Chapter 1 – Matter in our surroundings
th
Class 9 Notes Science.
Matter:
Anything that occupies space and has mass is called matter.
It exists in the form of five basic elements, the Panch Tatva – air, earth, fire, sky, and water.
For example: Chair, bed, river, mountain, dog, tree, building, etc.
Characteristics of matter:
Matter is made up of small particles called atoms. These particles are too small to be observed with the
naked eye.
These particles are constantly moving. These particles have spaces between them.
Particles of matter attract each other because of the force of attraction.
Diffusion:
Particles of matter intermix on their own with each other. They do so by getting into the spaces
between the particles. This intermixing of particles of two different types of matter on their own is
called diffusion.
Applications of Diffusion:
Dissolving a solid in a liquid:
When a crystal of potassium permanganate is placed in a beaker of water, the water slowly turns purple on
its own, even without stirring.
Both potassium permanganate crystals and water are made up of tiny particles.
When the potassium permanganate crystal is put in water, the purple colored particles of potassium
permanganate spread throughout the water, making the whole water look purple.
Actually, on dissolving, the particles of potassium permanganate get into the spaces between the
particles of water.
This shows that the particles have spaces between them and are continuously moving on their
own.
Mixing of two gases:
Fragrance of an incense stick (agarbatti) lightened in one corner of a room spreads in the whole room
quickly.
The particles of gases (or vapours) produced by burning the incense stick move rapidly in all directions
and mix with the moving particles of air in the room
This also shows that the particles of matter are constantly moving.
Brownian motion of particles (By Robert Brown): The random or zig-zag movement
of microscopic particles in a fluid, as a result of continuous bombardment from molecules of the surrounding
medium, is known as Brownian motion.
For example, dust moves randomly because the random moving particles of air collide with the dust particle.
Basis of Classification of Matter:
Based upon particle arrangement
Based on the energy of particles
Based on the distance between particles
Three States of Matter:
Solid Liquid Gas
Constituent particles are Constituent particles are less Constituent particles are far apart
very closely packed. closely packed. from each other.
The force of attraction between The force of attraction The force of attraction between
particles is very strong. between particles is less particles is negligible.
strong.
The force of attraction between Kinetic energy between Particles have maximum kinetic
particles is very strong. particles is more than that in energy.
solids.
Have definite shape and Do not have a definite shape Neither has a definite shape nor a
volume. but a definite volume. definite volume.
Have high density and can not Density is lower than solids The density is the least and can
be diffused. and can diffuse. easily diffuse.
Incompressible. Almost Incompressible Highly compressible
Temperature: Common and SI units
o
Common unit: Degree Celsius ( C)
SI unit: Kelvin (K)
Relation between the common unit and the SI unit of temperature:
o
0 C = 273K
Change of State of Matter:
Physical states of matter can be interconverted into each other by following two ways:
By changing the temperature
By changing the pressure
Effect of Change of Temperature:
Solid to liquid: On increasing the temperature of solids, the kinetic energy of the particles increases, which
overcomes the forces of attraction between the particles, thereby the solid gets converted to a liquid.
Melting: The Change of the solid state of a substance into a liquid is called melting.
Melting point: The temperature at which a solid melts to become a liquid at the atmospheric pressure is called its
melting point.
o
The melting point of ice is 0 c.
Liquid to gas: On heating a liquid like water, the kinetic energy of its particles increases as high as in a gas, thus
causing the liquid to change to a gas.
Boiling:
The change of a liquid substance into a gas on heating is called boiling.
Boiling point: The temperature at which a liquid boils and changes rapidly into a gas at the atmospheric pressure
is called its boiling point.
The boiling point if water is 100 °C.
Gas to liquid:
On cooling a gas like steam (or water vapour), the kinetic energy of its particles is lowered, causing them
to move slowly and bringing them closer, forming a liquid.
Condensation: The process in which a gas, on cooling, turns into a liquid at a specific temperature is
called condensation or liquefaction.
Liquid to solid:
When a liquid is cooled down by lowering its temperature, its particles lose their kinetic energy and
come to a stationary position, causing the liquid to turn to a solid.
Freezing: The change of a liquid substance into solid by lowering its temperature is called freezing.
Freezing point: The temperature at which the state of a substance changes from a liquid to a solid is
called
the freezing point of that substance.
Fusion:The process of melting, that is, change of solid state into liquid state is also known as fusion.
Latent heat: The heat energy that is required to change the state of a substance without causing any ruse
in the temperature of the substance is called latent heat. Since, the heat energy is hidden in the bulk of
the matter, it is called latent heat.
Latent heat of fusion: The heat energy required to convert 1 kilogram of a solid into liquid at
atmospheric pressure, at its melting point, is known as the latent heat of fusion
Latent heat of vaporization: The heat energy required to convert 1 kilogram of liquid into gas, at
atmospheric pressure, at its boiling point, is known as the latent heat of vaporization
Note: Water vapor at 373 K have more energy than water at the same temperature because
particles in steam have absorbed extra energy in the form of latent heat of vaporization.
Sublimation: The change of state of a substance directly from a solid to gas or gas to solid, without
changing into the liquid state, is called sublimation.
Effect of change of pressure
Gas to liquid: Gases can be liquefied by applying pressure and reducing the temperature. When high
pressure is applied to a gas, it gets compressed, and if the temperature is lowered, the gas is liquefied.
Solid CO2 gets converted directly to the gaseous state on a decrease in pressure to 1 atmosphere
without coming into the liquid state. This is the reason that solid carbon dioxide is also known
as dry ice.
Evaporation:
The process of conversion of a substance from the liquid state to the gaseous state at any temperature
below its boiling point is called evaporation or vaporisation.
Factors affecting the rate of evaporation: Surface area: The rate of evaporation increases
on increasing the surface area of the liquid increases.
Temperature: The rate of evaporation increases with an increase in temperature.
Humidity: A Decrease in the humidity increases the rate of evaporation.
Wind speed: An increase in the wind speed increases the rate of evaporation.
Evaporation causes cooling:
During the process of evaporation, the particles of liquid absorb energy or latent heat of vaporisation
from the surroundings to get converted to a gaseous state. This absorption of energy from the
surroundings makes the surroundings cold.
For example: The perspiration or sweating in our body keeps the body temperature constant by
taking away the extra heat from body as the latent heat of vaporisation.
Some important physical quantities and their SI units: