Fluid Machinery: ME-25008

Impact of Jets

Amey Gokhale

Department of Mechanical Engineering

COEP Technological University

February 5, 2026

© Amey Gokhale 1/38

 Hydraulic Power Plant

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 Hydraulic Power Plant

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 Introduction to Impact of Jets
What is a Jet?
A jet is a stream of fluid issuing from a nozzle with high velocity.

The Principle: Impulse-Momentum Equation Newton’s Second Law states that the force
exerted by a fluid on a body is equal to the rate of change of momentum of the fluid in the
direction of the force.

© Amey Gokhale 4/38

 Introduction to Impact of Jets
What is a Jet?
A jet is a stream of fluid issuing from a nozzle with high velocity.

The Principle: Impulse-Momentum Equation Newton’s Second Law states that the force
exerted by a fluid on a body is equal to the rate of change of momentum of the fluid in the
direction of the force.

Fx = ṁ(Vin − Vout )
Where:
Fx : Force in x-direction (N)
ṁ = ρaV : Mass flow rate (kg/s)
V : Velocity of jet (m/s)

© Amey Gokhale 4/38

 Case 1: Force on Stationary Flat Plate

Analysis:
Initial Velocity (V1x ) = V
Final Velocity (V2x ) = 0 (Fluid hits plate
and deflects 90◦ , no component in x)

Fx = ṁ(V1x − V2x )
Fx = ρaV (V − 0)
Fx = ρaV 2

© Amey Gokhale 5/38

 Case 2: Force on Stationary Inclined Plate

Analysis:
The jet strikes at angle θ .
Calculate Normal Force (Fn ) first.
Fn = ṁ(Vn,in − Vn,out )
Fn = ρaV (V sin θ − 0)
Resolving Forces:

Fx = Fn sin θ = ρaV 2 sin2 θ

Fy = Fn cos θ = ρaV 2 sin θ cos θ

© Amey Gokhale 6/38

 Case 3: Force on Stationary Curved Plate
3A: Jet strikes at the centre of a symmetric curved plate
Initial Velocity (V1x ) = V
Final Velocity along jet

V2x = −V cos θ

Final Velocity perpendicular to jet

V2y = V sin θ

Resolving Forces:

Fx = ρaV (V + V cos θ )

Fy = ρaV (0 − V sin θ ) Is the net vertical force non-zero?

© Amey Gokhale 7/38

 Case 3: Force on Stationary Curved Plate
3B: Jet strikes tangentially at one end of a symmetric curved plate

The jet strikes at angle θ

Initial Velocity (V1x ) = V cos θ
Initial Velocity (V1y ) = V sin θ
Final Velocity (V2x ) = −V cos θ
Final Velocity (V2y ) = V sin θ
Resolving Forces:

Fx = ρaV (V cos θ + V cos θ )

Fy = ρaV (V sin θ − V sin θ )

© Amey Gokhale 8/38

 Problem-1
Water flows through a pipe fitted with a nozzle of diameter 100 mm. The head of water
at the center of the nozzle is 100 m. The coefficient of velocity is 0.95. Find the force
exerted by the jet on a fixed plate when: (a) The plate is held vertical. (b) The plate is
inclined such that the angle between the jet and the plate is 60◦

© Amey Gokhale 9/38

 Problem-1
Water flows through a pipe fitted with a nozzle of diameter 100 mm. The head of water
at the center of the nozzle is 100 m. The coefficient of velocity is 0.95. Find the force
exerted by the jet on a fixed plate when: (a) The plate is held vertical. (b) The plate is
inclined such that the angle between the jet and the plate is 60◦
1. Given Data: 2. Calculations:
Diameter (d) = 100 mm = 0.1 m π 2
Area of Nozzle (a) = d = 0.00785 m2
Head (H) = 100 m 4
Co-efficient of velocity (Cv ) = 0.95 p
Actual Velocity (V ) = Cv 2gH = 42.08 m/s
Density of water (ρ) = 1000 kg/m3
Force on Vertical Plate (F )
F = ρaV 2 = 13.9 kN
Force normal to Inclined Plate (Fn )
Fn = ρaV 2 sin θ = 12.04 kN
© Amey Gokhale 9/38
 Problem-2
A jet of water (d = 50 mm, V = 40 m/s) strikes a fixed symmetrical curved plate at the
center. The jet is deflected through an angle of 120◦ . Find the force exerted in the
direction of the jet.

