APOSTOLIC VICARIATE OF BONTOC- LAGAWE

CATHOLIC SCHOOLS IN IFUGAO

2nd SEMESTER - MIDTERMS – A.Y. 2022-2023
HANDOUT IN BASIC CALCULUS (STEM)

WEEK 1: LIMITS
Learning Objectives
1. illustrate the limit of a function using a table of values and the graph of the function
2. distinguish between lim f (x )and f(c)
x →c

Calculus Definition
Calculus a branch of Mathematics, developed by Newton and Leibniz, deals with the study of the rate of change. It is
generally used in Mathematical models to obtain optimal solutions. It helps us to understand the changes between the
values which are related by a function and mainly focused on some important topics such as differentiation, integration,
limits, functions, and so on. Calculus Mathematics is broadly classified into two different such as: a) Differential
Calculus b) Integral Calculus
Both the Differential and Integral calculus deals with the impact on the function of a slight change in the independent
variable as it leads to zero and serves as a foundation for the higher branch of Mathematics known as “Analysis”.
Calculus Mathematics plays a vital role in modern Physics as well as in Science and technology.
Basic Calculus is the study of differentiation and integration. Both concepts are based on the idea of limits and
functions. Some concepts, like continuity, exponents, are the foundation of advanced calculus. Basic calculus explains
about the two different types of calculus called “Differential Calculus” and “Integral Calculus”. Differential
Calculus helps to find the rate of change of a quantity, whereas integral calculus helps to find the quantity when
the rate of change is known.
Limit Definition: A limit of a function is a number that a function reaches as the independent variable of the
function reaches a given value. The value (say a) to which the function f(x) gets close arbitrarily as the value of
the independent variable x becomes close arbitrarily to a given value a symbolized as f(x) = A.
Points to remember:

 If limx→a- f(x) is the expected value of f at x=a given the values of ‘f’ near x to the left of a. This value is known as
the left-hand limit of ‘f’ at a.
 If limx→a+ f(x) is the expected value of f at x=a given the values of ‘f’ near x to the right of a. This value is known
as the right-hand limit of f(x) at a.
 If the right-hand and left-hand limits coincide, we say the common value as the limit of f(x) at x = a and denote it
by limx→a f(x).

One-Sided Limit: The limit that is based completely on the values of a function taken at x -value that is slightly greater
or less than a particular value. A two-sided limit lim f (x ) takes the values of x into account that are both larger than
x →a

and smaller than a. A one-sided limit from the left lim f (x ) or from the rightlim f (x ) takes only values of x smaller or
x →a x →a
greater than a respectively.

Properties of Limit
1. limx→af(x) = L (The limit of a function is represented as f(x) reaches L as x tends to limit a)
2. limx→a [f(x) + g(x)] = limx→a f(x) + limx→a g(x) (The limit of the sum of two functions is equal to the sum of their limits)
3. limx→a C = C (The limit of any constant function is a constant term)
4. limx→a m f(x) = m limx→a f(x) (The limit of product of the constant and function is equal to the product of constant and
the limit of the function)
5. Quotient Rule: limx→a[f(x)/g(x)] = limx→af(x)/limx→ag(x); if limx→ag(x) ≠ 0

Definition of lim f (x ) = L. We say that L is the limit of f(x) as x → a, if (1) f(x) need not be defined at x = a, but it must be
x →a
defined for all other x in some interval which contains a. (2) for every ε > 0 one can find a δ > 0 such that for all x in the
domain of f one has |x − a| < δ implies |f(x) − L| < ε

Why the absolute values? The quantity |x − y| is the distance between the points x and y on the number line, and one
can measure how close x is to y by calculating |x − y|. The inequality |x − y| < δ says that “the distance between x and y
is less than δ,” or that “x and y are closer than δ.” What are ε and δ? The quantity ε is how close you would like f(x) to be
to its limit L; the quantity δ is how close you have to choose x to achieve this. To prove that lim f (x )= L, you must
x →a
assume that someone has given you an unknown ε > 0, and then find a positive δ for which (8) holds. The δ you find will
depend on ε.
Show that lim
x →5
2 x + 1 = 11 . We have f(x) = 2x + 1, a = 5 and L = 11, and the question we must answer is “how close
should x be to 5 if we want to be sure that f(x) = 2x + 1 differs less than ε from L = 11?” To figure this out we try to get an
idea of how big |f(x) − L| is: |f(x) − L| =(2x + 1) − 11 = |2x − 10| = 2 · |x − 5| = 2 · |x − a|. So, if 2|x − a| < ε then we have
|f(x) − L| < ε, i.e. if |x − a| < 1 2 ε then |f(x) − L| < ε. We can therefore choose δ = 1 2 ε. No matter what, ε > 0, δ will also
be positive, and if |x − 5| < δ then we can guarantee |(2x + 1) − 11| < ε. That shows that lim ¿ 2x + 1 = 11
x →5

