CHAPTER ONE

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

The term "education" has a broad and complex meaning, which can be difficult to

define in a single definition. However, in general, education refers to the process of

gaining knowledge, skills, and values through teaching and learning. It encompasses

both formal and informal learning, and can take place in a variety of settings,

including schools, universities, homes, and communities. In its broadest sense,

education encompasses all of the experiences and interactions that shape our

understanding of the world and our place within it. As such, education is an essential

part of human development, and plays a vital role in shaping our individual and

collective future.

Library science is a field of study that is part of the broader discipline of information

science. It focuses on the organization, management, and preservation of information

and knowledge, and the services that support their use. In education, library science

can play a key role in helping students to develop information literacy and research

skills. It can also help teachers and other educators to develop and deliver curriculum

materials, and to ensure that students have access to the resources they need to learn.

Additionally, library science can be used to develop and manage educational

resources, such as digital libraries and online learning platforms.

The term "ICT facility for information services delivery" refers to the use of

information and communication technologies (ICT) to support the delivery of

information services in an academic library. This can include the use of technologies

such as online databases, websites, and digital repositories to store and disseminate

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information resources, as well as the use of technologies such as email, instant

messaging, and online chat to facilitate communication between library staff and

users. Additionally, ICT facilities can include technologies such as RFID, which can

be used to track the circulation of library materials, and self-service kiosks, which can

be used to borrow and return items.

Academic library is among the types of libraries that is attached to the institution of

higher learning, i.e. the institution above secondary level, E.g. polytechnic, colleges

and universities, which support the teaching, learning and research activities.

Academic library served as the heart or nerve of any academic activities. According to

Yacom (2011), Academic libraries are institutions that are established to take care of

the information need of students, lecturers, researchers and other community of

scholar. Jubb and Green (2007) observe that academic libraries have for centuries

played critically important roles in supporting research in all subjects and disciplines

within their host universities or colleges. Academic libraries are libraries attached to

tertiary institutions such as colleges of Education, Colleges of Agriculture, Colleges

of Technology and research institutes (Akporhonor, 2005). Singh and Kaur (2009)

stressed that preservation and access to knowledge and information is the main

mandate of academic libraries alongside supporting the mission of their parent

institution which is teaching and research. Libraries are now expected to provide to

users a range of information and communication technologies necessary for retrieving

information quickly from both immediate and remote databases as well as creating a

need for library cooperation and consortium initiatives.

The effectiveness of the library as an instrument of education is determined by the

success with which library is able to provide and satisfy users’ information needs. The

21st century is regarded as an Era of information revolution. Advances in information

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technology has led to far- reaching development in higher education sector, example

of which is the application of digital information in learning. Libraries and

information centers in Nigeria are not only equipped with materials that are in

traditional format but also in electronic format. They offer users a vast selection of

information Resources.

Information and Communication Technology usually abbreviated as (ICT) is often

used as an extended synonym for information technology (IT). Wirsiy and Shafack

(2002) in Bappah (2010), defined “ICT as a broad based term that encompasses the

gathering (acquisition), organization (packaging), storage and retrieval (books,

documents), pictorial and vocal forms (audio visual), or a combination of all the

above (multi - media), using a combination of computers and telecommunications

telephony and distance learning. The history of the availability and utilization of ICT

facilities for information services in academic libraries has been documented by a

number of authors. One key source is "The Digital Library in Academic Institutions:

From Concept to Reality", a book published in 2001 by John V. Richardson and

colleagues. The book provides a detailed account of the evolution of academic

libraries and the emergence of digital services. It also discusses the challenges and

opportunities faced by academic libraries in the digital age and the purpose of the

availability and utilization of ICT facilities for information services in academic

libraries is to support teaching, learning, and research at the institutions they serve. By

providing access to digital resources and services, academic libraries help to facilitate

the learning process for students and faculty members, and support their research

activities. Additionally, ICT facilities and services can be used to help students and

faculty members develop their digital literacy skills, which are increasingly important

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in today's world. Finally, academic libraries also play a role in preserving and

providing access to cultural heritage materials through digital initiatives.

Another important source is "Libraries in the Digital Age", a book published in 2008

by David Lankes. This book explores the future of libraries in the digital age, and the

In 1999, Judith N. Vaughan and William M. Rankin published a paper titled

"Academic Libraries: Digitalization and the Status of Electronic Services," which

examined the implementation of ICT facilities and services in academic libraries. In

this paper, Vaughan and Rankin note that there was a rapid increase in the availability

and utilization of ICT facilities and services in academic libraries in the late 1990s.

This was largely due to the emergence of the internet and the World Wide Web,

which made it possible to provide access to a wealth of information and resources

online. Vaughan and Rankin also discuss how academic libraries were adapting to

these changes and (Continuing from the previous response) ...Vaughan and Rankin

also discuss how academic libraries were adapting to these changes and providing

services such as electronic reference, database searching, electronic document

delivery, and training in the use of ICT. In particular, Vaughan and Rankin note that

academic libraries were working to develop their capacity to provide these services in

a number of ways, including: increasing staff expertise, improving electronic access,

developing web-based services, and developing partnerships with other organizations.

This paper is a valuable resource for understanding the implementation of ICT in

academic libraries in the late 1990s.

The author who wrote most extensively about the availability of ICT in the year it was

fine was Manuel Castells, who published "The Information Age: Economy, Society,

and Culture" in 1996. In this book, Castells argues that ICT is a driving force behind

globalization, and that it has changed the way people live, work, and interact with

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each other. Castells also argues that ICT has created a "network society," in which

people are increasingly connected to each other through the internet and other forms

of ICT. This book is considered to be a landmark work in the field of ICT, and is still

cited.

In the year that utilization of ICT was found, several authors wrote about the topic,

including Nicholas Negroponte, who published "Being Digital" in 1995. In this book,

Negroponte discusses how ICT can be used to connect people, and how it can be used

to democratize knowledge and information. Additionally, Howard Rheingold

published "Virtual Reality" in 1991, in which he discussed the potential of ICT to

create virtual worlds and communities. Finally, in 1991, Douglas Rushkoff published

"Cyberia: Life in the Trenches of Hyperspace," which examined the early days of the

internet

In 1998, author and information scientist Michael Buckland published a paper titled

"Information Services: An Integrated Framework," which discussed the role of

information services and the facilities required to support them. In this paper,

Buckland defines information services as "the activities of providing access to,

retrieval of, and guidance in the use of recorded information." He also outlines four

types of facilities required to support these services, including: physical facilities,

human resources, technological infrastructure, and financial resources. The

publication of this paper was a significant event in the field of ICT, as it helped to

define and frame the concept of information services.

