace.

The Bolivian Space Agency (Agencia Boliviana Espacial - ABE) also plays an
important role in promoting non-military projects, such as Tupac Katari
satellite, which improves internet connection in rural areas of Bolivia. Working
together with the other South American countries, Bolivia seeks to
counterbalance major powers by fostering Latin American autonomy in space
technology without military escalation.

8.27 Italy
The Italian Republic, just like the other European countries, advocate for the
peaceful and sustainable use of space, opposing its militarization while
supporting international collaboration through the UN and the EU. Nowadays
Italy promotes debris mitigation, lots of transparency measures and norms
against anti-satellite weapons, all aligned with OTAN and EU defense policies.

The main goal of Italy is, through the cooperation between countries, to
balance civilian interests on space (clime monitoring, GPS, communication
systems) with the security needs, emphasizing multilateral rules between all
the countries of the world to prevent a possible arms race and, most
importantly, a possible conflict in the Earths’ orbit.

In the end, Italy encourages the partnership between public and private
companies to avoid the militarization of space. Responsible behavior
guidelines are the most important key to prevent conflicts between nations.
In addition to that, Italy believes that UN resolutions should be the first thing
to be done, promoting the non-placement of weapons in space.
8.28 Austria
Austria firmly agrees with the peaceful and sustainable uses of outer space
following all the international treaties, such the 1967 Outer Space Treaty. Any
sort of militarization of space is strongly opposed by the country, which aims
for strict regulations to hinder any arms race in orbit. For Austria, transparency
and confidence-building measures for the world must be maintained as a
setting for scientific exploration and civilian applications.

Besides that, through its vigorous participation in the UN Committee on the

Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS), Austria promotes multilateral
governance and binding legal frameworks between members of the EU.
Debris mitigation and responsible action in space are the key factors to
ensure long-term sustainability in space activities. Austria incentives
initiatives that promote international cooperation in order to free outer space
from the threat of conflict and weaponization.

In addressing the emerging challenges in space, Austria's approach sets

emphasis on diplomacy and a rule-based order. It promotes collaboration
among states to impose strong norms against harmful interference and
destructive anti-satellite tests. Austria is at the forefront of preserving outer
space as a common heritage for peaceful and sustainable development for all
mankind.

8.29 Australia
The Commonwealth of Australia’s economic and security interests in space
will grow with the expansion of space-based and space-enabled capabilities.
The country needs robust rules and norms to maximize the benefits of
greater access to space while tackling challenges such as space debris.

At the same time, Australia believes that the expansion of space-based

technologies creates risks. Some states are continuing to develop capabilities
to disrupt satellites and degrade space-dependent military systems,
threatening their defense networks and disturbing their alliance partner the
United States. In response, the Australian Defense Force is strengthening its
space surveillance and situational awareness capabilities.

Australia is also committed to strengthening international rules and laws that

apply to space, including military uses of space. It is open to work with
partners, particularly through the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful
Uses of Outer Space, to strengthen norms of responsible behavior in space.
The country’s Government will establish a space agency to represent Australia
internationally, creating partnerships with other countries, coordinating a
national space strategy and supporting industry growth.

8.30 Vietnam
The peaceful use of outer space in an international law compliant manner
that Vietnam stands, following the Outer Space Treaty of 1967. This country
states that military activities in outer space, particularly the militarization of
satellites, must be avoided at all costs, preventing an arms race in outer space.

Vietnam prioritizes space access for socio-economic purposes and

sustainable equitable appropriation, such as the use of nuclear energy, as well
as in applications for climate monitoring, disaster relief telephony etc. Talking
on governance, Vietnam calls for multilateral cooperation via UN led
frameworks including the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
(COPUOS) and an already used committee to keep the peace. To ensure that,
transparency and confidence-building measures are essential, as well as new
legal regimes to tackle space debris and conflict prevention.

At the national level, Vietnam has a civilian space technology focus, where it
introduced its satellite as well as Earth observation programs. At sub-regional
level, it joins with ASEAN partners to maintain peaceful governance of space
and ensure competition does not shift ground to greater power context. In
general, the objective of Vietnam is to make sure that outer space can be a
global constructive shared space for all states.

9. Guiding Questions​
_________________________________

1. How is my country interested in the exploration of space?

2. From which countries would my nation seek help / which would it help?

3. What are my countries’ approaches to the militarization and weaponization

of the area?

4. What can my country offer to help establish stability in outer space?

5. What are topics that would be important for my delegation in the debate?

6. Which path would be best in securing my nation’s goals, whilst also

seeking stability in outer space?
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[Link]
g-heres-why/#:~:text=India%20had%20long%20maintained%20a,weaponizatio
n%20and%20militarization%20of%20space. India’s position

[Link]
atellites/ Canada’s position
[Link]
oreas-growingmilitary#:~:text=South%20Korea's%20'425%20Project%2C%20la
unched,North%20Korea's%20nuclear%20and%20missile South Korea’s
position

[Link] Argentina’s position

[Link]
pact-the-countrys-national-interest-and-economic-development/ South
Africa’s position

[Link] Mexico’s
position

[Link]
co-and-algeria-as-case-studies-191515 Algeria’s position

[Link] - iran

[Link]
lunar-exploration-with-new-rover-project?utm_ - iran

[Link]
program-picks-up-speed/?utm_ - iran

[Link]
ear-end-unveils-25-satellite?utm_ - iran

[Link]
mperialist-struggle/?utm_ - Venezuela

[Link]
aciales-bolivarian-agency-space-activities?utm – Venezuela

[Link]
ging-satellite-for-venezuela/?utm_ - Venezuela

[Link]
search-station?utm_ - Venezuela

[Link]
ml?utm_ - Venezuela
[Link]
ti-1b/?utm Djibouti

[Link]
cket-launch-site-in-djibouti/?utm Djibouti

[Link]
ry-and-space-cooperation/ Bolivia’s position

[Link]
_space.pdf Italy’s position

[Link]
[Link] Austria’s position

[Link]
6eb-de665e65001a/fpwhitepaper/foreign-policy-white-paper/chapter-six-glob
al-cooperation/[Link]#:~:text=Australia%20is%20committed%20t
o%20strengthening,strengthen%20norms%20of%20responsible%20behaviou
[Link]’s position

[Link]
[Link] Vietnam’s position