The lim f ( x )∧f (c ): Given a function y=f ( x ) , the value of the function when x=c is denoted by f ( c ) . If c is in the
x →c
domain of y=f (x ), then f ( c ) exist and is reflected in the graph of y=f (x ) as the point having the coordinates
( c , f ( c ) ) . However, if c is not in the domain of f (x), then f ( c ) does not exist and is represented by a ‘’hole or a gap
in the graph of y=f ( x ) .
On the other hand, the limit of f ( x ) as x approaches c isthe number that f (x) tends to approach as
x comes closer∧closer ¿ c . It corresponds to a y coordinate, not necessarily on the graph of y=f ( x ) that f assumes
when x is very close to c. As compared to f (c ), the number does not have to be in the domain of
y=f ( x ) for lim f ( x ) ¿ exist .¿ Hence, it may be noted that the value of the function f at x=c does not dictate the value
x →c
of the limit of f as x approaches thenumber c . However, for some cases we observe that these two values are the
same, that is lim f ( x )=f ( c ) .
x →c
2
To further illustrate how to distinguish between lim f ( x )∧f ( c ) , we consider two functions f ( x )= x −9 and
x →c
x−3
2
f ( x )=4−x separately.
2
x −9
First, for the function ( x )= , we wish to make x approach 3 and observe what happens to f(x). Using tabular
x−3
2
x −9
approach to evaluate lim ¿ , we have
x →3 x−3

x 2 2.5 2.9 2.99 2.999 2.9999 3 3.0001 3.001 3.01 3.1 3.5 4
f(x) 5 5.5 5.9 5.99 5.999 5.999 --- 6.0001 6.001 6.01 6.1 6.5 7

2
x −9
The domain of f ( x )= is the set of all real numbers except 3, thus f(3) does not exist or is undefined. However, as
x−3
seen from the table above, f(x) tends to approach the value 6 as x approaches from the left and from the right of 3, and
2
x −9
we conclude that lim ¿ = 6. The limit of f as x approaches 3∃even if f ( 3 ) does not exist ∨¿
x →3 x−3
2
x −9
lim ¿ ≠ f (3) .
x →3 x−3
2
For the function f ( x )=4−x 2, x approach 1. Using tabular approach to evaluate lim ( 4−x )
x →1

x 0 0.5 0.9 0.99 0.999 0.9999 x 2 1.5 1.1 1.01 1.001 1.0001

f(x) 4 3.75 3.19 3.0199 3.001999 3.00019999 f(x) 0 1.75 2.79 2.9799 2.997999 2.99979999

The tables show that as x approaches 1, either coming from the left or from the right, f(x) tends to approach the value 3.
2
Therefore, we conclude that lim ( 4−x ) = 3. Moreover, when f(x) = 4 - x 2 is evaluated at x = 1, we get f(1) = 3. In the
x →1
2
case of f ( x )=4−x , we find that lim ( 4−x )=f (1).
2
x →1

ACTIVITY 1:
1. Evaluate the limit by approaching from left and right of the function; lim ( x−3 )=? . Show your complete
x →2
solution. Does a limit exists? If yes, what is the limit? (10 pts)
x 0.5 1 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 1.99 1.999
f(x)

2
x −4 x+ 3
2. Evaluate the limit by approaching from left and right of the function; lim =? . Show your
x →3 x−3
complete solution. Does a limit exists? If yes, what is the limit? (10 pts)
x 1 2 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9 2.99 2.999
(x)

WEEK 2: THE LIMIT LAWS

 THEOREM 1 – BASIC LIMIT LAWS : where a and c are real numbers and n is an integer.

