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is defined as a “careful, critical,

disciplined inquiry, varying in
technique and method according
to the nature and conditions of
the problem identified, directed
toward the clarification or
resolution of a problem.

is an evaluation and analysis of (or case report) is a

the potential of a proposed
project which is based on descriptive, exploratory
extensive investigation and or explanatory analysis
research to support the process of
decision making. of a person, group or
event.

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1. To discover new facts about known 5. Discover pathways of action of

phenomena. known substances and elements.
2. To find answers to problems which
6. To order related, valid
are only partially solved by existing
methods and information. generalizations into
3. Improve existing techniques and systematized science.
develop new instruments or products. 7. To provide basis for decision-
4. To discover previously unrecognized making in business, industry,
substances or elements. education, government, and in
other undertakings.

8. To satisfy the researcher’s curiosity. 12. To improve educational

9. To find answers to queries by means practices for raising the quality
of scientific methods. of school products.
10. To acquire a better and deeper
13. To improve health and prolong
understanding about one
phenomenon that can be known and life.
understood better. 14. To provide man with more of his
11. To expand or verify existing basic needs.
knowledge. 15. To make work, travel and
communication faster.

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 Research gathers new knowledge or  Research is systematic.

 Research is controlled.
data from primary or first-hand  Research is empirical.
sources.  Research is analytical.
 Research is expert, systematic and  Research is objective, unbiased and logical.
Research employs hypothesis.
accurate investigation. 
 Research employs quantitative or statistical methods.
 Research is logical and objective  Research is original work.
Research is done by an expert.
 Research endeavors to organize data

 Research is accurate investigation, observation and
in quantitative terms description.
 Research is carefully recorded and  Research is patient and unhurried activity.
 Research requires an effort-making capacity.
reported.  Research requires courage.

 According to purpose According to goal

 Predictive or prognostic research that has the
purpose of determining the future operation of  Basic or pure research is done
the variables under investigation with the aim for the development of theories
of controlling or redirecting such for the
better.
or principles.
 Directive Research determines what should be  Applied research is the
done based on the findings.
application of the results of
 Illuminative research is concerned with the
interaction of the components of the variable pure research.
being investigated.

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 According to the levels of investigation According to type of analysis

 In exploratory research, the  Analytic approach – the
researcher studies the variables researcher attempts to identify
pertinent to a specific situation. and isolate the components of the
 In descriptive research, the
research situation.
experimenter studies the relationship
 Holistic approach – begins with
of the variables.
the total situation, focusing
 In experimental research, the
experimenter studies the effects of attention on the system first and
the variables on each other. then on its internal relationships.

 According to choice of answers to  According to statistical content

problems  Quantitative or statistical research –
 Evaluation research – all possible is one in which inferential statistics
courses of action are specified and are utilized to determine the results
identified and the research tries to of the study.
find the most advantageous.  Qualitative research – in which the
 Developmental research – the focus use of quantity or statistics is
is on finding or developing a more practically nil.
suitable instrument or process than
has been available.

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 Tradition
According to time element
 Authority
 Historical research describes  Inaccurate observation
what was  Overgeneralization

 Descriptive research describes  Selective observation

 Made-up information
what is
 Illogical reasoning
 Experimental research describes  Ego-involvement in understanding
what will be  Mystification
 To err is human
 Dogmatism (fanaticism)

 Determining the problem  Rigid control – refers to the manipulation of

 Forming a hypothesis the research variables.
 Doing the library search
 Objectivity – means that there should be no
bias or partiality in treating the results of the
 Designing the study
inquiry.
 Developing the instruments for collecting data
 Systematic organization – refers to proper
 Collecting the data and accurate tabulation of data as well as
 Analyzing the data presenting them in statistical tables ready
 Determining implications and conclusions from for interpretation.
the findings  Rigorous standards – refers to setting up of
 Making recommendations for further research.
standards or principles which serve as bases
for evaluating the findings of a study.