CHAPTER 4

Introduction to
Titration
 Learning Outcomes
➢ Define terms related to
titration.
➢ Identify the types of titration.
➢ Determine the theories of
indicators.
 Table of contents

Acid-Base Titrations
Definition of Term.

Types of Titrations
02 and Related Terms
 01
Definition of
Terms.
 What is Titration?

➢ Titration is also known as Titrimetry.

➢ A method of quantitative analysis in
which we determine the
concentration of an unknown solution
with the help of solution with known
concentration. (Standard Solution)
 What is Titration?

➢ Since volume plays an

important role in titration,
hence, it is also known as
Volumetric Analysis.
 02
Types of
Titrations and
Related Terms
TYPES OF TITRATIONS
➢Acid-Base Titration
➢Redox Titration
➢Precipitation Titration
➢Complexometric Titration
TITRANT
➢The solution of known
concentration
➢Always taken in burette
TITRAND
➢The solution of unknown
concentration
➢Always taken in flask
➢Also known as __________
EQUIVALENCE POINT
➢The point at which the number of
moles of analyte is equal to the
number of moles of titrant
END POINT
➢The point which shows the
completion of titration at which the
indicator shows color change
➢It comes when one more drop of
titrant is added in the analyte after
equivalence point
INDICATORS
➢These are the substance that are
used in the titration for the
determination of end point
TITRATION CURVE
➢A graph of pH of the analyte vs the
volume of the titrant added in the
analyte/titrand
 03
ACID-BASE
TITRATION
OVERVIEW

➢ An acid-base titration is a
quantitative analysis in which we
determine the unknown
concentration of an acid or base
with the help of a known
concentration of acid or base.
OVERVIEW

➢ Acid-base titration is also known

as _______________ as it is based
upon the reaction between acid
and base.
ACIDIMETRY

➢ The determination of
unknown concentration of a
basic/alkaline solution by
using a standard acidic
solution
ALKALIMETRY

➢ The determination of
unknown concentration of an
acidic solution by using a
standard basic/alkaline
solution
 THEORIES OF ACID-
BASE TITRATION

➢ Arrhenius Theory
➢ Bronsted-Lowry Theory
➢ Lewis Theory
➢ Usanovich Theory
➢ Lux-Flood Theory
 THEORIES OF
INDICATORS

➢ An indicator is a substance which is

used to determine the end point in a
titration
➢ In acid-base titrations, organic
substances are generally used as
indicators.
 THEORIES OF
INDICATORS

➢ They change their color within a

certain pH range.
 THEORIES OF
INDICATORS

➢ There are basically two theories given

to explain the color changing nature
of acid-base indicators.
a. Ostwald’s Theory
b. Quinonoid Theory
 1. OSTWALD’S THEORY

➢ According to the Ostwald’s

theory, indicators are generally
weak acids or weak bases.
➢ The change in color of the
indicator is due to their ionization.
 1. OSTWALD’S THEORY

➢The unionized form of the

indicator has different color and
ionized form has also different
color.
Unionized Form Ionized Form
(Color 1) (Color 2)
 1. OSTWALD’S THEORY

➢ There can be two cases:

a. Indicator is a weak acid
b. Indicator is a weak base
 1. OSTWALD’S THEORY

If indicator is a weak acid:

➢ Its ionization in acids is very low due to
common H⁺ ions, that means in acids,
it is in unionized form
➢ It is fairly ionized in basic or alkaline
solution, that means in bases, it is in
ionized form.
 1. OSTWALD’S THEORY

Example:
Phenolphthalein is a weak acid and it is
represented by HPh.

(Unionized) HPh H⁺ + Ph⁻ (Ionized)

(Colorless) (Pink)
 1. OSTWALD’S THEORY

If indicator is a weak base:

➢ Its ionization is very low in base due to
common OH⁻ ions, that means in
bases, it is in unionized form
➢ It is fairly ionized in acidic solution, that
means in acids, it is in ionized form.
 1. OSTWALD’S THEORY

Example:
Methyl orange is a weak base indicator
and it is represented by MeOH.