© Amey Gokhale 10/38

 Problem-2
A jet of water (d = 50 mm, V = 40 m/s) strikes a fixed symmetrical curved plate at the
center. The jet is deflected through an angle of 120◦ . Find the force exerted in the
direction of the jet.
1. Given Data: 2. Calculations:
d = 50 mm = 0.05 m π 2
Area of Nozzle (a) = d = 0.00196 m2
V = 40 m/s 4
δ = 120◦ component of exit velocity (V2x ) = V cos 120◦
ρ = 1000 kg/m3
Force in the direction of the jet (Fx )

Fx = ρaV (V − V cos 120◦ ) = 4.71 kN

© Amey Gokhale 10/38

 Problem-3
A jet of water of 2.5 cm diameter, moving with a velocity of 10 m/s, strikes a hinged
square plate of weight 98.1 N at the centre of the plate. The plate is of uniform
thickness. Find the angle through which the plate will swing.

© Amey Gokhale 11/38

 Problem-3
A jet of water of 2.5 cm diameter, moving with a velocity of 10 m/s, strikes a hinged
square plate of weight 98.1 N at the centre of the plate. The plate is of uniform
thickness. Find the angle through which the plate will swing.
1. Given Data:
Diameter (d) = 2.5 cm = 0.025 m
Velocity (V ) = 10 m/s
Weight of plate (W ) = 98.1 N

© Amey Gokhale 11/38

 Problem-3: Solution
2. Calculation:
For equilibrium, moments about the hinge must balance:

Moment of Jet Force = Moment of Weight

(Fn ) × OB = (W ) × (OA′ sin θ )

OA
where Fn = ρaV 2 cos θ is the force normal to the plate. OB = cos θ

ρaV 2
⇒ ρaV 2 = W sin θ ⇒ sin θ = = 0.5
W
sin θ ≈ 0.5

θ ≈ 29.96◦

© Amey Gokhale 12/38

 Problem-4
A jet of water of diameter 50 mm moving with a velocity of 25 m/s impinges on a fixed
curved plate tangentially at one end at an angle of 30◦ to the horizontal. Calculate the
resultant force of the jet on the plate if the jet is deflected through an angle of 50◦ .

© Amey Gokhale 13/38

 Problem-4
A jet of water of diameter 50 mm moving with a velocity of 25 m/s impinges on a fixed
curved plate tangentially at one end at an angle of 30◦ to the horizontal. Calculate the
resultant force of the jet on the plate if the jet is deflected through an angle of 50◦ .
1. Given Data:
Diameter (d) = 50 mm = 0.05 m
a ≈ 0.002 m2
Velocity (V ) = 25 m/s
Inlet Angle (θ ) = 30◦ with horizontal.
Outlet Angle (φ ) The jet deflects
further upwards.

φ = θ + Deflection = 80◦

© Amey Gokhale 13/38

 Problem-4: Solution
2. Calculation:
Force in X-direction (Fx ):

Fx = ρaV 2 (cos 30◦ − cos 80◦ ) = 849.7 N

Force in Y-direction (Fy ):

Fy = ρaV 2 (sin 30◦ − sin 80◦ ) = −594.9 N

Resultant Force (FR ): q

FR = 849.72 + (−594.9)2 ≈ 1037 N
Direction (α):
−594.9
tan α = = −0.7 ⇒ α ≈ −35◦
849.7

