* Signals and sustem

Syllabus
• Signals: Defn
a) operation on signals b) Basic
unit of signals. CJ Classification
of signals.
© System: Defn
al Classification of system.
а

RJ Convolution operation!
Sum and integral
c) Representation of system in block diagram
3 Transforms
a) Continuous time fourier series
by Continuous fime fourier
transforms,
c) Laplace transform.
d] 2- transform.
el Discrete fime fourier series
I Discrete time fourier transform
I sampling the Brem gl
form..
 not included
in syllabus (SY CCE).
* Signal Representation!
x(x) = u(x)
or
=

x(+) = 1 : +30.
mathematical
Continuous fine
signals.
;. + <0.

pre(se)
1
→ graphical
£
 x(0) = x[n]=u[n]
or

x[n] = 1; no

or

inco.

x[^] = {1,1,1,
x[^]
‫و‬

‫ممة‬
-2

x[n] =

2
-

11
12
 }
mathematical.

Discreate

-}.
‫مجھی‬
→ sequencial.
time
signals.

graphical.

{1, 2, 3, 2,1}
здобу
个

2
n
୮

orraw indicates amplitude at

 origin.
Lif
под
aray is not given Consider first value as at originig

2
a

* Signal: Any physical phenomenon that conveys

or
signal.
Carries some information can be called eg. music,
speech, heard beat, photo, video.. Signal will be
fun? of independent variable.
spatial co-ordinates etc.
es. time
(+)
‫و‬

(X, Y)
X(+) = Sin (axft + $)
x(p,q):
=
2

0.5p+ 0.8q + 1.1

.q?
 Different operations on signals: (Continuous
time) 1 Amplitude shifting! Je (A) + 1, x(+)-2 ©
Amplitude seversal.: _x(+)
3 Amplitude scaling: 2. self), 0.5x(t). 4
Time shifting! x(x+1), x+2)
Time reversal:
x(-x)
6 Time scaling: x(2+), x0.5x)
© Time shifting: x(++*) (x(-++*).
Case O £ 30:
pxe) [

Case R acce)
2

!
х
1

x(+ +1 : Advanceing
operation. 1'α(18+))

1
x(x-2): Delay operation. 12x-2)
 Case 3
2
+2 +4
ने

k>o : x(-+
x (− ++1). : Reverse →→
delay.

Case G
4
2

Delay by1
21-++1).

ксо
2

k<o: xl-*-1) : Perceuse Advance

Reverse.

+
2
-2
reverse
 x(-7)
Advance:
by 1.
ད
M

x(+-1)

-le
3 ने
w.
3

2 Time reversal: x(-x+); mirror image cround y-axis.

x(x)
0
1

time reversal.
2

-1
1
2
2
-1
t

eg a = 2 (*)
(x(22)
Time scaling: x(ax)
 Case 1:
a>1
Case (2)
acı

eg. a = 0.5.
x(0.51)
1

2
3 4

Compression

4 Amplitude Shifting:
Jece)
1

(time expansion)

Cal. [de (+)+ 1}, {xce)

-2].
G
2

(21+)+1
x(2)-2

2
© Amplitude scaling:
Axle)
Call (2)] and 0.5 2(5)
0.5nce).

2
1
0.5

t
2

@Amplitude reversal:

2
-1

-x6x)
1
2

* Different operations on signals: (Discreate time)

1 Time shifting: xe[n-1], x[n+2) etc.
 2 Time compression ( Decimation): x(2n),
x[34]. 3 Time expansion (Interpolation);
x[1/2], x
Time shifting:
n5-2
450

x[n] = { 5, 3, 7, 4, 8, 93,
个
n = 3.

x[n-1] = { 5, 3, 7, 4, 8, 9 ?
5,3,7,

x[n+2]= {5, 3, 7, 4, 8
x[m]
い
‫و‬

‫فرادا‬
2, -1, 13
个
2

8,93

8,93
[1/3].
 Cal. x[n-1] & x[n+2].
2

2
3

+x[n+2].
2

-1

x[n-1] = {1, 2,
4.
-1, 13:

13
↑
x[n+2] = {1, 2, -1, !

n=-3
n-o
 m=3

n=1

-2, 4, 93
n=2

1 Time Compression: x(n) = {5, 3, 7, 8, -2, 4

Cal. x (2n), 2(3n).
-s
‫ف‬

x(2n) = { 3, 8, 4 start from origin value and

x(3x) = {5, 8
个
93
remove retaine value where (nois multiple
of (2). Start from origin and retain
values where (n) is multiple
of (3)
Time exparsion: x(n) = {4,
3,53
Cal.

x(1/2), x(1/3).
x(1/2)=
{4,0,3.0.53.
4
 x (r/3) = {4, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0,
5}
↑

if x(-1) is given ploit x(-2x+3).

xels)

-3
36.

Step O
first method:->
sal;

delay ladv → Compression) expansion pr time shift -> time

scaling - reversal
A X(-2++3)
↑

C adv by 3
2 Compress by 2. 1
Perersal time.
-6
-3
3

Step®
Second method :-)
 step R replace
x(-2++3)
Variable(t)

-3-1.51 1.5

by (-2x+3)
Step 6.

-3
-1.5
1.5 3.
3

6. (~2++3)

If be(n) is given

plot
x(n-1) xcci) = {1,2,
1,2,-1,2,3}
2

Step 1 voodify x-axis variable to (t)

3,-2++3 -3

0 -1.5

5.04
-6
 =3
0

-3 1.5
0 1.5.
-2+

3.
1.5

↑ X(-24+3).
1.4

-1.5 10 1.5
?
t
-

-t

x(n) 1 2
n
-λ
ना T
2

-1
O
1
2
x(n-1)
I
2
213
‫او‬

1
2.

n-> (2,

믈-1)
-2
-

-1 Ο

4/2
n(*#2)
-
-

1
O
[
2

3.

2
2
4
6

3. ← original signal.

x(12-1) = {1, 101, 2, 0, -1,

0, 2,03)
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
 2,3,4,5,6

if signal is not present for

any n value consider
it as
a

Zero

5a
* Basic signals C
Continuous-time). 1 Unit impulse
(-8(+)) signal:
11810).
ΟΥ

812)

where (E→0).
틀틀

Jsle). dt =
1.
area under 812)
1

S(*) is even signal.

* properties of Sle) signal:
@ x(±). 8(+-+1) = x(+1). S(+-+1).
218).
xce)

S(+-+1)

S(8-21)
x(21)
numericals
41+) = 28in (+). 8(+- T1⁄2)
= 2 din. (2). S(+-27/2)
= 288 (t-72).

थे।

@x(+), (x(A.).
| x(±). 8(+-+,) = JxC£1).
8(+-+1). dt
 I scp-p1)
Nox(A).
1.
imp

8(2-3)

dt >!
=>
I=1

3
3
4

integrativ
numericals..
+4

_a) I = the 8(2-3).

At

+2
-3
 I= | 8(2-3). dt.
2

linits
G(-3).

+2 3
linite
1

(al affa.

Cal

J. Cos (+)+ +2].

8(2-7). It.
x(21)
212)
8(2-2)

2 Cos z +:
a2
N
 S(+2+3+-5). 8(2-3). dt.
2
MA)
S(2-21)
71.
+3 +

but. 8(4-2) is out of limit of integration.

- I = 0 I=0

2 Unit Step Signal ult):

u(+) = 1 ; &>,0
=0

; +<o

Signum function (sign-fun"):

3
5gn(7)
=
1; to
t
८०

@hamp signal 8!*):

H+) = # + ; +o.
 +20
;

O(A) = f. u(t).
3 Parabolic signal p(x):
+2
p(*) = ±2. u(x).
or

·P (£) =

=
=
2

好 832:
อ

; to.
; two-

-fun"): Sgn (x) = (2

uce) - 1].
Sgnl).
+
 P(A)
HZ).

6 Square signal:

To

это
 4

・To/2

Triangular

-To 37d
To/2
A
To/2
T014!

ware :

.To

-A
A
ток
3To
4
、

To
 это то न्य

(8) Sinc fun": Sinc(A)

To.
11 Real exponential signal.
=

e
A. lat.
(b>o)

(b<0)

Sin (at) - Sa(π£).

at
多

Sampling
fun^: salt) =
 Sin(+)
Sin (7)
=

t
↑ Salt).
4

4
3 -2
&
23
27

La
A
-371-27

(sinc-fun")
Sampling for

(@) Reet fun": rect (2) => A

rect (+/+).
A

9/2
+4/2
με τ
 Plot x(2) = 2 reet
(t/3)
2

A sin(2xf+1)
Sin fun": A&in (Wot
+$).

ᄏ
-1.5.
к
105

ナ
-20.

A
-
 ABin(±)

2л

-A.
8

* Basic unit signals: C Discreate

time)
© Unit impulse signal
8[n]:

S[n] = 1
;n = 0

‫ليمية‬
·S[^]

u[n]

-2 -1
3
4
2

into

✩ Unit step signal u[n]:

 u[n] = 1
nyo

n<

3 Ramp signal: ~[^]:

r[n] = n; nyo
n
4

3
2

-
23
4

4 Exponential signal
a
ninzo

= 0; nco.

[ocacı] decaying signal.

{ Case 1: @
[o<a<!]
}
Case 2: [a>i]
-2-|
1
2
3

→ exponentially increasing signal.

21
23
4
‫ގ‬
σ

* Classification of signals!
© Deterministic Vs
fandom signals.
2
Even

vs odd signals.
3 Causal NS.
non causal vs
anti-causal signals.
 4 Energy vs power signal.
3 Periodic
ฟรี
·

non periodic signals.

@ Deterministic vs random signals.

"

The signal that can be completely specified by a

mathematical
equation is called deterministic signal.
eg.
X(+) A. t x(t) = A Sin (#).
F
>

The signal whose char... are random in nature called random signed.
eg. noise signal::
Even
vs odd signals!!
Even - This are symmetrical
ej.
ère. x(+) =
x(x)

-3
3
女
x(++)
-

भा

or mirror image about y-axis.

↑ allt)
2

208) = Cos(e).

эр
Odd

2011
+

- This is anti-symmetrical about y-axis.

ie.

x(x) = -2(-1) times

reversal.
 -1

*((*)=sin(#)
↑
amplitude reversal.

ग्ज
же

f
x(x) = din (f)
же
2(-*)= Sin (-*)

-Sin (#).
X(-*).
Odd signal.
imp. points. E. E = E E.0 =
0.0=E.
་
 E± E = E.
0+0=0
€ + 0 =) neither even
nor add

10

3 Causal
x(+)/x(n)
present for.
non-causal
21+)/secin) present for. both positive &
negative value of t/n.
for t≤o
+zo or

n70 only
ед.
x(34) =
ulz)
x(t) = sgn(#)
+40
↑ Anti-causal signal.

<
 x(+)/x(n) signal.
present for

(+20)/(nlo)
x(x) = u(+).
u(=*)

X(n)=

{
1, 2, 3}
causal.

x(n) =

‫ مجھے‬21 ‫وا‬
3, 4, 2} →→→
non-

causal.

3,983
x(n) = {1, 2, -1, 3, 63 → Anti-causal.
Even. odd Energy and power signals:
4
 Energy.
T

E = _lim Six(+)12.
dt
T->∞
-

o 1 x Ge)l? at.
E = 2 | 2(n) 12

if
n=

P
‫من‬

finite
P
Power.
+T
2

P= lim == SlacÐI? at

P:
=
TH∞

T
 27
-T

= $1xcell2
at
T

for periodic signal.

N-1

Σ 1.2 (n) 12.

n=o

↑ for periodic signal with

period = N
P= tim Li
↑
N-) ∞
་

2141

N+
n=-1

for non-periodic signal.

if
་

P= finite
E=0.
 11

Any signal
be
even

can be divided into 2 parsts in which one part will and

other part will be. odd
de. x(++) = x(2) + %% (2).
dele
11
=

xlng xem
xong

[2(*) + 2(-2)
/2.
Xo (n) = [x((n) - x
(-n)]/2
Xo(+) = (x(±)-
x(-2)]/2.
numerical: find even and odd part of given signal.
(1 x (+) = 8 - £2
Cos &
 +
Sint
E

xels)
-

2
E

E
1

3- din2+
+4
x(7)
€/0
-

O
E
+4
+0A0

€
Sint
3

+t2. &in3 &

 -x2
2
+
3
.

Cos &
No(+) ==
+
Sind

-2

2-
2

↑ 21-4)

-2
2.

2
260(7)
=

= (x(+)-2(-+)]/2.
3 x(n) = an
3)
x2(-n) = an

xem
==

là tăng
No(n) = 1/2
[a"-a-^].
4)-2(n)

@x(n)+{9,
-4,2,-22,
=
个

x(-n) = {-2, 2, 4, 4}
=

of
 2‫وار‬
↑

= {-1, 1, -2, 4, -2, 1, -!} =

{-19:12;
^

Koln Gen - xem

=

-1
- {1, -1, 2, 0, -21 ~ {
‫وا‬

12

O
fules : If magnitude of signal is [00] at any
instant of
-lime then signal will
eg.
2004

t
 be neigher energy nor power. X(): span(d)
2(C=A) =
at 100, x(t)=

2 periodic signal with finite amplitude at any

instant
95

power signal
eg. sin(t).
3 non-periodic signal with, finite duration →
Energy
infinite duration with
decaying Energy.
amplitude
→

with constant amplitude -> power.

Numericals
4
x(x)
x(x)
===

finite duration + finite amplitude

Ls (non-periodic) 1
x(x)

51
P

Energy signal

༡༠༩༩
)
pult)
1

Energy signal
Ip
power signal.

→ energy.

16 [+]o2 = 32
P=0이
 [P = 0
↑つ(火)
2

} (43. dt =
$[Link]
e-at ult), axo.
→
Q

infinite duration but

decaying

2
2

energy. IP:
zat os

Ice-at)2, dt =
[Ca]o
E=
 9(x1+) at
x(x)

~To

To/2 To
P:
⇒ periodic +finite,
To
29

amplitude
2
Toh
11.

→ power
signal.

E=
‫به‬

to 5 px (0)) ? at == ]
A2. dt
To
सर

A2 [+]."
To/2
 To
2

A02
3

(141) x(t)= Ao Sin

(wet)
↳ periodic +finite amplitude →→ power
signal
2

До
8

P=
2
(13
att

x(t) x((() = u(t)

- infinite duration
+ Constart amplitude
+T

p= lim = 1
pecest2 at
T-02T
(x(n) = (+1) 1u(n)
(3)iuen)
-

E=
GA

[]
+ x[n] = u(n) is

P= lim L
NCS 2NP1
lim
THA
T

→ Power signal.

1. dt.

infinite duration + decaying amplitude

JE =

= lim 1= (T) =
 1/1⁄2μ
Tras

->
24

Energy Synd [p=0].

1
9
8

— (a) = 1-Ya
infinite duration
+ Constant amplitude
2

-(x(n))2= lim +
N-as
power signal

2011

है ।
2.
"

E=∞
1/
 lim ad100 2N+1
- (@N+1) =
24.

*Periodic
non. Periodic signals: →→>.
(Continous signal)
Periodic : A signal repeats itself afster some time
period,
ce.

said to be periodic.
the signal is
x(x) = x(+ In To).
 where,
n = integer

To = Fundamental fime period

[400]
T

eg.

-2

-1
ку
To=1

70=1

find FTP (fundamental time period) To of following signals:

(D) 2(+) = Sin (2xt)
Wo=27
27 To= 2x = 1.
wo
2

(1 x(t)= din(2x++30°). © x(t)=5+din(2t)

(27t
Wo= 241
To=1.

Note: Time period of signal is

unaffected
w- 24 To=1.
 by time
shifting,
time reversal, amp veresal, amp. shifting/scaling
of
signal.
14)
2((0)= din2 (4at).
=
-

Cos 8ht
2

W=8π = To =27 = 1

⇒ The sum of 2 (or) more than 2 periodic signal will

be
periodic of ratios of there fundamental, time period
is_rational
x(*) +227)
ce.
x (-D)
J

T2
Ti
→
 rational no
ト

→
*((*) → periodic.

-)
Ti
Tz

→ irrational no. < x(+) - non-periodic

→ T= LCM (T1,
T2)
@2(+) = &in (2t) + Cos (bat)
W2 = 322

T2=
W1 = 2
T1 = 2n
27
น
37

T1/T2 =
(115)
A
- irrational. →
non-periodic.
(2/3)
© x(t) = &in (ant) + Cos
(√Σ at).
T1 =
27
27
T2 =
271 वरन
=

=1
T/Tz = √ simational
(Fat).
(x4)= &in (4n+). + Cos
(4x+) 3xしょう
T1
no.

27 £, T2 = 277 = 2.
47
22

+ non- periodic ·

T= LCM (T12T2) = LCM (+2)

 or

LCM (1,2)
HCF(2,7)
2
い
2

퓸:
1/2
2/7
→ rational
periodic

LCM (+12)= Lon (74+ +4)=14 Lem

(7,4)
ст

(글, 륵)
14 (8) = 21.
©x(x)= din (4+) + cos
(7+).

Tr
=
 T1 = 271 = 1

भन
4

플
2

rational
- periodic.
T2 = 27. =) T = Lem
(#27).
14

= π LCM ( &,4).
7 (28)
14

= 27 11
15

periodic vs non-periodic (discreate fime

signal).
x(n) = x(n +
KN).
K - an integer
where,

N = FTP - integer.
за
 Sin (3214
n)
Ox(n) = Sin
22
рав

=)
37
со w=
4

-.N=8
271
271
4

57

(2 x(n) = Sin (31 n) + Cos

(5^n)
N1 = 8
4

N= LCM (8,14) = 561.

3 x(n) = Sin ( 2 n )
4)
27

x(x) = 87x
27
4

N2=14

=) w=
3/
4

→ rational
no.

= periodic

87 = irrational no
3

⇒
 non-periodic.
3/4

n
е

W = 77 =
27 W

271 =) rational
no

77

=)periodic.
N
N=2 = period.
= 2 samples

Note:
case

Sum of 2 or more periodic signal in of

discreate time signal will be always
periodic.
16