ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp.

01. ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp Kjd; Kjypy; gpupj;jhdpahtpy; Njhw;wk; ngw;wikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

3If; Fwpg;gpl;L tpsf;Ff.

• ntspehl;L tu;j;jfk; tsu;r;rpaile;jpUe;jik -

16Mk; Ehw;whz;bypUe;Nj INuhg;ghtpd; ntspehl;L tu;j;jfk; tsu;r;rpg; ngw;wpUe;jJ. vdpDk;
18Mk; Ehw;whz;L MFk;NghJ INuhg;gpa ehLfSs; gpuhd;]>; Nghu;j;Jf;fy;> ];ghdpah> xy;yhe;J
Mfpa tu;j;jf ehLfis Ke;jpf; nfhz;L gpupj;jhdpah tu;j;jfj;jpy; Kd;dzpf;F te;jJ.
gpupj;jhdpah gy;NtW tu;j;jf rl;lq;fs; %yk; jkJ FbNaw;w ehLfs; jtpu;e;j Vida
ehLfSlDk; tu;j;jf njhlu;Gfis tpupthf;Ftjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;jpapUe;jJ. NkYk;
ifj;njhopy; Jiwapy; KjyPL nra;af;$ba ghupa nry;te;ju;fs; gpupj;jhdpahtpy; Njhw;wk; ngw;Wf;
fhzg;gl;ldu;. nry;te;ju;fspd; Njhw;wk; fhuzkhf gpupj;jhdpahtpd; ntspehl;L tu;j;jfk; kpfg;
ngUk; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij mile;jJ. MfNt gpupj;jhdpahtpy; ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp Kjypy; Vw;gLtjw;F
Kd;Ndw;wkile;j ntspehl;L tu;j;jfk; ngupJk; cjtpahf mike;jJ.

• gpupj;jhdpa cw;gj;jp nghUl;fSf;fhd Nfs;tp mjpfupj;jpUe;jik -

gpupj;jhdpahtpy; rdj;njhif mjpfupj;jpUe;jikahy; cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fSf;fhd Nfs;tpAk;
mjpfupj;jpUe;jJ. mjw;Nfw;g nghUl;fis mjpfkhf cw;gj;jp nra;aNtz;ba xU rthyhd epiy
gpupj;jhdpahtpw;F cUthdJ. NkYk; gpupj;jhdpahtpd; FbNaw;w ehLfSf;F Njitahd
nghUl;fis gpupj;jhdpahtplkpUe;Nj ,wf;Fkjp nra;a Ntz;ba epiyik cUthdjhy; gpupj;jhdpa
nghUl;fSf;F jdJ ehl;by; khj;jpukpd;wp FbNaw;w ehLfspYk; rpwe;j Nfs;tp epytpaJ. ,jw;F
cjhuzkhf gpupj;jhdpahtpd; gUj;jpj;Jzpfisf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. gpupj;jhdpahtpd; gUj;jpj;
JzpfSf;F ,e;jpahtpy; mjpf Nfs;tp epytpaJ. gpupj;jhdpa re;ijfspy; mjpf Nfs;tp epytpa
rpy nghUl;fs; ,ae;jpu rhjdq;fspd; %yk; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;litfshFk;.

• ngupa tptrhaf; gz;izfs; gpupj;jhdpahtpy; cUthf;fg;gl;lik -

gpupj;jhdpahtpy; fhzg;gl;l epy cilikahsu;fshy; tptrhapfspd; rpwpa epyg;gug;Gf;fs; xd;W

Nru;f;fg;gl;L ngupa tptrhaf; gz;izfs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld. ,J epy milg;G ,af;fk; my;yJ
Ntyp milg;G ,af;fk; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; gpupj;jhdpahtpd; tptrhaj;Jiwapy; ghupa
khw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;lJ. vdpDk; ,r; nraw;ghl;bdhy; jkJ tptrha epyq;fis
,oe;j fpuhkpa tptrhapfs; Ntiy tha;g;Gj; Njb efu;g;Gwq;fis Nehf;fp Gyk; ngau;e;jdu;.
mj;NjhL rpYit Aj;jq;fs; Kbtile;j gpd;du; epykhdpa mbikfs; jkJ gz;izfSf;F
nry;yhky; efuq;fspy; Fbaku;e;jdu;.vdNt ifj;njhopy; Jiwf;F Njitahd Nkyjpf
Copau;fis ,yFthf ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbe;jJ.

02. ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp Vw;gl;l mbg;gilj; Jiwfs; 3 If; Fwpg;gpl;L tpsf;Ff.

• nerTj; Jiw -

gpupj;jhdpa MilfSf;F FbNaw;w ehLfspy; fhzg;gl;l cau;e;j Nfs;tp fhuzkhf Gilit

cw;gj;jpia mjpfupf;f Ntz;ba Njit gpupj;jhdpahtpw;F Vw;gl;lJ. 1733y; N[hd; Nf vd;gtu;
fz;Lg;gpbj;j gwf;Fk; Ehdhop ,ae;jpuk; %yk; nerT nraw;ghL Jupjg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jidj;
njhlu;e;J N[k;]; `hfpuPt;]; fz;Lg;gpbj;j n[dp ,ae;jpuj;jpd; %yk; Ehy; Ehw;Fk; nraw;ghL
,yFthdJ. gpd;du; upr;rl; Mf;iul; fz;Lg;gpbj;j ePu;r; rf;fuk; %yk; ePu; tYitg; gad;gLj;jp
Ehy; Ehw;f Kbe;jJ. gpd;du; rhKnty; nfhwk;g;ld; vd;gtu; fz;Lg;gpbj;j kpA+y; ,ae;jpuj;jpd;
%yk; nkd;ikahdJk; rf;jp tha;e;jJkhd Ehiy cw;gj;jp nra;a Kbe;jJ. ,e;j kpA+y;
,ae;jpuj;ij ePuhtpiaf; nfhz;L ,af;Fk; Kiwia vl;kd; fhl;iu vd;gtu; fz;Lg;gpbj;jhu;.
,t;thW 30 tUl fhyg;gFjpapy; Ehy; Ehw;wy; nraw;ghL Jupj tsu;r;rp fz;lJ.
 • ,Uk;GUf;Fj; Jiw -

gpupj;jhdpah ,Uk;Gj;jhij mjpfsT nfhz;l ehlhFk;. vdpDk; ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpapd; NghJ

,ae;jpuq;fis jahupg;gjw;F mjpfsT ,Uk;GUf;Fj; Njit gpupj;jhdpahtpw;F Vw;gl;lJ. vdNt
epyf;fup %yk; ,Uk;Gj;jhij cUf;Fk; Kiwia Mgpufhk; lu;gp vd;gtu; fz;Lg;gpbj;jhu;. ,jidj;
njhlu;e;J n`d;wp Nfhl; vd;gtu; fz;Lg;gpbj;jtu; fz;Lg;gpbj;j Nuhyu; ,ae;jpuk; %yk;
gjg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,Uk;G cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;lJ. NkYk; ,Uk;gpypUe;J fopTfis mfw;wp cUf;F
cw;gj;jp Kiwia n`d;wp Ng];ku; vd;gtu; fz;Lg;gpbj;jhu;. ,r; nraw;ghL NkYk; mgptpUj;jp
nra;ag;gl;L 1860Mk; Mz;L jpwe;j ,Uk;G ciy fz;lwpag;gl;lJ. ,jd; %yk; ,yhgfukhfTk;
NtfkhfTk; cUf;F cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;lJ. gpd;du; tpy;ypak; rPkd;]; vd;gtuhy; ,Uk;Gj;jhij
cUf;ff; $ba kpd; mLg;G fz;Lg;gpbf;fg;gl;lJ

• epyf;fupj; Jiw -

ifj;njhopw;Gul;rpapd; NghJ ,ae;jpuq;fis ,af;Ftjw;F mjpfsT epyf;fup Njitg;gl;lJ.

gpupj;jhdpahtpd; Nahf;]au;> yq;fh]au; kw;Wk; njd;Nty;]; Mfpa gpuNjrq;fspy; epyf;fup
gbTfs; mjpfstpy; fhzg;gl;lJ. vdpDk; epyf;fup mfo;tpd; NghJ ghupa gpur;rpidfis re;jpf;f
Ntz;ba #o;epiy Vw;gl;lJ. epyf;fup mfo;tpd; NghJ Ruq;fj;jpDs; NrUk; ePiu Foha; %yk;
ntspNaw;wTk; kw;Wk; Foha; %yk; ntspapypUe;J tspia Ruq;fj;jpDs; mDg;gp Ruq;fj;ij
Fsp&l;lTk; cjtpahf mikaf; $ba Xu; ePuhtp ,ae;jpuj;ij Njhk]; epA+nfhkd; vd;gtu;
fz;Lg;gpbj;jhu;. ,t;tpae;jpuj;ij N[k;]; Nthl; vd;gtu; nraw;wpwd; kpf;f ePuhtp ,ae;jpukhf
khw;wpaikj;jhu;. epyf;fup Ruq;fj;jpDs; ntspr;rk; Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd ghJfhg;G tpsf;F xd;iw
`k;gpwp Nltp vd;gtu; fz;Lg;gpbj;jhu;. gpd;du; 1839,y; fz;Lg;gpbf;fg;gl;l ,Uk;G Nfgps;fs; %yk;
,yFthf epyf;fupia ntspNa nfhz;Ltu Kbe;jJ. epyf;fupia vupf;Fk; NghJ cz;lhFk;
gy;NtW nghUl;fs; %yk; gy cgf; ifj;njhopy;fSk; tsu;rr ; pf;fz;ld.

03. ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpapd; tisthf cyf r%fj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs; %d;iw

tpgupf;Ff.

• ghupa efuq;fs; gy Njhw;wk; ngw;wik -

ifj;njhopy;kakhf;fj;jpd; tpisthf ghupa efuq;fs; mjpfstpy; Njhw;wk;ngw;wd. mJtiuf;

fhyKk; fpuhkq;fspy; tho;e;j kf;fs; ,e;efuq;fis Nehf;fp ,lk;ngau;e;jdu;. ,jd; tpisthf
me;efuq;fs; ngUkstpy; rdneUf;fb kpf;fitahf khwpd. rdj;njhif Ntfkhf mjpfupj;j
NghjpYk; me;efuq;fspd; mbg;gil trjpfs; kpff; Fiwe;j Ntfj;jpNyNa tsu;r;rpaile;jd.
cjhuzkhf tpad;dh efupy; 1847Mk; Mz;bw;F Kd;du; 20 tIlf; fhyg;gFjpapy; rdj;njhif
20 rjtPj;jpdhy; tsu;r;rpaile;j NghjpYk; tPlikg;G jpl;lq;fs; 11.5 rjtPjj;jpdhy; khj;jpuNk
tsu;r;rpf; fz;lJ.

• tFg;G uPjpahd r%f mikg;Gf;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd -

ifj;njhopw; gul;rpapd; Kf;fpa tpisthf tFg;G uPjpahd r%f mikg;Gf;fs; Njhw;wk;

ngw;wikiaf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. 20Mk; Ehw;whz;lhFk;NghJ INuhg;ghtpd; midj;J ehLfspYk;
nghUshjhu eltbf;iffs; ifj;njhopw;rhiy cupikahsu;fshd nry;te;ju;fshNyNa
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. ,r; nry;te;j tFg;gpdu;> epy cupik gpuGf;fs; kw;Wk; kj;jpaju tFg;gpdu;
vDk; tifapy; ,U r%fg;gpupTfshff; fhzg;gl;ldu;. ,t tFg;gpdu; njhopyhsu;fis Fiwe;j
$ypf;F Ntiyf;fku;j;jp mjpf ,yhkgile;jdu;. rpwe;j tho;f;ifj; juj;ij Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l
nry;te;j tFg;gpdu; nrhFrhfTk; cy;yhrkhfTk; tho;e;jdu;.

• ciof;Fk; tu;ff
; j;jpd; tho;f;ifj;juk; ghjpf;fg;gl;lik -

ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpapd; tpisthf nry;te;j tu;f;fj;jpdu; ghupa Kd;Ndw;wk; mile;j NghjpYk;

coif;Fk; kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj;juk; kpfTk; ftiyf;fplkhdjhf khwpaJ. jkJ tho;f;ifia
elhj;Jtjw;fhf njhopyhsu; tu;ff; j;jpy; fhzg;gl;l fztd; kidtp Mfpa ,UtUNk Ntiy
 nra;a Ntz;ba epiy Vw;gl;lJ. rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; mtu;fs; jkJ gps;isfisAk; Ntiyf;F
mku;j;j Ntz;ba epiy cUthdJ. njhopyhsu;fs; xU ehisf;F 12 kzpj;jpahyq;fs; my;yJ
14 kzpj;jpahyq;fs; Ntiy nra;aNtz;ba epiy fhzg;gl;lJ. njhopyhsu; tu;ff ; j;jpy;
fhzg;gl;l rpWtu;fSk; ngz;fSk;> trjpfsw;wJk; ghJfhg;gw;wJkhd njhopw;rhiyfspy; kpff;
fbdkhf Ntiy nra;aNtz;ba epiyf;F js;sg;gl;ldu;.

04. ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp ,yq;if kPJ nry;thf;F nrYj;jpa tpjj;ij 3 cjhuzq;fisf;

Fwpg;gpl;L tpsf;Ff.

• ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhuj;Jiwapy; khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;lik -

gpupj;jhdpa nry;te;ju;fs; ,yq;iff;F te;J ngUe;Njhl;l gapu;r; nra;ifapy; KjyPLfis

Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. ,t;thU Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l ngUe;Njhl;lq;fspy; Ntiy nra;tjw;fhf njhopyhsu;fs;
$ypf;F mku;j;jg;gl;ldu;. ,jd; tpisthf ,yq;ifapy; njhopyhsu; tFg;nghd;;Wk; Njhw;wk;ngw;wJ.
NkYk; Kjyhspj;Jt nghUshjhu Kiw ,yq;ifapy; tsu;r;rpaile;jJld; Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp
tu;j;jfk; Kd;dpiyf;F te;jJ. gpupj;jhdpa nry;te;ju;fshy; ,yq;ifapy; KjyPL nra;ag;gl;L
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l ngUe;Njhl;l gapu;r; nra;iff;fhd ,ae;jpu rhjdq;fs; gpupj;jhdpahtpy; ,Ue;J
jUtpf;fg;gl;ld. 1804Mk; Mz;L MSeu; gpul;wpf; Nehu;j; vd;gtu; Nfhg;gp tpijfis gpupj;njLf;Fk;
njhopw;rhiy xd;iw ,yq;ifapy; Muk;gpj;jhu;. Njapiy nfhOe;ij cyu;j;Jjy; Kjy; Vw;Wkjp
tiu midj;Jk; ,ae;jpu rhjdq;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

• Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; Jiwapy; khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;lik -

ngUe;Njhl;l cw;gj;;jpfis JiwKfq;fSf;F nfhz;L nry;tjw;fhf Nghf;Ftuj;J Jiwia

mgptpUj;jpailar; nra;a Ntz;ba epiy Vw;gl;lJ. mJtiuf; fhyKk; ,yq;ifapy; nghUl;fis
nfhz;L nry;tjw;F khl;L tz;bfNs gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ,J nghUj;jkw;w Kiwahf
fhzg;gl;likahy; ngUe;njUf;fSk; Gifapuj tPjpfSk; ,yq;ifapy; mikf;fg;gl;ld. MSeu;
vl;tl; ghd;]; vd;gtupd; fhyj;jpy; fz;b – nfhOk;G gpujhd tPjp mikf;fg;gl;lJ. 1850fspd;
gpd;du; fy;Yk; jhUk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L gpujhd tPjp mikf;Fk; Kiw mwpKfkhdJ. MSeu;
n`d;wp Nthl; fhyj;jpy; Gifapuj tPjpfs; mikf;Fk; eltbf;iffs; Muk;gkhapd. 1858y; fz;b –
nfhOk;G Gifapuj ghij Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. 1885y; nkf;flk; Kiw ,yq;ifapy; mwpKfk;
nra;ag;gl;lJ.

• njhlu;ghly; Jiwapy; Kd;Ndw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;lik -

ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpapd; nry;thf;F ,yq;ifapy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jtjw;F Kd;du; ,yq;ifapy;

Ml;fs; %yNk nra;jp gupkhw;wk; eilngw;W te;jJ. 1815Mk; Mz;L nfhOk;G> jpUNfhzkiy>
fhyp> aho;g;ghzk; Mfpa efuq;fis ,izf;Fk; tifapy; murhq;f jghy; Nritnahd;W
,yq;ifapy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,j;jghy; Nrit Fjpiu tz;bfs; %yNk nraw;gl;lJ. MrpahtpNy
Kjd; Kjypy; Fjpiutz;bfs; %yk; jghy; Nrit Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l Mrpa ehlhf ,yq;iff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. 1857y; ,yq;ifapy; Kjd; KjyhtJ jghy; Kj;jpiu ntspaplg;gl;lJ. 1903Mk;
Mz;lstpy; ,yq;ifapd; gy;NtW ,lq;fspYk; 340 jghy; epiyaq;fs; nraw;gl;ld. 1858y; je;jp
%yk; nra;jp gupkhWk; Kiw ,yq;ifapy; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

05. ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp fhyj;jpy; gpupj;jhdpahtpy; ,Uk;GUf;Ff; ifj;njhopypy; Vw;gl;l

Kd;Ndw;wq;fis ,uz;L cjhuzq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;L tpsf;Ff.

• epyf;fup %yk; ,Uk;Gj;jhij cUf;Fk; Kiw fz;lwpag;gl;lik -

gpupj;jhdpah ,Uk;Gj;jhij mjpfsT nfhz;l ehlhFk;. ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp gpupj;jhdpahtpy;

Njhw;wk; ngWtjw;F Kd;dNu mq;F Nghu; MAjq;fs;> tptrha cgfuzq;fs;> tPl;Lg; ghtidg;
nghUl;fs; vd;gtw;iw jahupg;gjw;F ,Uk;GUf;F cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;ld. vdpDk; mjw;fhd
 ,Uk;Gj; jhJ tpwF %yNk cUf;fg;gl;lJ. Muk;g fhyq;fspy; tpwF %yk; cUf;fg;gl;l
,Uk;GUf;F kdpj NjitfSf;F nghJkhdjhf ,Ue;j NghjpYk; ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpapd; gpd;du;
,Uk;GUf;fpd; Njit ghupastpy; mjpfupj;jJ. gy;NtW ,ae;jpuq;fis jahupg;gjw;F mjpfsthd
,Uk;GUf;F Njitg;gl;lJ. tpwif vupnghUshff; nfhz;L mt;thwhd ghupasT ,Uk;GUf;if
cw;gj;jp nra;a Kbatpy;iy. vdNt tpwfpw;F gjpyhf NtnwhU vupnghUis ngw;Wf; nfhs;s
Ntz;ba Njit vw;gl;lJ. mjdbg;gilapy; Mgpufhk; lu;gp vd;gtu; epyf;fup %yk; ,Uk;Gj;jhij
cUf;Fk; Kiwiaf; fz;Lg;gpbj;jhu;. epyf;fup %yk; ,Uk;Gj;jhJ cUf;fg;gl;ljd; tpisthf
thu;g;G ,Uk;G cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;lJ.

• ,Uk;GUf;fpw;fhf gy;NtW ,ae;jpu rhjdq;fs; fz;Lg;gpbf;fg;gl;lik -

,Uk;GUf;if NkYk; NkYk; tYg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf gy;NtW ,ae;jpuq;fs; fz;Lg;gpbf;fg;gl;ld.

1784Mk; Mz;L n`d;wp Nfhl; vd;gtu; ,Yk;GUf;F nraw;ghl;il ,yFg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf Nuhyu;
vDk; ,ae;jpuj;ij fz;Lg;gpbj;jhu;. ,jd; %yk; gjg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,Uk;ig cw;gj;jp nra;a Kbe;jJ.
,jidj; njhlu;e;J 1856Mk; Mz;L n`d;wp Ng];ku; vd;gtu; ,Uk;gpypUe;J fopTfis mfw;wp
cUf;F cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; Kiwiaf; fz;Lg;gpbj;jhu;. n`d;wp Ng];ku; fz;Lg;gpbj;j ,k;Kiw
NkYk; mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;L 1860Mk; Mz;L jpwe;j ,Uk;G ciy ,ae;jpuk;
fz;Lg;gpbf;fg;gl;lJ. ,t;tpae;jpuj;jpd; %yk; cau; juj;jpyhd ,Uk;GUf;F cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;lJ.
gpd;du; tpy;ypak; rPkd;]; vd;gtu; kpd; mLg;ig fz;Lg;gpbj;jhu;. ,Uk;Gj;jhij cUf;ff; $ba ,g;
Gjpa ,ae;jpuj;jpd; %yk; ,Uk;GUf;F nraw;ghL Jupj tsu;rr ; p fz;lJ.

06. ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpapd; nry;thf;F fhuzkhd tptrhaj; Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l tsu;r;rpapid

3 cjhuzq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;L tpsf;Ff.

• ghupa tptrhag; gz;izfs; cUthf;fg;gl;lik -

ifj;njhopy;kakhf;fYld; ghupa njhopw;rhiyfs; cUthdjd; fhuzkhf mjpfsthd kf;fs;

efu;Gwk; Nehf;fp <u;ff
; g;gl;ljd; fhuzkhf mtu;fspd; epyq;fspy; gapu;r; nra;if
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy. mNj Nghd;W fpuhk Gwq;fspy; vQ;rpapUe;j rpW epy cupikahsu;fSf;Fk;
jkJ tptrha epyq;fis gy;NtW fhuzq;fshy; iftpl Ntz;ba epiy Vw;gl;lJ. ,t;thW
iftplg;gl;l epyq;fisAk; tptrhapfsplk; nfhs;tdT nra;ag;gl;l rpW epyq;fisAk; xd;wpizj;J
ghupa tptrha gz;izfs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld. ,J epy milg;G ,af;fk; my;yJ Ntypailg;G
,af;fk; vdg;gl;lJ. ,t;tptrhag; gz;izfspy; tptrhak; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;likahy; tptrhaj;
Jiw ghupa tsu;rr ; p fz;lJ.

• gapu;r; nra;if eltbf;iffspy; epykhw;W Kiw mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lik -

gapu;r; nra;if eltbf;iffSf;fhf epykhw;WKiw mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lik %yk; Neha;g;

gutiy Fiwg;gjw;Fk; tpisr;rspd; tpidj;jpwid mjpfupg;gjw;Fk; cjtpahf mike;jJ.
,t;thwhd epykhw;W KiwAld; ,ize;j tifapy; #ow;rp Kiw gapu;r; nra;ifAk;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,t;thwhd #ow;rp Kiw gapu;r; nra;if %yk; epyj;;jpd; jd;ik ghjpf;fg;glhJ
Ngzg;gl;L te;jJ. epykhw;W Kiw kw;Wk; #ow;rp Kiw vd;gd tptrhaj;jpy; ftzk;
nrYj;jg;gl;lik %yk; #oypd; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; tpisr;ry;fspd; ghJfhg;G vd;gtw;wpy; ftzk;
nrYj;jpAs;sikia mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. vdpDk; gpw;fhyj;;jpy; ,urhad cuq;fs kw;Wk; fpUkp
ehrpdpfs; vd;gd fz;Lg;gpbf;fg;gl;ld. ,it #oYf;F Mgj;jhf mike;jd.

• tptrhaj;Jiwapy; Gjpa fz;Lg;gpbg;Gfs; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lik -

tptrha cw;gj;jpfis mjpfupg;gjw;fhf gy Gjpa fz;Lg;gpbg;Gf;fis tptrha Jiwapy;

mwpKfk; nra;jdu;. n[d;Nuhl;ly; vd;gtu; Vu; G+l;lg;gl;l Fjpiufs; %yk; tupirahf gapupLk;
Kiwia mwpKfk; nra;jhu;. ,jd; %yk; tpisr;rYf;fhf gad;gLk; tpijfspd; msitf;
Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F Kbe;jJ. NkYk; mjpf tpisr;risg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sTk; ,k;Kiw
 cjtpahf mike;jJ. ,jidj; njhlu;e;J nuhgl; ngf;nty; vd;gtu; nrk;kwpfs; MLfs;
,dg;ngUf;fk; njhlu;gpyhd Gjpa fz;Lg;gpbg;Gf;fis Kd;itj;jhu;. NkYk; tptrha nraw;ghLfspd;
NghJ fhLfis mopg;gjw;Fk; epyj;ij gz;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; tpijfis cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;Fk; etPd
fUtpfs; fz;Lg;gpbf;fg;gl;L gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. 1800 Mk; Mz;L njd;dhgpupf;fhtpy; FthNdh cuk;
cw;gj;;jp nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,jidj; njhlu;e;J mnkupf;fhtpYk; ,t;Tuq;fs; jahupf;fg;gl;ld.

07. ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp fhyj;jpy; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; nerTf; ifj;njhopy; tpiuthf

Kd;NdWtjpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpa ,U fhuzq;fis Fwpg;;gpl;L tpsf;Ff.

• nerTj; Jiwapy; Gjpa ,ae;jpu rhjdq;fs; fz;Lg;gpbf;fg;gl;lik -

gpupj;jhdpahtpy; nerT cw;gj;jpia Jupj tsu;r;rpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf gy;NtW Gjpa ,ae;jpuq;fs;

fz;Lg;gpbf;fg;gl;ld. 1733y; N[hd; Nf vd;gtu; fz;Lg;gpbj;j gwf;Fk; Ehdhop ,ae;jpuk; %yk;
nerT nraw;ghL Jupjg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jidj; njhlu;e;J N[k;]; `hfpuPt;]; fz;Lg;gpbj;j n[dp
,ae;jpuj;jpd; %yk; Ehy; Ehw;Fk; nraw;ghL ,yFthdJ. gpd;du; upr;rl; Mf;iul; fz;Lg;gpbj;j ePu;r;
rf;fuk; %yk; ePu; tYitg; gad;gLj;jp Ehy; Ehw;f Kbe;jJ. gpd;du; rhKnty; nfhwk;g;ld; vd;gtu;
fz;Lg;gpbj;j kpA+y; ,ae;jpuj;jpd; %yk; nkd;ikahdJk; rf;jp tha;e;jJkhd Ehiy cw;gj;jp
nra;a Kbe;jJ. ,e;j kpA+y; ,ae;jpuj;ij ePuhtpiaf; nfhz;L ,af;Fk; Kiwia vl;kd; fhl;iu
vd;gtu; fz;Lg;gpbj;jhu;.

• gpupj;jhdpahtpd; gUj;jpj; JzpfSf;F FbNaw;w ehLfspy; mjpf Nfs;tp epytpaik -

gpupj;jhdpahtpd; JzptiffSf;F FbNaw;w ehLfspy; fzg;gl;l cau;e;j Nfs;tpfs; fhuzkhf

Gilit cw;gj;;jpia FWfpa fhyj;;jpDs; mjpfupf;f Ntz;ba Njit gpupj;jhdpahTf;F Vw;gl;lJ.
,J me;ehl;L Gilit cw;gj;jpahsu;fSf;F ngUk; rthyhf mike;jJ. gpupj;jhdpahtpd;
gUj;jpj;JzpfSf;F mjpf Nfs;tp epytpa FbNaw;w ehlhf ,e;jpahitf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
gpupj;jhdpahtpd; gUj;jpj; JzpfSf;F FbNaw;w ehLfspy; mjpf Nfs;tp epytpa NghjpYk; mJtiu
fhyKk; fhzg;gl;l gioa cw;gj;jp Kiwfshy; FWfpa fhyj;jpDs; Gilit cw;gj;jpia
mjpfupf;f Kbatpy;iy. ,r;rthiy vjpu;f;nfhs;;Sk; tifapy; gpupj;jhdpahtpd; nerTj; Jiwapy;
gy;NtW Gjpa ,ae;jpu rhjdq;fs; fz;Lg;gpbf;fg;gl;L gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

08. ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpapd; nry;thf;fpdhy; cyf nghUdhjhu Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;

2If; Fwpg;gpl;L tpsf;Ff.

• $l;L tu;j;jf fk;gdpfs; cUthf;fpf; nfhs;sg;gl;lik -

ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpapd; gpd;du; tu;j;jf eltb;fiffs; ngUkstpy; tpuptile;Jr; nrd;wd.

,t;thW tpuptile;Jr; nry;Yk; tu;j;jf eltbf;iffSf;fhd KjyPLfis jdpg;gl;l
Kaw;rpahsu;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;s Kbahj epiy Vw;gl;lJ. vdNt ,jw;F jPu;T fhZk; tpjkhf
Kaw;rpahsu;fs; gyu; xd;wpize;J jdpj;jdp $l;L tu;j;jf fk;gdpfis cUthf;fpf; nfhz;ldu;.
,t;tu;j;jf fk;gdpfs; jkJ Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;Wk; tifapy; jkJ ehLfspd; mur
mDruizAld; Mrpa> Mgpupf;f> ,yj;jPd; mnkupf;f ehLfspy; jkJ tu;j;jf eltbf;iffis
tpupthf;fpf; nfhz;ld.

• tu;j;jfg; nghUshjhuk; Kd;dzpf;F te;jJ -

ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpapdhy; Vw;gl;l ghupa nghUshjhu khw;wkhf tu;j;jf nghUshjhu

eltbf;ifiaf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ifj;njhopy; cw;gj;jpfs; mjpfupj;jjd; tpisthf tu;j;jf
nghUshjhuk; ngUk; tsu;r;rpf; fz;lJ. ,Jtiuf; fhykhf epytp te;j jd;dpiwT nghUshjhu
Kiw tPo;rr
; paile;J Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp nghUshjhu Kiw Ntfkhf tsu;rr ; pf; fz;lJ. ,jd;
tpisthf r%fj;jpy; njhopyhsu; tFg;G Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. vt;thW cs;ehl;L tu;j;jfk; Jupj
 tsu;r;rpf; fz;lNjh mt;thNw tpiutpy; ntspehl;L tu;j;jf eltbf;ifapYk; Kd;Ndw;wq;fs;
Vw;gl;ld. MfNt Kjyhspj;Jt nghUshjhu Kiw cynfq;Fk; Ntfkhf gutpaJ.

09. ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpapdhy; Vw;gl;l jPa tpisTfs; 2If; Fwpg;gpl;L tpsf;Ff.

• #oy; ghupastpy; khriltpw;F cw;gl;lik -

ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpapd; tpisthf njhopw;rhiyfs; ngUkstpy; mjpfupj;jd. ,jd; tpisthf

#oypd; ePu; kw;Wk; tsp Mfpad ghupastpy; jhf;fj;jpw;F cs;shfpd. njhopw;rhiyfspy; ,Ue;J
ntspahFk; Gif> tspkz;lyj;jpy; mjpfstpy; gbtjdhy; tsp khrilT mjpfupj;jJ. ,jd;
tpisthf Rthrk; njhlu;ghd Neha;fSf;F kf;fs; ,yFtpy; cs;shfpdu;. NkYk;
njhopw;rhiyfspy; ,Ue;J ntspahFk; foTfs; ePUld; NrUtjdhy; ePu; tsk; khrilTf;F
cs;shdJ. ,jd; tpisthf mjpfsthd ePu; tho; capupdq;fs; mopit re;jpf;f NeupLfpd;wJ.
ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpapd; tpisthf cw;gj;jpfs; mjpfupj;J kdpjdpd; nraw;ghLfs; ,yFgLj;jgl;l
NghjpYk; kdpjdpd; MNuhf;fpakhd Rf tho;T Nfs;tpf;Fwpf;F cs;shdJ.

• njhopyhsu;fspd; tho;f;ifj;juk; ftiyf;fplkhdjhf khwpaik -

ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpapd; tpisthf nry;te;j tu;f;fj;jpdu; ghupa Kd;Ndw;wk; mile;j NghjpYk;

coif;Fk; kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj;juk; kpfTk; ftiyf;fplkhdjhf khwpaJ. jkJ tho;f;ifia
elhj;Jtjw;fhf njhopyhsu; tu;ff ; j;jpy; fhzg;gl;l fztd; kidtp Mfpa ,UtUNk Ntiy
nra;a Ntz;ba epiy Vw;gl;lJ. rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; mtu;fs; jkJ gps;isfisAk; Ntiyf;F
mku;j;j Ntz;ba epiy cUthdJ. njhopyhsu;fs; xU ehisf;F 12 kzpj;jpahyq;fs; my;yJ 14
kzpj;jpahyq;fs; Ntiy nra;aNtz;ba epiy fhzg;gl;lJ. njhopyhsu; tu;ff ; j;jpy; fhzg;gl;l
rpWtu;fSk; ngz;fSk;> trjpfsw;wJk; ghJfhg;gw;wJkhd njhopw;rhiyfspy; kpff; fbdkhf
Ntiy nra;aNtz;ba epiyf;F js;sg;gl;ldu;.