lim a=a lim x=c lim ax=ac lim x =c

n n
x →c x →c x →c x →c

e.g. lim 15=15 lim x=−3

e.g lim
( 12 ) = 161
5(7)=35
x →2 x →7 x→−3 lim x 4= 4
1
x→
2

THEOREM 2 – LIMIT OF A CONSTANT MULTIPLE

If a is any constant and lim f ( x )=L , then lim af ( x )=a lim f ( x )=a L
x →c x →c x →c

1 1
e.g. If lim f ( x )=7∧¿ lim g ( x )= , then lim 3 f ( x )=3(7)∧¿ lim 8 g ( x )=( 8 ) =2 ¿ ¿
x →c x→ c 4 x→c x→ c 4

THEOREM 3 – LIMIT OF A SUM AND DIFFERENCE

If lim f ( x )=L∧lim g ( x )=M then

x→ x→c

 lim f ( x )+ g ( x ) =lim f (x)+ lim g(x )=L+ M

x →c x→ c x→c

 lim f ( x )−g ( x )=lim f ( x )−lim g ( x )=L−M

x →c x →c x →c

NOTE: these formulas may be extended to more than two functions

e.g. 1) if lim f ( x )=12∧lim g(x )=8

x →c x→c

 lim f ( x )+ g ( x ) =lim f (x)+ lim g(x )=12+8=20

x →c x→ c x→c

 lim f ( x )−g ( x )=lim f ( x )−lim g ( x )=12−8 = 4

x →c x →c x →c

1
2) if lim f ( x )=−2∧lim g( x )= then
x →c x→ c 3

 lim (2 f ( x ) +3 g ( x ) )=2 lim f (x )+ 3 lim g(x )=2 (−2 ) +3

x →c x →c x→c
( 13 )=−3
 lim (3 f ( x )−g ( x ) )=3 lim f ( x )−lim g ( x )=3 (−2)−
x →c x→ c x→ c
( 13 )=−193
 lim (5 f ( x )−g ( x ) )=5 lim f ( x ) −lim g ( x )=5
x →c x→ c x→ c
( 13 )−(−2)= 113 .
THEOREM 4 – LIMIT OF A PRODUCT

If lim f ( x )=L∧lim g(x )=M ,then

x →c x→c

 lim f ( x ) g ( x )=¿
x →c

Note: This may be extended to more than two functions

3 ¿¿
e.g. 1) if lim f ( x )=12∧lim g(x )= , then solving for lim
x →c x→c 4 x →c

lim ¿ ¿
x →c
 THEOREM 5 – LIMIT OF A QUOTIENT

lim f (x )
lim f ( x ) =L∧lim g(x )=M ,then f (x) x →c L
If x →c lim = = where M≠ 0.
x→c x →c g(x ) lim g( x ) M
x→c

3 2 f (x)
e.g 1) ) if lim f ( x )=12∧lim g(x )= , then solving for lim gives
x →c x→c 4 x →c g( x)

2 lim f (x)
2 f (x) 2(12)
lim = x→c = =32
x →c g( x) lim g( x) 3
x→ c
4

0 f (x ) 0
NOTE: INDETERMINATE FORM . If lim f ( x )=0∧lim g ( x )=0 ,then lim is called an indeterminate form .
0 x →c x→ c x → c g (x) 0

THEOREM 6 – LIMIT OF A POWER

If n is any positive integer and lim f ( x )=L . ,then lim ¿ ¿

x →c x→ c

−2
NOTE that theorem 6 will work for any integer n provided the limit exists. example 1 ) lim f ( x )= , then lim ¿ ¿
x →c 3 x→c

THEOREM 7 – LIMIT OF A RADICAL

√ f (x)=√n lim f ( x ) = √n L.
n
If n is any positive integer and lim f ( x )=L , thenlim
x →c x→ c x→c

NOTE that theorem 7 will work only when the nth root of L is a real number.

eg. 1) If lim f ( x )=−64 ,then

x →c

√
lim √ f (x )= 3 lim f ( x ) = √3 −64=−4
3

x →c x→ c

ACTIVITY 2
Given that lim f ( x )=49∧lim g ( x )=14 , evaluate the following using the Limit Laws. Show your complete solution.
x →c x →c
(3 points each)

