Science Examination F.

1 2nd
term 2021
Cell
The cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room") is
the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of
all known organisms. A cell is the smallest unit of life.
Cells are often called the "building blocks of life".

Cell membrane: plant cells and controls the movement of

substances into and out of the cell
Nucleus: Contains genetic materials which control the activities of
the cell
Cytoplasm: The medium where chemical reactions take place
Cell wall: Protects, supports and gives shape to a plant cell
Chloroplast: Site where photosynthesis takes place in order to
make food

Microscope
Microscope are used to see things that we can’t see with a naked
eye. It produce magnified images of small objects. There are 2
types of microscope. Light microscope and Electron microscope.
Light microscope is used at school laboratories. Electron
microscopes can magnify the image of the object up to several
million times.
DNA
Inside the nuclei of cells, the same set of material called DNA
carries information and determines the kinds of proteins produced
in our body. So, DNA is the genetic material that determines our
different traits. It determines our body structure and functions, and
we say DNA is ‘the book of our life’. A DNA molecule is made up of
a structure called “Double helix”. It can coil up with a kind of
protein to form a thread that is called a chromosome. So,
chromosome=DNA + protein. There are four kinds of bases for
DNA: A, T, G, and C for short. A could only pair with T and G could
only pair with C. The way how the bases pair up is known as
complementary base pairing.

Chromosomes
Different living things have different number of chromosomes in
the nucleus of the body cells. Chromosomes exist in pairs. Human
beings have 23 pairs of chromosomes. The 23 pairs of
chromosomes contain gene that determines our body activities and
traits. The first 22 pairs of chromosomes are known as autosomes.
The 23rd pair of chromosomes are known as sex chromosomes and
determine the sex of an individual. The sex chromosomes of male
and female are labelled as XY and XX respectively. In the male body
cell, the chromosomes are XY. However, in the female body cell,
the chromosomes are XX. There are one long and one short
chromosomes in the male body cell while there are two long ones in
the female body cell.

Cell division and growth

When a living thing grows, the number of cells in their bodies
increase by cell division. During cell division, the cytoplasm divides
into two. (Each daughter cell contains a nucleus). These are
referred as daughter cells. The daughter cells absorb nutrients and
divide again. As a result of repeated cell divisions and the increase
in size of cells, living things grow bigger. As the cells increase in
size, they develop different structures and into specific shapes so
that they can perform different functions in the body. This is called
cell differentiation. Different kinds of cells performs different
actions. Some cells are specialized for carrying messages, Nerve
cells carry messages, skin cells make a good protective layer for
the body, fat cells store fat to keep the body warm, muscle cells
make the body move and red blood cells carry out oxygen. Nerve
cells, muscle cells and red blood cells are differentiated from stem
cells. Plants also have special cells for different functions. Leaf cells
contain chloroplast to carry out photosynthesis. Transporting cells
transport water, nutrients and minerals throughout the plant. Root
hair cells increases the surface area of the root in contact with the
soil, so it can absorb more water and minerals.

Level of organization of living things

CellTissueOrganSystemOrganism

Tissues
Tissues are groups of similar cells working together
Human tissues:
 Muscle tissues (Movement)
 Nerve tissues (Carrying messages in the body)
 Bone tissues (support)
Plant tissues
 Vascular tissue (transport water, nutrients and minerals)
 Epidermal tissue (protection)
Systems of human
 Digestive
 Breathing
 Reproductive
 Nervous
 Circulatory

Human reproduction
There are two types of reproduction: asexual reproduction and
sexual reproduction.
1. Asexual reproduction, e.g. a bacterium reproduce by diving itself
into two daughter cells
2. Sexual reproduction, the female parent produces female sex cells
called ova (singular ovum) while the male parent produces male
sex cells called sperms, e.g. human reproduction. During the sexual
reproduction,
the ovum and the sperm join together to form a fertilized ovum (or
zygote
), which will develop into a new individual.

Sperms
The sperm looks like a tadpole. It is a nucleus inside the head. It
carries genetic materials of the male parent. It carries 22
autosomes and 1 X/Y (half half) sex cell. The food store can also
support the embryo development before implantation.

Ova
The ovum is a sphere. It is surrounded by a jelly coat. The nucleus
of it carries the genetic materials of the female parent. It can’t
move. It carries 22 autosomes and 1 X sex cell. Ova have food
store. Thus they stay alive longer and this increases the chance of
fertilization.

Male reproductive system

Fertilization
During sexual intercourse, the husband inserts his erect penis into
the vagina of his wife. Semen containing millions of sperms is
ejected into the vagina. The sperms swim up through the uterus
into the oviducts. If an ovum is present in the oviduct, one of the
sperms may fuse with the ovum to form a zygote (also called a
fertilized ovum). This process is called fertilization.

Implantation
After fertilization, the zygote divides many times to form a ball of
cells called an embryo. The embryo is moved through the oviduct to
the uterus. It then attaches to the uterine lining. This process is
called implantation.

Development
The embryo develops in a bag called amnion. It is filled with watery
liquid which acts as a cushion to protect the embryo from shock.
The site where the embryo is located, a placenta starts to form. It is
attached to the baby by an umbilical cord. The embryo gets oxygen
and nutrients from its mother, and get rid of carbon dioxide and
other wastes. It developed into a foetus about 8 weeks after
fertilization. After38 weeks after fertilization, the foetus is ready to
be born.

Birth of baby
When the baby is about to be born, it normally changes its position
and lies with its head downwards. Labour (the birth giving process)
begins with a sign of pain in the abdomen. The amnion breaks and
the watery liquid flows out to lubricate the vagina. The opening of
the uterus becomes wider. The muscles of the uterus contract more
strongly and frequently to push the baby out. After birth, the baby
cries for the first time and takes its first breath. The doctor then
clamps and cuts the umbilical cord. Its remains will dry up and fall
off. The scar left behind is the navel. Finally, the placenta is
expelled from the mother’s body.

