Parts of Speech

Definition:
Those words which are used to make a conversation is called parts of speech.
Or the segments of conversation are called parts of speech.
It is divided into two classes:
[Link] class element 2. Close class element

[Link] Class Element:

They are those elements which can change their forms or which can convert from
one form to another.
They are as following
[Link] 2. noun 3. adjective 4. Adverb

Examples:
Produce -------- Production ----------productive-------------Productively.
Beautify --------beauty----------------beautiful-------------beautifully.
Sleep-----------sleeper---------------sleepy -----------------sleepily.

[Link] Class Element:

They are those elements which cannot convert from form to another.
They are as following
[Link] 2. Interjection 3. Conjunction 4. Preposition

Examples:
He, She, Oh! wow! and, but, in, on, etc.
There are 8 parts of speech or grammatical functions.
[Link] 2. Pronoun 3. Verb 4. Adjective

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5 Adverb 6. Preposition 7. Conjunction 8. Interjection

[Link]
Derivation
It is derived from Latin language word ‘Nomen’ which means name.
Definition
The word which is used to name person, place, thing, idea or and activity for the
purpose of identification it is called noun.
Examples
Book, pen, Ahmad, Afghanistan, Peshawar, etc.

Kinds of noun
there are 11 kinds of noun
[Link] noun
2. proper noun
[Link] non
4. concrete noun
5. material noun
[Link] noun
7. non count noun

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8. verbal noun
9. Collective noun
10. Possessive noun
11. Compound noun
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[Link] Noun:
It is a kind of noun that is used to name common person, place, thing, idea or an
activity. It is called common noun.

Examples:
Boy, Girl, Teacher, Doctor, Book, Pen, dancing, watching, park, garden,
house, etc.
Important Points:
* We always write common noun with smaller letter.
* It can always have plural form.
* It can be counted.
* It never takes definite article (the).
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[Link] Noun:
It is a kind of noun that is used to name a specific person, place, thing, idea or an
activity. It is called proper noun.

Examples:
Idrees Ashrafi, Ahmad, Himmat, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Quran, etc.

Important Points:
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* We always use capital letter in the beginning of proper noun.
* It cannot always have a plural form.
* It cannot come along with numbers means (1 ,5, 19)

Note: If we add article (The) with a common noun then it will become proper
noun.
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[Link] Noun:
It is a kind of noun that is for the things which we cannot touch, smell, see but we
can feel it.

Examples:
air, gas, emotion, feelings, sadness, happiness, loyalty, etc.
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[Link] Noun:
It is a kind of noun that is used to name someone or something which has physical
existence.

Examples:
Body, book, apple, computer, park, etc.
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[Link] Noun:
It is a kind of noun that is used to name the things which can change their shape
or from which new things can be made.

Examples:
gold, steel, cloth, glass, wood, copper, metal, water, etc.
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[Link] Noun:
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It is a kind of noun which we can count.
Why we can cunt it?
* Because it is easy to count.
* Because it can be identified.
* Because it can have both singular and plural form.
* Because it can come along with numbers.

Examples:
teachers, cities, countries, boys, girls, doctors, parks, books, pens, etc.
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[Link] Count Noun:

It is a kind of noun which we cannot count.
Why we cannot count it?
* Because it is not easy to count.
* Because it cannot be identified.
* Because it cannot be separated.
* Because it cannot come along with numbers.

Examples:
sugar, hair, milk, water, rice, tea, etc.
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[Link] Noun:
It is a kind of noun that is made from a verb by adding suffixes.

Examples:
teach -------------teacher
instruct--------------instructor

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play-----------------player
play -----------playing (gerund)
read----------- to read(infinitive)
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[Link] Noun:
It is a kind of noun that is always used to name group, unit or collection of people,
places and things.
Note: Every collective noun is singular in nature, but give plural meaning.

Examples:
team, class, province, country, family, etc.
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[Link] Noun:
It is a kind of noun that is used to show possession or ownership of someone or
something.
* we use apostrophe (s) for singular.
* we use (s) apostrophe for plural.
Note: even no apostrophe is needed in plural possession.
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11. Compound Noun:

The word compound means more than one. The compound noun is a kind of
noun in which we add additional words with the main noun when a single noun is
not sufficient we use additional words with it to clear confusion.
* We use the following words with it.
Noun, Gerund, Adjective, Preposition

Structures:

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1. Noun + Noun
2. Adjective + Noun
3. Gerund + Noun
4. Noun + Gerund
5. Noun + Preposition + noun
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[Link] + Noun:
In this structure of compound noun, the first noun is the additional noun and the
second one is main noun.
* The first noun functions as an adjective.

Note: when we change a singular compound noun into plural form we always
add s, es, ies or ves with the second or main noun.

Examples:
English + teacher (s)
Bus + driver (s)
Class + room (s)
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2. Adjective + Noun:
In this structure of compound noun, we use additional word in the shape of
adjective.

