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Functions Study Guide

This study guide covers key concepts of functions, including definitions, types such as linear, quadratic, exponential, and hyperbolic functions, as well as transformations, inverse, and composite functions. It provides examples, formulas, and exercises for practice, along with real-life applications and exam-type questions. The guide aims to help students understand and apply mathematical functions effectively.

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Hayleyyoshni Collins
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5 views4 pages

Functions Study Guide

This study guide covers key concepts of functions, including definitions, types such as linear, quadratic, exponential, and hyperbolic functions, as well as transformations, inverse, and composite functions. It provides examples, formulas, and exercises for practice, along with real-life applications and exam-type questions. The guide aims to help students understand and apply mathematical functions effectively.

Uploaded by

Hayleyyoshni Collins
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

GRADE 11–12 MATHEMATICS

FUNCTIONS STUDY GUIDE

1. INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONS
A function is a special type of relation where every input (x-value) has exactly one output
(y-value). The input values form the domain and the output values form the range.

Key Concepts:
- Domain: All possible x-values.
- Range: All possible y-values.
- Function notation: f(x)
- Vertical line test for graphs.

Example:
If f(x) = 2x + 3, find f(4).
Solution: f(4) = 2(4) + 3 = 11.

Exercises:
1. Determine whether the following are functions.
2. Find the domain and range from a given graph.
3. Evaluate f(-2) for different functions.

2. LINEAR FUNCTIONS
General form: f(x) = mx + c
m = gradient (slope)
c = y-intercept

Properties:
- Straight line graph
- Constant rate of change

Gradient Formula:
m = (y2 − y1) / (x2 − x1)

Example:
Find the equation of a line passing through (1,2) and (3,6).
m = (6 − 2)/(3 − 1) = 2
Equation: y = 2x + c
Substitute (1,2): 2 = 2(1) + c → c = 0
Final equation: y = 2x
Exercises included.

3. QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
General form: f(x) = ax² + bx + c
Graph shape: Parabola

Important features:
- Turning point
- Axis of symmetry
- Maximum or minimum value

Axis of symmetry formula:


x = -b / 2a

Methods of solving:
- Factorising
- Completing the square
- Quadratic formula

Quadratic Formula:
x = (-b ± √(b² − 4ac)) / 2a

Discriminant: b² − 4ac determines number of solutions.

Exercises provided.

4. EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
General form: f(x) = a(b)^x

Characteristics:
- Growth if b > 1
- Decay if 0 < b < 1
- Horizontal asymptote

Applications:
- Population growth
- Compound interest

Example problems included.

5. HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
General form: f(x) = a/x + q
Characteristics:
- Vertical asymptote
- Horizontal asymptote

Domain excludes value where denominator = 0.

Exercises included.

6. TRANSFORMATIONS OF GRAPHS
Types of transformations:
- Vertical shift: f(x) + k
- Horizontal shift: f(x − p)
- Reflection over x-axis: −f(x)
- Reflection over y-axis: f(−x)
- Stretch and compression

Worked examples included.

7. INVERSE FUNCTIONS
To find inverse:
1. Replace f(x) with y.
2. Swap x and y.
3. Solve for y.

Check by composition: f(f⁻¹(x)) = x

Exercises included.

8. COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS
Definition: (f ∘ g)(x) = f(g(x))

Example:
If f(x) = 2x + 1 and g(x) = x²
(f ∘ g)(x) = 2x² + 1

Exercises included.

9. REAL LIFE APPLICATIONS


Applications include:
- Business revenue models
- Physics motion equations
- Economics demand curves

Extended problem solving included.


10. EXAM TYPE QUESTIONS
Section includes:
- Sketching graphs
- Determining domain and range
- Solving equations
- Word problems

Full practice test included with memo.

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