Puberty

At puberty, sex organs become mature.

- Secondary sexual characteristics (external features of adult males
and females) appear in response to the sex hormones produced by
testes and ovaries.
- Signs of sexual maturity appear. In boys, the testes start
producingsperms. In girls, the ovaries start releasing ova.
In general, girls enter puberty around the age of 8 – 12. Boys enter
puberty around the age of 10 – 14.
Signs of pregnancy:
1. Absence of menstruation
2. Swollen breasts
3. Nausea
4. Frequent urination
5. Feeling tired easily
6. Constipation
Parenting
Needs
1. Feed the young
2. Teach the young to be independent
3. Take care of the young
4. Protect the young from attack
Married couples should plan carefully before having children. They
have to decide on the number of children they want and when to
have children. This is called family planning. Family planning helps
married couples make sure that they can give each child enough
support and love.

Birth control method

Work by preventing
- The release of ovum (ovulation)
- Sperms from reaching the ovum (fusion of ovum and sperm, i.e.
fertilization)

Prevention of transmission of

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

- examples of STDs include syphilis and
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
(AIDS ).

- some birth control methods can help, e.g.

Wearing condoms.

Heredity and variation

The features each generation inherits from their parents are called
traits.
Through the transmission of genetic information, which is carried
in DNA in the nucleus, traits could be passed from one generation
to the next. This is called heredity. As zygote is formed from the
fusion of sperm and egg in fertilization, a child receives genetic
information from both the father and mother. The differences in
features (traits) among individuals of a species are called
variations.
1. Continuous variation
Height, body size, body mass, hand span, IQ
2. Discontinuous variation
Ear lobe
Thumb bending ability
Blood group
Gender

We use bar charts to present the data of discontinuous

variation.

Causes for variation

1. Heredity
Variations determined by heredity is called inherited variations /
genetic variations. The features could not be changed or affected
by environment,
2. Environment
Environment (e.g. climate, food, life experience) –environmental
variations. Variations determined by the environment are called
environmental variations.

Other examples of variations

Identical twins have identical genetic material.
But if they are reared apart in two different environments, they
may have different appearance, e.g. with different height, weight,
mental development and health

Matter
Has mass
Takes up space

Particle theory
1. Particles are small
2. All matter is made up of particles
3. There are empty spaces between particles
4. Particles are moving all the time
5. Different particles have different sizes and masses
6. Different matter are made of different particles

Brownian motion
Defined as the uncontrolled or erratic movement of particles in a
fluid due to their constant collision with other fast-moving
molecules

Different types of particles

* examples of atoms and simple molecules
Atoms are basic types of particles making up matter.
A molecule consists of two or more atoms joined together.
A chemical formula shows the chemical and the number of the
atoms that a molecule consists of several atoms

Thermal expansion and contraction

When an particle is heated, it gains energy. The particles move

faster and becomes further apart. Therefore, the volume gets
larger
When a particle is cooled, it loses energy. It becomes close together
and moves slower.
Solid: vibrates
Liquid: Moves
Gas: Moves

Dissolving
 Mass is unchanged, volume changed, slightly smaller
Dissolving is the process of a solute and a solvent mixing together.
E.g. Based on the particle theory, there are spaces between
particles.
When sugar dissolves in water, the sugar particles separate.
The small water particles fit into the spaces between the bigger
sugar particles.
The total volume becomes smaller because the water has filled the
space between the sugar grains.

Density
Formula: Density = Mass/volume
When an object has a lower density than the liquid it is in, it can
float.

Temperature affects density

Density is a physical property of substances that compares the
relationship between volume and mass. Density is affected by
temperature because as temperature increases so does the kinetic
energy of the particles
 Water
Water cycle
Change in physical states of water
Water comes in solid liquid or gas state. Melting is the process
from solid to liquid, it absorbs energy from its surroundings.
Freezing is the process of liquid state to solid state it releases
energy. Boiling and evaporation is the process from liquid to gas.
Evaporation can happen at any temperature but boiling can only
happen at 100 degrees Celsius. It absorbs energy. Condensation is
the process of gas turning into liquid. It releases energy during the
process.

Water cycle
Process Description
Evaporation Water evaporates from the ground, rivers, lakes, seas, etc. to
form water droplets
Condensation Warm air carries water vapour upwards. As the water vapour
rises higher, it condenses into tiny water droplets because
the surrounding air is cooler.
Cloud The tiny water droplets gather and form clouds. They may be
formation carried to a long distance away by wind.
Rain/snow/ The water droplets in the clouds join to form large drops of
hail water which fall as rain/snow/hail. The water evaporates
again and the cycle repeats.
Factors affecting rate of evaporation
 Humidity
 Exposed area
 Air movement

Solubility
Solubility refers the ability to be dissolved
Things affecting solubility
1. Size of solute pieces
2. Material it self

Water purification
Ways Description
Sedimentatio Removes large and heavy insoluble impurities by
n settling it at the bottom of the solution
Filtration Use filter columns and filter paper, removes
small insoluble impurities
Distillation Boils water and collects condensed water,
removes soluble impurities and microorganisms
Ozonisation Adds ozone to the water to kill microorganisms
Chlorination Adds chlorine to the water to kill microorganisms
Ultraviolet Uses ultraviolet light to kill microorganisms
light
Fluoridation Adds fluoride to prevent tooth decay

Water treatment in hk
Metal Board  Sedimentation  Filtration  Chlorination 
Ozonisation  Fluoridation