The availability and utilization of ICT facilities for information services in academic

libraries in the year mentioned was due to a number of factors. Firstly, there was a

growing recognition of the importance of information technology in higher education,

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and the need for academic libraries to provide access to digital resources and services.

Secondly, there was an increasing availability of funding for ICT initiatives in

academic libraries, which allowed them to invest in ICT infrastructure and staff

development. Finally, there was a growing demand for online information and

resources from students and faculty members, which drove the development of digital

services in academic libraries.

The use of ICT for information services delivery in academic libraries began in the

late 20th century, with the advent of technologies such as online catalogs and email.

The availability of these technologies allowed library staff to connect with users and

deliver services in new and innovative ways. In the 21st century, the use of ICT for

information services delivery has become increasingly sophisticated, with the

emergence of technologies such as web-based library systems, mobile applications,

and virtual reference services. These technologies have transformed the way that

academic libraries deliver services to their users, making information more accessible

and user-friendly.

The first electronic library system that was widely used in academic libraries was the

Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC), which was first developed in the late 1960s.

This system allowed users to search for and access library resources via a computer

terminal, and it revolutionized the way that libraries delivered information services. In

the early 1990s, the World Wide Web was introduced, and it became possible for

academic libraries to provide services online. Over the next few decades, the use of

ICT in academic libraries expanded rapidly, with the development of online

databases, e-books, and other digital resources. The utilization of information service

delivery in academic libraries began to increase significantly in the early 2000s. This

was due to a number of factors, including the increasing availability of high-speed

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internet, the widespread use of personal computers, and the proliferation of mobile

devices such as smartphones and tablets. These technologies made it possible for

library users to access resources remotely, and for libraries to provide a range of

services that were previously only available in person. The increasing use of ICT in

academic libraries also led to the development of new models of service delivery,

such as virtual reference services, which allow users to get help from a librarian

online.

Several authors have delved into the availability and utilization of information service

delivery in academic libraries, often including case studies of particular institutions.

Among these authors is Kofar Mata (2014), who penned a paper titled "Information

and Communication Technology (ICT) Facilities and Its Use in Libraries: A Case

Study of College of Education, Gumel Library."

The integration of ICT into academic libraries has significantly enhanced their ability

to support teaching, learning, and research activities within higher education

institutions. The evolution of digital technologies has revolutionized the way libraries

deliver information services, making resources more accessible and convenient for

users. Through the adoption of technologies such as online catalogs, email

communication, web-based library systems, and virtual reference services, academic

libraries have expanded their reach and improved user experience. The availability of

online databases, e-books, and other digital resources has provided users with a vast

selection of information, facilitating research and enhancing the learning process.

The utilization of ICT has not only increased the efficiency of information services

but has also enabled academic libraries to adapt to the changing needs and preferences

of their users. The proliferation of high-speed internet, personal computers, and

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mobile devices has further accelerated the use of ICT in libraries, allowing for remote

access to resources and the development of new service models.

Overall, the effective utilization of ICT has transformed academic libraries into

dynamic hubs of information and knowledge, playing a crucial role in supporting the

mission of higher education institutions. As technology continues to evolve, academic

libraries must continue to innovate and adapt their services to meet the evolving needs

of their users in the digital age.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

It has been observed that the availability of modern information technologies to

academic libraries’ activities and services in Nigerian tertiary institutions seems

inadequate probably due to a variety of factors, including human factors, fear, and the

state of infrastructural development of the country. Some few library practitioners

also believe that there is hardly much benefits that can be derived from the use of IT

applications thereby giving preferences for the manual library operations. Those who

are aware of its benefits are afraid of being eliminated from their jobs; though

knowing that its application to library routines such as administration, acquisitions,

cataloguing and classification, circulation, information retrieval and serials control

would facilitate effective and efficient job performance. This study therefore

investigated the availability of IT facilities at the college of Education Gumel Hence,

the study focus essentially on the college of Education Gumel.

1.3 Research Questions

This study is set out to provide answers to the following research questions:

1. What ICT facilities are available in the College of Education Gumel

Library?

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 2. To what extent are ICT facilities utilized for service delivery in the

library under study?

3. What problems are associated with the use of ICT facilities to provide

service in library under study?

4. How are the challenges addressed?

1.4 Objectives of the Study

1. To identify the types of ICT facilities that are available in the College

of Education Gumel library.

2. Identify the extent to which ICTs are used for service delivery in the

library under study.

3. To identify the factors militating against the use of ICT in the

management of College of Education Gumel, library.

4. Examine how the challenges will be addressed for redress in the

library under study.

1.5 Significance of the Study

One cannot adequately state the significant of this study. However, the present

known significance by the researcher is that: it will be an addition to the existing

literature, it will also be used for reference by future researchers, it will serve as a

guide for further research on the same subjects, it will be a source for improving the

utilization of ICT in service delivery in academic libraries, particularly in College of

Education, Gumel Library.

1.6 Scope and Limitation

The scope of this study is limited to Jigawa State College of Education Gumel

only; it does not therefore cover other libraries. The intention of this work is to show

various ways by which information technology can be applied to library service

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delivery using ICT. The limitations to the study include time constraints, inadequate

funds, and the inability of the researcher to carry out a study covering other academic

libraries in Jigawa State.

1.7 Operational Definition of Key Terms

Academic library: These are libraries attached to university or institution of higher

learning. E.g colleges, Universities, Polytechnic, Etc. the main function of academic

library is to select, acquire, preserve, organize, disseminate and make available

materials for teaching and research purpose to students and staff of the institution. The

libraries usually take into consideration the demand of various departments.

Information: Data that have been processed into a meaningful and useful form.

Communication: Transmission and receipt of information through electronic and

non-electronic form by the use of computer, telephone, television, radio newspaper,

books, magazines etc.

Technology: The activity or study of using scientific knowledge for practical

purpose.

Information Communication Technology (ICT): Consists of the hardware,

software, networks media for the acquisition, organization, processing, storage and

dissemination of right information, to the right user and at the right time.

Utilization: To make use of something, or find a practical use for something and so is

more specific than use.

Library: A store house of knowledge and information, where printed materials like

books, journals, newspapers, pamphlets etc. are kept and non-printed materials like

computers, projectors, film slides, motion pictures, television, radio etc. are kept for

the information seekers.

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Library Services: Activities carried out in the library, offered to both students and

staff and meant to effectively run the organization.

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 CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.0 Introduction

This chapter deals with the review of literature related to the topic under investigation.

The entire literature review is structured under the following sub-heading.

5. The concept of academic library services

6. Component of ICT in Academic Libraries

7. Purpose of Information and Communication Technologies in

Libraries.

8. Types and Characteristics of ICTs in Nigerian Academic Libraries

9. Availability of ICTs to Library service delivery

10. Impact of ICT on libraries and librarians

11. ICT based User Services

12. Factors militating against the application and utilization of ICTs for

service delivery in libraries.

13. Summary of the Review

2.1 The concept of Academic Library Services

Majority of higher institutions in Nigeria, even those with good Internet connectivity,

are still at a low level of integration of IT in teaching, learning, research, library,

information and managerial services (Ogunsola, 2004). Ekong (2005) pointed out

however that in some of the first generation academic libraries, University of Benin

Library, Kashim Ibrahim Library (ABU), University of Nigeria Nsukka Library and a

few other college libraries, digitalization is taking place in many of their libraries and

library information networks are established with connectivity through the university

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and college campus network to the Internet. Ogunsola (2004) explained that some

Nigerian college campuses are now jam-packed with IT facilities. It is no longer

strange to see lecturers and students doing their research and other academic works

using various IT devices like e-mail and the Internet. Students can absorb more

information and take less time to do so with the use of IT. Ogunsola (2004) declared

that librarians or any member of the academic community at Obafemi Awolowo

College Library can now easily find information concerning any book in the Library

of Congress in the US. Academic libraries can be transformed into a new information

services unit, providing electronic cataloguing, OPAC, electronics acquisition/serials

control, electronic inter-library loan and calculation functions. Ekong (2005) pointed

out that one is also happy to note that both the Federal Government of Nigeria and

International funding agencies are now interested in the general development of ICT

in Nigerian colleges. The Federal Ministry of Education embarked on the

establishment of the National Virtual (Digital) Library Project, to provide, in an

equitable and cost-effective manner, enhanced access to national and international

library and information resources and to share locally available resources with

libraries all over the world using digital technology; among other objectives. A model

Virtual (Digital) Library at the colleges and universities will be the laboratory of the

based libraries. Academic libraries are libraries attached to tertiary institutions such as

universities, polytechnic institutions, colleges of education, colleges of agriculture,

colleges of technology and also research institutes as opined by Akporhonor (2005).

According to Yacom (2011), Academic libraries are institutions that are established to

take care of the information need of students, lecturers, researchers and other

community of scholar. Jubb and Green (2007) observe that academic libraries have

for centuries played critically important roles in supporting research in all subjects

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and disciplines within their host universities or colleges. The main purpose of an

academic library as stated by Aina (2004) is to support the objectives of an academic

environment in the areas of learning, teaching, research, and service.

2.2 Component of Information and Communication Technology

ICT has come about as a result of the digital emergence of computer technology and

telecommunication technologies. ICT is the infusion of two important technologies

namely: electronic and [Link] is the broader term that covers wide

range of technologies. It is the convergence of computers, communication and

micro-electronic based techniques. The technologies and devices like Radio,

telephone, telegraph, fax, TV, telephone, mobile phone, internet, www, Email, LAN,

ISDN, Videoconference and satellite communication Techniques are the major part

of the ICT. Some Scholars ( patl, Kumbar and Krisnamanda 2011) have all

categorized these component of information technology (IT), which frequently used

in Library and Information centers as follows :

1. Computer Technology

2. Communication Technology

3. Reproduction Technology

1. Computer Technology

The advancement in science and technology lead to the dramatic development in

information transmission in every field of human Endeavour has been made by the

widespread use of computer technology that can further divided in to the following:

1. Workstation

These are expensive and powerful computer used mainly by Engineers and

Scientist for sophisticated purposes these include the following:

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 Mainframe computers: Are fast larger capacity computers after the super

computer occupied a specially wired, air conditioned room is capable of making it

work efficiently. It is of greater processing speed and data storage capability.

 Super computer: Are higher capacity computer that are fast calculating device

ever invented. It may have a vector processing design or massively parallel

processing design.

 Minicomputer: minicomputer is refrigerator size machine that are essentially scale

down main frames. They are becoming more important as serve in a network.

 Personal computers: these are desktop floor standing or portable computers that

are run easy to use programme such as Word processing or spread sheets.

 Artificial Intelligence (AI): is a group of related technologies that attempts to

develop machines to emulate human like qualities such as seeing and hearing.

 CD-ROM Technology: is acronym that stands for compact Disc Read Only

Memory. It Is an optical disc of 120mm diameter and a hole of 15mm at the center

with thickness 1.2mm data is recorded text, graphics and sound.

 Telephone: Telephone is one of the largest established methods of electronic

information transfer especially to transfer voice which can be strong means of

disseminating information and keeping of what is been happening concerning

organization within and outside it.

 E-Mail: E-mail is a system of exchanging of messages in to electronic format. It

is the most useful tools on the internet.

2. Communication Technology

Communication or telecommunication technologies are used to transmit information

of signals between remote isolations, using electrical or electromagnetic media as

carries of signals communication technologies comprises of the following:

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i. Audio Technology: the automated AM (Amplitude Modulated) radio

receivers are been replaced by the modern FM (frequency Modulated)

receivers. The recent development if the production of Compact Disc ( CDs)

Audio technologies can be used in libraries and information centers for a

wider variety of purpose such as storytelling to children , imparting

knowledge, education and recreation, recorded lecture or language teaching

recorded programme etc.

ii. Motion Picture: it can be used in library as one of the instrument –used in

mass media communication; it is the dynamic source of information.

iii. Audio-Visual Technology: AV are those devices that can be used to obtain

information in library by listening as well as seeing AV technology comprises

of:

 Motion pictures

 TV which is one old ICT which is dominated by most or major technologies such

as GSM, Digital Cameras etc

 Voice Mail: This act like a telephone that digitizes the incoming voice message

and store for retrieval later. It is an alternative system of E-Mail.

 Teleconference: This is a meeting among people remote from one another who

usually link by a communication device such as telephone, television or computer.

There are five (5) types of teleconferencing thus:

a) Audio Teleconferencing

b) Video Teleconferencing

c) Computer Teleconferencing or computer conference

d) Document conference; and

e) Personal Videoconferencing.

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 Satellite Technology : Are impact from of microwave transmission in that

satellite, which are positioned in space approximately 22,300 miles above the

earth, represent relay stations for earth round communication.