1. lim (f ( x ) + g ( x )) 2. lim ( 4 f ( x )−2 g ( x )) 3. lim ¿¿

x→ c x →c x →c

g(x )
4. lim 5. lim √ f (x )
x→ f (x) x →c

WEEK 3: LIMITS OF POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS

Learning Objectives:
[Link] the limit laws in evaluating the limit of algebraic functions;(polynomial, rational and radical)
2. compute the limits of exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions using tables of values and graphs of
functions;
'
sin t 1−cos t ,∧e −1
3. evaluate limits involving the expressions , using tables of value
t t t

DEFINITION OF A POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION a polynomial function f in terms of x is of the form

f(x) = anxn+an-1 xn-1 + … + a2x2 + a1x + a0, where ai, for i = 0, 1, 2, ….n, are real coefficient and n is a nonnegative integer.
If the leading coefficient an ≠ 0, then n is the degree of the polynomial.

THEOREM 8 – LIMIT OF A POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION

For a polynomial function f in terms of x, lim f ( x )=f (c ) where c is any real number.
x →c
 e.g. 1. Evaluate the limit lim (x ¿ +7 x −2 x+ 4)¿ = ¿
3 2
x→−2

THEOREM 9 – LIMIT OF A RATIONAL FUNCTION

p(x ) p(c)
For a rational function f in terms of x, lim f ( x )=lim = where c is any real number and q © ≠ 0.
x →c x →c q (x) q (c )
Examples:
2
x 2+ 2 x +4 (−1) +2 (−1 ) + 4
1 ¿ lim =
2
x →−1 3 x −x+ 8 3¿¿

x−4 x−4 1
2)lim 2 = =
x → 4 x −16 ( x−4)(x +4 ) ( x+ 4)

1 1 3−x
− 3−x 1 3−x −1 −1 −1 −1
3) x 3 = 3 x = lim . =lim . =lim = =
lim lim x →3 3 x x−3 x→ 3 3 x 3−x x →3 3 x 3(3) 9
x →3 x−3 x →3 x−3

THEOREM 10 – LIMIT OF A RADICAL FUNCTION

√
For a radical function f in terms of x lim f ( x )=lim √ p ( x ) = lim p( x) where c is any real number, n is a positive
n n

x →c x →c x→ c
integer, and p (c) > 0 if n is even.

√ x 2+ 8 x −5 = √ x →1
lim (x ¿¿ 2+8 x−5)
e.g. 1) lim ¿= √12 +8 ( 1 )−5 = √ 4 = 2 = 1
x →1 3 x +7 lim (3 x +7) 3 (1 )+7 10 10 5
x→ 1

LIMITS OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

- functions involving natural exponential function f(x) = e x and natural logarithmic function f(x) = ln x. If we want to
understand these limits, we simply use c – substitution noting that the domain of the logarithmic function is the
set of positive numbers. Thus, ln x does not exist when x≤ 0.
e.g.
x x x 0 2 x−1
1) lim e =e 2) lim e =e =1 3) lim e =¿ ¿)2 ¿) = ¿ e 1 = e
x →2 x →0 x →1

lim
4) x→ 1 lnx= ¿ 5)lim ln x=ln 3 4) lim ( 1−2 lnx )=lim ( 1 )−2 lim (lnx )=1−2 ln 2
¿ ln1=0 ¿ x →3 x →2 x →2 x →2

Note: that using a scientific calculator we can approximate exponential and logarithmic values like
2
e ≈2.7182 , e ≈ 7.3891 , ln 2 ≈ 0.6931, ln 3 ≈ 1.0986

THEOREM 14 – LIMITS OF EXPONENTIAL and LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

Let c be a real number defined in the domain of each function.

x c x 3
lim e =e lim lnx=ln c * If c = 3, lim e =e and lim lnx=ln 3
x →c x →c x →3 x →3

THEOREM 15 – LIMITS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Let c be a real number defined on the domain of each trigonometric function.

lim sinx=sinc lim cosx=cos c lim tanx=tanc

x →c x →c x →c

lim cotx=cot c lim sec x=sec c lim csc x=csc c

x →c x →c x →c

tan 3 x 1−cos 3 x sin 2 x

1) limπ cot 2 x−sec 2 x 2) lim 3)lim
x→
x →0 5x x →0 sin 7 x
4

1−cos 3 x 3
lim .
x →0 5x 3
 3π sin 2 x sin 2 x
tan .2 x .2
4 3 2x 2x
= =0. =0 lim =lim
5
cot 2 ( π4 )−sec ( π4 ) 2 x →0 sin7 x
7x
.7 x
x →0 sin 7 x
7x
.7
sin 2 x
lim . lim 2
−1 1 x→ 0 2 x x→0 1.2 2
= = = = =
0−¿ ¿ 2 sin 7 x 1.7 7
lim . lim 7
x→0 7 x x→0

ACTIVITY 3:
A. Evaluate the limits of algebraic function. Show your complete solution. (5 points each)
3x √3 x = 3) lim (2 x ¿ −3 x + 11 x +1)¿ =
5 4 2
1) lim = 2)lim
x →2 x +9 216 x−3

B. Evaluate the limits of Trigonometric Function s. Show your complete solution. (5 points each)

lim 2 sinx 2 sin 4 x

1) π = 2) lim sec x = 3) lim =
x→
2
x→ π x →0 x

WEEK 4: CONTINUITY
Learning Objectives:
1. illustrate continuity of a function at a number;
2. determine whether a function is continuous at a number or not;
3. illustrate continuity of a function on an interval;
4. determine whether a function is continuous on an interval or not;

Continuity Definition
The function f(x) is continuous at a number c if and only if the following three conditions hold;
1) f ( c ) ∃,
2) lim f ( x ) ∃, and
x →c

3) lim f ( x )=f (c ).
x →c

A function is said to be continuous if you can trace its graph without lifting the pen from the paper. But a function is said to be
discontinuous when it has any gap in between.

CONTINUITY OF A FUNCTION ON AN INTERVAL

2
x −3 x−4 ( x +1)(x−4)
Consider the function y=f ( x )= = =x−4 if x ≠−1
x+1 x +1
f(-1) is not defined. The graph of this function as the x – values approach – 1 from the left of -1 and from the right of -1.
lim ¿ lim ¿ ¿ =−1−4=−5
x→−1
2
x −3 x−4
−¿
¿
= x→−1 −¿ (x−4 )( x+1)
¿
= x→−1lim
−¿
( x− 4)¿
x+1 x+1

lim ¿ lim ¿ ¿ = −1−4=−5

x→−1
2
x −3 x−4
+¿
¿
= x→−1 +¿ (x−4)(x+1)
¿
= x→−1lim+¿
(x−4)¿
x +1 x+1
2
x −3 x−4
 Since the left – hand limit is equal to the right – hand limit, then lim =−5
x→−1 x +1
2
x −3 x−4
 Because of the break or the hole in the graph of the given function, y=f ( x )= is not continuous at
x+1
the number x = -1.

Examples
4 1
3 2
1) y=3 x −2 x −5 x +2 x− is a polynomial function of degree 4, then it is continuous for all real
2
numbers, that is, for (−∞,+∞)
5x
2) The function y= 3 is a rational function with domain { xl x ≠ 2 }. It is continuous in its domain,
( x−2)
denoted by (−∞, 2)∪(2,+ 8)
sin2 x
3) The trigonometric function y=tan 2 x = is defined for cos 2 x ≠ 0. continuous
cos 2 x
4) The logarithmic function y=ln ( x−1 ) has domain x−1>0=¿ x>1. Continuous on the interval (1,+∞ ¿
5) The radical function y= √ x 2−7 has domain (−∞ ,−√ 7 ] ∪¿ +∞ ¿ ,obtained by solving the inequality
 2
x −7 ≥ 0. Continuous in its domain

THEOREMS ON THE CONTINUITY OF A FUNCTION

1. Polynomial functions f(x) = a nxn+a n-1 x n-1 + … + a 2x 2 + a 1x + a 0 are continuous everywhere.
p(x )
2. Rational functions f ( x )= , q ( x ) ≠ 0 , are continuous at every number in their domain.
q (x)
3. The radical function f(x) = ❑√ x where n is a positive integer, is continuous at every number if n is odd. If n is even,
f(x) is continuous at every positive number.
4. The exponential function f(x) = b x, where b ≠ 1 ,b >0 , is continuous at every number in its domain.
5. The logarithmic function f(x) = log b x, where b ≠ 1 ,b >0 , is continuous for all numbers greater than 0.
6. The trigonometric functions are continuous at every number in their domains.

CONTINUITY OF A FUNCTION ON AN INTERVAL

f(x) is continuous on an open interval (a,b) if it is continuous at every x – value in the interval.
f(x) is continuous on a closed interval [ a , b ] if and only if
a) f(x) is continuous on the open interval (a,b)

b) f(x) is continuous from the right at x = a, which means that f(a) exists, lim ¿,
+¿
x→ a f ( x ) ∃¿

and x→ a lim ¿
+¿
f ( x ) =f ( a) ;∧¿¿ ¿

c) f(x) is continuous from the left at x = b, which means that f(b) exists, lim ¿
−¿
x→ b f ( x ) ∃, ¿

and x→ b lim ¿
−¿
f ( x )= f (b )¿

Examples: Let f ( x )= √ 16−x 2. Show that f(x) is continuous on the closed interval [ -4 , 4]. The graph of f(x) is the
upper half of the circle x 2+ y 2=16 with center at (0,0) and has radius 4.

ACTIVITY 4:
A. Determine if the function is continuous at the given c and satisfies the 3 conditions. Show your complete solution.
(10 points each)

1) f ( x )= {x−3
−1if x ≤ 2 ; c=2
if x >2
2) f ( x )=
2 x−3
x +3
; c=−3

WEEK 5: DISCONTINUITY
Learning Objectives:
1. illustrate different types of discontinuity (hole/removable, jump/essential, asymptotic/ infinite);
2. illustrate the intermediate value and extreme value theorems; and
3. solve problems involving continuity of a function

Types of Discontinuity at x = c

A. Removable Discontinuity
The function f(x) has a removable discontinuity at x = c if
lim f ( x )=L , L ∃, but f ( c ) isundefined ∨¿ ¿
x →c
f(c ) ≠ L. The discontinuity can be removed by redefining f(x) so that
f( c) = lim f (x )
x →c

A removable discontinuity occurs when there is a hole in the graph

Example.

{
2
Let f(x) = f ( x )=
x −4 , if ∧ x ≠ 1 . Show that the function has a
2 ,if ∧x=1
removable discontinuity at x = 1. The functional value at x= 1 is defined. The
limit of f(x) as x approaches 1 exists and is equal to -3.
2. ESSENTIAL DISCONTINUITY Jump discontinuity
The f(x) has an essential discontinuity at x= c if lim f (x ) does not exist. This
x →c
discontinuity is non removable.
Two cases:
lim ¿ lim ¿
[Link] x→ c−¿
f (x)∃ lim ¿¿ exists but x→ c −¿
f (x)≠ lim ¿¿ , then lim f (x ) does not
+¿
x→ c f (x) ¿
+¿
x→c f( x)¿
x →c

exist. This essential discontinuity is also called JUMP DISCONTINUITY

 2. If If lim f ( x )=−∞ ∨¿ lim f (x)=+∞ does not ¿exists. This essential
x →c x→ c
discontinuity is also called INFINITE DISCONTINUITY.

{
−2 ,if ∧x ←2
Example 1: f ( x )= 1 , if −2∧≤ x ≤ 3 has jump discontinuities at x = -2
5 if x >3
and x =3
3 x−8
e.g. 2 Let f(x) = 2 . Show that f(x) has an infinite discontinuity at x = -
( x +4 )
4.

Intermediate Value Theorem / EXISTENCE THEOREM

Given a function f(x) which is continuous on a closed interval [ a , b ], let L be any real number between f(a) and f(b),
where f(a) ≠ f(b), then, there exists a number c∈(a , b) such that f(c) = L.

3 conditions 1. F is continuous on [ a , b ];
2. f(a) ≠ f(b); and
3. k is any number between f(a) and f(b), must be satisfied.

e.g. Determine if IVT applies to the indicated interval, and then find the value of c.

1) f ( x )=x 2 +3 x+ 2; [−4 , 1 ] ; f ( c )=12

Solution:
Condition1: f is continuous on [ −4 ,1 ] since f is a polynomial which is always continuous
Condition 2: f(a) = f(-4) = 6 and f(b), IVT does not hold

EXTREME VALUE THEOREM (EVT)

If a function f is continuous on closed interval[ a , b ], then f has both a minimum and a maximum value.

e.g. 1) f(x) = 3x – 7;[ 2 ,5 ] t he graph is only a line where extreme values are found only at the ends of an interval.
Substituting x = 2 and x=5 into the given linear function.
f(2) = 3(2) -7 = -1 as the minimum value, and f(5) = 3(5)- 7 = 8 as the maximum value.

ACTIVITY 5:
Solve the following problems accurately. Show your complete solution. (10 points each)
x+ 3
1) Show that the function f ( x )= 2 has a removable discontinuity at x = - 3.
9−x
2) Determine if IVT applies to the indicated interval, and then find the value of c.
f(x) =√ x 2+ 4 ; [ −2 , 4 ] ; f ( c ) =√13
3) Find the extreme values on the given closed interval
f(x) = - x 2+ 2 x + 4 ; ⌈ −1 , 2⌉

WEEK 6: DERIVATIVES
1. Illustrate the tangent line to the graph of a function at a given point
2. Applies the definition of the derivative of a function at a given number
3. Relate the derivative of a function to the slope of the tangent line

DEFINITION OF THE DERIVATIVE

 The derivative of the function f (x) with respect to x is the function f ' (x) and is defined as
f ( x+ h )−f (x)
f ' ( x )=lim , provided the limit exists. f ' ( x ) is read as prime of x.
h →0 h

THINGS TO KNOW ABOUT DERIVATIVES:

1. If f’(x) exists, then f(x) is said to be differentiable at x.
2. The process of finding the derivative of a function is called differentiation.
dy D d
3. The notations for the derivative of a function f(x) with respect to x are f’(x), y’, , x [ f (x) ] , D x y , [ f (x) ]
dx dx
f ( x ) −f (c)
4. We can also write the derivative of f(x) at x = c as f’(c) = lim , provided the limit exists.
x →c x−c

Example 1: Find the derivative of the following function using the definition of the derivative
 1a) f ( x )=2 x +5 1b) f ( x )=x 2 +3 x 1c) f ( x )=2 x 2−x +5
' f ( x+ h )−f (x) ' f ( x+ h )−f (x)
f ( x+ h )−f (x) f ( x )=lim f ( x )=lim
'
f ( x )=lim h →0 h h →0 h
h →0 h '
( )
f x =lim ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ lim 2¿ ¿ ¿
h →0 h→ 0

2 ( x +h ) +5−(2 x+ 5) 2 ( x + 2 xh+ h2 )−x−h+5−2 x 2+ x−5

2
'
f ( x )=lim 2 2 2 ¿ lim
h x +2 xh+ h +3 x+3 h−x −3 x h→ 0 h
h →0 ¿ lim
h→ 0 h
2 2 2 2
2 x+ 2h+ 5−2 x−5 2 xh+h +3 h 2 x + 4 xh+2 h − x−h+5−2 x + x−5
¿ lim ¿ lim ¿ lim
h→ 0 h h→ 0 h h→ 0 h
h ( 2 x+ h+3 )
¿ lim 2
h (4 x +2 h−1)
2h h 4 xh+2 h −h
¿ lim h→ 0
¿ lim ¿ lim
h→ 0 h ¿ lim 2 x +h+3 h→ 0 h h→ 0 h
h→ 0
f ' (x)=lim 2
h→0 ¿ lim 4 x +2 h−1 ¿ lim 4 x +2 ( 0 )−1
f ' (x)=lim 2 x+ 3 h→ 0 h→ 0
h→0

f ' (x)=lim 4 x−1

h→0

TWO INTERPRETATIONS OF THE DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION

A. The slope of the tangent line m TL to the curve y = f(x) at the point (c, f( c) is the derivative of f(x) at x = c.
f ( x ) −f ( c)
We have f’(c) = lim , provided the limit exists.
x →c x−c

B. Suppose an object is moving along a straight line so that s = f(t) is the directed distance of the object from a fixed
point on the line at t units of time. The instantaneous velocity of the object at time t is given by the derivative of
ds f ( t+ h )−f (t)
f(t), v = f’(t) = =lim , provided the limit exists. f ' (t) is the instantaneous rate of change
dt h →0 h

EXAMPLE:
1) An object moves along a line so that its position at any time t is given by the function s=f ( t )=t 2−6 t+14 where s is
measured in meters and t is measured in seconds. a)Find the object ‘s position when t = 3 seconds.
b)Find the average velocity during the first 7 seconds. c) Find the instantaneous velocity of the object when t = 7second.