© Amey Gokhale 14/38

 Case 4: Force on Moving Flat Vertical Plate

Analysis:
Relative velocity of jet w.r.t. plate
= (V − u)
Mass of water striking ρa(V − u)
Force exerted by jet on the plate

Fx = ρa(V − u)[(V − u) − 0]

Work done per second by jet on the plate

Ẇ = Fx × u = ρa(V − u)2 × u

© Amey Gokhale 15/38

 Case 5: Force on Moving Flat Inclined Plate

Analysis:
The jet strikes at angle θ .
Normal Force (Fn )
Fn = ρa(V − u)[(V − u) sin θ − 0]
Fx = ρa(V − u)2 sin2 θ
Work done per second by the jet on the
plate

Ẇ = Fx × u = ρa(V − u)2 sin2 θ × u

© Amey Gokhale 16/38

 Problem-5
Jet (d = 7.5 cm, V = 30 m/s) strikes a plate. The plate normal is inclined at 45◦ to the
jet axis. Find Normal Pressure (Fn ) if: (i) Stationary, (ii) Moving away at u = 15 m/s.
Also find Power & Efficiency for case (ii).

© Amey Gokhale 17/38

 Problem-5
Jet (d = 7.5 cm, V = 30 m/s) strikes a plate. The plate normal is inclined at 45◦ to the
jet axis. Find Normal Pressure (Fn ) if: (i) Stationary, (ii) Moving away at u = 15 m/s.
Also find Power & Efficiency for case (ii).
1. Given Data
d = 0.075 m ⇒ a = 0.004418 m2
V = 30 m/s
θ = 45◦
Case (i): Stationary Plate

Fn = ρaV 2 sin θ ≈ 2.811 kN

Case (ii): Moving Plate

u = 15 m/s

Fn = ρa(V − u)2 sin θ ≈ 703 N

© Amey Gokhale 17/38
 Problem-5
Jet (d = 7.5 cm, V = 30 m/s) strikes a plate. The plate normal is inclined at 45◦ to the
jet axis. Find Normal Pressure (Fn ) if: (i) Stationary, (ii) Moving away at u = 15 m/s.
Also find Power & Efficiency for case (ii).
1. Given Data
d = 0.075 m ⇒ a = 0.004418 m2 Force in direction of jet (Fx ):
V = 30 m/s
θ = 45◦ Fx = Fn sin θ ≈ 497 N
Case (i): Stationary Plate
Power = Fx × u ≈ 7.46 kW
2
Fn = ρaV sin θ ≈ 2.811 kN Input K.E. (of Jet):
Case (ii): Moving Plate 1 1
u = 15 m/s K .E . = mV 2 = ρaV 3 ≈ 59.643 kW
2 2

Fn = ρa(V − u)2 sin θ ≈ 703 N Power

η= = 12.5%
© Amey Gokhale
K .E . 17/38
 Case 6: Force on Moving Curved Plate
Jet strikes at the centre of a symmetric curved plate

Analysis:
Force exerted by jet on plate(Fx )

Fx = ρa(V −u)[(V −u)−(−(V −u) cos θ )]

Fx = ρa(V − u)2 [1 + cos θ ]

Work done per second by the jet on the
plate

Ẇ = Fx × u = ρa(V − u)2 [1 + cos θ ] × u

© Amey Gokhale 18/38

 Case 7: Force on Unsymmetrical Moving Curved Plate
1. Inlet Triangle Parameters
V1 : Absolute velocity of the jet at inlet.
u1 : Velocity of the plate at inlet.
Vr 1 : Relative velocity of jet w.r.t plate at
inlet.
α: Angle between jet direction and plate
motion (Guide blade angle).
θ : Angle of relative velocity (Vr 1 ) with
plate motion (Vane angle at inlet).
Vw 1 : Velocity of Whirl at inlet
(Component of V1 parallel to motion).
Vf 1 : Velocity of Flow at inlet (Component
of V1 perpendicular to motion).