IV. Network Technology: The main important function of network is to

facilitate the interconnectivity of two or more computer together in system called

network using communication devices so that data can be transferred from location

to another instantly. The following are the most common typical networking system

in an information organization such as library. One way to categorize the different

type’s computer network designs is by their scope or scale. For historical reasons the

networking industry refers to nearly every types of design as some kind of area

network. Common examples of area network types are:

o LAN – Local Area Network

o WLAN- Wireless Local Area Network

o WAN- Wide Area Network

o MAN- Metropolitan Area Network

o SAN- Storage Area Network- system Area Network, Server Area Network,

or sometimes Small Area Network.

o CAN- Campus Area Network, Controller Area Network , or sometimes

clusters Area Network.

o PAN- Personal Area Network

o DAN-Desk Area Network

LAN and WAN ware the original categories of area network, while the others have

gradually emerged over many years of technology evolution.

LAN- Local Area Network

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A LAN connects network devices over a relatively short distance. A networked office

building, school, or home usually contains a single LAN, though sometimes one

building will contain a few small LANs (perhaps one per room), and occasionally a

LAN will span a group of nearby buildings, in TCP/IP Networking ,a LAN is often

but not always implemented as a single IP subnet.

WAN- Wide Area Network

As the term implies, a WAN spans a large physical distance. The internet is the

largest WAN, spanning the Earth. A WAN is a geographically dispersed collection of

LANs to a WAN. In IP networking, the router maintains both a LAN address and a

WAN address.

LAN, WAN and Home Networking

Residences typically employ one LAN and connect to the internet WAN via an

internet Service Provider (ISP) using a broadband modem. The ISP provides a WAN

IP address to the modem and all of the computers on the home network use LAN (so

– called private) IP address. All computers on the homeland can communicate with

each other but must go through a central gateway, typically a broadband router, to

reach the ISP.

Other types of area networks

While LAN and WAN are by far the most popular network types mentioned, you may

also commonly see references to those others.

 Wireless Area Network: ALAN based on WiFi wireless Network

Technology

 Metropolitan Area Network: Network spanning a physical area larger than

a LAN but smaller than a WAN , such as a city. A MAN is typically owned

and operated by a single entity such as government body or large cooperation.

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 Campus Area Network: A network spanning multiple LANs but smaller

than a MAN, such as on a university or Local Business Campus.

 Storage Area Network: connects servers to data storage devices through a

technology like fibre channels.

 System Area Network: it links high performance computers with – speed

connections in a cluster configuration. Also known as cluster Area Network.

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3. Reproduction Technology

 Reprographic Technology: this can be classified under the technology

concern with information processing and equipment used for the reproduction

of document i.e making exact copy from the original document.

 Micrographic Technology: This concern with the use of microforms. A

microform is a general name of all information carries such as (microfilm,

microfiche etc and all other similar optical media for higher density recording

and storage of optically encoded information in the form of micro images of

printed documents.

 Printed Technology: printing is a process for reproducing text and images,

typically with ink on paper using a printing press. It is often carried out as a

large – scale industrial process, and is an essential part of publishing and

transaction printing. The earliest form of printing was woodblock printing,

with existing examples from Chine dating to before 220 A.D and Egypt to the

fourth century. Later developments in printing include the movable type, first

developed by BI Sheng in China, and the printing press, a more efficient

printing process for western languages with their more limited alphabets,

developed by Johannes Gutenberg in the fifteenth Century.

All printing process are concern with two kinds of areas on the final output.

5. Numbered list item image of printing areas

6. Numbered list item non – image or non – printing areas.

2.3 Purpose of Information Technologies in Academic Libraries

The utilization of information technology in academic libraries results in increased

operational efficiency. The IT increases productivity of library staff. It relieves

professional staff from mundane jobs that involves a lot of duplication so that they

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can be fruitfully used for user-oriented library services. It improves quality of services

rendered by the library. The exponential growth of information has made manual

system redundant giving way to computerized information storage and retrieved tools.

Effective and efficient handling of huge quantum of information is only possible by

using computers, which have the added advantage of being highly accurate and

efficient thus adding value to information.

Moreover, the technology also helps in rendering services that were hitherto not

possible using traditional means. The new information technology facilities improved

management of physical and financial resources. The advances in technology and it’s

availability at lower cost, has also raised expectations of users from librarians and

libraries. The new information technology, on one hand, facilitate wider access to

information for the library users, on another hand, it facilitate wider dissemination of

information products and services generated by the library. The availability of

networks facilitates resources sharing and high-speed communication with other

libraries. The application of IT facilities is to automate the library activities such as

circulation, acquisition, serial control, cataloguing etc. that will make the services of a

given library, more effective and efficient and it speed up library services. Ajayi

(2001) describes IT applications as a library transformed into a new information

services unit, providing electronic cataloguing, electronic online public access

catalogue (OPAC) electronic acquisition and serial control, electronic interlibrary loan

electronic circulation functions. Modern ICT - facilities can also provide content and

information dissemination by means such as electronic theses and dissertation.

Students can benefit from millions of pages of relevant information on the web. The

role of strategic and long-range planning is important as the role of libraries and

librarians are being redefined. The library’s instructional mission must be viewed as

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essential to the survival of the library and its supporting functions, especially, in term

of planning for new technologies that will be used in and out of the library. (Madu et

al,(2002).Similarly, Afolabi (2004) asserts that, certain social administrative and

psychological forces make it mandatory for information professionals in general and

librarian in particular to acquire skills in technology, marketing and entrepreneurship

or becomes irrelevant in the technology driven 2 1st century. Research has revealed

that many libraries especially academic, research and special libraries in Africa have

computerized their services. The first success story of Africa reported by Lawani et al

(2011), was when the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) library

computerized its services in 1984. It was an integrated computerization that includes

acquisition, cataloguing and circulation of records. This was the beginning of

successful automation of a library in Nigeria.

2.4 Types and Characteristics of Information and Communication

Technologies

There are various type of ICTs

Iwu (2003) categorize IT into the following:

1. Sensing Technologies: These equipments gather data and translate them into forms

that can be understood by the computer. These includes sensors, scanners, keyboard,

mouse, electronic pen, touch or digital boards, barcode sensors, or readers, voice

recognition system etc.

2. Communication Technologies: These are equipment that enables information to

be transferred from the source to user. It also tries to overcome natural barriers to

information transfer like speed and distance. Some of these include facsimile

machines, (fax) telecommunication system, telephone, electronic mail,

teleconferencing, and electronic bulletin boards e.t.c

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3. Display Technologies: These are output devices that form the interface between

sensing, communication and analyzing technologies and human user. They include

computer screen, printers, television, etc.

4. Analysis Technologies: These are the technologies that help in the investigation or

query of data, analysis and in-depth query for answers. For simple to complex

phenomenain research procedures. A complete set of a computer system could be a

micro, mini, mainframe or super scamper.

5. Storage Technologies: These technologies facilitate the efficient and effective

storage of information in a form that can be easily accessed. They include; magnetic

tapes, disks, optical disks cassettes etc.