SOLUTION: Given s=f ( t )=t 2−6 t+14 .

a) The object’s position at t=3 seconds is s=f ( 3 )=3 2−6 ( 3 ) +14=5 meters .
b) To find the average velocity, we use the difference quotient from t1 =0 to t2 = 7.

f ( t 2 )−f (t 1) f ( 7 ) −f (0) [ t 2−6 t+14 ]−[ t 2−6 t+ 14 ] [ 72−6 (7)+14 ]−[ 02−6(0)+14 ]
Average velocity = ¿ ¿ =
t 2−t 1 7−0 7 7

21−14 7
¿ = =1 meter per second
7 7
f ( t+ h )−f (t)
If we use the difference quotient ,then take t=0∧h=7
h
c) The instantaneous velocity of the object at any time t is the derivative f’(t).
f ( t+h )−f (t) lim ¿ ¿ ¿ 2 2 2
t + 2th +h −6 t−6 h+14−t + 6 t−14
f ' ( t )=lim = h→ 0 = lim
h→ 0 h h→ 0 h
2
2 th+ h −6 h h (2t +h−6) ( 2t +h−6 )=lim 2 t+0−6
¿ lim ¿ lim (cancel h). ¿ lim
h→ 0 h h→ 0 h h→ 0 h →0

¿ lim 2t −6.
h→ 0

When t=7 , f ' ( 7 ) =2 ( 7 )−6=8 meters per second .The instantaneous velocity at t=7is 8 meters per sec .

TANGENT LINE AT A GIVEN POINT AND ITS SLOPE

>The tangent line t (or simply the tangent) to a plane curve at

a given point is the straight line that ‘’touches” the curve at Q
that point. Tangent is a line touching a curve at a single point secant lines
without crossing it there while secant is a line that intersects a
curve at two or more points.
>Straight line is said to be a tangent of a curve y = f (x) at a tangent line
point x=c on the curve if the line passes through the point P
( c , f ( c ) ) on the curve and has slope f ' (c ) where f ' is the X
derivative of f .

f (x)−f (x 0 )
> Slope of the Tangent Line to f at ( x 0 , y 0 ¿ m¿T = lim
x→ x x−x 0
0

EXAMPLE 1. Find the slope of the line tangent to f ( x )=5−2 x−x 2 at the point (-3,2).

f ( x )−f ¿ ¿ ¿ = lim ( 5−2 x−x )−2 (using definition of slope of tangent line and substitution)
2
Sol’n: m T =lim
x→x 0
x→−3 x−(−3)
2
3−2 x−x (3+ x )(1−x )
= lim = lim ( using algebraic manipulation to simplify the resulting
x→−3 x +3 x→−3 x +3
expression)

lim (1−x)=1−(−3 )=4 (evaluation of limit)

= x→−3

EXAMPLE 2: Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve y=f ( x )=x 2−9 at the point (4,7).
Sol’n: We find the slope of the tangent line using the definition of the derivative

' f ( x+ h )−f (x) lim ¿ ¿ ¿ 2 2 2

x +2 hx+ h −9−x + 9 2 hx +h
2
a ¿ mTL=f ¿ ( x )=lim = h→ 0 = lim = lim
h →0 h h→ 0 h h→ 0 h

h (2 x +h) 2 x +0 ¿ lim 2 x .
=lim = lim (2 x+ h) lim
h→ 0 h h→ 0 h→ 0 h→ 0

b) The slope of the tangent line to y=f ( x )=x 2−9 at any point (x,y) is 2x. At the given point (4,7), substitute x = 4 to
obtain m TL = f’(4) = 2(4) =8.
c) to find the equation of the tangent line, use the point – slope form y− y 1=m ( x−x 1 ) ¿ get y−7=8 (x−4 )
y = 8x – 25.

ACTIVITY 6
Find the derivatives of the following functions using the definition of the derivatives. Show your complete solution.
(5pts each)

1. f ( x )=3 x +10 2. f ( x )=2 x 2 +6 x 3. f ( x )=x 2 + 4 x+ 3