CAMERA SINGLE LENS REFLEX CAMERA– it is a type of camera best
suited for police work due to its interchangeability of the
- Light tight-box with a lens to form an image, a
lens. The best way to determine the entire coverage of the
shutter and diaphragm to control the entry of the
camera is to look directly behind lens of the camera. These
image, a means of holding a film to record the types of camera will eliminate the parallax error.
image, and a viewer or viewfinder to show the
photographer what the image is.
- Camera originated from the term camera obscura.
(latin: veiled chamber)
Basically, camera can produce image with its four-
(4) basic parts such: • LIGHT TIGHT BOX • LENS •
FILM HOLDER (HOLDER OFSENSITIZED MATERIAL) •
SHUTTER
- All other accessory of any camera merely makes
TWIN LENS REFLEX CAMERA– A type of camera with dual
picture taking easier, faster and convenient for the
lens, one for focusing and the other for forming the image.
operator and is called ACCESSORY.
ESSENTIAL PARTS OF A CAMERA
1. LIGHT TIGHT BOX– a box designed to keep light out
and serve as a frame to hold other parts.
2. LENS– designed to collect or to focus the reflected
light from an object to form an image on the film.
3. SHUTTER– designed to control the time during which
the light reaches the film
4. FILM HOLDER (HOLDER OF THE SENSITIZED
VIEW OR PRESS TYPE– is considered the biggest and
MATERIAL)– located at the opposite side of the lens
expensive type of camera, used for movie making. A large
designed to hold firmly the sensitized material to
format camera. Sometimes even called a “studio camera”
prevent the formation of the multiple or blurred image
5. VIEW FINDER– designed to determine the field of
view of the camera or the extent of the coverage of the
given lens.
LENS
-An essential part of the camera which is used to focus the
light coming from the subject, it is mainly responsible for
the sharpness of the image formed through which light
passes during exposure. A medium or system which
converge or diverge light rays passing through it to form an
image.
- DANIEL BARBARO First to introduce the use of lens in the
camera
TYPES OF LENSES
1. POSITIVE OR CONVEX LENS (CONVERGING LENS)
Characterized by the fact that it is thicker at the
center and thinner at the side which is capable of
TYPES OF THE CAMERA
bending the light together and forms the image
VIEW FINDER TYPE– it is considered as the smallest and
inversely. (ZOOM IN)
the simplest type of camera. Its view finder framed the
2. NEGATIVE OR CONCAVE LENS (DIVERGING LENS)
objects that will be recorded on the film. Suffers from
Characterized by the fact that it is thinner at the
parallax error.
center and thicker at the side and forms the virtual
image on the same side of the lens. (ZOOM OUT)
INHERENT LENS DEFECT OR ABEERATION
ABERRATION Is the failure of light rays to focus properly
after they pass through a lens or reflect from a mirror. Proper
focus occurs when the light rays cross one another at single
point. ABERRATION also defined as an optical imperfection
responsible for image distortion.
SPHERICAL ABERRATION Inability of the lens to focus light CHROMATIC ABERRATION- Inability of the lens to bring
passing the side of the lens producing an image that is photographic rays of different wave lengths to the same
sharp in the center and blurred at the side. focus. Is the failure of different colored light rays to focus
after passing through a lens, focusing of light of different
colors at different points resulting in a blurred image. This is
the most difficult lens aberration to correct.
COMA(Also known as lateral aberration) Inability of the lens
to focus light that travels straight or lateral, thus making it
blurred while the light reaching the lens oblique is the one
the is transmitted sharp. it is a lens defect in which the rays
enter the lens obliquely.
FLARES Condition of the lens producing multiple images.
Flare is non-image forming light. Reduces contrast and
color saturation. Flare is caused by very bright subject areas
and produces internal reflections in the lens.
Curvature of Field- defect where the image formed by lens
comes to a sharper focus in-curved surface than a flat
surface. The correction of this defect is similar to spherical
aberration and coma.
