Module 1 ' Statics 7 Statics is the study of p equilibrium of, particles and bot articles and rigid bodies at rest. It con, dies under the action of forces, ey Basic Principles of statics. The major basic principles involved in statics are; 1, Newton’s first law 2. Parallelogram law of forces 3, Principle of transmissibility of force. Other basic principles of statics are: 1. Equilibrium law 2. Principle of superposition 3. Law of action and reaction. Newton’s first law. It states that every body continues in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless it is compelled by a force to change that state. A body which is at rest will continue to be at rest or a body which is moving with a constant speed in a particular direction will continue moving with the same speed in the same direction. The state of rest or that of uniform motion will change only when it is acted upon by an unbalanced external force. The property of the body which resists any effort to change its state of rest or of uniform motion is known as inertia of the body. Thus the Newton’s first law brings out the concept of inertia and hence it is also known as law of inertia. Parallelogram law: Slevinius (1548 - 1620) was the first to demonstrate that two forces could be combined by Tepresenting them by directed lines to some suitable scale and then forming a parallelogram with the two forces as adjacent sides. The law states that, “If two forces acting simultaneously ata poi | are represented in magnitude and direction by the two adjacent sides of@Module 1 18 parallelogram, then their resultant is represented in magnitude and direction by the diagonal of the parallelogram which passes through the point of intersection of the two sides representing the forces”. Fig.1.1 Let two forces P and Q act at a point O as shown in Fig. 1.1. These forces P and Q are represented in magnitude and direction by the vectors OA and OB respectively. Let the angle between the two forces be 0. Draw the parallelogram with OA and OB as adjacent sides. The diagonal OC, according to the parallelogram law of forces, represents the magnitude and direction of the resultant R of the forces P and Q. From C, draw CD perpendicular toOA produced. In the triangle OCD, OC? = OD? + DC? = (P + Qcosa)? + (Qsin a)’ = P? + Q’cos’a + 2 PQ cos a + Q’sin?a =P? + Q? cos’a + Q? sin’a + 2PQ cos a =P? + Q4{cos 2a + sina] + 2PQ cos a R? = P? + Q? + 2PQ cos a Therefore the resultant of P and Q,Module 1 R= +Q? +2PQ cosa Let @ be the inclination of resultant with force P, then, CD Qsina __ sina tan0=—— = = OD P+Qcosa Pp 7 + cosa. Q If $ is the inclination of resultant with force Q, then, g=a-6, tanp— SE Psina sina OE Q+Pcosa cosa Particular cases : when a =0 R= PP @ + PQcg R=P+Q (ii) when o = 90° Fig.12. ————_—___ a WP + 2PQ cos aModule 1 1.10 \P? + Q? + 2PQ cos 90 R= yP?+¢ Q (iii) when a = 180° a=50 5 R = yP?+Q + 2PQeosa 0 Fig 3 " a 1 2 (iv) when Q =P Fig. 4 R2=P?+ Q@ + 2PQ cos a =P?+P?+2. PP. cosa = 2P? + 2P* cos a =2P?[ 1+ cos a] > 2a = 2P? x2 cos? > i 2 = 4P? cos? = 2 0 R = 2P cos 5 Fig. 15Module 1 Mn sin a a+ E 0S An eee" Q sin a ~ 1+ cosa Oh a 2sin — . cos ~ 2 2 ’ 2 cos? vie = tan = 2 : ie, when Q=P, the resultant bisects the ange between the forces Example 1.1 [KTU Jan 2017] The greatest and least resultants of two forces F, and F, are 17N and 3N respectively. Determine the angle between them when their resultant is 149N. Solution Given F+F, = 17N F,-F,=3N To calculate, a when R= 145 F+R,=17 F,-F,=3 Adding the above equations , 2F, = 20Module 1 12 F,=10N F,=17-10=7N ae R= F +E + 2EE cosa 149 = 102 + 72 +2x10x7x cosa 2x10x7cos =0 a=90 Example 1.2 Two forces P and Q of magnitude 25N and 10N are acting at a point. The forces P and Q make angle 15° and 45°, measured counter clockwise with the horizontal. Determine the resultant in magnitude and direction. Fig. 1.6 Resultant,R = /P? + Q? + 2PQcos a = 25? +10? + 2 x 25 x 10 x cos 30 R= 34.03 N. The inclination of resultant force with the direction of force P,Module 1 Ly 6 = tn! sin 30 = tan 2 cos 30 + 10 0 = 8.45° Inclination of resultant with horizontal is 15°+ 8 =15°+ 845° = 23.45° Example. 1.3 A boat is moved uniformly by pulling with forces 200N and 240N acting at an angle 60° as shown in Fig.1.7. Determine the magnitude of the resultant pull on the boat and the angle made by the resultant with forces 200N and 240N. Solution Given. P=240N; Q=200N; a=60° Resultant R = .