© Amey Gokhale 19/38

 Case 7: Force on Unsymmetrical Moving Curved Plate
2. Outlet Triangle Parameters
V2 : Absolute velocity of the jet at outlet.
u2 : Velocity of the plate at outlet.
Vr 2 : Relative velocity of jet w.r.t plate at
outlet.
β : Angle between outlet jet (V2 ) and
plate motion.
φ : Angle of relative velocity (Vr 2 ) with
plate motion (Vane angle at outlet).
Vw 2 : Velocity of Whirl at outlet
(Component of V2 parallel to motion).
Vf 2 : Velocity of Flow at outlet
(Component of V2 perpendicular to
motion).
© Amey Gokhale 20/38
 Case 7: Construction of Velocity Triangles

A. Inlet Triangle (ABC)

1 Draw AB = V1 (Absolute Vel.) at angle α.
2 Draw AC = u1 (Vane Vel.).
3 Join C → B: This is Vr 1 (Relative Vel.) at
vane angle θ .
4 Components:
▶ Vertical projection BD = Vf 1 (Flow).
▶ Horizontal projection AD = Vw 1 (Whirl).

© Amey Gokhale 21/38

 Case 7: Construction of Velocity Triangles

A. Inlet Triangle (ABC) B. Outlet Triangle (EFG)

1 Draw AB = V1 (Absolute Vel.) at angle α. 1 Draw tangent EG = Vr 2 at vane angle φ .
2 Draw AC = u1 (Vane Vel.). 2 Assumed Smooth Vane: |Vr 2 | = |Vr 1 |.
3 Join C → B: This is Vr 1 (Relative Vel.) at 3 Draw GF = u2 (Vane Vel.) from G.
vane angle θ . 4 Join E → F : This is V2 (Abs. Vel.) at exit
4 Components: angle β .
▶ Vertical projection BD = Vf 1 (Flow). 5 Components:
▶ Horizontal projection AD = Vw 1 (Whirl). ▶ Vertical EH = Vf 2 (Flow).
▶ Horizontal FH = Vw 2 (Whirl).

© Amey Gokhale 21/38

 Case 7: Force, Work & Efficiency Analysis
Key Assumptions
Smooth Vane: No friction loss, so relative speed is constant (|Vr 1 | = |Vr 2 |).
Tangential Entry: The jet enters smoothly at the inlet vane angle (θ ) to avoid shock
losses.
Uniform Vane Speed: The vane moves linearly, so u1 = u2 = u.

© Amey Gokhale 22/38

 Case 7: Force, Work & Efficiency Analysis
Key Assumptions
Smooth Vane: No friction loss, so relative speed is constant (|Vr 1 | = |Vr 2 |).
Tangential Entry: The jet enters smoothly at the inlet vane angle (θ ) to avoid shock
losses.
Uniform Vane Speed: The vane moves linearly, so u1 = u2 = u.

Force Exerted (Fx ) Let Mass striking/sec (ṁ) = ρaVr 1

Fx = ṁ × [Vr 1 cos θ - ( -Vr 2 cos φ )]

Fx = ρaVr 1 [(Vw 1 - u1 ) − (Vw 2 + u2 )] = ρaVr 1 [Vw 1 + Vw 2 ]
Use + for acute β , − for obtuse β . General: [Vw 1 ± Vw 2 ].
Work Done / sec (W ): Efficiency (ηjet ):

Ẇ = Fx × u ρaVr 1 [Vw 1 ± Vw 2 ]u
η= 1 2
2 (ρaV1 )V1
Ẇ = ρaVr 1 [Vw 1 ± Vw 2 ] × u
© Amey Gokhale 22/38
 Problem-6
A jet of water having a velocity of 20 m/s
strikes a curved vane, which is moving with a
velocity of 10 m/s. The jet makes an angle of
20◦ with the direction of motion of vane at
inlet and leaves at an angle of 130◦ to the
direction of motion of vane an outlet.
Calculate: (i) Vane angles, so that the water
enters and leaves the vane without shock. (ii)
Work done per second per unit weight of
water striking.