(Unionized) MeOH Me⁺ + OH⁻ (Ionized)

(Yellow) (Red)
 2. QUINONOID THEORY

➢ According to Quinonoid theory, an

acid-base indicators exist in two
tautomeric forms having different
structures.
➢ One form is term as benzenoid form
and the other form is known as
quinonoid form.
2. QUINONOID THEORY
 2. QUINONOID THEORY

➢ The two forms have different colors.

➢ One form exist in acidic medium and other
in basic/alkaline medium.
➢ During titration, the medium change from
acidic to basic or vice-versa and due to this
pH of solution also change which converts
one tautomeric form into other and that’s
how color changes.
 2. QUINONOID THEORY

Example:
➢ Phenolphthalein has benzenoid form in
acidic medium which is colorless, while it has
quinonoid form in alkaline medium which has
pink color.
 COMMONLY USED ACID-
BASE INDICATORS
Indicator Name pH range Acid Base
Phenolphthalein 8.3-11.0 Colorless Pink/Red
Methyl Orange 4-6 Red Orange
Methyl Red 4.2-6.4 Red Yellow
Phenol Red 6.4-8 Yellow Red
Thymol Blue 1.2-2.8 Yellow/Red Blue
Bromophenol Blue 3-4.6 Yellow Blue
 NEUTRALIZATION CURVES

➢ Also known as titration curves

➢ A graph plot between pH of the
analyte/titrand vs volume of the titrant
added
➢ As the equivalence point is reached in
the titration, there is a rapid change in
pH.
 SOME IMPORTANT TERMS IN
NEUTRALIZATION CURVES
1. STRONG ACID
➢ An acid which completely dissociates
when dissolved in water or aqueous
solution.

HCl H⁺ + Cl⁻
 SOME IMPORTANT TERMS IN
NEUTRALIZATION CURVES
2. WEAK ACID
➢ An acid which do not completely
dissociates when dissolved in water or
aqueous solution.

CH₃COOH CH₃COO⁻ + H⁺
 SOME IMPORTANT TERMS IN
NEUTRALIZATION CURVES
3. STRONG BASE
➢ A base which completely dissociates
when dissolved in water or aqueous
solution.

NaOH Na⁺ + OH ⁻
 SOME IMPORTANT TERMS IN
NEUTRALIZATION CURVES
4. WEAK BASE
➢ A base which do not completely
dissociates when dissolved in water or
aqueous solution.

NH₄OH NH₄⁺ + OH ⁻
 SOME IMPORTANT TERMS IN
NEUTRALIZATION CURVES
5. NEUTRAL SALT
➢ A product of strong acid and strong
base reaction, pH is equal to 7

HCl + NaOH NaCl + H₂O

 SOME IMPORTANT TERMS IN
NEUTRALIZATION CURVES
6. ACIDIC SALT
➢ A product of strong acid and weak
base reaction, pH is <7

HCl + NH₄OH NH₄Cl + H₂O

 SOME IMPORTANT TERMS IN
NEUTRALIZATION CURVES
7. BASIC SALT
➢ A product of strong base and weak
acid reaction, pH is >7

CH₃COOH + NaOH CH₃COONa + H₂O

 CLASSIFICATION OF ACID-
BASE TITRATIONS

1. Strong Acid vs. Strong Base

2. Weak Acid vs. Strong Base
3. Strong Acid vs. Weak Base
4. Weak Acid vs. Weak Base
 STRONG ACID VS. STRONG
BASE TITRATION

➢ Suppose our analyte is HCl and titrant

is NaOH which is a strong acid and
strong base respectively.
➢ Now, if we plot a graph between pH
of the analyte vs volume of titrant
added, we will get a titration curve as
shown below:
STRONG ACID VS. STRONG
BASE TITRATION

