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SQL Keywords Operators Assignment3 3

The document provides an overview of basic SQL clauses, keywords, and operators, detailing their functions and examples. Key functions include CONCAT() for string joining, UPPER()/LOWER() for case conversion, and DATE_FORMAT() for formatting dates. Additional operators such as arithmetic operations and TIMESTAMPDIFF() for date differences are also covered.

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2 views3 pages

SQL Keywords Operators Assignment3 3

The document provides an overview of basic SQL clauses, keywords, and operators, detailing their functions and examples. Key functions include CONCAT() for string joining, UPPER()/LOWER() for case conversion, and DATE_FORMAT() for formatting dates. Additional operators such as arithmetic operations and TIMESTAMPDIFF() for date differences are also covered.

Uploaded by

tapasvijisethji
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Basic SQL Clauses, Keywords & Operators

1. CONCAT()

• Joins two or more strings into one.


• Example:

SELECT CONCAT(column1, column2, …) AS new_name FROM table_name;

Creates a combined string column.

2. UPPER() / LOWER()

• Converts text to uppercase or lowercase.


• Example:
SELECT UPPER(name), LOWER(department) FROM table_name;

Changes text case consistently.

3. SUBSTRING()

• Extracts a part of a string.


• Example:

SELECT SUBSTRING(name, 2, 4) FROM table_name;

Extracts a substring starting at position 2 with length 4.

4. LENGTH()

• Returns the number of characters in a string.


• Example:

SELECT LENGTH(name) FROM table_name;

Counts characters in values.

5. AS (Alias)

• Renames a column or table temporarily.


• Example:

SELECT name AS instructor_name FROM table_name;


Gives a custom name to the output column.

6. MONTH()

• Extracts the month part from a date.


• Example:

SELECT MONTH(date_column) FROM table_name;

Shows numeric month values (1–12).

7. DATE_FORMAT()

• Formats date values into a given style.


• Example:

SELECT DATE_FORMAT(date_column, '%d/%m/%Y') FROM table_name;

Converts date into readable formats.

8. TIMESTAMPDIFF()

• Finds the difference between two dates in specific units (YEAR, MONTH, DAY).
• Example:

SELECT TIMESTAMPDIFF(MONTH, start_date, end_date) FROM table_name;

Calculates experience durations.

9. MOD()

• Finds remainder from division.


• Example:

SELECT MOD(25, 12);

Useful in splitting date units.

10. DATE_ADD()

• Adds a time interval to a date.


• Example:

SELECT DATE_ADD(CURDATE(), INTERVAL Number DAY);

Finds future dates.


11. DAYNAME()

• Returns the weekday name of a date.


• Example:
SELECT DAYNAME(date_column) FROM table_name;

Gives day of week like “Monday”.

12. CURDATE()

• Returns the current system date.


• Example:

SELECT CURDATE();

Used for calculating durations or referencing today’s date.

13. TRUNCATE()

• Truncates a number to a specified number of decimal places.


• Example:

SELECT TRUNCATE(123.4567, 2);

Gives 123.45.

14. Arithmetic Operators (+, -, , /, power())

• Perform basic math on values.


• Example:

SELECT 2+2;

SELECT POWER(2,2);

Performs operations and returns result.

15. SQRT()

• Returns the square root of a number.

• Example: SELECT SQRT(25);

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