STEEL DESIGN THEORY OF STRUCTURES BY: NTDEGUMA

CONCEPT OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN B. LOAD RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN (LRFD) LOAD RESISTANCE FACTORED DESIGN (LRFD)
SHEAR LAG FACTORS for Connections to TENSION MEMBERS
Structural design entails the selection of a cross – section that will resist This method is similar to plastic design in a way that failure condition is Pu = f Pn DESCRIPTION TYPE OF SHEAR LAG
the applied loads safely and economically proportion such cross – considered. Service loads are multiplied by load factors and the CASE EXAMPLE
OF ELEMENT CONNECTION FACTOR "U"
section. Economy means the section of the lightest cross – sectional theoretical strength of the member is reduced by multiplying a resistance Pu = 0.90 Fy (Ag)
shape with area or moment of inertia fitting the requirement for the job. factor. The criterion in the selection of a member is: All tension members
The fundamental requirement of structural design is that the required Where: 1 All tension where the tension U = 1.00 ---
strength be lesser than the available strength of the member, that is, Ag = gross area of the member in mm² members load is transmitted
Factored load < Factored strength
Fy = specified minimum yield stress of the type of steel used directly to each of
Pn = Nominal strength cross-sectional
Required Strength < Available Strength
Pa = required strength (applied load) elements by
f = 0.90 fasteners or welds.
(except as in Cases
Safety Factors for LRFD 3, 4, 5 and 6)
B. LOCALIZED FRACTURE ON THE NET AREA
A. ALLOWABLE STRENGTH DESIGN ( ASD ) METHOD In LRFD, the factored strength is equal to the nominal strength multiplied
by the resistance factor f, that is For localized fracture on the Net Area 2 All tension members, Tension load is U = 1 - x/l
In ASD, a member is selected such that the cross – sectional properties( x
except plates and HSS, transmitted to some x
area and moment of inertia ) are large enough to prevent the required Design Strength = fRn Pn = Fu (Ae) where the tension load but not all of the
strength to exceed the allowable strength of the member. This allowable is transmitted to some cross-sectional
strength is obtained by dividing the nominal or theoretical strength by a but not all of the elements by fasteners
safety factor. This can be expressed as: cross-sectional
or longitudinal welds
nominal strength
Where: ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN (ASD) elements by fasteners or
longitudinal welds or longitudinal welds in
f = depends on the type of force or the stress. x
Allowable strength = (Alternatively, for W, M, S combination with
safety factor andHP, Case 7 may be transverse welds.
used.)
LOAD COMBINATIONS for LRFD Pa = 0.50 Fu (Ae)
If stresses are used instead of forces or moments, the relationship can be 3 All tension members All tension members U = 1.00
expressed as: Factored loads Ru are the sum of all the service loads to be resisted where the tension An = area of directly
. by the member multiplied by its own load factors given below. load is transmitted connected elements
Maximum Applied Stress < Allowable strength by transverse welds
Similar to ASD, fluid pressure F, earth pressure H, and self – Where: ---
straining force T are excluded. to some but not all of
Ae = effective net area of the member in mm²
the cross-sectional
Fy = specified ultimate stress of the type of steel used elements
Safety Factors for ASD (1) 1.4D
Pn = Nominal strength
(2) 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S or R ) 4 Plates Plates where the l > 2w...... U = 1.0
If stresses are used instead of forces or moments, the relationship can be Pa = required strength (applied load)
(3) 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R ) + ( 0.5L or 0.8W ) tension load is
expressed as: W=2 2w>l >1.5w..U=0.87 w
(4) 1.2D + 1.6W + 0.5L + 0.5( Lr or S or R ) transmitted by