© Amey Gokhale 23/38

 Problem-6
A jet of water having a velocity of 20 m/s
strikes a curved vane, which is moving with a
velocity of 10 m/s. The jet makes an angle of
20◦ with the direction of motion of vane at
inlet and leaves at an angle of 130◦ to the
direction of motion of vane an outlet.
Calculate: (i) Vane angles, so that the water
enters and leaves the vane without shock. (ii)
Work done per second per unit weight of
water striking.
1. Given Data
V1 = 20 m/s
u1 = u2 = 10 m/s
angle made by jet @ inlet α = 20◦
angle made by leaving jet = 130◦ ⇒ β = 50◦
© Amey Gokhale 23/38
 Problem-6: Solution
2. Calculations: Inlet Triangle

Vw 1 = 20 cos 20◦ = 18.79 m/s

Vf 1 = 20 sin 20◦ = 6.84 m/s
Vf 1
tan θ = = 0.778
Vw 1 − u
θ = 37.87◦
Vf 1
Vr 1 = = 11.14 m/s
sin θ

© Amey Gokhale 24/38

 Problem-6: Solution
2. Calculations: Inlet Triangle 2. Calculations: Outlet Triangle
Assume smooth vane (Vr 2 = Vr 1 = 11.14
Vw 1 = 20 cos 20◦ = 18.79 m/s m/s)
Using Sine Rule on ∆EFG :
Vf 1 = 20 sin 20◦ = 6.84 m/s
Vf 1 Vr 2 u2
tan θ = = 0.778 = ⇒ φ = 6.56◦
Vw 1 − u sin β sin(β − φ )

θ = 37.87◦
Vf 1
Vr 1 = = 11.14 m/s
sin θ

3. Work done per sec per Unit Weight:

u
Ẇ = (Vw 1 + Vw 2 ) ≈ 20.24 Nm/N
g
© Amey Gokhale 24/38
 Problem-7
A jet of water having a velocity of 40 m/s
strikes a curved vane, which is moving with a
velocity of 20 m/s. The jet makes an angle of
30◦ with the direction of motion of vane at inlet
and leaves at an angle of 90◦ to the direction of
motion of vane at outlet. Draw the velocity
triangles and determine the vane angles at inlet
and outlet for shockless entry/exit.

© Amey Gokhale 25/38

 Problem-7
A jet of water having a velocity of 40 m/s
strikes a curved vane, which is moving with a
velocity of 20 m/s. The jet makes an angle of
30◦ with the direction of motion of vane at inlet
and leaves at an angle of 90◦ to the direction of
motion of vane at outlet. Draw the velocity
triangles and determine the vane angles at inlet
and outlet for shockless entry/exit.
1. Given Data
V1 = 40 m/s
u1 = u2 = 20 m/s
Inlet jet angle α = 30◦
Outlet jet angle = 90◦ ⇒ β = 90◦
(Since β = 90◦ , Vw 2 = 0)

© Amey Gokhale 25/38

 Problem-7: Solution

2. Calculations: Inlet Triangle

Vw 1 = 40 cos 30◦ = 34.64 m/s

Vf 1 = 40 sin 30◦ = 20.0 m/s
Vf 1
tan θ = = 1.366
Vw 1 − u
θ = 53.79◦
Vf 1
Vr 1 = = 24.78 m/s
sin θ

© Amey Gokhale 26/38

 Problem-7: Solution

2. Calculations: Inlet Triangle 3. Calculations: Outlet Triangle

Assume smooth vane (Vr 2 = Vr 1 = 24.78
Vw 1 = 40 cos 30◦ = 34.64 m/s m/s)
Vf 1 = 40 sin 30◦ = 20.0 m/s u2
Vf 1 cos φ = = 0.807
tan θ = = 1.366 Vr 2
Vw 1 − u
φ = 36.19◦
◦
θ = 53.79
Vf 1
Vr 1 = = 24.78 m/s
sin θ
Note: At outlet, since V2 is vertical, velocity of whirl Vw 2 = 0.

