HERIDITY AND EVOLUTION

[Link] do asexually reproducing organisms shows very little variation and

what is cause of this variation?
[Link] the survival of variants have equal chances? If not explain the
factors on which survival depends.
[Link] the creation of variation in certain species promotes survival?
[Link] did Mendel select pea plant for his experiment?
[Link] are the seven contrasting character observed by Mendel in pea
plant?
[Link] schematic figure show inheritance of any trait over two
generations?
[Link] schematic figure show independent inheritance o0f two separate
traits.
[Link] experiment confirms that the F2 generation did in fact have a
1:2:1 ratio. Show this giving an example.
9.A man with blood group A marries a woman with blood group O and
their daughter has blood group O. With schematic figure explain how this
could be possible?
[Link] describe sex determination in human beings.
[Link] did Mendel’s experiment show that traits might be dominant or
recessive?
[Link] an example in which adaptation in the population fit an organism
better in its environment.
[Link] does genetic drift change the frequency of same gene? Explain
this giving an example.
[Link] tails of rats are cut upto many generation’s tailless rats are not
found. Why?
[Link] is the limitation of Darwin’s natural selection?
[Link] the scientist who proved that life originated from a-biogenetic
molecule?
[Link] are the factors that led to the rise of new species?
[Link] is microevolution? What are its limitations?
[Link] speciation? How do evolution of species occur due to
speciation?
[Link] between homologous and analogous organs with examples
of animals and plants.
[Link] are fossils? How do fossils provide evidences of evolution of
species?
[Link] one example that explains that a change that is useful for one
property can become useful later for a quite different function.
[Link] is the basic event in evolution process?
[Link] the scientific name of man.
[Link] did first thinking man appear on the earth surface?
How is equal genetic contribution of male and female parent ensured in
the progeny?
REV. QUESTIONS BIO CLASS X-HEREDITY AND EVOLUTION
QUESTIONS:

[Link] heredity. Give example of inherited traits.

[Link] do asexually reproducing organisms show very little variation?
[Link] does creation of variation in a species promote survival?
[Link] did Mendel select pea plant in his experiment?
[Link] is the symbol used for a trait (tall) denoted by two letters such as
TT, Tt or tt?
[Link] the result of Mendel’s monohybrid cross.
[Link] experiment would we do to confirm that F2 generation did in fact
have a ratio of 1:2:1?
[Link] is dihybrid cross? What is the ratio of F2 hybrid?
[Link] do traits get expressed?
[Link] example of animals in which sex is not genetically determined.
[Link] evolution, give examples.
[Link] between inherited and acquired traits.
[Link] the contribution of [Link] is the limitation in his theory?
[Link] speciation. What factors could led to rise of a new species?
[Link] is the relationship between classification and evolution?
[Link] are homologous organs? Give examples?
[Link] are analogous organs give examples?
[Link] do study of fossils help in evolutionary process?
[Link] example to explain that evolution has taken place in stages not
by a single DNA change?
[Link] are human beings who look so different from each other in terms
of size colour and looks said to belong to same species?
[Link] are characteristics?

