Micro Project Report

On
Distance Measurement Using Ultrasonic Sensor and Arduino
with I2C LCD Display

SUBMITTED BY

1. 2.

For
Digital Electronics & Microcontroller Application 314324

Department of Electrical Engineering

Sanjivani Rural Education Society’s

SANJIVANI K. B. P. POLYTECHNIC, KOPARGAON - 423603

S. No. Title Page No.

1 Abstract 1

2 Introduction 2

3 Objectives 3

4 Literature Review 4

5 System Overview 5

6 Components Description 6

7 Ultrasonic Sensor Working 7

8 Arduino Architecture 8

9 I2C Communication 9

10 Circuit Diagram 10

11 Block Diagram 11

12 Software Implementation 12

13 Applications 13

14 Advantages & Limitations 14

15 Conclusion & References 15

ABSTRACT

This project presents the design and implementation of a distance measurement system using an
ultrasonic sensor interfaced with an Arduino microcontroller and an I2C LCD display. The system
measures the distance between the sensor and an object using ultrasonic waves and displays the measured
distance in centimeters on a 16×2 LCD screen.

The ultrasonic sensor transmits high-frequency sound waves and receives the reflected echo from the
object. The time difference between transmission and reception is calculated by the Arduino, which then
computes the distance using a mathematical formula. The result is displayed using an I2C-enabled LCD,
which reduces the number of connecting wires and simplifies circuit design.

The system is low-cost, efficient, accurate for short-range measurement, and widely applicable in robotics
and automation systems.

INTRODUCTION

Distance measurement is an important concept in electronics and automation. Many industries and
robotics applications require accurate measurement of distance without physical contact.

In this project, the following components are used:

 Arduino Uno

 HC-SR04

 16x2 LCD with I2C module

The ultrasonic sensor measures the distance by sending ultrasonic waves. The Arduino processes the
received signal and calculates the distance. The LCD displays the output in real time.

OBJECTIVES

The main objectives of this microproject are:

1. To measure distance using ultrasonic technology.

2. To interface ultrasonic sensor with Arduino.

3. To display distance on I2C LCD.

4. To understand I2C communication protocol.

5. To design a compact and low-cost measurement system.

6. To develop programming skills using Arduino IDE.

LITERATURE REVIEW
Ultrasonic sensing technology is widely used in industrial automation and robotics. Various research
papers and tutorials explain how ultrasonic sensors can measure distance using echo timing principles.

Microcontrollers like Arduino are commonly used because of their easy programming and open-source
platform. I2C communication is preferred for LCD interfacing as it reduces wiring complexity.

SYSTEM OVERVIEW

The system consists of three major parts:

1. Input Unit – Ultrasonic Sensor

2. Processing Unit – Arduino

3. Output Unit – I2C LCD Display

The ultrasonic sensor detects the object and sends signals to the Arduino. The Arduino calculates the
distance and sends data to the LCD using I2C protocol.

COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION

1. Arduino Uno

 Based on ATmega328P microcontroller

 14 digital I/O pins

 6 analog inputs

 Operates at 5V

 Clock speed: 16 MHz

2. HC-SR04

 Operating voltage: 5V

 Range: 2 cm to 400 cm

 Frequency: 40 kHz

 Pins: VCC, GND, TRIG, ECHO

3. 16x2 LCD with I2C

 16 characters per row

 2 rows
  Uses SDA and SCL communication lines

 I2C address usually 0x27 or 0x3F

WORKING OF ULTRASONIC SENSOR

The ultrasonic sensor works on the principle of SONAR.

Steps:

1. Arduino sends a 10µs pulse to TRIG.

2. Sensor emits ultrasonic waves.

3. Waves reflect from object.

4. ECHO pin stays HIGH for reflection time.

5. Arduino calculates time duration.

Formula:

Distance = (Time × Speed of Sound) / 2

Distance (cm) = (Time × 0.0343) / 2

Division by 2 is done because the wave travels forward and backward.

ARDUINO ARCHITECTURE

The Arduino Uno contains:

 ATmega328P microcontroller

 Digital I/O pins

 Analog pins

 USB interface

 Power supply section

 Clock oscillator

It reads the echo signal using pulseIn() function and performs calculations using built-in timers.
I2C COMMUNICATION

I2C stands for Inter-Integrated Circuit communication.

It uses two lines:

 SDA (Serial Data)

 SCL (Serial Clock)

Advantages:

 Reduces wiring

 Supports multiple devices

 Simple communication

In Arduino Uno:

 SDA → A4

 SCL → A5

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Insert Circuit diagram

Pin Connections

Ultrasonic Sensor:

 VCC → 5V

 GND → GND

 TRIG → Pin 9

 ECHO → Pin 10

I2C LCD:

 VCC → 5V

 GND → GND

 SDA → A4

 SCL → A5
BLOCK DIAGRAM

Insert Block Diagram

SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION

Arduino Program

#include <Wire.h>

#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>

LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27, 16, 2);

const int trigPin = 9;

const int echoPin = 10;

long duration;

float distance;

void setup() {

pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);

pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);

[Link]();

[Link]();

void loop() {

digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);

delayMicroseconds(2);

digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);

delayMicroseconds(10);

digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
 duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);

distance = duration * 0.0343 / 2;

[Link](0,0);

[Link]("Distance:");

[Link](0,1);

[Link](distance);

[Link](" cm");

delay(500);

APPLICATIONS

1. Robotics obstacle detection

2. Car reverse parking system

3. Water tank level monitoring

4. Industrial automation

5. Security systems

6. Smart dustbins

ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS

Advantages

 Low cost

 Easy to implement

 Accurate for short range

 Compact design

 Reduced wiring using I2C

Limitations

 Affected by temperature
  Limited to 4 meters

 Not suitable for soft materials

 Accuracy decreases at long range

CONCLUSION & REFERENCES

Conclusion

The ultrasonic distance measurement system using Arduino and I2C LCD is an effective and economical
project. It accurately measures distance and displays the result in real time. The project enhances
understanding of sensors, microcontrollers, and communication protocols. It can be expanded further with
IoT integration, buzzer alarms, or data logging systems.

References

1. Arduino Official Documentation

2. HC-SR04 Datasheet

3. I2C Communication Protocol Notes

4. Electronics Tutorials and Research Papers