Strategies for Adopting Appropriate Technology

Oni (2004) pointed out that a wealth of management issues must be addressed before

ICT can be incorporated into the library setting. These involves issues like:

knowledge of recent technological trends; an analysis of library specifications and

requirement; a delineation of library goals and objectives; management commitment

and support and ongoing user education. As any IT system will consist of a number of

separate components that can be implemented separately or integrated into turnkey

unit, knowledge of the particular IT equipment configuration is important so as to

reduce the chances of technical problems when the system is in operation.

2.5 Availability of Information Technology to Library Services

Academic libraries being the primary hub in the network of information provision for

students, lecturers, researchers, management and other privileged users have

continuously invested heavily on the provision, procurement, maintenance and

management of ICT facilities for speedy, accessibility, accuracy and relevant

23
information. Ochai (2007) portrayed the emerging local ICT scenario in Nigerian

academic and research library environment thus:

The number of micro-computers in our educational institutions are on the increase

1. In some universities, computer short courses are being organized for the whole

community ranging from typist to professor. This is creating a community

computer literate people.

2. Local area networks (LANS) are being created in our universities and other

higher institutions and research institute with massages, notice of meetings

and being sent via the e-mail.

3. Complete computer laboratories have been established in some of our libraries

and in the faculties thus enabling literary users to literature search using CD-

ROM either by themselves or with the assistance of library staff.

The advent of ICT turned the world into a global village. The result is that the ways

and means of packaging and delivering information changed. Information users desire

a wave of service different from the traditional paper based service. Liverpool (2001)

admits that this new wave of ICT has affected academic libraries greatly as an

information provider in their institutions. Academic libraries struggle to maintain their

credibility in the provision of the library materials for research teaching and learning

through the acceptance and use of ICTs. In the same vain Anunobi (2005) mentioned

that the ICTs available for library include personal computers, CD-Rom, telefascimile

(fax), network, electro-copying (scanning) and internet. In collaborating with the

above Daniel and Mathew (2000) described the new development as tools for

information delivery in the new millennium. They enumerated some tools as follows:

internet, worldwide, web (www), electronic mail (E-mail), bibliographic control tools,

online searching, creativity and innovations, and the new information professionals.

24
 Akintunde (2004) maintains that the availability of some ICTs facilities in

Nigerian tertiary institutions shows that there is some consciousness of the significant

role that ICT can play in delivering library service, even though ICT is not fully

embraced by most of the higher education libraries in the country. The author added

that ICT facilities to academic libraries could give students, lecturers and researchers

in developing countries the opportunity to bridge the knowledge gap between them

and their counterpart in developed countries.

Similarly, Ogundola (2004) observes that ICTs have already began to exert

massive transformation of education system in developed countries distance

education. Universities are now quoted on the stock exchange and the best teachers in

the world are becoming available anywhere at the click of a bottom. He further

explained that the academic libraries as the life blood of higher education institution

can benefits tremendously from the available ICTs provided. Ayo (2001) stresses that

the essence of ICTs is its power to help individuals and societies achieve greater

access to knowledge and ideas for the benefits of humanity. ICT also allow a new

easy and better method of carrying out a number of library operations. Traditional

library services have consequently been displaced by new proactive ICTs available

for a better service delivery.

According to Womboh and Abba (2008) those academic libraries where

academic programmes were denied accreditation have revealed that most of them do

not have adequate ICT facilities. On the other hand most of the libraries in which the

programmes received full or interim accreditation had available ICTs at least a

functional internet cape in addition to other ICT facilities. Ogunsola and Aboyade

(2005) conclude that any academic library in Nigeria that does not have full internet

connectivity with reasonable speed and relevant ICT facilities available, in the next

25
few years will not be in a position to fulfill the purposes for its establishment. They

maintained that ICT is a potent fact in information collection, organizing, retrieval,

dissemination and preservation in the 21st century.

From the definitions array one could say with the installation of the ICTs in

the academic library, most of the anti-social attitudes and malpractices from library

staff and students, like delinquency and mutilation of pages and journals, respectively

will be abolished. For example the internet provides multiple accesses to many people

at the same time compared to the library meaning that any academic library without a

functional ICTs infrastructure will eventually become extinct, like a volcano.

However, Gama (2008) listed ICT facilities that are expected to be readily

available in academic library for a successful information service delivery. They

includes the following: computer, television, radio cassette player and a radio set,

fixed telephone set and mobile phone, video machine and a video tape, real of real

projector, slide projector, photocopying machine, duplicating machine, scanner,

opaque projector internet, E-mail, etc. Okore (2005) believed that ICT have been used

to simplify availability and access to information. They encompass the following

complements technologies:

1. Telephone

2. Software technologies for distributed information processing

3. It components and subsystems such as semiconductors, micro-systems

peripherals.

4. Web-browsers and servers

5. Multi-media system (integrated personal systems)

26
 6. Others include open micro processors systems, high performance computing

networking (HPCN) technologies for business processes, photonic

technologies, digital multi-media services etc.

In relation to the above Ekweme (2001) enumerated some ICT facilities that

should be provided to the academic libraries for a better service delivery such as

telephone, fiber optics, satellite, fax, television, micro films, micro fitch, micro cards,

facsimiles, photocopiers, micro-copies, electro-copies, duplicating machine, printers

CD-ROM, computers, internet etc.

From the foregoing one could see the types of ICT facilities that are needed to

be provided or makes them readily available in the tertiary institutions library.

Therefore, it become necessary if not most for any academic library to provide these

ICT facilities for it to be relevant and discharge their roles of information service

delivery efficiently, effectively and also provide unlimited information resources to

their clienteles not only within their environment but throughout the globe.

2.6 Impacts of ICT on Librarians and Library

Computer has brought in a new impact to the library and information usage. In

libraries, information technology has assisted library professionals to provide value

added quality information service and give more remote access to theater-nationally

available information resources. Today’s highly sophisticated information technology

to facilitate the storage of huge amounts of data or information in a very compact

space. Information technologies promise fast that most of the libraries were U “lack

sufficient hardware, software facilities and do not have adequate internet nodes and

bandwidth”. The campus LANs were not fully extended to exploit the benefits of

digital information environment. Ahmad and Fatima (2009) found that researchers use

a variety of ICT products and services for research and further remarked that ICT

27
products help “to find information, access information more easily”. It was

recommended that training be organized to increase the use of ICT-based products

and services. Shafi-Ullah and Roberts (2010) found that ICT infrastructure and

recommended allocating funds for ICT infrastructure. K.S Sivakumaren, Dr V Geetha

and B. Jeyaprakash (2011) stated that The University Libraries must increase the

numbers of computer available to enable the users to maximize the usage of ICT-

based resources and services and it is found that no library was implemented

digitization software. It is very useful to digitize rare collections such as older and out

of print editions. MhammedIjas Mairaj, Widad Mustafa EI-Hadi (2012) found that

Provision of hardware, standardized Library software, adequate financial resources,

and proper training facilities for Medical libraries will help to strengthen ICT

applications in Medical libraries of Lahore.