.
Rn (5) 1.2D + 1.0E + 0.5L + 0.2S longitudinal welds only. 1.5w >l >w.. U=0.75 l
Ra = (6) 0.9D + ( 1.6W or 1.0E )
W
LOAD RESISTANCE FACTORED DESIGN (LRFD) 5 Round HSS Single Concentric l > 1.3D... U = 1.0
Where: Gusset Plate
Ra = required strength ( applied strength ) D<l <1.3D..U = 1-x/l D
Rn = nominal strength
TENSION MEMBERS
where:
W = safety factor x = D/ p
Rn/W = allowable strength Pu = 0.75 Fu (Ae) 6 Rectangular HSS with a single H
Use: concentric gusset l > H....U = 1-x/l
W = 0.67 for limit states involving yielding or FAILURE MODES OF TENSION MEMBERS plate B² - 2BH B
x=
compression safety factor AND ITS CONNECTION 4(B + H)
W = 2.00 for limit states involving rupture Where:
Ae = effective net area of the member in mm²
A. YIELDING ON GROSS AREA Fy = specified ultimate stress of the type of steel used H
LOAD COMBINATIONS for ASD Pn = Nominal strength
with two side gusset
plate l > H....U = 1-x/l
Structures are to be designed in order to resist the most severe For TENSILE yielding on the Gross Area: Pu = required strength (applied load)
B²
combinations of loads that affect the stability of the structure. The f = 0.75 x=
4(B + H)
B
following are the load combinations for ASD. This omits the fluid Pn = Fy (Ag)
pressure F, earth pressure H, and self – straining force T( Gross, Net and Effective Area w/ flange connected
contraction, shrinkage, etc. ). 7 W, M, S or HP
Shapes or Tees cut with 3 or more
bf > 2d/3..U = 0.90
An = Ag - Ah Ah = dh (t) (n) ---
(1) D
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN (ASD) from these shapes. fasteners per line in bf < 2d/3..U = 0.85
(If U is calculated direction of loading
(2) D+L dh = db + 4 mm (SI units)
per Case 2, the with web connected
(3) D + ( Lr or S or R ) Pa = Pn/W dh = db + 1/8" for bolts w/ dia. 1" or more (English units) larger value is with 4 or more U = 0.70 ---
(4) D + 0.75L + 0.75( Lr or S or R ) dh = db + 1/16" for bolts w/ dia. less than 1" (English units)
Pa = 0.60 Fy (Ag) fasteners in the
(5) D + ( W + 0.7E ) direction of loading
(6) D + 0.75( W + 0.7E ) + 0.75L + 0.75( Lr or S or R) An < 0.85 Ag ( For splice plates with holes only )
(7) 0.6D + ( W + 0.70E ) Where: 8 Single and double with 4 or more
Ag = gross area of the member in mm² angles (If U is fasteners per line in ---
If not all elements of the tension member are connected to support, U = 0.80
Where: Fy = specified minimum yield stress of the type of steel used calculated per Case2, direction of loading
Pn = Nominal strength a reduction factor “U” is therefore used to calculate the effective net area, the larger value is
D = dead load Lr = roof live load R = rain load
L = live load S = snow load
Pa = required strength (applied load) Ae = U (An) permitted to be used) with 2 or 3 fasteners
W = 1.67 per line in the ---
E = earthquake load W = wind load U = 0.60
Where U is shear lag factor direction of loading
C. BLOCK SHEAR FAILURE LOAD RESISTANCE FACTORED DESIGN (LRFD)
E. BEARING OF BOLT HOLE FAILURE STAGGERED CONNECTIONS
- The third possible failure of a tension member which is a
combination of tensile and shearing of the plates or sections. shear concentration or shear lag
This is a combination between tensile area and shear area Pu = 0.75 Fu (Ae) BEARING STRENGTH AT BOLT HOLES
denoted as "Ant" and "Anv" respectively. The available nominal bearing strength, Rn at bolt holes shall be s
Where: A hA A
determined for the limit state of bearing as follows: dh
Ae = effective net area of the member in mm² T
COMMON BLOCK SHEAR PATTERNS Fy = specified ultimate stress of the type of steel used
g
A hB dh B
Plates Pn = Nominal strength 1. For a bolt in a connection with standard, oversized, and
Pu = required strength (applied load) short-slotted holes, independent of the direction of loading, or
f = 0.75 a long-slotted hole with the slot parallel to the direction of the Bolts in alignment Bolts in staggered
bearing force:

a. when deformation at the bolt hole at service load is a BOLTS IN ALIGNMENT:

Tensile Area (A t) D. BOLT SHEAR FAILURE design consideration
Shear Area (Av)
An = Ag - A hA - A hB
Rn = 1.2Lc(t)(Fu) ≤ 2.4(d)(t)(Fu)
Angles and Web of Tee
TENSION & SHEAR STRENGTH OF BOLTS BOLTS IN STAGGERED:
AND THREADED PARTS
b. when deformation at the bolt hole at service load is An = Ag - AhA - A hB x B
not a design consideration:
The nominal tension or shear strength of a snug-tightened or
Web and Flange of W-section pretensioned high-strength bolt or threaded part shall be STEINMAN'S FORMULA:
determined according to the limit states of tensile rupture Rn = 1.5Lc(t)(Fu) ≤ 3.0(d)(t)(Fu)
and shear rupture: 2
x =1 - s
2. For a bolt in a connection with long-slotted holes with the slot
Rn = Fn Ab perpendicular to the direction of force: 4g(dh)
where:
BLOCK SHEAR Where: Rn = 1.0Lc(t)(Fu) ≤ 2.0(d)(t)(Fu) s = pitch distance
The available strength for the limit state of block shear Fn = nominal tensile stress (Fnt)
g = gage distance
rupture along a shear failure path or paths and a = nominal shear stress (Fnv)
perpendicular tension failure path shall be taken as Ab = nominal unthreaded body area of bolt or threaded part dh = diameter of the hole (mm)
where: dh = db + 4 mm (SI)
The required tensile strength shall include any tension resulting from prying d = nominal bolt diameter, mm
action produced by deformation of connected parts Fu = specified minimum tensile strength of the connected
material, MPa
Pn = 0.6FuAnv + UbsFuAnt < 0.6FyAgv + UbsFuAnt
Lc = clear distance, in the direction of the force, between
For Uniform Thickness:
the edge of the hole and the edge of the adjacent hole
Where: ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN (ASD) or edge of the material , mm
An = Ag - AhA - A hB x B
Agv = gross shearing area t = thickness of connected material, mm
Fu = specified ultimate stress of the type of steel used Where:
Anv = net shearing area Ab = shear area of bolt in mm²
Cochrane's Formula:
For connections, the bearing resistance shall be taken as the sum of the
Ant = net tensile area Fnv = shear stress of bolt (MPa)
Ra = 0.50 Fnv (Ab) bearing resistances of the individual bolts. 2
Ubs = factor of tensile stress uniformity W=2 An = t ( b - S dh + S s )
= 1.0 – most cases
= 0.50 – coped beam
Ra = allowable shear force (kN)
per bolt ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN (ASD) 4g

Where:
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN (ASD) LOAD RESISTANCE FACTORED DESIGN (LRFD) W=2 If An < 0.85Ag use Ae = An
Where: Ra = 0.50 Rn Ra = allowable bearing strength (kN)
Ab = shear area of bolt in mm² If An > 0.85Ag use Ae = 0.85 Ag
Pa = 0.50 Fu (Ae) Ru = 0.75 Fnv (Ab) Fnv = shear stress of bolt (MPa)
f = 0.75
Ru = design shear force (kN)
Where: per bolt LOAD RESISTANCE FACTORED DESIGN (LRFD)
Ae = effective net area of the member in mm² Where:
Fy = specified ultimate stress of the type of steel used f = 0.75
Pn = Nominal strength For total strength of the whole connection, just multiply the nominal Ru = 0.75 Rn Ru = design bearing strength (kN)
Pa = required strength (applied load) strength per bolt (Rn) by the NUMBER OF BOLTS
W=2

CECC-483 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

 EFFECTIVE LENGTH AND END CONDITIONS EFFECTIVE LENGTH FACTOR K USING ALIGNMENT Alignment chart A are for continuous frames which are braced or
COMPRESSION MEMBERS The end conditions greatly affect column’s stability. To
CHART. THE ALIGNMENT CHART FOR BRACED AND not allowed to sway, that is, inhibited.
Alignment chart B are for continuous frames which are allowed
counter these effects, the unbraced length of the column “L”
UNBRACED FRAMES. to sway, that is uninhibited.
- These are structural elements subjected only to axial will be modified by multiplying a factor “K”. This product KL is
compressive forces. The loads are applied along a called effective length. The subscripts A and B refer to the joints at the two ends of the
longitudinal axis through the centroid of the members cross
ALIGNMENT CHART column section being considered. G is defined as
GA K GB
section. Length Factors K for Centrally Loaded Columns with

