DATA ANALYTICS WITH R & BDS306C

AI/ML – 3rd Semester

AMRUTA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

SCIENCES

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING

Academic Year : 2025-26

Faculty Name : Dr. Sanjana Prasad

MODULE 4
GRAPHICS USING R
TOPICS
 Exploratory Data Analysis
 Main graphical packages
 Pie charts using R
 Scatter plots using R
 Line plots using R
 Histograms using R
 Box plots using R
 Bar plots using R
 Other existing graphical packages

1. EXPLORATORY DATA ANALYSIS:

 Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) is a visual based method used to
analyse data sets and to summarize their main characteristics.
  EDA shows how to use visualisation and transformation to explore data
in a systematic way.
 EDA is an iterative cycle of the below steps:

1) Generate questions about data.

2) Search for answers by visualising, transforming, and modelling data.

3) Use what is learnt to refine questions and/or generate new questions.

Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) is an approach for data analysis that employs
a variety of techniques (mostly graphical) to:
1) Maximize insight into a data set
2) Uncover underlying structure
3) Extract important variables
4) Detect outliers and anomalies
5) Test underlying assumptions
6) Develop parsimonious models
7) Determine optimal factor settings.

PRACTICE QUESTIONS

Q1 (L2 – Understand)

1. Explain the concept of Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA). Why is EDA considered
an essential step before applying machine learning algorithms?

Q2 (L4 – Analyze)

2. Given a real-world dataset of your choice, analyze how EDA techniques help in
identifying patterns, outliers, and data quality issues. Support your answer with

2. MAIN GRAPHICAL PACKAGES

  Base graphics system – Used for drawing basic graphs ; some
limitations
 Grid graphics system - allows to plot the points or lines in the place
where desired; does not allow us to draw a scatter plot.
 Lattice graphics system - Results of a plot can be saved. Scatter plots
can contain multiple panels in which we can draw multiple graphs and
compare them to each other.
 ggplot2 graphics system (“grammar of graphics”) - breaks down the
graphs into many parts or chunks.

Q3 (L2 – Understand)
Describe the major graphical packages available in R. Explain the purpose of base
graphics, lattice graphics, and ggplot2.

Q4 (L5 – Evaluate)
Evaluate the suitability of base graphics, lattice, and ggplot2 for visualizing large
datasets. Justify your choice with reasons and examples.

TYPES OF CHARTS

 Pie Charts
 Scatter Plots
 Line Plots
 Histograms
 Box Plots
 Bar Plots
 Other Graphical Packages

3. PIE CHARTS
  Pie chart is created using the pie() function .
 Takes positive numbers as vector input.
 Additional parameters - control labels, colour, title etc.
Syntax for creating Pie charts :
pie(x, labels, radius, main, col, clockwise)
x – numeric vector
labels – description of the slices
radius – values between [-1 to +1]
main – title of the chart
col – colour palette
clockwise – logical value – TRUE (Clockwise), FALSE (Anti Clockwise)

Program :
Q5 (L3 – Apply)
Write an R program to construct a pie chart representing category-wise data
and enhance it by adding colors and percentage labels.

Q6 (L6 – Create)
Design an informative pie chart for a real-world scenario (such as market share
or survey results) and interpret the insights obtained from the visualization.

4. SCATTER PLOTS

 Used for exploring the relationship between the two continuous

variables.
 Consider the dataset “cars” that lists the “Speed and Stopping Distances
of Cars”.
  The basic scatter plot in the base graphics system can be obtained by
using the plot() function as in Fig. 4.3.
 The below example compares if the speed of a car has effect on its
stopping distance using the plot.
 Basic Scatter Plot :

To add colour and change the plotting character in Scatter Plots .