ANSWERS

[Link] transmission of characters from parents to offspring from one

generation to another is called heredity. Inherited traits are characters
that are transferred from one generation to another. E.g. Height, skin
colour, ability to roll tongue, hemophilia.
[Link] reproducing organisms have same genetic make up, so they
show very little variations which is due to (i) small inaccuracies in DNA
copying (mutation) , (ii) influence of environment which is not heritable.
[Link] chance of survival depends on nature of variation. It has adaptive
advantage; the organism is selected by nature and survives. E.g. Heat
resistant bacteria.
4.(i) Small and easy to grow (ii) bisexual flower (iii) self fertilizing in nature
and also cross bread experimentally. (iii) Produce large number of
offspring (iv) life cycle completes in one season (v) available in many
contrasting characters.
[Link] each trait is influenced by both paternal and maternal DNA..
6.(i) Only one of the parental trait is observed in F1 progeny when two
contrasting character of a trait is considered. (ii) The trait which is seen in
F1 hybrid is dominant one. (iii)When F1 hybrid is self pollinated both the
characteristics appear in ratio of 3:1 which shows that F1 hybrid has the
traits of both characteristics.
[Link] doing self pollination ,TT- 100% tall plants, Tt- 3:1 tall and dwarf
plants, tt- 100% dwarf plants
[Link] contrasting characters are taken at a time in this cross. F1 hybrid
shows only dominant characters. Ratio-9:3:3:1
9.(i)Chromosomes present in nucleus contain hereditary information.
(ii)Chromosomes are made up of DNA and protein. Its important
component is DNA.(iii)Chromosomes occur in pair, one comes from
mother and others from father.(iv)Part of DNA responsible for a trait is
called gene.(v) A gene is expressed in the form of proteins. E.g. for
tallness of a plant if proteins work efficiently a lot of hormone will be
produced and the plant will be tall.
10.(I) snail-can change sex. (II) turtle-High incubation temperature leads
to develop female offspring. (III) Lizard-High incubation temperature leads
to develop male offspring.
[Link] means ‘unfolding or unrolling’ change from one condition to another.
It means members of a species change generation after generation in
accordance with environmental requirements to turn into new species. It
is the process of cumulative change of living population and in the
descendant populations of organisms. Evolution is a change in the genetic
composition of a population. It is due to errors in DNA copying as a result
of sexual reproduction. Example---- (A) NATURAL SELECTION-It brings
about adaptive relations between organisms and environment by favoring
the reproduction and survival of those individuals which are found more
suited in the given environment. (B) GENETIC DRIFT—Random change in
the frequency occurring by chance irrespective of its being beneficial or
harmful. In small population, for this reason some unfavorable character
may be fixed or beneficial character may be lost. (C) Changes take place,
but the change is not inherited in germ cells, so reappear.
[Link] TRAITS—(i) This character develops in an organism due to
influence of environmental condition, use and disuse of organs etc. (ii) The
characters are restricted to somatic cells only. (iii)The traits cannot be
inherited. E.g. decrease of weight due to starvation, strong muscle of a
wrestler. INHERITED TRAIT-(i) this character develops in an organism due
to change in the germ cells. The cause of the change is due to
inaccuracies in DNA copying. (ii) The trait is coded in genes of
chromosomes.(iii) The trait is inherited. E.g. colorblindness, hemophilia.
[Link] Darwin explained how evolution might have occurred in nature
from simple to complex form and origin of species by natural selection.
Limitation—He could not explain how living organism originated on earth
surface.
[Link] is origin of new species. FACTORS-(i)natural selection (ii)
genetic drift (iii)reproductive isolation (iv)mutation
[Link] more characteristics two species will have in common, the more
closely they are related. They will also have a common ancestor.
Classification is done basing on similarities and dissimilarities. So
classification of species is in fact a reflection of their evolutionary
relationship.
[Link] organs which have same fundamental structure but are different in
function are called homologues organs. E.g. fore limbs of frog, lizard,
whale and man.
[Link] organs which have similar function but differ in structural details
and origin. E.g. Wings of bat, birds and insects.
[Link] are remains or impressions of the hard parts of the past
individuals in the strata of the earth. Since rocks are laid down
sequentially, with older rocks laid down before, and thus below, younger
rocks, the chronological sequence of an organism can be inferred from
where the fossils are found.
19.(a)Feathers were firstly developed in dinosaurs provide insulations in
cold weather, later on developed in birds used for flight, which indicated
close relationship between birds and reptiles. This also indicates character
which developed for one function is later used for entirely different
function. (b)Eyes- planaria-rudimentary eyes which are photosensitive
spots. Insects-compound eyes. Octopus and vertebrates-complex
structure. The structure of eye in each of these organism is different
enough for them to have separate evolutionary origin.(c)Very dissimilar
structure may evolve from common ancestral design. E.g.-from wild
cabbage man has developed cabbage, cauliflower, kohlrabi, kale and
broccoli.
[Link] they can interbreed.
[Link] are details of appearance or behaviour.