Point 1: No NaOH is
added in the HCl,
so the pH of the
analyte is very low
due to strong acid
HCl.
STRONG ACID VS. STRONG
BASE TITRATION

Point 2: This is the

point at which pH is
recorded at a time
just before
complete
neutralization takes
place.
STRONG ACID VS. STRONG
BASE TITRATION

Point 3: This is the

equivalence point.
At this time, moles
of NaOH = moles of
HCl in the analyte.
The solution
contains neutral salt
and hence pH is
neutral = 7.
STRONG ACID VS. STRONG
BASE TITRATION

Point 4: Addition of
NaOH continues,
pH starts becoming
basic because HCl
was neutralized at
equivalence point
and now excess
OH⁻ ions present in
the solution.
 WEAK ACID VS. STRONG
BASE TITRATION
➢ Suppose our analyte is CH₃COOH and
titrant is NaOH which is a strong acid
and strong base respectively.
➢ Now, if we plot a graph between pH
of the analyte vs volume of titrant
added, we will get a titration curve as
shown below:
WEAK ACID VS. STRONG
BASE TITRATION

Point 1: No
NaOH is added
in the analyte so
the pH of the
analyte is low
due to
CH3COOH.
WEAK ACID VS. STRONG
BASE TITRATION

Point 2: This is
the pH recorded
at a time just
before
complete
neutralization
takes place.
WEAK ACID VS. STRONG
BASE TITRATION
Point 3: This is the
equivalence point. At
this time, moles of
NaOH added is equal
to moles of
CH₃COOH, but since
the reaction is
between weak acid
and strong base, the
salt formed will be
basic salt and hence
pH is greater than 7.
WEAK ACID VS. STRONG
BASE TITRATION

Point 4: After
equivalence point,
pH will rise slowly
and will become
constant.
 STRONG ACID VS. WEAK
BASE TITRATION
➢ Suppose our analyte is HCl (strong
acid) and titrant is NH₄OH (weak
base).
➢ Now, if we plot a graph between pH
of the analyte (HCl) vs volume of
titrant (NH₄OH) added, we will get a
titration curve as shown below:
STRONG ACID VS. WEAK
BASE TITRATION
Point 1: No
NH₄OH is added
in the analyte, so
the pH of the
analyte is very
low due to
strong acid HCl.
STRONG ACID VS. WEAK
BASE TITRATION
Point 2: This is the
pH recorded at
the time just
before the
complete
neutralization
takes place.
STRONG ACID VS. WEAK
BASE TITRATION
Point 3: This is the
equivalence point. At
this point, the moles of
NH₄OH is equal to
moles of HCl, but since
the reaction is
between strong acid
and weak base, the
salt formed will be
acidic salt, thus the pH
will be acidic (pH=<7)
STRONG ACID VS. WEAK
BASE TITRATION
Point 4: After the
equivalence
point, NH₄OH
addition
continues and
pH will increase.
 WEAK ACID VS. WEAK BASE
TITRATION
➢ Let’s assume our analyte is CH₃COOH
(weak acid) and titrant is NH₄OH
(weak base).
➢ Now, if we plot a graph between pH
of the analyte (CH₃COOH) vs volume
of titrant (NH₄OH) added, we will get a
titration curve as shown below:
WEAK ACID VS. WEAK BASE
TITRATION
Point 1: No NH₄OH is
added in the
analyte, so the pH
of the analyte will
be low due to
weak acid
CH₃COOH.
WEAK ACID VS. WEAK BASE
TITRATION
Point 2: At this point,
the number of moles
of CH₃COOH is equal
to the number of
moles of NH₄OH, so
equivalence point
occurs at neutral pH
so pH = 7.
WEAK ACID VS. WEAK BASE
TITRATION
Point 3: Since the
titrant is weak base,
hence it will not
increase pH at a large
extent.