Unit 1

Data types are the classification or categorization of data items. It represents the kind of value
that tells what operations can be performed on a particular data.

Since everything is an object in Python programming, data types are actually classes and
variables are instances (object) of these classes. The following are the standard or built-in
data types in Python:

• Numeric
• Sequence Type
• Boolean
• Set
• Dictionary
• Binary Types( memoryview, bytearray, bytes)

What is Python type() Function?

To define the values of various data types and check their data types we use the type()
function.
Examples:1
# DataType Output: str
x = "Hello Christist"
print(type(x))
# DataType Output: int
x = 50
print(type(x))
# DataType Output: float
x = 60.5
print(type(x))
# DataType Output: complex
x = 3j
print(type(x))
# DataType Output: list
x = ["Christ", "Deemed to be", "University"]
print(type(x))

# DataType Output: tuple

x = ("Christ", "Deemed to be", "University")
print(type(x))
# DataType Output: range
x = range(10)
print(type(x))
# DataType Output: dict
x = {"name": "Suraj", "age": 24}
print(type(x))
# DataType Output: set
x = {"Christ", "Deemed to be", "University"}
print(type(x))
# DataType Output: frozenset
x = frozenset({"Christ", "Deemed to be", "University"})
print(type(x))
# DataType Output: bool
x = True
print(type(x))
# DataType Output: bytes
x = b"Christ"
print(type(x))
# DataType Output: bytearray
x = bytearray(4)
print(type(x))
# DataType Output: memoryview
x = memoryview(bytes(6))
print(type(x))
# DataType Output: NoneType
x = None
print(type(x))

Output:

class 'str'>
<class 'int'>
<class 'float'>
<class 'complex'>
<class 'list'>
<class 'tuple'>
<class 'range'>
<class 'dict'>
<class 'set'>
<class 'frozenset'>
<class 'bool'>
<class 'bytes'>
<class 'bytearray'>
<class 'memoryview'>
<class 'NoneType'>

[Link] Data Type in Python

The numeric data type in Python represents the data that has a numeric value. A numeric value
can be an integer, a floating number, or even a complex number. These values are defined
as Python int, Python float, and Python complex classes in Python.
• Integers – This value is represented by int class. It contains positive or negative whole
numbers (without fractions or decimals). In Python, there is no limit to how long an
integer value can be.
• Float – This value is represented by the float class. It is a real number with a floating-
point representation. It is specified by a decimal point. Optionally, the character e or E
followed by a positive or negative integer may be appended to specify scientific
notation.
• Complex Numbers – Complex number is represented by a complex class. It is
specified as (real part) + (imaginary part)j. For example – 2+3j
Note – type() function is used to determine the type of data type.

Example 2:
# Python program to
# demonstrate numeric value
a=5
print("Type of a: ", type(a))

b = 5.0
print("\nType of b: ", type(b))

c = 2 + 4j
print("\nType of c: ", type(c))

Output:
Type of a: <class 'int'>
Type of b: <class 'float'>
Type of c: <class 'complex'>

Sequence Data Type in Python

The sequence Data Type in Python is the ordered collection of similar or different data types.
Sequences allow storing of multiple values in an organized and efficient fashion. There are
several sequence types in Python –

• Python String
• Python List
• Python Tuple

• String Data Type

--Strings in Python are arrays of bytes representing Unicode characters. A string is a
collection of one or more characters put in a single quote, double-quote, or triple-quote.
--In python there is no character data type, a character is a string of length one. It is
represented by str class.
Example3:Creating String
--Strings in Python can be created using single quotes or double quotes or even triple quote.
#Python Program for Creation of String
# Creating a String
# with single Quotes
String1 = 'Welcome to the Christ World'
print("String with the use of Single Quotes: ")
print(String1)

# Creating a String
# with double Quotes
String1 = "I'm a Christist"
print("\nString with the use of Double Quotes: ")
print(String1)
print(type(String1))

# Creating a String
# with triple Quotes
String1 = '''I'm a Chritist and I live in a world of "Christ University"'''

print("\nString with the use of Triple Quotes: ")

print(String1)
print(type(String1))

# Creating String with triple

# Quotes allows multiple lines
String1 = '''Christ
For
Life'''
print("\nCreating a multiline String: ")
print(String1)

Output:
String with the use of Single Quotes:
Welcome to the Christ World

String with the use of Double Quotes:

I'm a Christist
<class 'str'>

String with the use of Triple Quotes:

I'm a Christist and I live in a world of "Christ University"
<class 'str'>

Creating a multiline String:

Christ
For
Life

• LifAccessing elements of String

--In Python, individual characters of a String can be accessed by using the method of
Indexing.
--Negative Indexing allows negative address references to access characters from the back of
the String, e.g. -1 refers to the last character, -2 refers to the second last character, and so on.
Example3.1: Accessing elements of String

#Python Program to Access characters of String

String1 = "Christ Deemed to be University"
print("Initial String: ")
print(String1)

# Printing First character

print("\nFirst character of String is: ")
print(String1[0])

# Printing Last character

print("\nLast character of String is: ")
print(String1[-1])

Output:
Initial String:
Christ Deemed to be University
First character of String is:
C
Last character of String is:
y

• Reversing a Python String

With Accessing Characters from a string, we can also reverse them. We can Reverse a string
by writing [::-1] and the string will be reversed.
Example :Program to reverse a string
CME= "christ"
print(CME[::-1])

Output:
tsirhc
We can also reverse a string by using built-in join and reversed function.

Example # Program to reverse a string

x = "Christ for CME"
# Reverse the string using reversed and join function
x = "".join(reversed(x))
print(x)

Output:
EMC rof tsirhC

• String Slicing
To access a range of characters in the String, the method of slicing is used. Slicing in a String
is done by using a Slicing operator (colon).

# Example Python Program to demonstrate String slicing

# Creating a String
String1 = "Christ for CME"
print("Initial String: ")
print(String1)
# Printing 3rd to 12th character
print("\nSlicing characters from 3-12: ")
print(String1[3:12])
# Printing characters between 3rd and 2nd last character
print("\nSlicing characters between " +
"3rd and 2nd last character: ")
print(String1[3:-2])

Output:
Initial String:
Christ for CME
Slicing characters from 3-12:
ist for C
Slicing characters between 3rd and 2nd last character:
ist for C

• Deleting/Updating from a String

In Python, the Updation or deletion of characters from a String is not allowed. This will cause
an error because item assignment or item deletion from a String is not supported. Although
deletion of the entire String is possible with the use of a built-in del keyword. This is because
Strings are immutable, hence elements of a String cannot be changed once it has been
assigned. Only new strings can be reassigned to the same name.

# Example:Python Program to Update character of a String

String1 = "Hello, I'm a student"
print("Initial String: ")
print(String1)
# Updating a character of the String
## As python strings are immutable, they don't support item updation directly
### there are following two ways
#1
list1 = list(String1)
list1[2] = 'p'
String2 = ''.join(list1)
print("\nUpdating character at 2nd Index: ")
print(String2)
#2
String3 = String1[0:2] + 'p' + String1[3:]
print(String3)

Output:
Initial String:
Christ for CME
Slicing characters from 3-12:
ist for C
Slicing characters between 3rd and 2nd last character:
ist for C
Initial String:
Hello, I'm a student
Updating character at 2nd Index:
Heplo, I'm a student
Heplo, I'm a student

Updating Entire String:

# Python Program to Update entire String

String1 = "Hello, I'm a student"

print("Initial String: ")
print(String1)
# Updating a String
String1 = "Welcome to the Christ World"
print("\nUpdated String: ")
print(String1)

Output:
Initial String:
Hello, I'm a student

Updated String:
Welcome to the Christ World

• Python has a set of built-in methods that you can use on

strings.

capitalize() Converts the first character to upper case

casefold() Converts string into lower case

center() Returns a centered string

count() Returns the number of times a specified value occurs in a

string

encode() Returns an encoded version of the string

endswith() Returns true if the string ends with the specified value

expandtabs() Sets the tab size of the string

find() Searches the string for a specified value and returns the
position of where it was found

format() Formats specified values in a string

format_map() Formats specified values in a string

index() Searches the string for a specified value and returns the
position of where it was found

isalnum() Returns True if all characters in the string are

alphanumeric

isalpha() Returns True if all characters in the string are in the

alphabet

isascii() Returns True if all characters in the string are ascii

characters

isdecimal() Returns True if all characters in the string are decimals

isdigit() Returns True if all characters in the string are digits

isidentifier() Returns True if the string is an identifier

islower() Returns True if all characters in the string are lower case

isnumeric() Returns True if all characters in the string are numeric

isprintable() Returns True if all characters in the string are printable

isspace() Returns True if all characters in the string are whitespaces

istitle() Returns True if the string follows the rules of a title

isupper() Returns True if all characters in the string are upper case

join() Converts the elements of an iterable into a string

ljust() Returns a left justified version of the string

lower() Converts a string into lower case

lstrip() Returns a left trim version of the string

maketrans() Returns a translation table to be used in translations

partition() Returns a tuple where the string is parted into three parts

replace() Returns a string where a specified value is replaced with

a specified value

rfind() Searches the string for a specified value and returns the
last position of where it was found

rindex() Searches the string for a specified value and returns the
last position of where it was found
rjust() Returns a right justified version of the string

rpartition() Returns a tuple where the string is parted into three parts

rsplit() Splits the string at the specified separator, and returns a

list

rstrip() Returns a right trim version of the string

split() Splits the string at the specified separator, and returns a

list

splitlines() Splits the string at line breaks and returns a list

startswith() Returns true if the string starts with the specified value

strip() Returns a trimmed version of the string

swapcase() Swaps cases, lower case becomes upper case and vice
versa

title() Converts the first character of each word to upper case

translate() Returns a translated string

upper() Converts a string into upper case

• List Data Type

Lists are just like arrays, declared in other languages which is an ordered collection of data. It
is very flexible as the items in a list do not need to be of the same type.

Example 4: Creating List

Lists in Python can be created by just placing the sequence inside the square brackets[].
# Creating a List
List = []
print("Initial blank List: ")
print(List)

# Creating a List with

# the use of a String
List = ['Christ Deemed to be University']
print("\nList with the use of String: ")
print(List)

# Creating a List with

# the use of multiple values
List = ["Christ", "Deemed","to be", "University"]
print("\nList containing multiple values: ")
print(List[0])
print(List[1])
print(List[2])
print(List[3])

# Creating a Multi-Dimensional List

# (By Nesting a list inside a List)
List = [['Christ', 'University'], ['Deemed to be']]
print("\nMulti-Dimensional List: ")
print(List)

Output:
Initial blank List:
[]

List with the use of String:

['Christ Deemed to be University']
List containing multiple values:
Christ
Deemed
to be
University

Multi-Dimensional List:
[['Christ', 'University'], ['Deemed to be']]

Python Access List Items

• In order to access the list items refer to the index number. Use the index operator [ ] to
access an item in a list.
• In Python, negative sequence indexes represent positions from the end of the array.
Instead of having to compute the offset as in List[len(List)-3], it is enough to just
write List[-3].
• Negative indexing means beginning from the end, -1 refers to the last item, -2 refers
to the second-last item, etc

Example 4.1 Access list

# Python program to demonstrate accessing of element from list

# Creating a List with the use of multiple values
List = ["Christ", "Deemed to be", "University"]
# accessing a element from the list using index number
print("Accessing element from the list")
print(List[0])
print(List[2])

# accessing a element using

# negative indexing
print("Accessing element using negative indexing")

# print the last element of list

print(List[-1])

# print the third last element of list

print(List[-3])

Output:
Accessing element from the list
Christ
University
Accessing element using negative indexing
University
Christ
List operations

I will do a grouping of the list operations according to the impact on these, my goal is making

easier the explanation and understanding:

1. Definition operations

These operations allow us to define or create a list.

1.1. [ ]

Creates an empty list.

y = []

2. Mutable operations

These operations allow us to work with lists, but altering or modifying their previous

definition.

2.1. append

Adds a single item to the bottom of the list.

x = [1, 2]
[Link]('h')
print(x)

Output:[1, 2, 'h']

2.2. extend
Adds another list to the end of a list.

x = [1, 2]
[Link]([3, 4])
print(x)

Output:[1, 2, 3, 4]

2.3. insert

Inserts a new element at a specific position in the list, this method receives the position as a

first argument, and the element to add as a second argument .

x = [1,2,3,4,5]
[Link](3, 'y')
print(x)

Output: [1, 2, 3, 'y', 4, 5]

2.4. del

Deletes the element located in the specific index. This method also has the possibility to

remove a section of elements from the list, through the “:” operator. You only need to define a

starting and end point [start:end], and note that the end point will not be considered. These

points can be ignored, whereby the 0 th position will be the starting point, and the last position

in the list will be the end point.

x = [1, 2, 3]
del x[1]
print(x)

Output:[1, 3]
y = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
del y[:2]
print(y)
Output:[3, 4, 5]

2.5. remove

Removes the first match for the specified item.

x = [1, 2, 'h', 3, 'h']

[Link]('h')
print(x)

Output:[1, 2, 3, 'h']

2.6. reverse

Reverses the order of the elements in the list, this places the final elements at the beginning,

and the initial elements at the end.

x = [1, 2, 'h', 3, 'h']

[Link]()
print(x)

Output:['h', 3, 'h', 2, 1]

2.7. sort

By default, this method sorts the elements of the list from smallest to largest, this behavior can

be modified using the parameter reverse = True.

x = [3, 2, 1, 4]
[Link]()
print(x)
Output: [1, 2, 3, 4]

It is important to know that when you apply the sort method, you must do it on lists that have

elements of the same data type, otherwise, you will face the TypeError exception.