© Amey Gokhale 26/38

 Problem-8
A jet of water of diameter 50 mm, having a
velocity of 20 m/s strikes a curved vane which is
moving with a velocity of 10 m/s in the
direction of the jet. The jet leaves the vane at
an angle of 60◦ to the direction of motion of
vane at outlet. Determine: (i) The force exerted
by the jet on the vane in the direction of
motion. (ii) Work done per second by the jet.

© Amey Gokhale 27/38

 Problem-8
A jet of water of diameter 50 mm, having a
velocity of 20 m/s strikes a curved vane which is
moving with a velocity of 10 m/s in the
direction of the jet. The jet leaves the vane at
an angle of 60◦ to the direction of motion of
vane at outlet. Determine: (i) The force exerted
by the jet on the vane in the direction of
motion. (ii) Work done per second by the jet.
1. Data Interpretation
V1 = 20 m/s, u = 10 m/s
α = 0◦ (Strikes in direction of motion)
Exit Angle: ”Leaves at 60◦ to motion”
⇒ Implies β = 180◦ − 60◦ = 120◦

© Amey Gokhale 27/38

 Problem-8: Solution
2. Inlet Calculations

Vr 1 = V1 − u = 20 − 10 = 10 m/s
Vw 1 = V1 = 20 m/s
Mass Flow (ṁ):

ṁ = ρaVr 1 = 19.63 kg/s

© Amey Gokhale 28/38

 Problem-8: Solution
2. Inlet Calculations 3. Outlet Calculations
Assume smooth vane: Vr 2 = Vr 1 = 10 m/s.
Vr 1 = V1 − u = 20 − 10 = 10 m/s Using Sine Rule on ∆EFG :
Vw 1 = V1 = 20 m/s Vr 2 u2
= ⇒ φ = 60◦
Mass Flow (ṁ): sin 60◦ sin(120◦ − φ )

ṁ = ρaVr 1 = 19.63 kg/s Vw 2 = u2 − Vr 2 cos φ = 5 m/s

Force exerted by the jet on the plate in the
direction of motion:

Fx = ṁ(Vw 1 − Vw 2 ) = 294.45 N
Work done per second by jet:
Ẇ = Fx × u = 2944.5 W

© Amey Gokhale 28/38

 Problem-9
A jet of water having a velocity of 15 m/s strikes
a curved vane which is moving with a velocity of
5 m/s. The vane is symmetrical and is so
shaped that the jet is deflected through 120◦ .
Find the angle of the jet at the inlet of the vane
so that there is no shock. What is the absolute
velocity of the jet at the outlet in magnitude
and direction, and the work done per unit weight
of water? Assume the vane to be smooth.

© Amey Gokhale 29/38

 Problem-9
A jet of water having a velocity of 15 m/s strikes
a curved vane which is moving with a velocity of
5 m/s. The vane is symmetrical and is so
shaped that the jet is deflected through 120◦ .
Find the angle of the jet at the inlet of the vane
so that there is no shock. What is the absolute
velocity of the jet at the outlet in magnitude
and direction, and the work done per unit weight
of water? Assume the vane to be smooth.
1. Data Interpretation
Symmetrical: Inlet vane angle = Outlet
vane angle (θ = φ ).
Deflection: Angle of deflection

120◦ = 180◦ − (θ + φ ) ⇒ θ = φ = 30◦

© Amey Gokhale 29/38
 Problem-9: Solution
2. Inlet Calculations
Using Sine Rule on ∆ABC
V1 u1
= ⇒ α = 20.4◦
sin(180◦ − θ ) sin(30◦ − α)

