Chapter Description

1.1. Installing Anaconda for Python UNIT 01

1.1. Installing Anaconda for Python UNIT 01
1.1. Installing Anaconda for Python UNIT 01
1.1. Installing Anaconda for Python UNIT 01
1.1. Installing Anaconda for Python UNIT 01
1.1. Installing Anaconda for Python UNIT 01
1.1. Installing Anaconda for Python UNIT 01
1.2. Intro to Mathematics UNIT 01
1.2. Intro to Mathematics UNIT 01

5 1
−
3 128

𝜋 = 3.1415 ⋯
𝑒 2.71828
2 = 1.4142 ⋯ −5 − 4 − 3 − 2 − 1 0

12345
1.3. Mathematical Symbols UNIT 01
2.1. Algebra UNIT 02
2.1. Algebra UNIT 02

y 𝐴=𝐵
7
9-5
5×𝑥 −9 X+1=3
4 + 8 × (5 – 4)
X + 5 × (7 – 𝑥 ) a+a=2a
Equality, Equation, Identity
2.1. Algebra UNIT 02

7=7
x=9
y+9=14
x-4=15−𝑥
5𝑥𝑦 = 8𝑥𝑦 2 + 4
2.1. Algebra UNIT 02

Ex
𝑥 𝑦

•
•
•
2.1. Algebra UNIT 02

x
3, a, 3a, -4ab , , a2
4

‣
Ex
2 + 3 = 5 which is 5.
2.1. Algebra UNIT 02

(𝑥 − 2)3 = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − 8
2.1. Algebra UNIT 02

𝑎>0 𝑦 𝑦
First−Degree Equation for 𝑥 , 𝑎<0
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 (𝑏𝑢𝑡, 𝑎 ≠ 0) 𝑎 1
𝑎
𝑏 b
1
𝑎 slope 𝑥
0 𝑥 0
𝑏 intercept

‣
‣
2.1. Algebra UNIT 02

Second-Degree 𝑎>0 𝑎<0

𝑦 𝑦
Equation for 𝑥 ,
𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑐
(𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑎 ≠ 0)

𝑥 𝑥

0 0
c

‣
2.2. Sequence UNIT 02

Ex

1,2,3,4
𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑥4
𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , ⋯ 𝑥𝑛
2.2. Sequence UNIT 02
2.2. Sequence UNIT 02
2.2. Sequence UNIT 02
2.2. Sequence UNIT 02
2.2. Sequence UNIT 02
2.2. Sequence UNIT 02

𝑛𝑎 ,𝑟 = 1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 ) 𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
= ,𝑟 ≠ 1
1−𝑟 𝑟−1
2.2. Sequence UNIT 02

𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑛 𝑐, Σ

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

(1) (𝑎𝑘 + 𝑏𝑘) = 𝑎𝑘 + 𝑏𝑘 (2) (𝑎𝑘 − 𝑏𝑘) = 𝑎𝑘 − 𝑏𝑘

𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

(3) 𝑐𝑎𝑘 = 𝑐 𝑎𝑘 (4) 𝑐 = 𝑐𝑛

𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1
2.2. Sequence UNIT 02
2.2. Sequence UNIT 02

10

(𝑘 2 −𝑘)
𝑘=1
2.3. Absolute Value and Euclidean Distance UNIT 02
2.3. Absolute Value and Euclidean Distance UNIT 02

∥𝑝−𝑞 ∥= 𝑝 − 𝑞 ∙ 𝑝 − 𝑞 = ∥ 𝑝 ∥2 +∥ 𝑞 ∥2 − 2𝑝 ⋅ 𝑞
2.3. Absolute Value and Euclidean Distance UNIT 02

y
a2 A(a1, a2) A

b2 (a2− b2)
B (b1, b2)

x B
0 b1 a1 (a1− b1)
2.4. Sets UNIT 02

Ex

Ex
𝑥𝑥
2.4. Sets UNIT 02
2.4. Sets UNIT 02
2.4. Sets UNIT 02
2.5. Concept of Functions UNIT 02
2.5. Concept of Functions UNIT 02
2.5. Concept of Functions UNIT 02

𝑓(𝑑)

𝑓(𝑏)
a
𝑓(𝑎)
b
𝑓(𝑐)
c
d 𝑓(𝑥)
x
2.5. Concept of Functions UNIT 02
2.5. Concept of Functions UNIT 02

𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 1
1

1 𝑥
− 0
3
2.5. Concept of Functions UNIT 02

G𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) y
A(𝑎1, 𝑎2)

a
0 x
f(a)

(𝑎, 𝑓 (𝑎 ))
2.5. Concept of Functions UNIT 02

𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥2

3 3 3
4 4 4
3 4
2 2 2 3 3
2 2
1 1 1 2 2 3
1 1
0 0 0 1 1
0 2
-1 -1 − −1 -1 0 0
1 2 -1
1
-2 -2 2 −1 -2 -1 -1
-2
-3 -3 − -3 -3 -2 -2 − −1 1 2
2 2
-4 -4 -4 -4 -3 -3
2.5. Concept of Functions UNIT 02

Ex
2.5. Concept of Functions UNIT 02

f(g(x)) =10 + 𝑔(𝑥)2 = 10 + (3 + 𝑥)2

g(f(x)) = 3 +f(x) = 3 + (10+𝑥 2 )

𝑥 𝑓
𝑔 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥))

𝑓(𝑥)

ℎ ∶ 𝑥 → 𝑓(𝑥) → 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥))
2.5. Concept of Functions UNIT 02
2.5. Concept of Functions UNIT 02

𝑓 −1 (a)
a

b
𝑓 −1 (b)
2.6. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions UNIT 02

23 = 2 ∙ 2 ∙ 2 = 8
2.6. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions UNIT 02

23 = 2 ∙ 2 ∙ 2 = 8

8 = 23 3 = log 2 8
100 = 102 2 = log10 100
81 = 34 4 = log 3 81
−
0.01 = 10 2 −2 = log10 0.01
2.6. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions UNIT 02

f(x) = 𝑎 𝑥

𝑎, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑎

y=ax y=ax
y y

a1
1 1
a1
x x
0 t 0 t
(a) When a >1 (b) When 0<a <1

𝒚 = 𝒂𝟐 𝒂
2.6. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions UNIT 02

y2=2**(-x-2)

2^{-X-2}$
2.6. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions UNIT 02

𝑦=3 2.0 𝑦 = 2-𝑥

8 𝑦 = 3𝑥-1 + 2 𝑦 = −2-x-2
1.5
6 1.0

4 0.5
0.0
2
-0.5
0
−1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 −1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
2.6. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions UNIT 02

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥

𝑎, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1 y = loga x
𝑎
y y
𝑦=𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑦=𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥

𝑦 = log 𝑎 𝑥 1
(a) When a >1 1 (b) When 0<a <1
x x
0 1 0 1
𝑦 = log 𝑎 𝑥

𝒚 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂𝒙 𝒂
2.6. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions UNIT 02
2.6. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions UNIT 02

2 𝑦 = log 2(𝑥)
𝑦 = log 𝑥 𝑥 + 1 − 1
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4

−1 0 1 2 3 4
2.7. Natural Logarithms UNIT 02
2.7. Natural Logarithms UNIT 02
2.7. Natural Logarithms UNIT 02
2.7. Natural Logarithms UNIT 02
2.8. Sigmoid Functions UNIT 02
2.8. Sigmoid Functions UNIT 02

Sigmoid Function Graph

1 1.2
1 + exp(−𝑎𝑥)
1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
2.9. Trigonometric Functions UNIT 02

𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
sin 𝜃 = , cos 𝜃 = , tan 𝜃 = 𝑦
𝑟 𝑟 𝑥
+𝑟
𝑟 𝑟 𝑥
csc 𝜃 = , sec 𝜃 = , cot 𝜃 = 𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑟

𝜃 𝑥
0
−𝑟 𝑥 +𝑟

−𝑟
2.9. Trigonometric Functions UNIT 02

3
0.866
2
2
0.707
2 1
0.5
2

1
− 0.5
2 2
− −0.707
3 2
− −0.866
2

3
0.866
2 2
0.707 1
2 0.5
2

1
− 0.5
2 2
− −0.707
3 2
− −0.866
2
3.1. Vector UNIT 03
3.1. Vector UNIT 03
3.1. Vector UNIT 03

𝑄
𝑣
5 5
𝑃𝑄 = 𝑜𝑟 𝑣 =
𝑃𝑄 3 3

𝑃
3.1. Vector UNIT 03

𝑷 5
𝑣=
3
𝑣

O 𝑥
3.2. Vector Norm UNIT 03
3.3. Inner Product UNIT 03

𝑏 = (2,3)

𝑎 = (3,1)

‣
‣
‣
3.3. Inner Product UNIT 03

𝑏 = (2,3)

𝜃 𝑎 = (3,1)
3.4. Orthogonal Condition UNIT 03

a
3.5. Normal Vector UNIT 03

Normal Vector p

90 °
3.6. Cosine Similarity UNIT 03

a(-4, -2) b(6, 3) a(4, 2) b(6, 3)

a(6, 3)
b(1, -2)
4.1. Calculating Matrix UNIT 04

Ex

5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2

𝑥1,1 𝑥1,2 𝑥1,3 𝑥1,4
4.9 3.0 1.4 0.2 𝑥2,1 𝑥2,2 𝑥2,3 𝑥2,4
4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2 𝑥3,1 𝑥3,2 𝑥3,3 𝑥3,4
𝑋=
4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2 = 𝑥4,1 𝑥4,2 𝑥4,3 𝑥4,4
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
6.2 3.4 5.4 2.3 𝑥149,1 𝑥149,2 𝑥149,3 𝑥149,4
5.9 3.0 5.1 1.8 𝑥150,1 𝑥150,2 𝑥150,3 𝑥150,4
4.1. Calculating Matrix UNIT 04

𝑎11 𝑎12 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑚 𝑎11 𝑎21 ⋯ 𝑎𝑛1

𝐴= 𝑎21 𝑎22 ⋯ 𝑎2𝑚 , 𝐴𝑇 = 𝑎12 𝑎22 ⋯ 𝑎𝑛2
⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
𝑎𝑛1 𝑎𝑛2 ⋯ 𝑎𝑛𝑚 𝑎1𝑚 𝑎2𝑚 ⋯ 𝑎𝑛𝑚
4.1. Calculating Matrix UNIT 04

Ex

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥1, 𝑥2, 𝑥3
= 2𝑥1𝑥1 − 4𝑥1𝑥2 + 3𝑥1𝑥3 + 𝑥2𝑥1 + 2𝑥2𝑥2 + 6𝑥2𝑥3 − 2𝑥3𝑥1 + 3𝑥3𝑥2 + 2𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 − 4𝑥3 + 5
4.1. Calculating Matrix UNIT 04

2 0 1 50 0 0
1 21 5 0 1 0
4 5 12 0 0 8

1 0 0 1 2 11
0 1 0 2 21 5
0 0 1 11 5 1
4.1. Calculating Matrix UNIT 04

𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵 𝑐𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑗𝑘𝑏𝑘𝑗
𝑘=1,𝑠

2 0 0
3 4 1
2∗3 𝐴= 3∗3 𝐵= 1 0 5
0 5 2
4 5 0
14 5 24
2∗3 𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵 =
13 10 27
4.1. Calculating Matrix UNIT 04

1 −4 1 −8
𝐴 = ,𝐵 =
−4 1 −8 2
4.1. Calculating Matrix UNIT 04

−1 2
2 3 1
𝐴𝐵 = 4 −2
4 5 1
3 6
4.2. Reverse Matrix UNIT 04

1 0 0
𝐼= 0 1 0 𝐼3
0 0 1

1 0 0 𝑥1 𝑥1
0 1 0 𝑥2 = 𝑥2
0 0 1 𝑥3 𝑥3
1 0 0 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
0 1 0 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 = 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓
0 0 1 𝑔 ℎ 𝑖 𝑔 ℎ 𝑖
4.2. Reverse Matrix UNIT 04

2 1
∗
3∗ 1 2
𝟐 𝟓 2 1 -1* 2 1
=
1 0
=𝐼
𝟐 𝟔 𝟑-1∗ 𝟑=𝟏 𝟏 𝟒 1 2 1 2 0 1
2 1 -1
3-1∗ 1 2

𝑨-1𝑨 = 𝑨𝑨-1= 𝑰

1 𝑑 −𝑏
𝐴-1= 𝑎𝑑−𝑏𝑐
The Reverse Matrix of
−𝑐 𝑎
2 1 2 −0.5
𝑖𝑠
6 4 −3 1
4.2. Reverse Matrix UNIT 04
4.2. Reverse Matrix UNIT 04

𝑎 𝑏
𝐴=
𝑐 𝑑

𝑎 𝑏
• det = 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐
𝑐 𝑑
𝑎 𝑏
• = 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐
𝑐 𝑑
𝑎 𝑏
• 𝐴 = = 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐
c 𝑑

𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 > 0
𝐴 = = 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 =
𝑐d − 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 < 0
4.2. Reverse Matrix UNIT 04

1 3 4 −6
𝐴 = ,𝐵 =
5 7 −8 12
4.3. Linear Transformation UNIT 04

𝑇: 𝑥’, 𝑦’ →

𝑥 ′ = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦
(𝑏𝑢𝑡 , a, b, c, d are constants)
𝑦 ′ = 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦
4.3. Linear Transformation

𝑥 ′ = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦
𝑦 ′ = 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦

𝑥′ 𝑎 𝑏 𝑥
=
𝑦′ 𝑐 𝑑 𝑦

𝑏𝑖

𝑏1

0 𝑥
4.4. Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors UNIT 04
4.4. Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors UNIT 04
4.4. Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors UNIT 04