8
Various Ideal End Conditions 500
10.00
1.0 500
10.00 Ic
FLEXURAL BUCKLING STRESS (Fcr) S Lc
5.00 5.00
4.00
0.9
4.00 G=
3.00 3.00 Ig
Inelastic Buckling S Lg
2.00 2.00
When KL/r < 4.71 E/Fy or ( Fe > 0.44Fy Buckle Shape
of Column is
0.8
Fy/Fe shown in dash
1.0 1.0
Fcr = (0.658) Fy line 0.9 0.9 Where:
0.8 0.8 Ic = moment of inertia of the column
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6 Lc = unsupported length of column
0.7
Elastic Buckling 0.5 0.5
Ig = moment of inertia of a girder or other restraining member
Lg = unsupported length of a girder
When KL/r > 4.71 E/Fy or ( Fe < 0.44Fy 0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3 The moment of inertia Ic and Ig are taken about the axis
Fcr = (0.877) Fe perpendicular to the plane of buckling being considered.
0.6
Theoretical Value 0.50 0.70 1.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 0.2 0.2
For pinned end column (supported but not rigidly connected to a
where: Recommended K 0.1 0.1 footing or foundation, G is theoretically infinity, but unless actually
p² E values when ideal designed as a true friction free pin, maybe taken as 10 for practical
Fe = 0.65 0.80 1.00 1.20 2.10 2.00 designs. If the column end is rigidly attached to a properly
(kL/r)² conditions are
approximated 0 0.5 0 designed footing, G is theoretically zero but maybe taken as 1.0.
E = modulus of elasticity of steel (MPa) Smaller values maybe used if justified by analysis
= 200,000 MPa ----- Rotation fixed Transition fixed
Fy = yield stress of steel End Condition SIDESWAY INHIBITED (NO SIDESWAY)
KL/r = largest effective slenderness ratio Code ----- Rotation free Transition fixed PROCEDURE FOR USING ALIGNMENT CHARTS
r = least radius of gyration 1. Calculate G values at each end of column.
L = unsupported length ----- Rotation fixed Transition free GA K GB 2. Enter Alignment Chart with value of G for the top of the
K = effective length factor column as GA.

8
----- Rotation free Transition free 3. Enter Alignment Chart with value of G for the bottom of the

8
20.0
100 10.0 100
50.0 50.0 column as GB.
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN (ASD) 30.0 5.0 30.0 4. K factor is obtained at the point of intersection between the
20.0 4.0 20.0 line connecting two G values and K line.
SECTION PROPERTIES W/C ARE IMPORTANT IN COMPRESSION
MEMBERS (ESPECIALLY FOR BUILT-UP SECTIONS) Note: For fixed end column G = 1.0 (rigid connection of column to
Pa = 0.60 Fcr (Ag) 10.0 3.0 10.0
9.0 9.0 footing)
8.0 8.0
7.0 7.0 For pin end column G = 10
A. Gross Area ------ total area in the composite sections 6.0 6.0
5.0 5.0
LOAD RESISTANCE FACTORED DESIGN (LRFD) B. Moments of Inertia (Ix and Iy) 4.0 4.0 If a beam or girder is rigidly attached to a column, its stiffness
2.0
should be multiplied by the appropriate factor as shown in the
3.0 3.0
table, depending on the condition at the far end of the
C. Radii of Gyration (rx and ry) member.
Pu = 0.90 Fcr (Ag) 2.0 2.0
Ix Iy
rx = A
ry = A
1.5
MULTIPLIERS FOR RIGIDLY ATTACHED MEMBERS
Where:
OTHER IMPORTANT PROPERTIES: 1.0 1.0
Condition at Far Sidesways Sidesways
Ag = gross area in mm² Ix Iy End of Girder Prevented Uninhibited
A. ELASTIC SECTION MODULI (Sx and Sy) Sx = cx Sy = cy
Fcr = flexural buckling stress
Pa = required strength (applied load) B. POLAR MOMENT OF INERTIA (J) 0 1.0 0 Pinned 1.50 0.50
W = 1.67 (ASD) J = Ix + Iy
f = 0.90 (LRFD) C. PRODUCTS OF MOMENT OF INERTIA (Ixy) SIDESWAY UNINHIBITED (SIDESWAY) Fixed Against 2.0 0.67
Rotation