 Arguments col and pch (can take the values between 1 and 25) in the
plot() function are used.
 Thus the plot in Fig. 4.4 shows that there is a strong positive correlation
between the speed of a car and its stopping distance.
• The layout() function is used to control the layout of multiple plots in the
matrix.
• Thus in the example below multiple related plots are placed in a single
figure as in Fig. 4.5.
To draw multiple scatter plots in the same layout
Scatter plot matrix:
 Scatter plot matrix is used when there are more than two variables and
we need to find the correlation between one variable versus the remaining
ones
 A scatterplot matrix shows multiple scatterplots in one grid, comparing
each variable with every other variable.
 pairs() function to create matrices of scatter plots.
 Syntax for creating scatter plot matrices in R :
pairs(formula, data)

> pairs(~wt+mpg+disp+cyl,data = mtcars, main = “Scatterplot Matrix”)

 The lattice graphics system has equivalent of plot() function and it is

xyplot().
 This function uses a formula to specify the x and y variables (yvar ~
xvar) and a data frame argument.
 To use this function, it is required to include the lattice package.

> library(lattice)
> xyplot(mtcars$mpg ~ mtcars$disp, mtcars, col = “purple”, pch = 7)
  Axis scales can be specified in the xyplot() using the scales argument and
this argument must be a list.
 This list consists of the name = value pairs.
 If we mention log = TRUE, the log scales for the x and y axis are set as
in Fig. 4.8.
 The scales list can take other arguments also like the x and y that sets
the x and y axes respectively.
> xyplot(mtcars$mpg ~ mtcars$disp, mtcars, scales = list(log = TRUE),
col = “red”, pch = 11)
  The data in the graph can be split based on one of the columns in the
dataset namely mtcars$carb.
 This can be done by appending the pipe symbol (|) along with the column
name used for splitting.
 The argument relation = “same” means that each panel shares the same
axes. If the argument alternating = TRUE, axis ticks for each panel is
drawn on alternating sides of the plot as in Fig. 4.9.
> xyplot(mtcars$mpg ~ mtcars$disp | mtcars$carb, mtcars, scales = list(log
= TRUE, relation = “same”, alternating = FALSE), layout = c(3, 2), col =
“blue”, pch = 14)
UPDATION OF LATTICE PLOTS :
 The lattice plots can be stored in variables and hence they can be further
updated using the function update as below.
> graph1 <- xyplot(mtcars$mpg ~ mtcars$disp | mtcars$carb, mtcars,
scales = list(log = TRUE, relation = “same”, alternating = FALSE), layout =
c(3, 2), col = “blue”, pch = 14)
> graph2 <- update(graph1, col = “yellow”, pch = 6)
 In the ggplot2 graphics, each plot is drawn with a call to the ggplot()
function as in Fig. 4.10.
 This function takes a data frame as its first argument.
 The passing of data frame columns to the x and y axis is done using the
aes() function which is used within the ggplot() function.
Adding aesthetics to the graph
The other aesthetics to the graph are then added using the geom() function
appended with a “+” symbol to the ggplot() function.
> library(ggplot2)
> ggplot(mtcars, aes(mpg, disp)) + geom_point(color = “purple”, shape =
16, cex = 2.5)

SPLITTING OF GGPLOTS INTO SEVERAL PANELS:

 The function facet_wrap() which takes a formula of the column used for
splitting.
 The function theme() is used to specify the orientation of the axis
readings.
 The functions facet_wrap() and theme() are appended to the ggplot()
function using the “+” symbol.
 The ggplots can be stored in a variable like the lattice plots and as usual
wrapping the expression in parentheses makes it to auto print.
> (graph1 <- ggplot(mtcars, aes(mpg, disp)) + geom_point(color = “dark
green”, shape = 15, cex = 3))
> (graph2 <- graph1 + facet_wrap(~mtcars$cyl, ncol = 3) +
theme([Link].x = element_text(angle = 90, hjust = 1)

4. Scatter Plots Using R

Q7 (L3 – Apply)
Develop an R program to create a scatter plot using an appropriate dataset and customize
it using color and point symbols.

Q8 (L4 – Analyze)
Analyze how scatter plots help in identifying relationships and trends between two
variables. Illustrate your answer using pairs() or ggplot().

