Data Visualization
Visualization tools
• Data visualization is the activity of accepting data and placing it in
the visual context such as a map or a graph.
• Data visualizations help for better understanding of patterns , trends and
outliers in groups of data.
• Since the purpose of data analysis is to gain insights, data is much more
valuable when visualized.
• Without the visual representation of the insights, it can be difficult
for the audience to grasp the insights
Line Chart
• Line chart illustrates changes over time. The x-axis is usually a period
of time, while the y-axis is the quantity.
Bar chart
• It also illustrates changes w.r.t. time. If there is a categoriacal
variable, a bar chart can make it easier to compare the data for each
category at each moment of time.
Histogram
• It measures frequency rather than trends in time. The x-axis is
typically the intervals and y-axis is the frequency
Scatter Plot
• These are used to find correlations. The points trend in a certain
manner to give an idea of correlation. If the points are observed to be
truly scattered, the variables can be concluded to be uncorrelated.
Bubble Plot
• Each point is illustrated as a bubble whose area has a meaning in addition to its
placement on the axis. The negative point of this chart is the limited space within
the axes to fit bubbles at times.
Pie Chart
• It is used for illustrating percentages. It shows elements as part of a
whole.
Box(Box and Whisker) Plot
[Link]
Box Plot Contd..
• Arrange the given data in ascending order
• Find Median, first quartile( Q1), third quartile (Q3).
• Find IQR: Inter quartile range= Q3-Q1
• Find Minimum: Q1-(1.5xIQR)
• Find Maximum: Q3+(1.5xIQR)
• Identify Outlier. Outliers are those numbers which are less than minimum or
greater than maximum
Questions on BoxPlot
Q. 1:Box plot shows the representation of weights of raisins. About
what percentage of raisins weighed more than
29gms?
Ans: 75%
Questions on BoxPlot
Rank ordered data is -
5,7,10,15,19,21,21,22,22,23,23,23,23,23,24,24,24,24,25
Median ?
Quartile 1 ?
Quartile 3 ?
Inter Quartile Range ?
Minimum ?
Maximum ?
Outliers ?
Questions on BoxPlot
Rank ordered data is -
5,7,10,15,19,21,21,22,22,23,23,23,23,23,24,24,24,24,25
Median 23
Quartile 1 19
Quartile 3 24
Inter Quartile Range 5
Minimum 11.5
Maximum 31.5
Outliers 5,7,10
Heat Map
• It is a visualization technique which shows “magnitude of a phenomenon” as color in two
dimensions. The variation in color signifies how the phenomenon is clustered or varies over
[Link] type of visualization is helpful because colours are quicker to interpret than numbers.
Cristiano Ronaldo
movement on the football
field in the Serie-A season
for Juventus club as a left
winger
Andrews Curve
• The basic problem of graphical displays of multivariate data is the dimensionality.
• Scatter plots work well up to three dimensions More than three dimensions have
to be coded into displayable 2D or 3D structures.
• The idea of coding and representing multivariate data by curves was suggested by
Andrews in 1972.
• Each multivariate observation is transformed into a curve as follows:
• It defines a finite Fourier series.
• fx(t)=x1/√2 + x2sin(t) + x3cos(t) + x4sin(2t) +x5 cos(2t)+..
• Andrews curves that are represented by functions close together suggest that
the corresponding data points will also be close together.
• Let us consider swiss bank data set.
[Link]
Variables are – length of the note, width of left edge, width of right
edge, bottom margin width, top margin width, diagonal all in mm.
• The 96th observation is – [215.6,129.9, 129.9,9.0,9.5,141.7]
• Figure shows the Andrews' curves forobservations
96-105 of the Swiss bank Note data set.
• The observations 96-100 represent genuine notes, and that the
observations 101-105 represent counterfeit bank notes.
Chernoff faces
• Used to display multivariate data in the shape of human face. The
individual parts, such as eyes, ears, nose, mouth, face length are used
to represent values of the variables by their shape, size, placement
and orientation. The humans easily recognize faces and notice small
changes without difficulty.
Quality of Life – Chernoff faces composition
Quality of Life – Chernoff faces composition
Batting Records
Parameter Tendulkar Dhoni Sehwag Gambhir Yuvraj
Batting 44.83 50.57 35.05 39.68 36.55
Average
Strike 86.23 87.56 104.33 85.25 87.67
Rate
No. of 4.354 2.36 4.510 3.816 2.984
Fours /
match
No. of 0.421 0.654 0.541 0.115 0.510
Sixers /
match
Ratio of 0.976 0.848 0.976 0.972 0.914
innings to
total
matches
played
Metrics and featuresassociation
Metrics Features
Batting Average Height of Face
Strike Rate Curve of Smile
Number of fours per match Width of Eyes
Number of sixes per match Height of Eyes
Ratio of innings to total matches played Width of Face
Chernoff Faces
Conclusion
• As can be seen, the happiest face seems to be of Sehwag, no
surprise there since he has the highest strike rate, a variable
mapped to curve of the smile. Also, notice Dhoni has a very
long face, this is again due to the fact because the batting
average is mapped to the height of face and Dhoni has a very
good batting average.
• Another thing to notice is the width of eyes for both Dhoni and
Yuvraj, its very small, testament to the fact that both these
players, although very good stroke makers, made a lot of runs
by running between the wickets.