CECC-483 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

 BEAMS AND FLEXURAL MEMBERS BENDING STRESS & PLASTIC MOMENT COMPACT SECTION, LATERALLY SUPPORTED
For compact shapes, 2 failure modes are expected:
AND LATERALLY UNSUPPORTED BEAMS
1. REACHING MP AND BECOMING FULLY PLASTIC, OR
BEAMS are structural members that support transverse PLASTIC MOMENT (Mp) 2. LATERAL-TORSIONAL BUCKLING (LTB), EITHER ELASTICALLY OR
loads and are therefore subjected primarily to FLEXURE OR AISC SPECIFICATIONS FOR FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF BEAMS
INELASTICALLY
▪▪ The moment the will produce plasticity in a member
BENDING.
cross section and create a plastic hinge.
Width-Thickness Parameters
CONDITION 1 :
MODES OF FAILURE FOR BEAMS Mp = Fy Z
When Lb < Lp, the beam is laterally supported
Element l lp lr
Flexural failure
where: where:
Shear failure Mp = plastic moment Flange bf 0.38 E 1.0 E Lb = unbraced length
Fy = yield strength of the material 2tf Fy Fy
Failure in Deflection Z = plastic section modulus Lp = 1.76ry E
Z = SA(y)
h Fy
Web 3.76 E 5.70 E
2tw Fy Fy
Mn = Mp
FLEXURAL STRENGTH FOR BEAMS YIELD MOMENT (My)
▪▪ The moment the will just produce the yield stress in the where:
l = width-thickness ratio of the member
outermost fiber of the section CONDITION 2:
lp = upper limit for compact category
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN (ASD) lr = lower limit for compact category
When Lb > Lp and Lb < Lr, the beam is laterally unsupported
My = Fy S
Mainly applicable for hot-rolled I-shaped cross sections, also (there is inelastic lateral torsional buckling)
applies for channel except l for flange is bf/tf
Ma = 0.60Mn where:
My = yield moment bf Lb - Lp
Mn = Cb Mp - (Mp - 0.70FySx) < Mp
Fy = yield strength of the material k Lr - Lp
Where:
S = elastic section modulus
Mn = nominal moment strength tw
Ma = applied or required moment strength
S = I/c d h = d - 2k
Wb = 1.67 where:
k 12.5Mmax
tf Cb = Rm < 3.0
In terms of Stress: 2.5 Mmax + 3MA + 4MB + 3M C
SHAPE FACTOR (SF)
fb = Ma/S (actual stress) Mmax = absolute value of maximum moment w/ the unbraced
Fb = Ma/S (allowable) length including end points
Plastic Moment ▪▪ When l < lp--------- the shape is compact
SF = MA = absolute value of the moment at the quarter point of
Yield Moment (also the flange is continuously connected to the web) the unbraced length
To be safe fb < Fb MB = absolute value of the moment at the midpoint of the
Z ▪▪ When lp < l < lr ---- the shape is non-compact unbraced length
SF =
S ▪▪ When l < lr -------- the shape is slender MC = absolute value of the moment at the third quarter point
LOAD RESISTANCE FACTORED DESIGN (LRFD) of the unbraced length
Rm = 1.0 for doubly-symmetric cross-sections (such as
where: NOTE : When the web is compact and the flange is non compact, W-shapes) and singly symmetric shapes (such as
My = yield moment then the section is considered and classified as channels) subject to single curvature bending
Mu = 0.90Mn Fy = yield strength of the material NON-COMPACT
S = elastic section modulus Lb = unbraced length
Z = plastic section modulus
Lp = 1.76ry
E
A. FOR COMPACT SECTIONS Fy
CRITERIA: 2
where: E Jc 0.7Fy Sx ho
Mn = nominal moment strength Lr = 1.95rts 1 + 1 + 6.76
bf < 0.38 E h < 3.76 E 0.70Fy Sx ho E Jc
Ma = applied or required moment strength and
fb = 0.90 -- resistance factor to bending 2tf Fy 2tw Fy
ho = distance between flange centroids