4.5. Line Plots

 A line chart / line plot is a graph that connects a series of points by
drawing line segments between them.
 Line charts are usually used in identifying the trends in data.
  The plot() function in R is used to create the line graph in base graphics
as in Fig. 4.12.
 This function takes a vector of numbers as input together with few more
parameters listed below.
plot(v, type, col, xlab, ylab)
v – numeric vector
type - takes value “p” (only points), or “l” (only lines) or “o” (both points and
lines)
xlab – label of x-axis
ylab – label of y-axis
main - title of the chart
col - colour palette
LINE PLOT USING BASE GRAPHICS
> male <- c(1000, 2000, 1500, 4000, 800)
> female <- c(700, 300, 600, 1200, 800)
> child <- c(1000, 1200, 1500, 800, 2000)
> wages <- c(“Male”, “Female”, “Children”)
> color = c(“red”, “blue”, “green”)
> plot(male, type = “o”, col = “red”, xlab = “Month”, ylab = “Wages”,
main = “Monthly Wages”, ylim = c(0, 5000))
> lines(female, type = “o”, col = “blue”)
> lines(child, type = “o”, col = “green”)
> legend(“topleft”, wages, cex = 0.8, fill = color)
LINE PLOTS USING LATTICE GRAPHICS
 Line plots in the lattice graphics uses the xyplot() function.
 Multiple lines can be created using the “+” symbol in the formula where
the x and the y axes are mentioned.
 The argument type = “l” is used to mention that it is a continuous line.
> xyplot(economics$pop + economics$unemploy ~ economics$date,
economics, type = “l”)
LINE PLOT USING ggplot2 GRAPHICS :
 Instead of geom_plot() function , geom_line() function is used .
 Multiple geom_line() functions are needed for drawing multiple lines to
be drawn in the graph.
> ggplot(economics, aes(economics$date)) + geom_line(aes(y
=economics$pop)) + geom_line(aes(y = economics$unemploy))
LINE PLOT USING geom_ribbon() FUNCTION
 The plot can be drawn without using multiple geom_line() functions also.
 This is possible using the function geom_ribbon() as mentioned below.
 This function plots not only the two lines, along with the contents in
between the two lines.
> ggplot(economics, aes(economics$date, ymin = economics$unemploy,
ymax = economics$pop)) + geom_ribbon(color = “blue”, fill = “white”)

5. Line Plots Using R

Q9 (L2 – Understand)

Define a line plot. Explain its importance in representing time-series data with suitable
examples.

Q10 (L5 – Evaluate)

Compare line plots created using base graphics, lattice graphics, and ggplot2. Evaluate
which method is more effective for trend analysis and justify your answer.
[Link]
 Histograms represents the variable values frequencies, that are split into
ranges.
 It is similar to bar charts.
 Histograms group values into continuous ranges.
 In R histograms in the base graphics are drawn using the function hist()
as in the Fig. 4.16, that takes a vector of numbers as input together with
few more parameters listed below.

Syntax : hist(v, main, xlab, xlim, ylim, breaks, col, border)

v – numeric vector ; main - title of the chart
col - colour palette ; border – border colour
xlab – label of x-axis ; xlim – range of x-axis
ylim – range of y-axis ; breaks – width of each bar
HISTOGRAMS USING BASE GRAPHICS
> x <- c(45, 33, 31, 23, 58, 47, 39, 58, 28, 55, 42, 27)
> hist(x, xlab = “Age”, col = “blue”, border = “red”, xlim = c(25, 60),
ylim = c(0, 3), breaks = 5)

HISTOGRAM USING LATTICE GRAPHICS :

 The lattice histogram is drawn using the function histogram()
 Similar to the behavior of base ones.
 Allows easy splitting of data into panels and saving plots as variables.
 The breaks argument behaves the same way as with hist().
 The lattice histograms support counts, probability densities, and
percentage y-axes via the type argument, which takes the string
“count”, “density”, or “percent”.
Code : > histogram(~ mtcars$mpg, mtcars, breaks = 10)

HISTOGRAMS USING ggplot() FUNCTION

 The ggplot histograms are created by adding the function
geom_histogram() to the ggplot() function as in Fig. 4.18.
  Bin specification is simple here, we just need to pass a numeric bin
width to geom_histogram() function.
 It is possible to choose between counts and densities by passing the
special names ..count.. or ..density.. to the y-aesthetic.
> ggplot(mtcars, aes(mtcars$mpg, ..density..)) + geom_histogram(binwidth = 5)

6. Histograms Using R
Q11 (L3 – Apply)
Write an R program to generate a histogram and modify its appearance using
appropriate arguments such as color, labels, and axis limits.

Q12 (L4 – Analyze)

Analyze how histograms help in understanding the distribution of data. Compare
the output obtained using base graphics and lattice graphics.
7. Box Plots
 The box plot divides the data into three quartiles.
 This graph represents the minimum, maximum, median, first quartile
and third quartile in the data.
 This shows the data distribution by drawing the box plots.

BOX PLOT USING LATTICE GRAPHICS - boxplot() function

 In R base graphics the box plot is created using the boxplot() function as
in Fig. 4.19, which takes the following parameters.
 The parameters are used to give the data as a data frame, a vector or a
formula, a logical value to draw a notch, a logical value to draw a box
as per the width of the sample, give title of the chart, labels for the boxes.
 Syntax for creating a box-plot
Syntax :
boxplot(x, data, notch, varwidth, names, main)
x – vector or a formula

data – data frame

notch – logical value (TRUE – draw a notch)

varwidth – logical value (TRUE – box width proportionate to sample size

names – labels printed under the boxes

main – title of the chart

REORDERING THE BOX PLOTS FROM SMALLEST TO LARGEST
 reorder() function changes the order of a factor’s levels, based upon
some numeric score.
> boxplot(mpg ~ reorder(gear, mpg, median), data = mtcars, xlab =
“Number of Gears”, ylab = “Miles Per Gallon”, main = “Car Mileage”,
varwidth = TRUE, col = c(“red”,”blue”, “green”), names = c(“Low”,
“Medium”, “High”))

BOX PLOT USING LATTICE GRAPHICS - bwplot() function

In the lattice graphics the box plot is drawn using the function bwplot() as in
Fig. 4.20.
> bwplot(mpg ~ reorder(gear, mpg, median), data = mtcars,
xlab = “Number of Gears”, ylab = “Miles Per Gallon”,
main = “Car Mileage”, varwidth = TRUE,
col = c(“red”,”blue”, “green”), names = c(“Low”, “Medium”, “High”))
BOX PLOTS USING ggplot2 graphics
In the ggplot2 graphics the box plot is drawn by adding the function geom_
boxplot() to the function ggplot().
> ggplot(mtcars, aes(reorder(gear, mpg, median), mpg)) + geom_boxplot()
 7. Box Plots Using R
Q13 (L2 – Understand)
Explain the significance of box plots in data analysis. Describe the
information conveyed by median, quartiles, and outliers.

Q14 (L4 – Analyze)

Using a suitable dataset, analyze variations in data using box plots
drawn with lattice graphics or ggplot2.

4.8. Bar Plots

 Bar charts used to display numeric variables split by a categorical
variable.
 In R base graphics, the bar chart is created using the barplot() function
as in Fig. 4.22, which takes a matrix or a vector of numeric values.
 The additional parameters are used to give labels to the X-axis, Y-axis,
give title of the chart, labels for the bars and colours.
SYNTAX FOR CREATING A BAR-CHART
barplot(H, xlab, ylab, main, [Link], col)
H – numeric vector or matrix
x-lab – label of x-axis
y-lab – label of y-axis
main - title of the chart
[Link] – vector of labels under each bar
col – colour palette
EXAMPLE PROGRAM :
> x <- matrix(c(1000, 900, 1500, 4400, 800, 2100, 1700, 2900, 3800),
nrow = 3, ncol = 3)
> years <- c(“2011”, “2012”, “2013”)
> city <- c(“Chennai”, “Mumbai”, “Kolkata”)
> color <- c(“red”, “blue”, “green”)
> barplot(x, main = “Yearly Sales”, [Link] = years, xlab = “Year”,
ylab = “Sales”, col = color)
> legend(“topleft”, city, cex = 0.8, fill = color)

HORIZONTAL BAR PLOTS USING BASE GRAPHICS :

 The parameter horiz = TRUE is used
 Fiddling with the plot parameters, via the par() function.
 To Controls the labels should be horizontal, vertical, parallel, or
perpendicular to the axes – use the las parameter
 Plots are usually more readable if you set las = 1, for horizontal.
 The mar parameter is a numeric vector of length 4, giving the width of
the plot margins at the bottom/left/ top/right of the plot.
EXAMPLE PROGRAM :
> x <- matrix(c(1000, 900, 1500, 4400, 800, 2100, 1700, 2900, 3800), nrow =
3, ncol = 3)
> years <- c(“2011”, “2012”, “2013”)
> city <- c(“Chennai”, “Mumbai”, “Kolkata”)
> color <- c(“red”, “blue”, “green”)
> par(las = 1, mar = c(3, 9, 1, 1))
> barplot(x, main = “Yearly Sales”, [Link] = years,
xlab = “Year”, ylab = “Sales”, col = color, horiz = TRUE)
> legend(“bottomright”, city, cex = 0.8, fill = color)

HORIZONTAL BAR PLOT USING LATTICE GRAPHICS

 Lattice equivalent of the function barplot(), is the function barchart()
 The formula interface is the same as those we saw with scatter plots,
yvar ~ xvar
> barchart(mtcars$mpg ~ mtcars$disp, mtcars)
EXTENDING TO MULTIPLE VARIABLES
 Extending this to multiple variables just requires a tweak to the formula,
and passing stack = TRUE to make a stacked plot as in Fig. 4.25.
> barchart(mtcars$mpg ~ mtcars$disp + mtcars$qsec + mtcars$hp, mtcars,
stack = TRUE

HORIZONTAL BAR PLOT USING ggplot2 GRAPHICS

 geom_bar() function is added to the ggplot() function.
 Like base, ggplot2 defaults to vertical bars; adding the function
coord_flip() swaps this.
 The argument stat= “identity” to the function geom_bar().
> ggplot(mtcars, aes(mtcars$mpg, mtcars$disp)) + geom_bar(stat =
“identity”) + coord_flip()
8. Bar Plots Using R
Q15 (L3 – Apply)
Write an R program to draw a bar plot for categorical data and customize
it by changing orientation, colors, and labels.

Q16 (L6 – Create)

Create a grouped or stacked bar plot for a real-world dataset and interpret
the insights obtained from the visualization.
4.9. OTHER GRAPHICAL PACKAGES
 9. Other Existing Graphical Packages in R
Q17 (L2 – Understand)
Identify other graphical packages available in R apart from base, lattice, and
ggplot2. Briefly explain their applications.
Q18 (L5 – Evaluate)
Evaluate the role of advanced graphical packages such as plotly, leaflet, or
shiny in developing interactive data visualizations.

HIGHLIGHTS
 Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) shows how to use visualisation and
transformation to explore data in a systematic way.
 The main graphical packages are base, lattice and ggplot2.
 In R the pie chart is created using the pie() function.
 A 3D Pie Chart can be drawn using the package plotrix which uses the
function pie3D().
 The basic scatter plot in the base graphics system can be obtained by
using the plot() function.
 We use the arguments col and pch (values between 1 and 25) in the plot()
function to specify colour and plot pattern.
 The layout() function is used to control the layout of multiple plots in the
matrix.
 We use pairs() function to create matrices of scatter plots.
 The lattice graphics system has equivalent of plot() function and it is
xyplot().
 In the ggplot2 graphics, each plot is drawn with a call to the ggplot()
function.
 The ggplots can also be split into several panels like the lattice plots and
this is done using the function facet_wrap().
 The plot() function in R is used to create the line graph in base graphics
and the argument type = “l” is used to mention that it is a line.
 Line plots in the lattice graphics uses the xyplot() function and the
argument type = “l” is used to mention that it is a line.
 The ggplot2 scatter plot are created by adding the function geom_line() to
the ggplot() function.
 In R histograms in the base graphics are drawn using the function hist().
 The lattice histogram is drawn using the function histogram().
 The ggplot2 histograms are created by adding the function geom_
histogram() to the ggplot() function.
 In R base graphics the box plot is created using the boxplot() function.
 In the lattice graphics the box plot is drawn using the function bwplot().
 In the ggplot2 graphics the box plot is drawn by adding the function
geom_boxplot() to the function ggplot().
 In R base graphics the bar chart is created using the barplot() function.
 The lattice equivalent of the function barplot(), is the function barchart().
 In the ggplot2 graphics the bar chart is drawn by adding the function
geom_bar() to the function ggplot().