2.7 ICT Based User Service

Some library users are adopting electronic habits, making increasing use of the new

ICT including computers, the Internet, the Web, Intranet, Extranet and other

technologies. As a result, library users are placing new demands on their libraries.

They require access to the latest information, updated information resources and

access to ICT facilities that they could use in their work. Use of ICT in libraries

enhances user’s satisfaction. It provides numerous benefits to library users. Some of

the benefits are:

 Provide speedy and easy access to information

 Provides remote access to users

 Provides round the clock access to users

 Provides access to unlimited information from different sources

28
  Provides information flexibility to be used by any individual according to

his/her requirements

 Provides increased flexibility

 Facilitates the reformatting and combining of data from different sources

Libraries are also providing various ICT-based services to their user, including

the following

 Provision of Web access to OPACs

 Electronic document delivery

 Networked information resources

 Delivery of information to user desktops

 Online instructions

 Online readers advisory services

2.8 Factors Militating against the Availability and Utilization of

Information and Communication Technologies in Nigeria Academic

Libraries

There is an overwhelming awareness that there are great potentials in the use

of information technologies. The use of Information Technology promotes

development and improves services in any organization. It brings changes in today’s

business environment, it speeds up information delivery, facilitates teaching, learning

and research. Omolayo (2002) points out three strong reasons that stand against the

application of Information Technology in Nigerian academic libraries. Each factor she

has mentioned has resultant effect on application of Information Technology. The

factors are; low level of computer culture, poor telecommunications infrastructure,

and general lack of awareness. When librarians are not computer literate, utilizing the

facility would be a problem. In other words, having a good background in computer

29
skill makes the use of computers in work places very practicable. Lack of awareness

on the other hand makes availability impossible. Library managers must be aware of

the advantages of using Information Technology in libraries and information centers.

Training workers on the use of computers and other related technologies for services

in any organization including academic libraries is very important. A well-trained

worker can perform effectively and efficiently in his/her work place than he/she who

is not trained.

Youngman (2003) carried out a study on library staffing considerations in the

age of technology in Kansas state university. The study found out that human

resources are essential to the success of any technology-based service. It means that

any library or organization that ignores the human factor is likely to appreciate

ignorance which may lead to under use. Experienced librarians can be a significant

resource in managing technology driven library.

Chisenga (2004) surveyed the use of IT in public libraries in ten (10)

Anglophone African countries. The study revealed that all libraries studied pointed

out lack of adequate Information Technology personnel and lack of fund. The most

interesting aspect of the findings is that libraries in South Africa express lack of

burglaries to protect computers from being stolen whereas findings from the Nigerian

libraries revealed erratic power supply as one of the barriers for Information

Technology use. Okiya (2005) points out poor and inadequate telecommunication

facilities; poor level of computer literacy, even within the academic community; poor

level computer facilities, poor level of awareness of internet facilities among policy

makers, government officials and the ruling class in general; and minimum

involvement of academic institutions network building in Africa as challenges

militating against IT application/utilization.

30
 Gardner (2010) identify out human resources, vendor and maintenance,

culture, funding, education and training as key factors for Information Technology

use in developing countries. According to him, unskilled and untrained human

resources lead to the employment of expatriates and African governments cannot pay

or sustain expatriates. Vendors’ main concern is also making money without

maintenance plan. Without adequate training, organizations may not be able to

effectively use them. Low level of Information Technology skills; lack of functional

Information Technology policy; economic barriers (funds); Information Technology

infrastructure; resistance to change; low capacity of communication facility; absence

of digital or electronic libraries except in South Africa; lack of policy for manpower

development etc. are common barriers mentioned as factors undermining the use of

Information Technology.

Other factors that contribute to the under-use of Information Technology are

culture. System designers need to understand or undertake a systematic study of the

organization and country within which the system will be used (implemented). Odera

(2003) opines that culture is strong factor that dictates if technology be accepted or

not accepted. The challenge goes to system planners and Programme writers to

consider the local way of thinking, cultural setting, level of education and awareness.

2.9 Summary of the Review

The review vividly indicted that the utilization of information technology in Nigerian

academic libraries is of paramount importance in aiding the librarians in information

service delivery. However, it is important to note here that the review explained

clearly the way and manner through which academic libraries are taking steps in the

application of IT into their library services for effective information service delivery.

It is therefore pertinent to say, here that our traditional and old method of information

31
service delivery in most of our academic libraries would have to change. It is now a

known fact that with the advent of the internet system, people can now access

information very easily without even going to the library.

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

32
3.1 Introduction

This chapter elucidates the research methodology adopted to conduct the study,

structured under the following sub-headings: research method, population, research

instruments, procedure for data collection, and method of data analysis.

3.2 Research Methodology

Research methodology encompasses the systematic approach, techniques, and

procedures employed by researchers to conduct investigations, addressing a research

question or problem. It includes elements such as research design, data collection

methods, sampling techniques, data analysis, validity and reliability considerations,

and ethical guidelines. By following a structured methodology, researchers can

enhance the rigor, credibility, and replicability of their studies, contributing to the

advancement of knowledge in their fields (Creswell & Creswell, 2017).

3.3 Research Design

The case study research method was selected for this study due to its suitability for in-

depth investigations into a singular phenomenon within a specific organization. Case

study research involves a descriptive approach aimed at thorough analysis of a person,

group, or phenomenon, utilizing various techniques such as personal interviews,

direct observation, psychometric tests, and archival records (Baskarada, S. 2014).

3.4 Area of the study

The study focuses on Gumel Library, located within the College of Education Gumel,

which serves as a crucial academic resource center. Its primary aim is to provide

access to diverse information materials and services essential for supporting teaching,

learning, and research activities within the institution.

3.5 Population of the Study

33
The study population refers to the group of individuals or elements that the researcher

is interested in studying or drawing conclusions about. In this case, the population of

the study includes the staff of the College of Education Gumel Library and all ICT

facilities available within it.

The specific individuals within this population are the Chief Librarian, Assistant

Librarian, Automation Librarian, Circulation Librarian, and Reserve Librarian,

totaling five staff members.

However, for the purpose of the research, only the College Librarian and the

Automation Librarian were selected as participants for the interview schedule. The

selection of these two positions could be justified for several reasons:

1. Expertise: The College Librarian and Automation Librarian likely possess

specialized knowledge and insights relevant to the research topic, particularly

regarding library management and ICT integration.