NOTE : For Fy < 65 ksi (steel table manual) , the web is compact J = torsional constant, mm^4
for all shape

CECC-483 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

 CONDITION 3:
c = 1 for doubly symmetric I-shape B. BASED ON LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING (LTB):
c = ho Iy for channels When Lb > Lp and Lb > Lr, the beam is laterally unsupported
2 Cw When Lb < Lp --------- there is no LTB fv = VQ/It
(there is inelastic lateral torsional buckling)
When Lp < Lb < Lr ---- there is inelastic LTB
2 Iy Cw d
N.A.
rts =
Sx Mn = Fcr Sx < Mp
Lb - Lp tw
Cb = is permitted to be conservatively taken as 1.0 all Mn = Cb Mp - (Mp - 0.70FySx) < Mp
cases. but in some cases it may be excessively Lr - Lp
[Link] unbraced cantilevers and Where:
V/Aw
overhang beams, Cb = 1.0
Cb = moment gradient multiplier. Cb p 2 E Jc Lb 2
Fcr = 1 + 0.078
(Lb/rts)2 Sx ho rts When Lb > Lr---- there is elastic LTB Taking the shear yield stress as 60% of the tensile yield stress,
then
Common Types of Beam with Cb values: V
Mn = Fcr Sx < Mp fv = = 0.60Fy
NON-COMPACT SECTIONS Aw

Hence, the nominal shear strength, Vn is..

Lb = L Most standard W, M, S and C-shapes are compact. A few are NOTE:
Lb = L/2 non compact because of the flange-width-thickness ratio. Use Mn which is the smaller value of the 2 criteria Vn = 0.60Fy Aw
(A or B1) or ( A or B2)
Cb = 1.0 Cb = 1.30 In general, a non-compact beam may fail by:
1. Lateral-Torsional Buckling (LTB), where:
2. Flange Local Buckling (FLB) fv = vertical/horizontal shearing stress
3. Web Local Buckling (WTB) SHEAR STRENGTH ON BEAMS V = vertical shear force
Fy = yield stress of steel
Lb = L The webs of all hot-rolled shapes are compact, so the
Lb = L/2
non-compact shapes are subjected only to the limit states of
Cb = 1.32 Cb = 1.67 LTB and FLB BASIC CONCEPT ON SHEARING STRESS AISC SPECIFICATIONS REQUIREMENTS FOR SHEAR

M M1 M2 = M1 VQ
If the shape is non-compact because of the flange, the fv =
nominal strength will be the smaller strengths corresponding Ib
Nominal shear strength, Vn is..
Lb = L Lb = L to FLB and LTB
Where: Vn = 0.60Fy Aw Cv
Cb = 1.67 Cb = 1.67 Using only flange-width-thickness ratio: fv = vertical/horizontal shearing stress
V = vertical shear force where:
Q = first moment about the N.A. of the area of the cross fv = vertical/horizontal shearing stress
Element l lp lr
section between the pt. of interest and the top or bottom V = vertical shear force
A B C D of the cross section Fy = yield stress of steel
Flange bf 0.38 E 1.0 E I = moment of inertia about the neutral axis Cv = web shear strength
a a 2tf Fy Fy
b = width of the cross section at the pt. of interest Aw = d(tw)
AB & CD: Cb = 1.67
BC : Cb = 1.00 The value of Cv depends on whether the limit state is..
A. BASED ON FLANGE LOCAL BUCKLING (FLB): 1. Web shear yielding
SHEARING STRESS DISTRIBUTION ON W-SHAPES 2. Web inelastic buckling or
For Doubly symmetric I shapes with rectangular flanges When l < lp --------- there is no FLB 3. Web elastic buckling
▪ Superimposed on the actual distribution is the
2 When lp < l < lr ---- the flange is non-compact, average stress in the web, V/Aw, which does not
2
Cw = Iy ho and rts = Iy ho differ much from the maximum web stress. A. For the special case of hot-rolled I-shapes Also, most
4 2Sx W-shapes with Fy < 50 ksi (345 Mpa), fall on this category
l - lp ▪ Clearly the web will completely yield along before
Mn = Mp - (Mp - 0.70FySx) h E
lr - lp the flanges begin to yield. Because of this, yielding < 2.24
0.70 Fy Sx = Moment adjusted for residual stress in of the web represents one of the shear limit states tw Fy
the analysis of nominal moment or
nominal flexural strength.