Again from Sine Rule on ∆ABC

V1 Vr 1
◦
= ⇒ Vr 1 = 10.46 m/s
sin(180 − θ ) sin α

© Amey Gokhale 30/38

 Problem-9: Solution
2. Inlet Calculations 3. Outlet Calculations
Using Sine Rule on ∆ABC Assume smooth vane: Vr 2 = Vr 1 = 10.46
m/s. Vane angle φ = 30◦ .
V1 u1
= ⇒ α = 20.4◦
sin(180◦ − θ ) sin(30◦ − α) Vw 2 = Vr 2 cos φ − u2 = 4.06 m/s
Again from Sine Rule on ∆ABC Vf 2 = Vr 2 sin φ = 5.23 m/s
q
V1 Vr 1 V2 = Vw2 2 + Vf22 = 6.62 m/s
◦
= ⇒ Vr 1 = 10.46 m/s
sin(180 − θ ) sin α
Vf 2
tan β = ⇒ β = 52.18◦
Vw 2
Work Done per Unit Weight:
u
= (Vw 1 + Vw 2 ) = 9.23 Nm/N
g

© Amey Gokhale 30/38

 Force on a Series of Vanes
Instead of a single plate, consider a wheel fitted with a series of vanes. As one vane moves
away, another takes its place.

Key Difference in Mass Flow:

For a single moving plate, the jet has to ”catch up”
to the plate, so mass striking is reduced
(ρa(V − u)).
For a series of vanes, the entire mass issuing from
the nozzle strikes the plates continuously.
Mass striking per second (ṁ):

ṁ = ρaV

Force Exerted (Fx )

Fx = ρaV [(V − u) − 0]
© Amey Gokhale 31/38
 Work Done & Efficiency of the System
Work Done per Second (Ẇ )

Ẇ = Fx × u ⇒ W = ρaV (V − u) × u

Efficiency (η):
Work Done per sec ρaV (V − u)u
η= = 1 3
K.E. per sec 2 ρaV

2uV − 2u 2
η=
V2
V
Maximum efficiency (ηmax = 0.5) at u = 2

Note: This is the theoretical limit for a flat vane series. Curved vanes (like Pelton buckets) can achieve
much higher efficiencies (≈ 98%) by deflecting the jet by 165◦ − 170◦ .

© Amey Gokhale 32/38

 Force on Series of Radial Curved Vanes
Key Concepts:
Vanes are mounted on a rotating wheel.
Radial Flow: The radius at inlet (R1 ) is different
from the radius at outlet (R2 ).
Consequently, the tangential velocities of the vane
are different:

u1 = ωR1 and u2 = ωR2

The mass flow rate (ṁ) striking the series of vanes

is the full discharge from the nozzle:

ṁ = ρaV1

© Amey Gokhale 33/38

 Torque Calculation
Since radii differ, we use the Rate of Change of Angular Momentum.
1. Momentum of Water:
Momentum at Inlet = ṁV1 cos α = ṁVw 1
Momentum at Outlet = ṁV2 cos β = −ṁVw 2

2. Angular Momentum (Moment of Momentum):

Angular Momentum at Inlet = (ṁVw 1 ) × R1
Angular Momentum at Outlet = (−ṁVw 2 ) × R2

3. Torque (T ) on the Wheel:

T = Rate of Change of Angular Momentum

T = ṁ(Vw 1 R1 − (−Vw 2 R2 )) = ρaV1 (Vw 1 R1 + Vw 2 R2 )

© Amey Gokhale 34/38

 Work Done per Second
Work Done (W ) is the product of Torque and Angular Velocity (ω).

W = T ×ω
W = ρaV1 (Vw 1 R1 + Vw 2 R2 ) × ω
Substitute u1 = ωR1 and u2 = ωR2 :

W = ρaV1 (Vw 1 (ωR1 ) + Vw 2 (ωR2 ))

General Work Equation

W = ρaV1 [Vw 1 u1 ± Vw 2 u2 ]

Use (+) if β is acute (Standard Case).

Use (−) if β is obtuse.
If discharge is Radial at Outlet (β = 90◦ ), then Vw 2 = 0, and:
W = ρaV1 [Vw 1 u1 ]
© Amey Gokhale 35/38
 Efficiency (η)
Method A: Work/Energy Ratio

Work Done/sec ρaV1 [Vw 1 u1 ± Vw 2 u2 ]

η= = 1 2
Input K.E./sec 2 (ρaV1 )V1

2[Vw 1 u1 ± Vw 2 u2 ]
η=
V12

Method B: Energy Loss Analysis (No Shock) If flow is frictionless, Work Done = Change
in Kinetic Energy.
1
Work = ṁ(V12 − V22 )
2
1 2 2
2 ṁ(V1 − V2 ) V12 − V22 V22
η= 1
= = 1 −
2
2 ṁV1
V12 V12

© Amey Gokhale 36/38

 Problem-10
A jet of water having a velocity of 30 m/s strikes a
series of radial curved vanes mounted on a wheel
which is rotating at 200 r.p.m. The jet makes an
angle of 20◦ with the tangent to the wheel at inlet
and leaves the wheel with a velocity of 5 m/s at an
angle of 130◦ to the tangent to the wheel at outlet.
Water is flowing from outward in a radial direction.
The outer and inner radii of the wheel are 0.5 m
and 0.25 m respectively. Determine: (i) Vane
angles at inlet and outlet,(ii) Work done per unit
weight of water, and (iii) Efficiency of the wheel.

© Amey Gokhale 37/38

 Problem-10
A jet of water having a velocity of 30 m/s strikes a
series of radial curved vanes mounted on a wheel
which is rotating at 200 r.p.m. The jet makes an
angle of 20◦ with the tangent to the wheel at inlet
and leaves the wheel with a velocity of 5 m/s at an
angle of 130◦ to the tangent to the wheel at outlet.
Water is flowing from outward in a radial direction.
The outer and inner radii of the wheel are 0.5 m
and 0.25 m respectively. Determine: (i) Vane
angles at inlet and outlet,(ii) Work done per unit
weight of water, and (iii) Efficiency of the wheel.

1. Data Interpretation
V1 = 30 m/s, V2 = 5 m/s, N = 200 r.p.m.
R1 = 0.5m, R2 = 0.25m.
α = 20◦ , β = 180 − 130 = 50◦ .
© Amey Gokhale 37/38
 Problem-10: Solution
1. Peripheral Velocities (u):

2πN
ω= = 20.94 rad/s
60
.
u1 = ωR1 = 10.47 m/s
u2 = ωR2 = 5.24 m/s
2. Inlet Calculations

Vw 1 = 30 cos 20◦ = 28.19 m/s

Vf 1 = 30 sin 20◦ = 10.26 m/s
Vf 1
tan θ = ⇒ θ = 30.07◦
Vw 1 − u1

© Amey Gokhale 38/38

 Problem-10: Solution
1. Peripheral Velocities (u): 3. Outlet Calculations

2πN Vw 2 = 5 cos 50◦ = 3.21 m/s

ω= = 20.94 rad/s
60
. Vf 2 = 5 sin 50◦ = 3.83 m/s
u1 = ωR1 = 10.47 m/s Vf 2
tan φ = ⇒ φ = 24.38◦
u2 = ωR2 = 5.24 m/s u2 + Vw 2
Work Done per Unit Weight:
2. Inlet Calculations
1
◦
Vw 1 = 30 cos 20 = 28.19 m/s W= [Vw 1 u1 + Vw 2 u2 ] = 31.8 Nm/N
g
Vf 1 = 30 sin 20◦ = 10.26 m/s Output Work
Efficiency (η = Input Head ):
Vf 1
tan θ = ⇒ θ = 30.07◦
Vw 1 − u1 V12
Input Head = = 45.87 m ⇒ η = 69.3%
2g
© Amey Gokhale 38/38