Examples:
Black+ board, White+ board, fast + tract, beautiful + river, etc.
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3. Gerund + Noun:

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In this structure of compound noun, we use additional word in the shape of a
gerund.

Examples:
Boxing + match, killing + gun, running + match, etc.
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4. Noun + Gerund:
In this structure of compound noun, we use additional word in the shape of a
gerund but after the noun.

Examples:
Birds + hunting, Fish + cooking, gun + firing, etc.
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5. Noun + Preposition + Noun:

In this structure we use preposition between two nouns and both nouns have
hyphens. (- - - -)

Examples:
son- in - law, brother - in-law, sister - in - law, etc.
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Kinds of Noun
There are 3 kinds of compound noun as per writing rules.
[Link] compound noun:
It is a type of compound noun that always takes space in it.
Examples:
Bus driver, English teacher, Grammar book, etc.
2. Close Compound Noun:
It is a type of compound noun that does not take space in it.
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Examples:
homework, classwork, blackboard, whiteboard, etc.
3. Hyphenated Compound Noun:
It is a type of compound noun that always takes hyphens.
Examples:
son -in- law, father- in- law, brother- in -law, etc.
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Cases of Noun
There are 7 cases of noun.
[Link] case
[Link] case
[Link] case
[Link] case
[Link] case
6. vocative case
[Link] case
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[Link] Case:
In this a noun is used as the subject of a verb or a sentence.

Examples:
Ali is my friend.
Engish book is on the table.
Haris is a doctor.
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2. Objective Case:
In this a noun is used as an object of a sentence.

Examples:
It is a book.
She is playing football.
Ahmad is writing a letter.
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3. Complementary case:
There are two cases in complentary case
1. Subjectival complement
2. Verbal complement
[Link] Complement:
In this case a noun is used as the complement of a subject. Means that it
describes the status of subject.
Examples:
She is a doctor.
He is a teacher.
2. Verbal Complement:
In this case a noun is used as the complement of the verb. Here it functions as an
adverb.
Examples:
She studies in London.
He is a doctor at RMI.
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4. Obligue Case:
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In this case a noun is used as the object of preposition means after preposition.

Examples:
They went to Afghanistan.
He is playing with a pen.
He writes a letter on a paper.
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5. Dative Case:
In this case a noun is used as indirect object of direct object.

Examples:
She bought a car for her brother. (car is Direct object and brother is indirect
object)
He brings a glass of water for his father. (Water is direct and Father is indirect)
Change the positon:
We can also change its position.
* we will remove preposition
Examples:
She bought her brother a car.
He brings his father a glass of water.
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[Link] Case:
In this case we address only a person. It is used in imperative sentence.
There are two sub cases of vocative case
[Link] vocative case
2. Indirect vocative case

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[Link] Vocative Case:
In this case a noun is used before an order.
*comma must be used.
Examples:
Himmat, give me a pen.
Gul Sher, open the door.
2. Indirect Vocative Case:
In this case a noun is used after an order.
Example:
Give me a pen, Himmat.
Open the door, Gul Sher.
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7. Appositive Case:
In this we add a noun with main noun to give extra information. It is not a
compound noun.
There are two types of appositive case
1. Restrictive Appositive Case
2. Non Restrictive Appositive Case
[Link] Appositive Case:
In this case the further information is important so we will not use comma.
Example:
The President of Afghanistan Ashrafi Ghani is in USA. (Ashraf Ghani is important)
The Prime Minister of Pakistan Imran khan is in jail. (Imran Khan is important)
2. Non Restrictive Appositive Case:
In this the information is not that much important so comma is used.
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Examples:
Ashrafi Ghani, the President of Afghanistan is in USA. (Ashraf Ghani is not
important)
Imran khan, The Prime Minister of Pakistan is in jail. (Imran Khan is not
important)
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Gender of Noun
[Link] Gender:
It means male gender.

Examples:
brother, son, father, Haris, etc.

2. Feminine Gender:
It means female gender.

Examples:
Girl, sister, mother, etc.

[Link] Gender:
It can be both male or female.

Examples:
doctor, teacher, pilot, etc.

4. Neuter Gender:
It means not male not female.

Examples:
chair, table, stone, paper, etc.

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Forms of Noun
There are two forms of noun

1. Singular Form:
It means single, individual, alone or one.

Examples:
Car, pen, book, table, boy, etc.

[Link] Form:
It means more than one.

Examples:
Cars, pens, books, tables, boys, etc.

Types of Plural Form

1. Regular Plural Noun:
In this form we add suffixes (s, es, ies, ves) with the noun.
Examples:
Cars, books, foxes, etc.

2. Irregular Plural Noun:

In this form we cannot add suffixes (s, es, ies, ves)
Examples:
Child------children
man-----men

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woman------women, etc.
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