Cv = 1.0

CECC-483 CE COMPREHENSIVE COURSE 2 - STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION ------ CC2 CECC-483 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
B. For webs of all other doubly symmetric shapes and singly ECCENTRICALLY LOADED BOLTED LOAD RESISTANCE FACTORED DESIGN (LRFD)
symmetric shapes and channels, except round HSS Rn = Fvn Ab
OR RIVETED CONNECTIONS
(COMBINED SHEAR AND TORSION) where:
Rn = nominal shear strength of bolt Fnt fv
e P Py F'nt = 1.3Fnt - < Fnt
Fvn = nominal shear stress of the bolt in MPa. f Fnv
And Cv is determined as follows: 1. ELASTIC METHOD xp
Ab = area of the bolt (in mm²)
h kvE Px
1 For < 1.1 there’s no web instability
tw Fy DIRECT LOAD: c d ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN (ASD)
yp
x
use Cv = 1.0 Pdx = Px/ n b
cg
y Ptx
LOAD RESISTANCE FACTORED DESIGN (LRFD)
a Pdx
F'nt = 1.3Fnt -
W Fnt fv < Fnt
Pdy = Py/ n
f Rn = f Fvn Ab Fnv
kvE h < 1.37 kvE inelastic web buckling TORSIONAL LOAD: x P
2 For 1.1 Fy < Fy
ty
tw where:
Pdy V H
Moment R fRn = design shear strength of bolt fv = ft =
kvE Ab Ab
1.1 T = Pe = Py (xp) + Px (yp) Fvn = nominal shear stress of the bolt in MPa.
Fy
Cv = Ab = area of the bolt (in mm²)
h Shear Force f = 0.75 where:
tw Fnt = nominal tensile stress in the absence of shear
Ty Tx
Ptx = Pty = Fnv = nominal shear stress in the absence of tension
S(x 2 + y 2 ) S(x 2 + y 2 ) ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN (ASD)
h > 1.37 kvE fv = required shear stress
elastic web buckling
3 For tw Fy TOTAL LOAD (Max. Reaction of Bolt): ft = required tensile stress
Ra = Rn = Fvn Ab F’nt = nominal tensile stress in the presence of shear
W W f = 0.75
1.51E kv 2 2 where: W=2
Cv = Ru = (Ptx + Pdx) + (Pty + Pdy) = f Rn
h 2 Fy Ra = allowable shear strength of bolt F’nt must not exceed Fnt
tw Fvn = nominal shear stress of the bolt in MPa. fv must not exceed Fnv
where: Ab = area of the bolt (in mm²) V = vertical component of the tensile force
bf n = number of rivets/ bolts W=2 H = horizontal component of the tensile force
x = hor. distance of bolt from the centroid
k
y = vert. distance of bolt from the centroid BOLTS SUBJECTED TO SHEAR
N.A. AND TENSION WELDED CONNECTIONS
d (AXIALLY LOADED)
2. REDUCE ECCENTRICITY METHOD ((Bearing Type Connection) )
tw
k
T = P(ee ) I. LONGITUDINAL FILLET WELDS ONLY
(with one gageline
tf ee = e - (1 + 2n)(25)/4 of fasteners)
ee = e - (1 + n)(25)/2 (with two or more gageline
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN (ASD) of fasteners)

2 2
Va = 0.60 Fy AwCv/ = 0.60Fy(d)(tw)(Cv)/ Ru = (Ptx + Pdx) + (Pty + Pdy) = f Rn

LOAD RESISTANCE FACTORED DESIGN (LRFD)