2. Influence: As key positions within the library, the perspectives of the College

Librarian and Automation Librarian may have a significant impact on library policies,

practices, and decision-making processes.

3. Resource constraints: Limiting the participants to two individuals may have been a

practical decision based on time, resources, or accessibility constraints.

4. Relevance: The roles of College Librarian and Automation Librarian may be

directly relevant to the research objectives and questions, making their input essential

for obtaining meaningful insights.

Overall, the selection of the College Librarian and Automation Librarian from the

larger population of library staff was likely based on their relevance, expertise,

influence, and practical considerations for conducting the research effectively.

3.6 Instruments of Data Collection and Procedure

34
A data collection instrument is a tool or method used by researchers to gather data

from participants in a study. In this case, the data collection instrument mentioned is

the structured interview schedule.

Structured interviews involve asking participants a predetermined set of questions in a

consistent and systematic manner. These interviews typically follow a specific format,

with questions organized around the research objectives or topics of interest. The

questions are often designed to elicit detailed and relevant information from

participants.

In the context of the provided data, structured interviews were conducted with both

the College Librarian and the Automation Librarian. Separate interview schedules

were designed for each category of participant, which means that the questions asked

during the interviews were tailored to the roles and responsibilities of each individual.

The researcher requested appointments with both individuals, indicating a planned

and organized approach to data collection. Conducting the interviews face-to-face

suggests a personal and interactive method of gathering data, allowing the researcher

to establish rapport with the participants and potentially obtain more nuanced insights.

Overall, the structured interview schedules served as the data collection instruments in

this study, enabling the researcher to gather information directly from the key

stakeholders (College Librarian and Automation Librarian) in a systematic and

structured manner.

3.7 Method of Data Analysis

Thematic analysis emerges as the most suitable method for analyzing the data

gathered from the structured interviews with the College Librarian and the

Automation Librarian. Thematic analysis, a qualitative approach, involves identifying,

analyzing, and reporting patterns or themes within the collected data. Given the

35
qualitative nature of the responses obtained through the structured interviews,

thematic analysis offers a systematic means of exploring and interpreting the insights

provided by the key stakeholders regarding library management and ICT integration

within the College of Education Gumel Library.

The process of thematic analysis would entail familiarizing with the data, generating

initial codes to categorize meaningful segments, organizing these codes into potential

themes, and refining these themes to ensure they accurately encapsulate the essence of

the data. Through this method, the researcher can systematically uncover recurring

patterns, extract key insights, and present them coherently to address the research

objectives effectively. Therefore, thematic analysis serves as a robust approach for

comprehensively analyzing the qualitative data obtained from the interviews,

facilitating a deeper understanding of the experiences, perspectives, and practices

surrounding library management and ICT integration within the academic context of

the College of Education Gumel.

CHAPTER FOUR

36
 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Introduction

This chapter delves into the analysis of data collected from key personnel at the

College of Education Gumel Library, specifically the College Librarian and the

Automation Librarian. It aims to elucidate findings regarding the Availability and

Utilization of ICT within the library. The presentation and subsequent discussion of

the results are anchored on the research questions delineated for this study.

4.2 Research Participants

The participants for this study were meticulously selected from the staff population of

the College of Education Gumel Library, inclusive of all ICT facilities within the

institution. The College Librarian and the Automation Librarian were chosen based on

their pivotal roles within the library and their perceived relevance to the research

objectives. These individuals were deemed key stakeholders likely to offer valuable

insights into the integration of ICT into library management practices. The decision to

focus on these positions was substantiated by considerations of their expertise,

influence within the library, and direct relevance to the research questions. By

engaging these individuals, the study aimed to capture comprehensive perspectives on

the utilization of ICT resources in supporting teaching, learning, and research

endeavors within the academic library setting.

4.3he responses of College Librarian

This section entails the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data gathered

through an interview conducted with the college Librarian.

4.3.1 Types of ICT Facilities Provided in the Library

Research Question 1:What types of ICT facilities are provided in the library?

37
The ICT facilities available in the library encompass a range of technological

resources including computer systems, servers, internet connectivity, wireless

networks, scanners, cameras, printers, switches, and more.

4.3.2 Utilization of ICT in the Library

Research Question 2:Please briefly explain the utilization of ICT in the library.

The utilization of ICT in the library, commonly referred to as library automation,

continues to streamline and facilitate timely access to and dissemination of

information resources dispersed globally.

4.3.3 Services on Which ICT Facilities Are Applied in the Library

Research Question 3:What services do you apply ICT facilities in the library?

ICT facilities are applied across various services within the library, including but not

limited to Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC), virtual reference services, resource

sharing, selection of library resources, scanning of library materials through e-

resources, maintenance of library records, library management and administration,

processing of library materials, accessing offline resources, providing regular library

services to users, and facilitating video conferencing.

4.3.4 Future Plans on ICT Facilities Utilization in the Library

Research Question 4: What is your future plan regarding ICT facilities utilization in

the library?

The library's future plan involves digitizing the entirety of its resources to align with

modern trends, aspiring to transition towards a paperless library model.

4.3.5 Problems Encountered with ICT Utilization in the Library

Research Question 5: What problems are encountered regarding ICT utilization in the

library?

38
According to the College Librarian, challenges encountered in ICT utilization include

instability of power supply, low bandwidth, inadequate ICT facilities, frequent

network downtime, and insufficient funding, among other issues.

4.3.6 Measures Taken to Address the Problems

Research Question 6: What measures are taken to address these problems?

To tackle the identified challenges, measures undertaken include efforts to establish a

steady network, ensure stable power supply through alternative sources such as

inverters, solar power, or standby generators, provision of adequate funding, advocacy

for standardized ICT facilities, among others.

4.4 Responses of the Automation Librarian

This section entails the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data gathered

through an interview conducted with the Automation Librarian.

4.4.1 ICT Facilities Available and Their Quantity

Research Question 1: What ICT facilities are available and in what quantity?

The Automation Librarian indicated the availability of various ICT resources such as

flash drives, mice, keyboards, printers, photocopying machines, computers, CD-

ROMs, digital cameras, web access, search engines, mobile phones, digital TVs,

among others. Regarding quantity, there are 200 computers, 10 cameras, 10 scanners,

8 photocopying machines, and 8 printers.

4.4.2 Staff Providing ICT Related Services in the Library

Research Question 2: How many staff provide ICT related services in the library?

The Automation Librarian reported a total of 12 staff members responsible for

providing ICT-related services within the library.

4.4.3 Types of Services Provided Using ICT Facilities

Research Question 3: What types of services are provided using ICT facilities?

