Numbers

Important Formulae:

1) Geometric Progression: x, xr, xr3, xr4, --- are said to be in geometric progression. Here, a
is first term and r is common ratio.
a) nth term = xr (n -1)
x (1 – rn)
b) Sum of n terms = , here r < 1
(1 – r)

x (rn – 1)
c) Sum of n terms = , here r > 1
(r – 1)

2) Arithmetic Progression: x, x + y, x + 2y, x + 3y are said to be in A.P. Here x is first term

and common difference is y.
a) nth term = x + (n – 1) y
n
b) Sum of n terms = [2x + (n – 1)y]
2

n(n + 1)
3) 1 + 2 + 3 ± - - - - + n =
2

n(n + 1) (2n + 1)
4) (12 + 22 + 32 - - - - + n2) =
6

2
n(n + 1)
5) (13 + 23 + 33 - - - - + n3) =
2

Points to Remember:

Difference between Arithmetic Progression and Geometric Progression:

Arithmetic Progression: It is the sequence of numbers in which each term after first is
obtained by adding a constant to preceding term. The constant term is called as the common
difference.
Geometric Progression: It is a sequence of non-zero numbers. The ratio of any term and its
preceding term is always constant.

Types of Definition Example Points to remember

Numbers

Natural Numbers used for counting and ordering 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, -----

Numbers natural numbers

Whole All counting numbers along with zero form a 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ------ Any natural number is a
Numbers set of whole numbers whole numbers whole number
0 is a whole no. which is
not a natural no.

Integers Counting numbers + negative counting -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, ---- Positive integers: 0, 1, 2,
numbers + zero, all are integers integers 3, -------
Negative integers:-1, -2,
-3, -4, ---------

Even Numbers Number divisible by 2 is called as even 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, ------

number even numbers

Odd Numbers Number not divisible by 2 is called as even 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, ------ odd

number numbers

Prime A number having exactly two factors i.e 1 and 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, -----
Numbers itself is called as prime number prime numbers

Composite Natural numbers which are not prime numbers 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, -----
Numbers are called as composite numbers composite nos.

Co Primes Any two natural numbers x and y are co-prime (4, 5), (7, 9), ---Co-
if their HCF is 1 prime numbers

Divisibility of Numbers

1) Number divisible by 2
Units digit – 0, 2, 4, 6, 8
Ex: 42, 66, 98, 1124

2) Number divisible by 3
Sum of digits is divisible by 3
Ex: 267 ---(2 + 6 + 7) = 15
15 is divisible by 3

3) Number divisible by 4
Number formed by the last two digits is divisible by 4
EX: 832
The last two digits is divisible by 4, hence 832 is divisible by 4

4) Number divisible by 5
Units digit is either zero or five
Ex: 50, 20, 55, 65, etc

5) Number divisible by 6
The number is divisible by both 2 and 3
EX: 168
Last digit = 8 ---- (8 is divisible by 2)
Sum of digits = (1 + 6 + 8) = 15 ----- (divisible by 3)
Hence, 168 is divisible by 6

6) Number divisible by 11
If the difference between the sums of the digits at even places and the sum of digits at odd
places is either 0 or divisible by 11.
Ex: 4527039
Digits on even places: 4 + 2 + 0 + 9 =15
Digits on odd places: 5 + 7 + 3 = 15
Difference between odd and even = 0
Therefore, number is divisible by 11

7) Number divisible by 12
The number is divisible by both 4 and 3
Ex: 1932
Last two digits divisible by 4
Sum of digits = (1 + 9 + 3 + 2) = 15 ---- (Divisible by 3)
Hence, the number 1932 is divisible by 12

Basic Formulae: (Must Remember)

1) (a - b)2 = (a2 + b2 - 2ab)
2) (a + b)2 = (a2 + b2 + 2ab)
3) (a + b) (a – b) = (a2 – b2 )
4) (a3 + b3) = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2)
5) (a3 - b3) = (a - b) (a2 – ab + b2)
6) (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2 (ab + bc + ca)
7) (a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc) = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ac)

Quick Tips and Tricks:

1) If H.C.F of two numbers is 1, then the numbers are said to be co-prime.

To find a number, say b is divisible by a, find two numbers m and n, such that m*n = a, where
m and n are co-prime numbers and if b is divisible by both m and n then it is divisible by a.

2) Sum of the first n odd numbers = n2

3) Sum of first n even numbers = n ( n + 1)

4) Even numbers divisible by 2 can be expressed as 2n, n is an integer other than zero.

5) Odd numbers which are not divisible by 2 can be expressed as 2(n + 1), n is an integer.

6) Dividend = [(Divisor × Quotient)] + Remainder

7) If Dividend = an + bn or an – bn
a) If n is even: an - bn is divisible by (a + b)
b) If n is odd: an + bn is divisible by (a + b)
c) an - bn is always divisible by (a – b)

8) To find the unit digit of number which is in the form ab. (Ex: 7105, 9125)
1) If b is not divisible by 4
Step 1: Divide b by 4, if it is not divisible then find the remainder of b when divided by 4.
Step 2: Units digit = ar, r is the remainder.

2) If b is multiple of 4
Units digit is 6: When even numbers 2, 4, 6, 8 are raised to multiple of 4.
Units digit is 1: When odd numbers 3, 7 and 9 are raised to multiple of 4.

Question Variety

Generally 6 types of numerical are asked from this chapter. Understanding and
studying the concepts will help in solving the numerical related to this chapter.
Type 1: Find units digit of a number in the form of ab

Q 1. Find the unit digit of (4137)754

a. 9
b. 7
c. 3
d. 1
Correct Option:(a)

Hint: Divide b by 4, if it is not divisible then find the remainder of b when divided by 4.
Units digit = ar, r is the remainder
Number is in the form ab i.e (4137) 754
4 × 188 = 752, therefore we get remainder as 2
Units digit = (4137)2 = 17114769
9 is the digit in units place
Q 2. Find the unit digit in the product (365 × 659 × 771)

a. 1
b. 4
c. 5
d. 9
Correct Option: (b)

Hint:
If b is multiple of 4
Units digit is 6 : When even numbers 2, 4, 6, 8 are raised to multiple of 4.
Units digit is 1 : When odd numbers 3, 7 and 9 are raised to multiple of 4.
Using the hint given, we can easily solve product of large numbers.
[3(4)16 × 3] = (1 × 3) = 3
[659] = 6
[771] = [7 (4)17 × 73] = [1 × 3] = 3
Therefore, (3 × 6 × 3) = 54
Required unit digit is 4.
Type 2: Arithmetic and Geometric progression

Q 3. If there are 6 terms in a series, then find the sum of geometric series 2, 6, 18, 54, ----
a. 758
b. 728
c. 754
d. 738
Correct Option:(b)
x (rn – 1)
Geometric Progression: Sum of n terms = , here r > 1
(r – 1)
Here, x = 2, common ratio (r)= 3 and n = 6
Find the sum of geometric series:
x (rn – 1)
Sum of n terms = , here r > 1
(r – 1)
Substituting the given values,
2 (36 – 1)
Sum of geometric series = , here r > 1
(3 – 1)

Sum of geometric series = 728

Q 4. Find the number of terms in geometric progression 3, 6, 12, 24, ---- , 384.

a. 10
b. 11
c. 9
d. 8
Correct Option: (d)
6
Here, x = 3, r = =2
3

We have to find the number of terms

Nth term = 384
nth term = xr (n -1)
384 = 3 x 2 (n -1)
384
2(n – 1) = = 128
3

2 (n -1) = 128
27 = 128

Therefore,
2 (n -1) = 27
(n – 1) = 7
n=7+1=8

Hence, number of terms = 8

Type 3: Arithmetic Progression

Q 5. If 6 + 12 + 18 + 24 + --- = 1800, then find the number of terms in the series.

a. 21
b. 22
c. 23
d. 24
Correct Option: (d)

This is an Arithmetic Progression, in which x = 6, y = 6, sum of terms = 1800

n
Sum of n terms = [2x + (n – 1)y]
2

Substituting the given values, we get

n
1800 = [2 × 6 + (n – 1)6]
2

Solving we get,
1800 = 3n (n + 1)
n(n +1) = 600
n2 + n = 600
25 × 24 = 600

Therefore,
n2 + 25n – 24n – 600 = 0
(n + 25) (n – 24) = 0
24 and -25 are the two solutions obtained. Only positive value can be considered. Hence, n =
24
The number of terms in the series = 24

Q 6. 1 + 2 + 3 + ---- 50 = ?
a. 1275
b. 1350
c. 1575
d. 1455
Correct Option: (a)

This is an Arithmetic Progression, here a = 1, last term = 50 and n = 50

n
Sum of n terms = (a + l)
2

Substituting the given values, we get

50
Sum of n terms = (1 + 50)
2

Sum of n terms = 25 × 51 = 1275

Type 4: Divisibility

Q 7. Find which of the following number is divisible by 11?

a. 246542
b. 415624
c. 146532
d. 426513
Correct Option: (b)

Hint:
Number divisible by 11: If the difference between the sums of the digits at even places and the
sum of digits at odd places is either 0 or divisible by 11.
Using the hint, we can easily find the number which is divisible by 11.

Option a) 246542
Sum of digits at even places = (2 + 6 + 4) =12
Sum of digits at odd places = (4 + 5 + 2) = 11
Sum of digits at even places - Sum of digits at odd places = (12 – 11) = 1
Hence, the number is not divisible by 11

Option b) 415624
Sum of digits at even places = (4 + 5 + 2) =11
Sum of digits at odd places = (1 + 6 + 4) = 11
Sum of digits at even places - Sum of digits at odd places = (11 – 11) = 0
Hence, the number is divisible by 11

Option c) 146532
Sum of digits at even places = (1 + 6 + 3) =10
Sum of digits at odd places = (4 + 5 + 2) = 11
Sum of digits at even places - Sum of digits at odd places = (10 – 11) = -1
Hence, the number is not divisible by 11

Therefore, correct answer is option (b) 415624

Q 8. Find the largest 4 digit number which is divisible by 88.

a. 8844
b. 9999
c. 9944
d. 9930
Correct Option: (c)

We know that the largest 4 digit number is 9999.

Simply divide 9999 by 88.
After dividing 9999 by 88 we get, 55 as remainder.
The number is said to be completely divisible, only if the remainder is zero.
Hence, we can find the required answer by subtracting the remainder obtained from the 4 digit
number.
Therefore, required number = 9999 – 55 = 9944
Type 5: Find result of different operations (additions, subtractions, multiplications,
divisions etc) on given integers.

Q 9. Find the solution of (935421 × 625) = ?

a. 584638125
b. 524896335
c. 542879412
d. 582365890
Correct Option: (a)

In this type of questions, try to simplify the numbers, to find the answer easily.
We are asked to multiply (935421 × 625)
625 is divisible by 5 and 54= 625
This 54 can be written as (10 /2) 4
104 9354210000
Hence, 935421 × = = 584638125

(450 + 280)2 – (450 – 280) 2

Q 10. Find the solution of
(450 × 280)

a. 21
b. 10
c. 7
d. 4
Correct Option: (d)

Remember the basic formula:

(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
(a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
If we substitute these formulae, we get
(a + b)2 – (a – b)2 (a2 + 2ab + b2 – a2 + 2ab – b2) 4ab
= = =4
(a × b) (a × b) ab

Hence, the answer can be determined very easily in this way, instead of multiplying and
dividing the terms.
Type 6: Number a when divided by b gives remainder r, what will be the remainder when a
is divided by c.

Q 11. The remainder is 29, when a number is divided 56. If the same number is divided by 8,
then what is the remainder?
a. 3
b. 4
c. 7
d. 5
Correct Option : (d)

We know that,
Dividend = [(Divisor × Quotient)] + Remainder
It is given that, the remainder is 29, when a number (dividend) is divided 56(divisor).
Dividend and quotient are unknown, hence assume dividend as X and quotient as Y.
Therefore,
X = 56 × Y + 29
56 is completely divisible by 8, but 29 is not completely divisible and we get remainder as 5, which
is the required answer.
OR
X = 56 × Y + 29
= (8 × 7Y) + (8 × 3) + 5
5 is the required remainder.
Q 12. The remainder is 3, when a number is divided 5. If the square of this number is divided
by 5, then what is the remainder?

a. 5
b. 4
c. 7
d. 1
Correct Option : (b)

We know that,
Dividend = [(Divisor × Quotient)] + Remainder
It is given that, the remainder is 3, when a number (dividend) is divided 5(divisor).
Dividend and quotient are unknown, hence assume dividend as X and quotient as Y.
X = (5Y) + 3
The square of this number is divided by 5, therefore
X2 = (5Y + 3)2
Simplifying we get,
X2 = (25Y2 + 30Y + 9)
On dividing this equation, we get
5(5Y2 + 6Y + 1) + 4
The remainder is 4, because 9 is not exactly divisible by 5 and we get 4 as remainder.
Problems on Numbers

Basic Formulae: (Must Remember)

1) (a - b)2 = (a2 + b2 - 2ab)

2) (a + b)2 = (a2 + b2 + 2ab)
3) (a + b) (a – b) = (a2 – b2 )
4) (a3 + b3) = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2)
5) (a3 - b3) = (a - b) (a2 – ab + b2)
6) (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2 (ab + bc + ca)
7) (a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc) = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ac)

Question Variety

Type 1: Find the numbers, if we are given

a) Sum of squares/sum of products
b) Sum/average of consecutive numbers

Q 1. If the sum two numbers is 31 and their product is 240, then find the absolute difference between
the numbers.

a. 1
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5

Correct Option: (a)

Let two numbers be x and y

We are given that, sum of two numbers x + y = 31 and product = xy = 240
Therefore,
x – y = √((x + y)2 – 4xy)
Substituting the values, we get
x – y = √((31)2 – 4 × y)
= √(961 – 960)
= √1
=1
The required difference between the numbers is 1.

Q 2. Find the three consecutive odd numbers whose sum of the squares is 2531.

a. 19, 21, 23
b. 23, 25, 27
c. 27, 29, 31
d. 31, 33, 35

Correct Option: (c)

Let three consecutive odd numbers be x, x+2, x+4.

x2+(x+2)2+(x+4)2=2531
Simplifying we get,
x2+4x-837=0
27 x 31 = 837 and also the difference between 27 and 31 is 4
Therefore,
x2+31x-27x-837=0
(x + 31) (x – 27)
X = 27 or x = –31
Hence, the value of
x = 27
(x+2) = 27 + 2 = 29
(x+4) = 27 + 4 = 31

Q 3. The sum of squares of three numbers is 138 and the sum of their products taken two at a time is
131. Find their sum.

a. 35
b. 42
c. 20
d.18
Correct Option: (c)

Let the three numbers be x, y and z.

Given: Sum of squares of three numbers is 138 and sum of their products taken two at a time is
131
Therefore,
x2+y2+z2=138
xy+yz+zx=131
Formula: (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2 (ab + bc + ca)
This formula can be used to easily find the sum of three numbers. Substituting the values, we get
(x + y + z) 2 = x2 + y2 + z2 + 2 (xy + yz + zx)
(x + y + z ) 2 = 138 + 2(131)
(x + y + z ) 2 = 400
Hence, (x + y + z) = 20

Q 4. The average of 3 consecutive even numbers is 18, find the largest of these numbers.

a. 15
b. 16
c. 20
d. 26

Correct Option: (c)

Let the numbers be x, x +2, and x + 4

Hence, sum of these numbers = (average x no. of numbers) = (18 x 3) = 54
x + (x +2) + (x + 4) = 54
3x = 48
x = 16
Largest number = (x + 4) = (16 + 4) = 20
Type 2: n Times the numbers

Q 5. Find a positive number which when increased by 11 is equal to 60 times the reciprocal of the
number
a. 3
b. 4
c. 6
d. 9

Correct Option: (b)

Let the number be x.

A positive number (x) increased by 11 is equal to 60 times the reciprocal of the number (1/x)
60
x + 11 =
x

x2+11x-60=0
x2+15x-4x-60=0
x(x+15)-4(x+15)=0
(x+15)(x-4)=0
x=4

The positive number (x) = 4

Q 6. 5 times a positive number is less than its square by 24. What is the integer?
a. 5
b. 8
c. 7.5
d. 9

Correct Option: (b)

Let the unknown number be x.
5 times a positive number = 5x
5 times a positive number is less than its square by 24
x2 – 5x = 24
x2 + 3x – 8x – 24
x (x + 3) – 8(x + 3)
(x - 8) (x + 3)
x=8
8 is the required integer.
Type 3: Fraction

Q 7. The product of fraction A and B is (3/49). Find the value of fraction A, if fraction A is thrice fraction
B.

a. 7/9
b. 5/7
c. 3/7
d. 5/9

Correct Option: (c)

Product of fraction A and B is (3/49).

3
AB =
49

But fraction A is thrice fraction B i.e A = 3B.

1
Value of B = A
3

Therefore, substitute the value of B in AB

1 3
AA =
3 49

1 3
2
A =
3 49

A2 = 9
 49

3
Therefore, A =
7

Q 8. The sum of numerator and denominator of a fraction is 30. If 2 is added to numerator and 2 is
subtracted from denominator, then it becomes 2/3. Find the fraction.

a. 1/2
b. 1/3
c. 2/3
d. 1/4

Correct Option: (a)

Read the question breaking stepwise and understand given parameters.

a
1) Let the fraction be
b

2) Sum of numerator and denominator=a+b=30-----(1)

3) 2 is added to numerator and 2 is subtracted from denominator. Hence,

a+2 2
=
b–2 3

3(a+2)=2(b-2)
Solving, we get
3a+6=2b-4
3a-2b=-10-----(2)
Solve equations (1) and (2), we get
a = 10 and b = 20

10 1
Therefore, the fraction = =
20 2
Q 9. The denominator of a fraction is 2 more than numerator. If the numerator as well as denominator
is increased by 4, the fraction becomes 8/10. Find the original fraction.

a. 2/3
b. 1/3
c. 4 /7
d. 2/5

Correct Option: (a)

Let the numerator be x.

Denominator of a fraction is 2 more than numerator. Therefore, denominator = x + 2
Numerator 8
Now, =
Denominator 10

x 8
=
x+2 10

The numerator and denominator are increased by 4. Therefore,

x+4 8
=
(x + 2) + 4 10

10 (x + 4) = 8 ( x + 6)
10 x + 40 = 8x + 48
2x = 8
x=4

4 2
Hence, the fraction is =
6 3
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