ASTIGMATISM Is a form of lens defects in which the
horizontal and vertical axis are not equally magnified.
Inability of the lens to focus both horizontal and vertical
lines.
CHROMATIC DIFFERENCE OF MAGNIFICATION The
inability of the lens to produce images sizes of object with
different color.
DISTORTION- Is a defect in shape not in sharpness. It can
either be Pincushion or Barrel Distortion. Incapable of CLASSIFICATION OF LENS ACCORDING TO DEGREE OF
rendering straight line correctly; either horizontal or vertical CORRECTIONS
line in an object. RAPID RECTILINEAR LENS- Lens corrected of distortion. It
PINCUSHION– there is straight lines near the edges of the was introduced by John Henry Dallmeyer in 1866
frame bow toward the center of frame. The curving is inward ANASTIGMAT/ANASTIGMATIC LENS- Correcting
BARREL– straight lines near the edges of the frame bow astigmatism
outward from the center. The curving is outward.
ACHROMATIC/ACHROMAT LENS- Correcting chromatic
aberration APOCHROMATIC/APOCHROMAT LENS -
Correcting both astigmatism and chromatic aberration
FOCAL LENGTH
- The distance between the lens and the film plane
when the lens is focused on infinity.
- Measure of light bending power of a lens, MACRO LENS Lens with the ability to focus from infinity to
measured in mm. extremely closely, allowing it to capture images of tiny
- The longer the focal length of a lens the narrower objects in frame-filling, larger than life sizes. Sometimes
the angle of view, and the larger objects appear called “Close-up” lenses.
in the viewfinder without the need to move any
closer to them.
FOCAL DISTANCE is the distance from the optical center of
the lens to the film plane.
DEPTH OF FIELD – refers to the distance measured from
the nearest to the farthest object in apparent sharp focus
when the lens is set or focused at a particular distance.
SHORT/ SHALLOW D.O.F. – LESS OBJECT APPEARS SHARP
F number( low) indicates large lens opening( aperture) –
more light- DOF ( shallow/ short )
LONG OR DEEP D.O.F – MORE OBJECTS APPEAR SHARP-
BACKGROUND & FOREGROUND
F NUMBER( HIGH)- indicates smaller lens opening(
aperture)- less light- DOF (deep/long)
FACTORS AFFECTING DEPTH OF FIELD
1. APERTURE – The larger the aperture, the less depth
of field. For minimum depth of field, use the
smallest aperture.
CLASSIFICATION OF LENSES ACCORDING TO ITS FOCAL
LENGTH
WIDEANGLEORSHORTFOCUS- With focal length not longer
than the diagonal half of the negative. Useful in taking
photograph at short distance with wider area coverage. FOCUSED DISTANCE – The closer the subject you focus on,
(35mm or more) the less depth of field. Depth of field is greater with distance
NORMAL or STANDARD With focal length approximately subject.
equal but not longer than twice the diagonal half of the
negative. (50mm)
LONG OR TELEPHOTO LENS With focal length longer than
twice the diagonal half of the negative. Best used in long
distance photographing but with narrow area coverage.
(70mm-1000mm or more)
2. FOCAL LENGTH- The longer lens you use, the less SHUTTER SPEED- Is that part of the camera which regulates
depth of field you will have. Wide-angle lenses give the time exposure of the film thus, affecting the amount of
the greatest depth of field. light reaching the sensitized material. It is usually expressed
in a fraction of a second.
1/1 1/2 etc. 1/4 1/8 1/15 1/30 1/60 1/125 1/250 1/500 • The
speed number in the left is always two times powerful in
terms of light gathering than that of the right number
• Slow shutter speeds are basically used for low light are
used in bright lighting while fast conditions. shutter speeds
• You have to control both shutter speed and lens opening
to achieve correct exposure.