𝐴𝑥 = 𝜆𝑥 (𝑏𝑢𝑡, 𝑥 ≠ 0)
4.4. Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors UNIT 04
4.4. Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors UNIT 04

𝐴𝑥 = 𝜆𝑥 (𝑏𝑢𝑡, 𝑥 ≠ 0)

(𝐴 − 𝜆𝐸)𝑥 = 0

(A − 𝜆E)−1 (A − 𝜆E)x=(A − 𝜆E)−1 0

det(A − 𝜆E) = 0
4.4. Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors UNIT 04
4.4. Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors UNIT 04
4.4. Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors UNIT 04
4.4. Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors UNIT 04
4.4. Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors UNIT 04
5.1. Limits UNIT 05

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝛼 𝒇(𝒙) → 𝜶(𝒙 →a) 𝜶

𝑥→𝛼

𝑥2 − 1
lim = lim (𝑥 + 1) = 2
𝑥→1 𝑥 − 1 𝑥→1
5.2. Differential Coefficient and Derivatives UNIT 05

∆𝑦 𝑓 𝑎 + ∆𝑥 − 𝑓(𝑎) 𝑓 𝑎 + ∆𝑥 − 𝑓(𝑎)
= =
∆𝑥 𝑎 + ∆𝑥 − 𝑎 ∆𝑥
5.2. Differential Coefficient and Derivatives UNIT 05

𝑓 𝑎 + ∆𝑥 − 𝑓(𝑎) 𝑓 𝑎 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑓 ′ 𝑎 = lim = lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ
5.2. Differential Coefficient and Derivatives UNIT 05

𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
Slope ∶
𝑓 𝑎 + ∆𝑥 − 𝑓(𝑎)
(𝑎 + ∆𝑥, 𝑓(𝑎 + ∆𝑥))
∆𝑥

(𝑎, 𝑓 𝑎 )
𝑓’(𝑎)

O 𝑎 ∆𝑥 𝑎 + ∆𝑥 𝑥
5.2. Differential Coefficient and Derivatives UNIT 05
5.3. Differential Method UNIT 05
5.3. Differential Method UNIT 05
5.3. Differential Method UNIT 05
5.3. Differential Method UNIT 05
5.4. Difference Between Logarithmic and Exponential UNIT 05
5.4. Difference Between Logarithmic and Exponential UNIT 05

(𝑏𝑢𝑡 x ≠ 0)
5.4. Difference Between Logarithmic and Exponential UNIT 05
5.5. Derivatives of Composite Functions UNIT 05

f(x)=10 + 𝑥 2
g(x) = 3 + x
f(g(x)) =10 + 𝑔(𝑥)2 = 10 + (3 + 𝑥)2

y =f(u)
u =g(x)

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝜇
= ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝜇 𝑑𝑥
5.5. Derivatives of Composite Functions UNIT 05

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= f(𝜇)
𝑑𝜇 𝑑𝜇
𝑑
= (10 + 𝜇 2 ) = 2𝜇
𝑑𝜇

𝑑𝜇 𝑑
= 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 3+𝑥 =1
𝑑𝑥
5.5. Derivatives of Composite Functions UNIT 05

′
𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑔 𝑥 𝑔′ 𝑥
5.5. Derivatives of Composite Functions UNIT 05

𝑓′(𝑥) = {𝑓(𝜇)}’ = 𝑓′(𝜇) ∙ 𝑢′ = 3 𝑢2 ∙ (2 𝑥) = 6(𝑥 2 + 2)2

5.5. Derivatives of Composite Functions UNIT 05

2 8𝑥 3
𝑔′(𝑥) = {g(𝜇)}’ = g′(𝜇) ∙ 𝑢′ = - ∙ 4 𝑥3 = -
𝑢3 (𝑥 4 +1)3
5.6. High Order Derivatives and Partial Derivatives UNIT 05

𝑦 𝑦 𝑦

𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
5.6. High Order Derivatives and Partial Derivatives UNIT 05

𝑦 𝑦 𝑦

𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

𝜕𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) ∆𝑧
= lim = lim 6𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3∆𝑥 = 6𝑥 + 2𝑦
𝜕𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥→0

𝜕𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
= 2𝑥 + 4𝑦
𝜕𝑦
5.7. Derivative of the Sigmoid Function UNIT 05
5.7. Derivative of the Sigmoid Function UNIT 05

1
𝜎 −
1+𝑒 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 1
𝜎 −
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1+𝑒 𝑥
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
− −
−
𝑥
𝑒

−
𝑥
1 𝑒
∙
−
1 (1+𝑒 𝑥)−1
∙
1 1
∙ (1 −
𝜎 ∙ (1 − 𝜎