39
ICT facilities are instrumental in delivering a myriad of services within the library,

including housekeeping functions such as acquisition, cataloging, circulation, serials

management, clerical and record-keeping tasks, database management, internet

searches, web management, and general online services for users.

4.4.4 Problems Encountered in Utilization of ICT

Research Question 4: What problems are encountered in the utilization of ICT?

Challenges faced in ICT utilization encompass inadequate infrastructure, lack of

collaborative initiatives, shortage of skilled manpower, insufficient financial support,

erratic power supply, low bandwidth, internet connectivity issues, among others.

4.4.5 Measures Taken to Address the Problems

Research Question 5:What measures are taken to address these problems?

The library endeavors to address these challenges by engaging with Internet Service

Providers (ISPs) to enhance network services, ensuring the availability of networking

tools, providing essential facilities such as computers and telephones, enhancing ICT

infrastructure, training personnel, allocating funds to the library, streamlining

administrative processes, ensuring adequate accommodation, establishing centralized

databases, garnering support from the parent organization, and facilitating short and

long-term training initiatives.

40
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Introduction

This chapter encapsulates the essence of the study, providing a succinct summary of

the major findings, drawing conclusions, and offering recommendations based on the

exploration of the availability and utilization of ICT in the College of Education

Gumel Library.

5.2 Summary of the Study

This study examines the availability and utilization of ICT facilities for information

service delivery in academic libraries: a case study of college of education Gumel,

library.

The study is structured into five basic chapters. In chapter one, the background of the

study was introduced whereas statement of the problem, objective of the study,

research questions, others are significance of the study, scope and limitations of the

study as well as definition of key terms.

In chapter two of the study, relevant literature were reviewed in which focus were on

the concept of academic library services, Component of ICT in Academic Libraries,

Purpose of Information and Communication Technologies in Libraries, Types and

Characteristics of ICTs in Academic Libraries, Application of ICTs to Library

service delivery, Impact of ICT on libraries and librarians, ICT based User Services,

Factors militating against the application and utilization of ICTs for service delivery

in libraries, and finally Summary of the Review.

Chapter three explains the methodology used in the conduct of the study in which data

were collected from the respondents for the analysis. This however includes research

41
methodology design, study population, sampling technique, study sample, others are

data collection instrument was interview and data analysis was thematic and textural.

While chapter four reveals that availability and utilization of ICT into the library

under study enhance service delivery, which resulted in increase in productivity of

staff, relieves professional staff from mundane jobs, provide quick access to

information. However, problems were noted which it was observed that there are no

adequate professional staff that will manage the facilities, the facilities are also not

enough and the problem of power supply which make the system impossible to

function effectively.

Chapter five summarizes the major findings, draws conclusion and make appropriate

recommendations on how the problems observed are to be properly addressed.

5.3 Summary of the Findings of the Study

After meticulous data analysis, the study has uncovered several significant findings:

- Identification of various types of ICT facilities available in the library, including

computer systems, servers, internet access, scanners, printers, and more.

- Recognition of diverse applications of ICT facilities in library services, ranging from

OPAC and virtual reference services to resource sharing and inter-library cooperation.

- Identification of challenges hindering ICT utilization, such as power supply

instability, low bandwidth, inadequate facilities, network downtime, and funding

constraints.

- Exploration of strategies to address these challenges, including establishing steady

networks, ensuring stable power supply through alternative sources, and provision of

adequate funding and standardized ICT facilities.

42
5.4 Conclusion

In light of the current emphasis on ICT as a catalyst for globalization and national

development, the study underscores the importance of acquiring ICT literacy skills for

academic librarians. The availability and utilization of ICT facilities in the College of

Education Gumel Library signify opportunities for staff to enhance their digital

competencies. Moreover, the positive impact of ICT on library services necessitates

continuous professional development and investment in ICT infrastructure. However,

challenges such as financial constraints and inadequate facilities must be addressed

through collaborative efforts involving government, regulatory bodies, and

stakeholders.

5.5 Recommendations

Based on the findings, the following recommendations are proposed:

1. Incorporate Information and Communication Technology skills as key learning

objectives in the college curriculum to equip students for the information-intensive

world.

2. Increase investments in ICT infrastructure, including computers, internet

connectivity, and digital libraries, to align with global digital trends.

3. Promote awareness and encourage individuals to utilize available ICT facilities for

personal and library services.

4. Sponsor college librarians for formal education, IT programs, workshops, and

seminars to enhance their ICT competencies.

5. Advocate for support from regulatory bodies like the National University

Commission to provide funds, ICT infrastructure, and training opportunities for

college libraries.

43
6. Foster collaboration among NGOs, government agencies, private companies,

academic institutions, and individuals to enhance ICT literacy through funding,

sponsorship, training programs, and personal development initiatives.

By implementing these recommendations, the College of Education Gumel and other

similar institutions can effectively leverage ICT to enhance information service

delivery and academic performance.

44
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 APPENDIX
INTERVIEW GUIDE

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY AVAILABILITY

AND UTILIZATION

Department of Library and Information

Science,
Faculty of Education,
Bayero University, Kano
Kano-Nigeria

Dear Sir/Ma
I am an undergraduate student of the above mentioned department of Bayero
University, Kano presently carrying out a study on ‘Availability and Utilization of
ICT facilities for information service delivery in academic libraries: A case study
of College of Education Gumel, Library’. You are chosen as one of the participant
of the study. You are therefore, requested to respond to the interview. Your
participation in this work would facilitate its successful completion. It should be
known that information provided will be use strictly for academic purpose.

Thank you.
Yours Sincerely,

HARUNA ADAMU
EDU/19/LIS/00760
(Researcher)

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 RESEARCH INTERVIEW

INTERVIEW FOR COLLEGE OF EDUCATION GUMEL, LIBRARY STAFF

INTERVIEW GUIDE FOR THE COLLEGE LIBRARIAN

Availability and Utilization of ICT in the College of Education Gumel, Library.
1. Please briefly explain the utilization of ICT in the library?
2. What types of ICT facilities are provided in the library?
3. On what services do you apply ICT facilities in the library?
4. What is your future plan on ICT facilities utilization in the library?
5. What problems are encountered regarding ICT utilization in the library?
6. What measures are taken to address the problems?

INTERVIEW GUIDE FOR THE AUTOMATION LIBRARIAN

Availability and Use of ICT in College of Education Gumel, Library.
1. What ICT facilities are available and of what quantity?
2. How many staff provides ICT related services in the library?
3. What types of services are provided using ICT facilities?
4. What problems are encounter in utilization of ICT?
5. What measures are taken to address the problems?

49