What are the THREE PILLARS OF PHOTOGRAPHY or the
three key elements of a good exposure
- Lens Aperture – F STOP / F nUMBER
- SHUTTER SPEED- ACTION OF SHUTTER ( PART OF
Using a fast shutter speed the photographer can stop or
THE CAMERA)
“freeze” the action of a person provided that necessary
- OPENING – CLOSSING OF SHUTTER
adjustment on the lens opening be made in order to
- IT CAN BE MEASURED THRU FRACTION OF
maintain normal exposure.
SECOND
- ISO – SENSITIVITY TO LIGHT
LENS APERTURE- The ratio between the diameter of the
whole lens in relation to the focal length of the lens. It is the
light gathering power of the lens. Otherwise known as lens
opening or relative aperture and it is expressed in F-number.
Diaphragm- a device made of thin overlapping metal leaves
within a lens or camera which can be adjusted to specific
apertures of f-stops to control the amount of light that
strikes the film.
CLASSIFICATION OF LENS BASED ON APERTURE/ LENS
SPEED
FAST LENS – SMALL F STOP/ F NUMBER (LARGE LENS
OPENING) Ex. F 1.4, F2 and F2.8- more light will pass thru-
required SHUTTER SPEED (FASTER)
The lower the f-number, the bigger the lens opening and the
SLOW LENS – large F stop/ f number ( small lens opening)
bigger the lens opening the greater the volume of air that will
ex F 8, F 11 F16 and F22- less light will pass thru- required
passed through the lens and reach the sensitized material.
a SLOWER STUTTER SPEED)
If the objective of a photographer is obtain the widest
possible coverage of the lens in which objects are all sharp,
ISO – greek word “isos” means equal
It will be advisable to used a smaller lens opening.
Less ISO value- less sensitive light
Greater ISO value – more sensitive light
ISO applications
Low ISO – outdoor photography
Midrange ISO – indoor photography/ depends on the
lighting condition Depth of Focus- It is the distance toward and away from the
High ISO – night photography/ astrophotography film that the lens can be moved at a given f-value and the
object still appears in focus.
Shutter – allows the light to pass for a determined period of
FOCUSING time, for the purpose of exposing photographic film or light-
Is that mechanism of a camera designed to control the sensitive electronic sensor to light to capture a permanent
degree of sharpness of the object to be photograph. It is image of scene.
usually obtained by estimating the distance from the
camera and that of the object that will make a sharp or clear TYPES OF SHUTTER BETWEEN
image. THE LENS OR CENTRAL SHUTTER
TYPES OF FOCUSING DEVICE: RANGE FINDER (e.g. Atype of shutter that is usually located between the
viewfinder, instamatic camera and 35mm cameras) elements of the lens made of metal leaves and its action
COINCIDENCE otherwise known as superimposed image starts from the center toward the side, and then closes back
focusing. In this type of focusing a single object will to the center.
appeared double once the object is not in focus, but moving FOCALPLANE SHUTTER Located near the focal plane or the
the focusing adjustment this double image will coincide or sensitized material, this type of shutter is usually made of
superimposed to form a single object. cloth curtain, its action starts on one side and closes to the
opposite side.
SPLIT IMAGE FOCUSING on the other hand will show an Camera shutters often include one or two other settings for
image in split or two parts once the object in not in focus making very long exposures:
once the two parts of the image has been united then the B (FOR BULB ) - keep the shutter open as long as the shutter
object is already focused. release is held.
T (FOR TIME)- keep the shutter open until the shutter
release is pressed again
GROUNDGLASS (e.g. twin-lens reflex camera and digital
camera) This is observed from the viewing system of the
camera, once the object is not in focused the object will be
viewed to be blurred and will turn sharp and clear once
adjusted. It is focused directly observing the image formed
at the ground glass screen, placed behind the taking lens.
SCALE BED/FOCUSING SCALE (e.g. press and view
camera, and Polaroid Evidence Camera) Estimating the
distance of the object and adjusting the camera control
based on his estimation do this.