3. ULTIMATE STRENGTH METHOD R
r
b A. TENSILE CAPACITY OF BASE METAL CONNECTION
Vu = 0.60 Fy AwCv = 0.6Fy(d)(tw)(Cv) rO = J /(ee N)
2 2
r = ( rO + a/2) + (b/2) 1.) TENSION YIELDING ON GROSS AREA
where:
a
Vu = factored shear force based on controlling conditions Pn = Fy (Ag) Pa = 0.60 Pn (For ASD)
fVn = design shear strength T = P(ee ) ro
Va = applied shear force based on controlling conditions
n = no. of bolts/rivets in each line Ag = w(t) Pu = 0.90 Pn (For LRFD)
Vn/W = allowable shear strength
R = Tr/J N = total no. of bolts/rivets

CECC-483 CE COMPREHENSIVE COURSE 2 - STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION ------ CC2 CECC-483 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
 3.) WELD SHEAR STRENGTH where:
2.) TENSION RUPTURE ON NET SECTION OF
Pnwl = total nominal strength of the longitudinal TORSIONAL MOMENT:
THE BASE METAL Pn = Fnw (Awe) fillet welds.
Pnwl = Fnw (Awe)
Pn = Fu (Ae) T = Fx (ey) + Fy(ex)
Pnwt = total nominal strength of the transversely
where:
loaded fillet welds.
Ae = UAn Awe = 0.707(t)(Lt)
Pnwt = Fnw (Awe)
t = thickness of the weld in mm
An = Ag (since no bolt holes for welds)
Fnw = 0.60 Fu (tension strength of the weld) TORSIONAL LOAD (Pt)
Pa = 0.50 Pn (For ASD) Lt = total length of the longitudinal welds ** Use the biggest value of Pn1 and Pn2
Pu = 0.75 Pn (For LRFD) to be used as Pn
Pty = T (x) / J
where:
LOAD RESISTANCE FACTORED DESIGN (LRFD) Ptx = T (y) / J
Fy = yield stress of the base metal
Fu = specified ultimate stress of the base metal
t = thickness of the base metal f Pn = f Fnw (Awe) WELDED CONNECTIONS where:
U = shear lag factor (ECCENTRICALLY LOADED) x and y =location of the weld point
where: to the weld centroid
** Use the smallest value of Pn to be used for tensile
fPn = design shear strength of weld Fy
capacity of the base metal F J = polar moment of inertia of weld group
f = 0.75 x
2 2 2
B. SHEAR STRENGTH OF THE BASE METAL xg1 J =S L ( L /12 + xg + yg )
Fx
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN (ASD)
L1
L2 ey
Pa = Pn = Fnw(Awe) cg yg1 Ptx
yg2 Pdx
W W y
yg3 Pty Total Load per millimeter length of weld:
xg2
where:
L1
Pa = design shear strength of weld
xg3 Pdy 2 2
W=2 P = ( Pdx + Ptx ) + ( Pdy + Pty) = f Pn
ex

II. LONGITUDINAL & TRANSVERSE

1.) BASED ON GROSS AREA OF SHEAR SURFACE FILLET WELDS Locate first the centroid of the weld using
Varignon's Theorem Pn = Fnw (Awe)
Pn = 0.60 Fy Ag
Lt (x) = L1(x1) + L2(x2) + L3(x3) .......
Ag = t(L t ) t = smaller thickness of t1 and t2 Lt (y) = L1(y1) + L2(y2) + L3(y3) ...... LOAD RESISTANCE FACTORED DESIGN (LRFD)
L t = total length of the weld
where: f Pn = f Fnw (Awe)
2.) BASED ON SHEAR RUPTURE STRENGTH Lt = L1 + L2 + L3 ....
where:
Pn = 0.60 Fu Anv
fPn = design shear strength of weld
Direct Load: f = 0.75
Anv = t(L t ) t = smaller thickness of t1 and t2 Pdx = Fx / Lt
L t = total length of the weld ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN (ASD)
Pn1 = Pn wl + Pn wt Pdy = Fy / Lt
Pa = 0.50 Pn (For ASD) Pn2 = 0.85Pn wl + 1.5Pn wt
Lt = L1 + L2 + L3 Pa = Pn = Fnw(Awe)
W W
Pu = 0.75 Pn (For LRFD)
where:
Pa = design shear strength of weld
W=2

CECC-483 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION