NFAT Prep India (NPI)

Coding And Decoding

Coding and Decoding – Logical Reasoning

Coding and Decoding is a type of logical reasoning question where
words, numbers, or letters are replaced with other words,
numbers, or letters according to a specific rule or pattern. You are
required to identify the logic and decode or encode the required word
or number.

Types of Coding and Decoding

1. Letter Coding
In this, letters of a word are replaced with other letters based on a
particular pattern.

Example:
If PEN is coded as QFO, then what is the code for INK?
Solution:
• P → Q (+1)
• E → F (+1)
• N → O (+1)
So,
• I→J
• N→O
• K→L
Answer: JOL

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 NFAT Prep India (NPI)
2. Number Coding
Here, words are coded into numbers using a certain logic (e.g., place
value, sum, multiplication, etc.)

Example:
If CAT = 3120, how is it coded?
Solution:
• C = 3, A = 1, T = 20 (position in alphabet)
So CAT = 3 1 20 → 3120

3. Symbol Coding (Mixed Coding)

In this type, a set of sentences is given with code words, and you
have to find the code for a particular word using comparison.

Example:
1. "Blue sky high" → pa lo na
2. "Sky is clear" → lo si ta
3. "Blue is water" → pa si ra
Find the code for “Blue”.
Solution:
• Blue is in sentences 1 and 3 → Codes: (pa lo na) and (pa si ra)
• Common code is pa
Answer: Blue → pa

4. Substitution Coding
In this type, names or objects are substituted with other names. You
must find the real meaning behind the code.

Example:
If "Water" is called "Juice", "Juice" is called "Tea", "Tea" is called "Milk",
then what do you drink when thirsty?
Answer: Water is called Juice, so you drink 'Juice'.
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 NFAT Prep India (NPI)

5. Decoding by Alphabetical Positions

This involves using the positions of letters in the alphabet (A=1, B=2,
..., Z=26) to decode.

Example:
If BEAR is coded as ZCYT, find the logic.
Solution:
• B → Z (-2)
• E → C (-2)
• A → Y (-2)
• R → T (+2)
So there may be different logic applied to parts of the word.

6. Forward and Backward Letter Shifting

Letters may be shifted forward or backward by a fixed number of
positions.

Example:
If DOOR → FQQT, what is the logic?
Solution:
Each letter is shifted +2:
• D→F
• O→Q
• O→Q
• R→T
Answer: +2 letter shift

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 NFAT Prep India (NPI)
Practice Questions
Question 1. In a certain code “SAND” is written as “UCPF”. How is
“STONE” is written in that code?
a) SRLFE
b) UNSOP
c) UVQPG
d) UDLPQ
Answer: c
Explanation: Here, each letter moves +2 from its position.
i.e. S→U, A→C, N→P, D→F.
Similarly, S→U, T→V, O→Q, N→P, E→G.
Hence, the answer is UVQPG.
Question 2. In a certain code “LION” is written as “MNHK”. How
is “MONKEY” is written in that code?
a) BWKXSU
b) XDJMNL
c) FSHXIL
d) GQWPJS
Answer: b
Explanation: Here, reverse the words and move -1 from its original
position.
i.e. for “LION” the reversed word is NOIL and the code is MNHK.
Similarly, for “MONKEY” the reversed word is YEKNOM and the code
is XDJMNL.
Hence, the answer is XDJMNL.
Question 3. In a certain code “CODE” is written as “DPEF”. How
is “DEFENCE” is written in that code?
a) EFGFODF
b) HRAOSCV
c) KWMCJFL
d) ELDFSAP
Answer: a
Explanation: Here, each letter moves +1 from its original position.
i.e. for “CODE” C→D, O→P, D→E, E→F.
Similarly, for “DEFENCE” the code is EFGFODF.
Hence, the answer is EFGFODF.

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 NFAT Prep India (NPI)
Question 4. In a certain code “CH4IR” is written as “GL8MV”.
How is “1N5T4GR4M” is written in that code?
a) 4HFID8E8N
b) 5R9X8KV8Q
c) 4P8W7JU8O
d) 5KF2E4GR4
Answer: b
Explanation: Here, each alphabet and number moves +4 from its
original position.
i.e. C→G, H→L, 4→8, I→M, R→V.
Similarly, for 1N5T4GR4M the code is 5R9X8KV8Q.
Hence, the answer is 5R9X8KV8Q.
Question 5. If in the English alphabet, every alternate letter from
D onwards is written in capital letters while others are written in
small, then how will the 3rd day from Monday will be coded?
a) WEdNesDaY
b) weDNesDay
c) FrIDay
d) THuRsDay
Answer: d
Explanation: Here, the capital letters are D, F, H, J, L, N, P, R, T, V, X,
Z. The third day from monday will be thursday and code will be
THuRsDay.
Hence, the answer is THuRsDay.
Question 6. In a certain code “POSTAL” is written as “PPSUAM”.
How is “JOURNAL” written in that code?
a) SRLFEDR
b) JDKDSAL
c) JPUSNBL
d) UDLPQKA
Answer: c
Explanation: Here, after first letter every alternate letter of the word
moves +1 from its position.
i.e. for POSTAL, O→P, T→U, L→M.
Similarly, for JOURNAL, O→P, R→S, A→B.
Hence, the answer is JPUSNBL.

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 NFAT Prep India (NPI)
Question 7. In a certain code “HORSE” is written as “DRQNG”.
How is “DONKEY” written in that code?
a) BWKXUA
b) XDJMNC
c) SHXALC
d) GQWPNC

Answer: b
Explanation: Here, reverse the words and move -1 from its original
position.
i.e. for “HORSE” the reversed word is ESROH and the code is DRQNG.
Similarly, for “DONKEY” the reversed word is YEKNOD and the code is
XDJMNC.
Hence, the answer is XDJMNC.

Question 8. In a certain code “564” means “study very hard”,

“736” means “hard work pays” and “423” means “study and
work”. Which of the following is the code for “hard”?
a) 6
b) 4
c) 5
d) 3

Answer: a
Explanation: Here, in the first and second statement, the common
code number is ‘6’ and common word is ‘hard’. In the second and third
statement the common code number is ‘3’ and common word is ‘work’.
In first and third statement, the common code number is ‘4’ and
common word is ‘study’.
Therefore, 3→work, 4→study, 6→hard.
This gives, 2→and, 5→very, 7→pays.
Hence the answer is 6.

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 NFAT Prep India (NPI)
Question 9. In a certain code “DOG” is written as “13”. Then how
can “HEAR” be written in that code?
a) 58
b) 32
c) 27
d) 16
Answer: d
Explanation: Here, the positional values of alphabets are added and
then divided by 2.
i.e. D→4 + O→15 + G→7 = 26÷2 = 13.
Similarly, for HEAR→ 8+5+1+18 = 32÷2 = 16
Hence, the answer is 16.
Question 10. In a certain code “FL4M3” is written as “IO7P6”.
How is “L1GH7” written in that code?
a) F1D8E
b) X8KV8
c) O4JK10
d) 2E4R4
Answer: c
Explanation: Here, each alphabet and number moves +3 from its
original position.
i.e. F→I, L→O, 4→7, M→P, 3→6.
Similarly, for L1GH7 the code is O4JK10.
Hence, the answer is O4JK10

Question 11. In a certain code “INTEL” is written as “JPWIQ”.

How is “CABLE” written in that code?
a) SRLFE
b) JDKAL
c) DCEPJ
d) UDQKA
Answer: c
Explanation: Here, every letter of the word moves +n from its position
where n is position of alphabet in the word.
i.e. for INTEL, I+1→J, N+2→P, T+3→W, E+4→I, L→Q.
Similarly, for CABLE, C+1→D, A+2→C, B+3→E, L+4→P, E+5→J.
Hence, the answer is DCEPJ.

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 NFAT Prep India (NPI)
Question 12. In a certain code “ROBOT” is written as “SPCPU”.
How “BRAIN” is written in that code?
a) CSBJO
b) SPUPS
c) NJELV
d) ESAPT
Answer: a
Explanation: Here, each letter moves +1 from its original position.
i.e. for “ROBOT” R→S, O→P, B→C, O→P, T→U.
Similarly, for “BRAIN” the code is CSBJO.
Hence, the answer is CSBJO.

Question 13. In a certain code “FLOURINE” is written as

“FLouRiNe”. How is “GASOLINE” written in that code?
a) GaSOlINe
b) gAsOlInE
c) gasoLiNE
d) GAsOliNE
Answer: c
Explanation: Here, according to the positions of the alphabets, odd
position alphabets are written in small letters whereas, even position
alphabets are written in capital letters.
Hence, the answer is gasoLiNE.

Question 14. In a certain code “DUTIES” is written as “DTUEIS”.

How can “SYMBOL” be written in that code?
a) SYBOML
b) YSBNLO
c) SMYOBL
d) SBMYLO
Answer: c
Explanation: Here, after first letter of the word the remaining letters
are swapped with its adjacent letter.
Therefore for SYMBOL the code is SMYOBL
Hence, the answer is SMYOBL.

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 NFAT Prep India (NPI)
Question 15. If ‘white’ is called ‘yellow’, ‘yellow’ is called ‘blue’,
‘blue’ is called ‘red’, ‘red’ is called ‘black’ and ‘black’ is called
‘violet’, then what would be the colour of human blood?
a) Red
b) Violet
c) Black
d) Yellow
Answer: c
Explanation: Here, the colour of human blood is red and it is given
that ‘red’ is called ‘black’.
Hence, the answer is Black.

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