{p? 4 + 2PQ cosa Fig. 1.7 = 240? + 200? + 2 x 240 x 200 cose0 R=381.58 N Inclination of resultant with force 240 N, tang = sin 60 = —Sin.60_ cos 60 + (240) 200 = 0.5094 0 = 27°Module 1 1.14 Inclination of resultant with force 200 N, sin 60 cos 60 + au 240 $ = tant $= 33° [$ = 60-0 = 60-27 = 334] Example 1.4 A boat is moved uniformly by pulling with forces P = 240N and Q= 200N. What must be the inclination of the resultant force with P and Q to have the resultant R = 400N as shown in Fig 1.8. Solution Given P=240N Q=200N R=400N Fig. 1.8 R = yP? + Q? + 2PQ cosa 400 = 240? + 200? + 2 x 240 x 200 cos (0 + ¢) cos (8 +9) = 0.65 0 +o=49.46° Inclination of resultant force with P, 1 sin (6 + ¢) 0 = tan P cos (0 cos (( tH+OModule 1 Lis -1__ sin 49.46 cos 49.46 + a = 22 339 Inclination of resultant with Q, = 49.46 - 22.33 = 27.13. = 27.13° Example 1.5 The resultant of two forces when they act at an angle of 60° is 14N. When they act at right angles, their resultant is 12N. Determine the magnitude of the two forces. Solution: Case(i) R=14N, a= 60° R= P? + Q@ + 2PQ cos a 14 =P? +@ + 2PQ. cos 60° P+ @+PQ= 196 -(i) Case(ii) R=12N, a=90° R=P?+Q 12?= P* +. Substituting this value of P? + & in eqn (i), 12-+PQ = 196 PQ =52 (P+Q)? = P?+ Q? + 2PQ = 12? +2x 52 P+Q=15.75 N Figs (P-QP=P'+Q-2PQ = 144 - 2x $2 = 40Module 1 1.16 P-Q=632 N P+Q=15.75 N 2P =22.07 N Q P=11.04N Q= 15.75 - 11.04 = 4! 5 TN Fig. 1.10 P 1.2. Concept of Rigid body. ‘When applying the principle of mechanics to practical problems, anum- ber of ideal conditions are to be assumed. The concept of rigid body is one of such ideal conditions. A rigid body is one which does nt deform when subjected to external forces. However bodies are never absolutely rigid and hence deform under the forces to which they are subjected. When the deformation is negligbly small compared to the overall dimensions of the body, the body can be treated as rigid. The concept of rigid body simplifies a problem in engineering mechanics and hence many engineer- ing problems are solved by assuming that the body is rigid. Principal system of units. The four fundamental quantities of mechanics, mass, length, time and force are related by the fundamental principle, F=mxa length time” Force = mass x The units of any three of the above fundamental quantities are defined arbitrarily and these three units are referred to as basic units. The unit of the fourth quantity must be chosen in accordance with the fundamental Principle, F=mxa, and isreferredtoas derived unit. The units of all other physical quantities are derived from the basic units and the unit of the fourth quantity. The units selected in this way are said to form a system of units.Module 1 Ln System International Units (SI Units). In this system of unit, the basic units are the units of length , mass, ang time and are respectively, metre (m), kilogram (kg) and second (8), The unit of force is a derived unit. Force = mass x length/ (time)? Unit of force = unit of mass x unit of length / (unit of time)? = kg s m Thus the derived unit of force is KB . 1 kg m/s* is defined as one newton (N) and it is the force which gives an acceleration of Im/s? toa mass of Ikg. IN=1 kg m/s? Like any other force, the weight of a body should be expressed in newton. The weight of a body of mass m kg is m x g , where g is the acceleration due to gravity. Weight of m kg of mass = W=mg Weight of | kgofmass = 1 kg.x 9.81m/s? = 9.81 kg. m/s? =9.81N Principle of transmissibility. The principle of transmissibility states that the point of application ofa force can be transmitted along its line of action without changing the effect of the force on any rigid body to which it is applied. Consider a rigid body under the action of a force F applied at A and acting along AB as shown in Fig. 1.11. Two equal and opposite forces applied at B will not change the condition of the rigid body. Now the removal of force at A and the force at B which is opposite to the force at A will not change the condition of the rigid body. The condition of rigid body at Fig 1.11 (¢) is same as that at Fig. 1.11 (a). This proves that trasmission of force F from its point of application at A to another point B which is inthe line of action of force F does not change the condition of the rigid body.Module 1 F F, /—Line of action of force F @ () © Fig. 1.11 1.3. Scalars and Vectors A scalar quantity is defined as the physical quantity with only magnitude and no direction. Such physical quantities can be described just by their numerical value without directions. The addition of these physical quantities follows the simple rules of algebra, and here, only their magnitudes are added. Some examples of scalar include: Mass Speed Distance Time Volume Density TemperatureModule | Lig Concept of Vectors A vector is a quantity that possesses magnitude, direction and sense. Force, velocity, acceleration etc. are examples of vectors. Vector quantities add according to the parallelogram law. Thus all quantities that have magnitude, direction, sense and add according to the parallelogram law are called vector quantities. A vector such as a force can be Tepre- sented by a line AB as shown in Fig.1.12. The length of the line AB de- notes the magnitude of the force to some scale. The angle denotes the direction of the force. The arrow head shown in the line shows the sense of the force. A vector F is generally written as F . The magnitude of F is denoted by F. A vector of magnitude unity (1, one) ne is called unit vector. Fig. 1.12 Unit vectors along X, Y and Z axes are denoted by ij and k respec tively as shown in Fig.1.13.Module 1 1.20 A vector can be expressed by its components along X, Y, and Z axes. If Fx, Fy, and Fz are the components of a force along X, Y and Z directions, then F=Fi+F,j+Ek. and the magnitude of force, F=JF +5, +R? Refer Fig. 3. OC? = OA? + OB* OE? = OC? + OD? = OA? + OB + OD? F? = OA? + OD? + OB? =F2+K?+F? The unit vector of any vector is obtained by dividing the given Vector by the magnitude of the same vector.Module 1 Example 1. 14 Find the unit vector of the force vector, F=2i+4j-5k. Solution: F=21+4j-5k. F,=2,F/=4and F, = 5 Magnitude of F, F= /F,+F,F, = 2? +4? 4(-5)? = 45 =6.71 .. The unit vector F_2i+4j-5k F 6.71 = 0.2981 +.0.596 j +0.745K Note: The magnitude of this vector = (0.298) + 16° +(0.74° Position vector: =] The position vector of a Point A in space with respect to the origit of co-ordinate axes OX, OY and OZ is OA. It is denoted by ®. F=xi+yj+zk The magnitude of Position vector, r= +y?+Module 1 122 The position vector of a line connecting two points A and B, ua = Ke Xa )E+ (Vn Ya) i+ Gs ~Za)k Thelengthoftheline AB=y(x,-x,) +(yp-y,)’ +(2p-z,)°1.6. Support Reactions of Beams (Point Load and UDL only) When loads are applied at certain points in the beam, the loads are said to be point loads or concentrated loads. Uniformly Distributed Load (UDL) is a load which has the same inten- sity of load over a certain length of the beam as shown in Fig. 1.23. The total load will be w x x, Fig.1.23 where w is the intensity of load and x is the loaded length. For calcu- lating reactions at supports this load can be assumed to be acting as a point load at the middle of the loaded length. When the load varies uniformly from one point to another point on the beam, the load is called uniformly varying load. When the intensity of load varies from zero at one end to mt ength at the other end, over a length x, then the total load will be — x x x W=area of the triangle. For the calculation of reaction at the supports, this total load can be considered as a point load acting at the centre of gravity of the triangle.oi os. Sag. te Module 1 137 — Ral (ex, w/unit length B ‘D | A _ ue cq, *. _|[D Fig. 1.24 Reactions at supports of beams. Due to the applied loads, reactions are developed at the supports and the system of forces consisting of applied loads and reactions keep the beam in equilibrium. The nature of reaction depends upon the type of Supports and type of loads. The equations for equilibrium, © F,=0, ZF, =0,and © M=0, can be applied to the beams and frames for calculating the reactions at the supports. For the sake of calculation of ‘support reac- tions, the uniformly distributed loads can be replace by an equivalent point load as shown in Fig. 1.25 " x a & Fig. 1.25Module 1 1.38 Example 1.45 A beam 6 m long is loaded as shown in Fig. 1.26. Calculate the reac- tions at A and B. Solution. Consider the free -body diagram of beam as shown in Fig. 1.27 For DF, =0, 10kN 20kN R,-10-20 +R, = 0 RtR=30—-) MN em For 2M =0, Fig. 1.26 taking moments about A, 10 x 2+20 x 4-R, x 6=0. 10kKN 20kN R,+R,=30 R, + 16.67 = 30 R, = 30- 16.67 = 13.33 KN Example 1.46 A beam 6 m long is loaded as shown in Fig. 1.28. Calculate the reac- tions at A and B Solution. Consider the free- body diagram of beam as shown in Fig. 1.29. The Teaction at A is replaced by its horizontal and vertical components, R,,, and R,, respectively. For LF, =0 Ry, — 20 cos 60 = 0Module 1 139 Ruy = 20 cos 60 = 10 KN 10KN 20K For DF) =0 . Ry, — 10-20 sin 60 +R, = 0 2m DD 2m CA Ry +R, = 10 + 20 sin 60 Fig. 1.28 =10+17.32=27.32 at For 2M =0, Ru taking moments about A, *w Fig. 1.29 * 10 x 2+(20 sin 60) x 4-R, x 6 =0 R, = 14.88 kN Rg, +R, = 27.32 Ry =27.32-R,=27.32- 14.88 = 12.44 kN Ra = VRav) + (Ray)? = Vi248? + 102 = 15.96 kN tan 0, = 1° _ ogoag A 12440 8, = 38.799 Example 1.47. Determine the reactions at the supports of the beam shown in Fig. 1.30. SolutionModule 1 1.40 Fig. 131 Consider the free-body diagram of beam as shown in Fig. 1.31 For ZF, =0, Ruy ~2 cos 60 = 0 R= 1 KN For DF, =0 Ry ~ 5-2 sin 60+R,-5=0 Ry +R, =5 +2sin60+5 = 11.73 KN. For 2M =0, taking moments about A, 5 x3 +(2 sin 60) x 7+5 x 10-R, x 10=0 R,=7.71 KN. Ry + 7.71 = 11.73. Ryy = 4.02 KNta Module 1 Ry = Van’ + Rav R fz 2 = vi? + 4.02 0, R, = 4.14 KN. Inclination of reaction at A with vertical, i Ray R, 6, = tan”! AH Z Ray = tan? Fig. 1.32 4.02 6, = 13.97° Example 1.48 A beam 6 m long is loaded as shown in Fig. 1.33. Calculate the reac- tions at supports A and B. Fig. 1.34 Solution Consider the freebody diagram of beam shown in Fig. 1.34. For LF, =0, Ry, ~ R, sin 30 =0Module 1 142 Ry — 10-20 +R, cos 30=0 Ry, +R, cos 30 = 30 (ii) For 2M =0, taking moments about A, 10 x 2+ 20 x4-(R, cos 30) x 6=0 20+ 80= 6R, cos 30 Het 6 as oa From eqn (i), Ry, =R, sin 30 =19.25x 0.5 = 9.625 kN From eqn (ii), Ry, + 19.25 cos 30 = 30 Ryy = 30 - 19.25 cos 30 = 13.33 KN. Ry = ¥Raw) + Ray)? A = 19.625? + 13.337 = 16.44 kN Inclination of resultant with vertical, Rag - Ray = tan”! AH 8, nk — 9.625 = tan! (~—) 13,33 Fig. 1.35Module 1 = 35.83° lay Example 1.49 Re) Determine the reactions atthe supports of the beam as shown in Fig 134 < 20kN_ 35kN 25kN 4 Fig. 1.37 Consider the freebody diagram of beam shown in Fig 1.37. For ZF, =0 Ry +20 cos 65 ~25 cos 55—R, sin 30=0 Ry 0.5 R= 5.89. For Fy = 0 Ry~ 20 sin 65 — 35 — 25 sin 55 + R, cos 30 =0 Ry, + 0.866 R, = 73.6 For 2M =0, taking moments about A, 20 sin 65%1 +35 *2.5 +25 sin 55 x3,5—R, cos 30 x45 = 0 R, = 45.5 KNModule | 144 Ry + 0.866% 45.5=73.6 Ry = 34.2 kN Ry 0.5% 45.5 = 5.89 Ryu = 28.64 KN Ry = WRar + Rav? = (28.64)? + (34.2)? = 44.61 KN Inclination of reaction at A with vertical, = tan-! 28:64 34.2 = 39.94 Example 1.50 ‘A beam 6 m long is loaded as shown in Fig. 1.38. Calculate the reac- tions at A and B. Solution: 10KN 8kNm For DF, =0, R,-10+R,=0 R,+R,=10—() Fig. 1.38 For 2M =0, 10x2+8-R,x6=0 28=6R, R, = 78 — 467kN 6 R, =10-R,= 10~4.67 =5.33 kNModule 1 L4s Example 1.51 A beam 6 m long is loaded as shown in Fig. 1.40. Calculate the reac. tions at A and B 10kN SkKN/m A Solution: Fig. 1.40 For calculating the support reactions, the UDL can be replaced by a concentrated load of magnitude 5x 4 =20 kN at the mid point of BC are shown in Fig. 1.41. 1OKN 5kN/m Fig 141 R, = 16.67 kN R,= 13.33 kN [Refer example 1.45] ‘Xample 1,52. Determine the reactions at the Supports of the beam shown in Fig. 1.42. 10kN 10kNm Solution, Fig. 1.42 Consider the free- For Y Fy = 0 R,~10-3 +R, =0 R,+R, = 13 kN body diagram of the beam shown in Fig. 1.43.Module | 1.46 10kN 3KN R Fig. 1.43 R, For 2M = 0, taking moments about A, 10+10x5+3x6.5—R,x8 =0 R, =9.94KN R, +9.94 = 13, R,=13-9.94 = 3.06 kN Example 1.53. A beam 6 m long is loaded as shown in Fig 1.44. Calculate the reac- tions at A and B Solution. The linearly varying load can be replaced by a point load of magnitude i x 4x 5 = 10 kN acting at the centre of gravity of the triangle as shown 2 inFig.1.45. 10kN |_—S kN/m 10kN 10 kNModule | For LR, = 0 R,- 10 -10+R,=0 R, +R,=20 (i) For LM = 0, taking moments about A, 8. 10x 2+10x (2+ -)- = x «2+ 3)-R,x6 = 0 R, =[Link] R,+R,=20 R,=20-R, = 8.89 kN Example 1.54, A beam 6 m long is loaded as shown in Fig. 1.46. Calculate the reac- tions at A and B Solution. The linearly varying load can be replaced by two point loads as shown in Fig. 1.47. For 5 Fy = 0 R,-10-12-9+R,=0 R, +R,=31KN For 2M = 0, taking moments about A, Fig.1.46 10 x2 + 12 «4.5 +9 x5-R, x 6 =0 20 +54+45 =6R, R, = 19.83 kNyr yodule t 1.48 pt R= 31EN 10kN " g.231-Rp= 31-1983 ae 1 etLI7KN A [lfm Example 1.55. Fig. 1.47 Determine the reactions at the supports of the beam shown 148, 3kN/m AKN 6kN 2KN Solution, Fig. 1.49 Consider the freebody diagram of beam shown in Fig, 1.49. ForD FR, = 0 bhModule 1 R-4-6-2+R,=0 R, +R,= 12 kN For 2 M = 0, taking moments about A, 4x1+40+6x5+2x 5.33- Ryx7 =0 R, = 12.09 kN R, + 12.09 = 12 R, = —0.09 kN R, = 0.09 KN downward Example 1.56. A beam 6 m long is loaded as shown in Fig 1.50. Calculate the reac- tions at A and B. Solution. Consider the freebody diagram of beam shown in Fig. 1.51. 20kN For ¥ Fy = 0 R,- 10-20+R,=0 10KN 2m R,+R,=30 ——-(1) In| AR, : A For 2M = 0, 2m 7 taking moments about A, Fig. 1.50 10 x2+20 x 4+40-R, x 6=0 20 + 80+ 40=6R, R, = _ a3 33kN 10kN 20KN 6 R, +R, = 30 R, = 30-R, = 30 ~23.33 = 6.67KN. Fig 151¥ 1.50 A beam 6 m long is loaded as shown in Fig 1.52. Calculate the reac- tions at A and B. Module | Example 1.57. Solution. Consider the freebody diagram of beam shown in Fig. 1.53. The two equal and opposite forces acting at a distance 2 m can be replaced by a couple of magnitude 4 x 2 = 8 kNm, as shown in Fig 1.53. =36.78° For DF, =0 Ry — 10+R, cos 36.87 =0 Ray + R,cos 36.87= 10 For M = 0, Ran Rav ; Fig. 1.53 Rp taking moments about A, 10x2+8—(R, cos 36.87)x6 =0 R,=5.83 kN, Ry + 5.83 cos 36.87 = 10 Ry = 5.33 KN, For DF, =0Module 1 154 Ry Rp sin 36.87 = 0, Ry, = 5:83 sin 36.87 = 3.5 kN. R, = Ran? + Ray’ = ¥35? + 5.337 = 6.38 KN Inclination of reaction R, with vertical, tan7! Raw = tan”! 35 “Ray 5.33 33.299 8, § Example 1.58. Determine the reactions at supports A and B of the beam shown in Fig.1. : > oe For 2 Fy = 0 Ry —5+4sin45+R,=0Module : 1.52 Ray + Ry= 2:17 KN For 2 F, =0 Ry, t 4008.45 + 8= 0 Ryy = — 10.83 kN Ry = 10.83 KN, towards left For 2M = 0, taking moments about A, 5x2-4 sin 45x 4+ 16-R,x8=0 R, = 1.84kN Ry + 1.84= 2.17 Ryy = 0.33 KN Ry = VRau’ +Ryy’ = 10.83? + 0.337 = 10.84 KN Inclination of reaction R, with vertical, 2 = in OS Ge 033 = 88.25° Example 1.59. Determine the reactions at A and B of beam shown in Fig. 1.56 Solution ForDR=0 | Ry-1+Ryy =0 R,+Ryy = 1 KNModule | For 5 F,=0 -2-Ryy, =0 Ry =-2 kN R,,, = 2 KN towards right For ZM = 0, taking moments about A, 2kNm_ 1kNm Ix1-2x1+1-R,,x4=0 A__EB_ (DNC) B Rey Ruy =0 R,+0=1 Ra ik R= 14N Fig. 1.57 Since R,, = 0, R, = R,,,=2 KN towards right Example 1.60. Determine the support reactions at A and B of the beam shown in Fig. 1.58. Solution. For DF, = 0 R,+R, -1=0 Im 0.25m R,+R,=1kN For 2M = 0, taking moments about A, 1x1.25-R,x1=0 R,= 1.25 kN R,+1.25= 1 12 Fig. 1.58 R, =~ 0.25 kN R, = 0.25 kN downward,Module | Example 1.61. Determine the support reactions of the beam shown in Fig. 1.60 Solution. For L Fy = 0 R,- 20 sin 60 — 10+R,,-10=0 R, + Ryy = 37.32 KN For 5 F, =0 20 cos 60-R,,, = 0 Ry, = 10 KN For = M = 0, taking moments about A, 20 sin 60 x 1-20+ 10x4—R,, x5 +10x6.5=0 R,y = 20.46 KN R, + 20.46 = 37.32 R, = 16.86 kN Ry = Row’ + Rov = V10* + 20,46? = 22.77 kN 'nclination of reaction R,, with vertical, 20KN 10kN Fig. 1.60 R . — tan) Row enue Op = tam Ry 20.46 26.05°Module 1 1 1.13, System isolation and the free body diagram An isolated system, is a system in which neither matter nor ener; be exchanged with the surroundings. Such a system remaii the influences of its external environment. To illustrate, thermos flask holding a hot drink. The flask is design transfer with the surroundings, and nothing gets in or an approximate example of an isolated system. ins isolated from consider a Perfect ed to prevent heat out of it - making it The Fundamental Characteristics of an Isolated System 1.) Energy Conservation: Within an isolated system, the total energy (kj. netic and potential) remains constant as there's no energy transfer across its boundaries. 2.) Matter Conservation: The total quantity of matter in the system does not change as it's completely isolated from its surroundings. 3.) Entropy: The entropy of an isolated system always increases accord- ing to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, The purpose of free body isolation in the context of free body dia: is to_ simplify the analysis of a physical System by focusing 6n the indi- vidual forces acting on a specific object or part of the system, By isolating the free body, the analyst can clearly identify all the forces, their magni- tudes, and directions, which is essential for applying Newton's laws of motion and determining the object's motion, acceleration, and equilibrium conditions. Describe the process of creating a free-body diagram and explain how it relates to the concept of free-body isolation. The process of creating a free-body diagram involves the following steps: 1) Identifying the object or system of interest, eating the object 2) Isolating the object from its surroundings 3) Identifying all the forces acting on the object, including contact forces, tension forces, normal forces, and any other external forces, 4) Representing each force as a vector with its magnitude and direc- tion, andModule | 1.94 5) Ensuring that the free-body diagram accurately depicts the isolated object and all the forces acting on it. The free-body diagram is a visual representation of the free-body iso- lation process, which allows the analyst to apply Newton's laws of motion and determine the object's motion, acceleration, and equilibrium condi- tions. By focusing on the isolated object and its forces, free-body isolation simplifies the analysis and facilitates a deeper understanding of the under- lying physics. The concept of free-body isolation is essential for the application of Newton's laws of motion in the context of drawing free-body diagrams because it allows the analyst to focus on the individual forces acting on a specific object or system, rather than considering the influence of the en- tire surrounding environment. By isolating the free body, the analyst can apply Newton's first law (the law of inertia) to determine the object's state of rest or uniform motion, Newton's second law (the law of: acceleration) to calculate the object's acceleration based on the net force acting on it, and Newton's third law (the law of action and reaction) to identify the interaction forces between the object and its surroundings. The free-body diagram, which is a visual representation of the free-body isolation pro- cess, is a crucial tool for organizing and applying these fundamental prin- ciples of physics, ultimately leading to a deeper understanding of the system's behavior. Free-body diagram. are derived from the physical situation of ion of a system consisting ra system consisting of The problems of equilibrium system, A sketch showing the physical situati of several bodies is called a space diagram. Fo Several bodies to be in equilibrium each body of the system, considered Separately must be in equilibrium. To investigate the equilibrium ofa certain body in a system, it should be assumed that the body is isolated from all other supporting bodies. After isolating the body, al the applied forees 08 at the points of ‘contact © body, self-weight ody and the reactions A ight of the body ant H Aa ith other supporting bodies by directed lines. This sketch jn : ing bodies are shown De ecerall which ise isolated from its st the body is completely isola ey agra The fee: forces acting on it are shown is calledModule 1 tsa 195 body diagram makes it easy to apply the laws of equilibrium to the Set of forces acting on the body and is of considerable help in solving complicate problems. Fig 1.81 shows the free-body diagrams of two spheres kept inside a cylindrical vessel. Fig. 1.82 Fig. 1.81 Ry Example 1.82. [KTU June 2016] Three smooth identical spheres A, B and C are placed ina rectangular channel as shown in Fig. 1.83. Draw the free body diagram of each spheres. Fig. 1.83 3Module 1 1.96 ~ Ry Fig. 1.84 Rk, Solution Fig. 1.84. shows the free body diagrams of the spheres. R,, R,, R, and R, are perpendicular to the contact surfaces and reaction R, is directed along the line joining the centres of spheres A and C. Reaction R, is directed along the line joining the centres of spheres A and B. Example 1.83 [KTU May 2019] A solid cylinder 30mm diameter and weighing 30N is placed in a triangular channel as shown in Fig. 1.85. Neglecting the friction between the contact surfaces, calculate the normal reaction on the sides of the channel. Solution Fig. 1.86 shows the free body i ‘am of the cylinder. R, and R,, © Perpendicular to the contact face at A and B. Fig. 1.85Module | Applying Lami’s theorem, 30 oe sin105 sin(180—60) _sin(180—45) Ry =— 2 xsin(180— 60) = 26.89N sinl0S Ry = 2 —xsin(180— 45) = 21.96N sinl0S Fig. 1.86 Example 1.84. 7 A steel ball rests in a groove, the sides ON. of which are smooth. One side of the groove is vertical while the other side is at 40° to the horizontal. If the ball has a weight of 10 N find the reaction on each wall of the groove. Solution. 4? For DF, = 0 Fig. 1.87 R, cos 40~-10=0 . = 13.05 N 10N cos 40 For 2 Fy, = 0 R, sin 40-R, = 0. R, R,=R, sin 40= 13.05 sin 40 = 8.39N Reaction on vertical wall = 8.39 N. R, 40° Reaction on inclined wall = 13,05N, Fig. 1.88Module | 1.98 Example 1.85, A smooth sphere of weight W is supported in contact with a smooth vertical wall by a string fastened to a point ints surface, the other end being attached toa point in the wall. If the length of the string be equal to the radius of the sphere find the inclination of the string to the vertical, the tension in the string and the reaction of the wall. Fig. 1.89 Solution. Let T be the tension in the string and R be the reaction of the wall. cos@ = = = 2r 2 0 = 60° For DF, = 0, Tsn@ -Ww=0 Ww Fig. 1.90 T= = 1.154W 0 For DF, = 0 T cos 60-R=0 R=T cos 60 = 1.154 W x cos 60 R=0577WModule 1 we Ly Example 1.86 A roller of weight W = 1000N rests on a smooth inclined plane ang is kept from rolling down by a string AC as shown in Fig.1.91. Using method of projections, find the tension S in the string and the reaction at the Poin of contact B. Solution. Let T be the tension in the string and R be the reaction at B. Resolving the forces along X direction, Lz R cos 45 ~ $ cos 30 = 0 - Resolving the forces along Y direction, For DF, = 0 Rsin 45 + T sin 30— 1000=0 —- —_tii) Fig. 191 From eqns (i), R cos 45 = T. cos 30. R sin 45 = T cos 30 From eqn (ii), T cos 30 + T sin 30 - 1000=0 T (cos 30 + sin 30)= 1000, 1000 (cos30 + sin 30) =732.05N Reaction R = 10830 _ 732.05% e0s30 cos 45 cos 45 R= 896.57 N,Module 1 \\ A wW Example 1.87 Two identical rollers, each of weight Q= 500N are supported by an inclined plane and a vertical wall as shown in Fig 1.93. Assuming smooth surfaces, find the reactions induced at the points of support A,B and C. Solution Consider the upper roller. Resolving the forces parallel to Fig. 193 the inclined plane, R,-Q sin30=0 R, =Qsin 30 = 500 sin 30= 250 N Resolving the forces perpendicular to the inclined plane, R,~500 cos 30 = 0, R,= 500 cos 30 = 433 N. Fig. 195 1.100Module 1 Consider the lower roller Resolving the forces along the plane, R,, cos 30 250 ~ 500 sin 30= 0 _ 500 sin 30 + 250 R 7 cos 30 =577.35N Resolving the forces perpendicular to the Fig, 1.96 inclined plane, R,~ 500 cos 30—R,, sin 30 = 0 R,=R, sin 30 + 500 cos 30 = 577.35 sin 30 + 500 cos 30 = 721.69 N 5 1.88 lp? Two identical rollers each weighing 400N are supported by an inclined plane inclined at 30°to the horizontal and a wall, at right angles to the inclined plane as shown in the Fig. 1.97. Find the reactions at the supports A Band C: Neglect friction. 400N Fig. 1.97re Module 1 1.102 Solution The freebody diagram of the two rollers is shown in Fig. 1.98. Con- sider the equilibrium of the upper roller. Resolving the forces in the direc- tion of R,, R, -400 cos30 =0 400N R, = 400 cos30 30° = 346.41N. Resolving the forces in the direction of R, R- 400 sin 30 =0 R 30° R R=200N. Fig. 1.99 Consider the equilibrium of lower roller. Resolving the forces in the direc- tion of R,, R, - 400 cos30 =0 R, = 400 cos 30 =346.41N. Resolving the forces in the direction of Ry, r oo Rg - 200 -400 sin 30 = 0 Re = 200 + 400 sin 30 =400N Fig. 1.1004 Module 1 Lng Example 1.89 [KTU Jan 2014 Two smooth cylinders A and B each of diameter 400mm and Weight 200N rest in a horizontal channel having vertical walls and base width of. 720mm as shown in Fig. 1.101. Find the reaction at P, Q and R. Solution. AB = 400 mm BC = 720 - 400 = 320 mm BC 320 cos@ = — = —_ AB 400 8 = 36.879 Fig. 1.101 Consider the equilibrium of ‘upper cylinder Resolving the forces vertically For D Fy = 0, R, sin @~200=0 200 sin 36.87 = 333.33N Resolving the forces horizontally, R, cos 0-R, = 0 R,=R, cos 6 = 333.33 x cos 36.87 = 266.67 N Consider the equilibrium of lower cylinder, Resolving the forces vertically,Module 1 For DF, = 0 R, - 200 - 333.33 sin 8 = 0 R, = 200 + 333.33 sin 36.87 =400N Fig. 1. 103 Resolving the forces horizontally, For Fy = 0 R, ~ 333.33 cos 0=0 R, = 333.33 cos 36.87 = 266.67 N. Reaction at P= 266.67 N Reaction at Q= 400 N Reaction at R = 266.67 N Example 1.90 cA0M ‘Two smooth circular cylinders \—f €ach of weight 100N and radius 15 J m are connected at their centres by a string AB of length 40cm. and Test upon a horizontal plane as Fig. 1.105a Module 1 : 1.105 shown in Fig.1,106. The cylinder above them has a weight 200N as radius of Sem, Find the force in the string AB and the pressure Produce in the floor at the points of contact D and E. co 6 =sin 39 74181 & R Consider the equilibrium of upper cylinder; For DF, = 0 R, sin 41.81 —R, sin 41.81 =0 R= For LF, = 0 R, cos 41.81 +R, cos 41,81 — 200 =0 2R, cos 41.81 = 200 200 2, cos 41.81 = 134.16N R, = R, = 134.16NModule 1 a ve Consider the equilibrium of lower cylinder, For DF, = 0 134.16 sin 41.81=0 aa W=100N| 41.81" T= 134.16 x sin 41.81 =89.44N For LF, = 0, R, — 100 ~ 134.16 cos 41.81 =0 R, = 100+ 134.16 cos 41.81 =200N Ry Fig. 1.109 Because of symmetrical arrangement of cylinders, the reaction at E will be same as that at D. Therefore, R, = R, = 200N a Example 1.91. Two cylinders A and B rest as shown in Fig 1.110. Ahas a diameter of 10cm and weight 15N. B has a diameter of 18cm and weight 45N. Determine the pressure at all the points of contact. Solution: Refer Fig. 1.98, cos @ = O,H 0, 0; ED xO Cs tan 3 0,D tan 30 ED= OD tan30=9tan30= ee cal 5.196 cm fe Fig. 1.110Module | O0,H =DG = EK -GK -ED = 18-5 — 5,196 = 7.804 cm. 7.804 s-—— me 16 0 =56.12° Consider the equilibrium of cylinder A. Resolving the forces vertically. For DF, = 0, R sin@-15 =0 Rsin 56.12 = 15 ISN. Fig. L111 Bile 18.07 N R, sin 56.12 }¢—_o Y Resolving the forces horizontally, For 5 Fy = 0 R R cos -R.=0 Fig. 1.112 R..= R cos 0 = 18.07 cos 56.12 = 10.07 R,= 10: i. 1 = 10.07 N. 45N fe = 1807N Consider the equilibrium of cylinder B. Resolving the forces horizontally, For Fy = 0, R, sin 60 — 18.07 cos 56,12 = 0 : a Rc 18.07c0s 56. 12 sin 60 Ro = 11.63.N Fig. U3Module 1 1.108 Resolving the forces vertically, : For [Fy = 0, R, +R, cos 60 — 18.07 sin 56.12 - 45 =0 R, = 45 + 18.07 sin 56.12 — 11.63 cos 60 R, = 54.19 N Example 1.92. Three cylinders are piled in a rectangular ditch as in Fig. 1.114. Ne- glecting friction, determine the reaction between cylinder A and vertical wall 40N we Go | 80N By et 360 >| Fig. 1.114 BE 360-120-100 _ 140 cos 0, = —— = —_—_—— = BC 120+100 220 9, = 50.48° BD 360—120—80 _ 160 cos 6, = BP _ AB 120 +80 200 6, = 36,87°Module | . Lty Consider the free body diagram of cylinder C. 40N For }Fy =0,R, sin $0.48 - 40 =0 R =5148N Rg 50.48° R, Fig. 1.116 pM 369, Fig. 1.115 ™ Fig. 1.117 Consider the free body diagram of cylinder B. For DF, =0, R, sin 36.87 — 80 — 51.85 sin 50.48 =0 30N R,=200N R= 51.85 sin 50.48+80 ev 36.87° sin 36,87 R; -200% LA) Consider the free body diagram of cylinder A. For SF, =0, Rw ig. 1.118 R, ~200 cos 36.87 = 0 ot R, = 160 N Reaction between the cylinder A and the vertical wall is 160 N.Module 1 1.110 1.14, Conditions of equilibrium in two dimensions, : A body is said to be in equilibrium when all the forces exerted on the body are in balance, Insuch a situation there is no acceleration. This may imply that no motion takes place, meaning that the velocity of the body is zero. The body is at rest and is said to be in static equilibrium. On the other hand no acceleration may imply that there is velocity but it remains con- stant, the system is said to be in dynamic equilibrium. In either case a body will be in equilibrium if and only if, 1, The sum of all the forces acting on it is zero, 5 F = 0). For this in two dimensional problems, = F and 5 are to be zero, 2 F, =0, ZF, =0. 2. The sum of moments of all the forces acting on the body about any point is zero, 5M =0 Two force and three force members. When the number of forces acting on a body is two, the body is said to be a two force body. Let F, and F, be the two force acting on a member as shown in Fig. 1.119 (a). This member will not be in equilibrium because © F and 5 M are not equal to zero. When the two forces act as shown in Fig 1.119 (b). The member will not be in equilibrium even when F,=F,, When F, = F,, the sum of. forces will be zero. But two equal and opposite forces acting at two different points constitute a couple. There- fore even if SF =0, EM Will not be zero. For YM =0, the line of action of F, and F,, should be the same. That is the two forces F, and F, should be colinear. Fz Fy . Fe Fy slide SSS Ag BA Bk B xP 20 p, 2F=0 zF=0 » IM#0 F, * 3M#0 =M=0 a) ) © Fig. 1.119Module | oe Ly Thus for the equilibrium of a two force body, the two forces shoulg equal in magnitude, opposite in direction and must be colinear as shown is Fig. 1.119 (0). When the number of forces acting on a member is three, the Member is said to be a three force member. Suppose that the line of action of two forces F, and F, intersect ato, The moment of forces F, and F,, about O is zero. For 5 M =), the line of action of force F, acting at C should also passes through the point O as shown in Fig 1.120 (b). That is for a three force body to be in equilibrium, all the three forces must be concurrent forces. [Line of action of all the forces must meet at a single point]. The magnitude of the forces FF, and F, should be such that ZF should be zero. For this the resultant of any two forces must be equal and opposite to the third force. For example the magnitude of force F, should be equal and opposite to the resultant of the other to forces F, and F,. h i r Fig. 1.120 (a) Fig. 1.120 (b) The necessary and sufficient conditions for the equilibrium of a rigid body can be expressed analytically, © F,=0, DF, =Oand SM=0 Example 1,93 [Link] beam AB of weight 100 KN and 6 m long had two bodies & weights 60 KN and 80 kN suspended from its two ends as shown I? ‘ t Fig 1.121. At what point the beam should be supported that it may horizontally.Module 1 1.112 60kN 100KN 80kN Solution. Fig. 1.121 The position of support should be such that the sum of moments of all the forces about that point must be zero. Let the required support be at a distance x towards left of B. Taking moments of forces about the support, 80xx— 100 (3 — x) - 60 (6-x)=0 80 x = 300- 100 x + 360-60 x 240 x = 660 660 oe 25m. 740° ™ The support should be 2.75 m towards left of point B.