Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Department of EEE

LABORATORY MANUAL
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
[Link] I YEAR SEM – I&II
A.Y : 2022-23

Prepared by
[Link]
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

MALLREDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES
(Approved by AICTE New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTU Hyderabad)
Kistapur, Medchal,Medchal – 501401

Malla Reddy Engineering College And Management Sciences (UJ)

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Department of EEE

INSTITUTE VISION

The aspiration is to emerge as a premier institution in technical education to produce competent

engineers and management professionals contributing to Industry and Society.

INSTITUTE MISSION

The aspirations are fulfilled and continue to be fulfilled:

MI-1: By providing the student supporting systems:

To impart updated pedagogical techniques with supportive learningenvironment and state-of-the-art
facilities.
MI-2: By training the students as per the industry needs:
To cultivate a culture of interdisciplinary approach, problem solving, innovative ecosystem, and
entrepreneurship by facilitating critical thinking,teamwork, and research-driven activities with hands-on
learning.
MI-3: By educating the students about society's needs:
To instill ethical, social, and environmental values through communityengagement resulting in
sustainable development of society.

Malla Reddy Engineering College And Management Sciences (UJ)

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Department of EEE

DEPARTMENT VISION
The aspiration is to produce competent Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Graduates capable of making valuable contributions in the field of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering.

DEPARTMENT MISSION
Student Support Systems:
To equip students with advanced learning skills in Electrical and
MD-1 Electronics Engineering, while providing them with the
necessary professional competencies to overcome future
challenges.

Training the students as per the industry needs:

To facilitate the students to acquire interdisciplinary skills in
MD-2 renewable energy, electric vehicles, and power electronics
applications through practical knowledge and innovative
techniques to meet evolving global challenges.

Educating the students, the needs of society:

MD-3 To develop professional ethics, self-confidence, and leadership
qualities among students.

Malla Reddy Engineering College And Management Sciences (UJ)

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Department of EEE

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

I [Link] I/II -Semester

Prerequisites: Basic Electrical Engineering

Course Objectives:
 To measure the electrical parameters for different types of DC and AC
circuits using conventional and theorems approach.
 To study the transient response of various R, L and C circuits using different excitations.
 To determine the performance of different types of DC, AC machines and Transformers.

Course Outcomes: After learning the contents of this paper the student must be able to

 To analyze and solve electrical circuits using network laws and theorems.
 To understand and analyze basic Electric and Magnetic circuits. Representation of AC
Quantities
 To understand working principle, operation of transformers and its types.
 To study the working principles of Electrical Machines.
 To introduce components of Low Voltage Electrical installations and gain the knowledge on
batteries and Protective Equipments.

CO P01 P02 P03 P04 P05 P06 P07 P08 P09 P10 P11 P12 PSO PSO
1 2
C103.1 3 2 - - - - - - - 2 1 1

C103.2 3 2 2 2 - - 2 1 1

C103.3 3 1 2 2 2 2 2

C103.4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2

C103.5 3 2 2 1 1

AVG 3 1.8 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1.4 1.4

1:Slight (low) 2: Moderate (Medium) 3: Substantial (High) - : None

Malla Reddy Engineering College And Management Sciences (UJ)

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Department of EEE

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS TO STUDENTS

1. Enter in to the Lab with Apron.

2. Wear shoes
3. Male students should attend with shirts tucked in trousers with Apron.
4. Girl students should tuck in the drapers (chunni) and put on Apron.
5. Girl students should not display loose long plaits hanging. They should be hidden under Apron
6. No student shall tamper main panel (440V), Rectifier (220V D.C/110Amps).
7. They should not switch anything unless the wiring is cleared by Lab In charge or Lab assistant.
8. Students should be away from M/C unless supervisor is present .They should not work with wet
hands.
Do’s
1. Do wear appropriate safety attire in the lab
2. Perform experiments only when authorized by the instructor.
3. All the apparatus taken should be returned to the concerned Lab Assistant, before leaving the lab.
4. Report immediately to the Lab Incharge for any damages to equipment.
5. All students must follow the Dress Code while in the laboratory.
6. The lab timetable must be strictly followed.
7. Experiment must be completed within the given time.
8. Handle all apparatus with care.
9. All students are liable for any damage to equipment due to their own negligence.
10. Be aware of all the safety devices.
11. Immediately After entering into the lab, fill the login details.
12. Avoid loose connections.

DONT’S
1. Do not wear open-toed shoes (sandals) in the lab.
2. Never overload a circuit by plugging in too many appliances.
3. Do not use any equipment unless you are trained and approved as a user by your instructor
or staff.
4. Don’t switch on the power supply without getting your circuit connections verified
5. Foods, drinks and smoking are NOT allowed
6. Students are strictly PROHIBITED from taking out any items from the laboratory.

Malla Reddy Engineering College and Management Sciences (UJ)

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Department of EEE

List Of Experiments

1. Verification of KVL and KCL

2. Verification of Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorem
3. Transient Response of Series RL and RC circuits for DC excitation
4. Resonance in series RLC circuit
5. Calculations and Verification of Impedance and Current of
RL, RC and RLC series circuits
6. Measurement of Voltage, Current and Real Power in primary and
Secondary Circuits of a Single-Phase Transformer
7. Performance Characteristics of a DC Shunt Motor
8. Torque-Speed Characteristics of a Three-phase Induction Motor
9. Verification of Superposition theorem.
10. Three Phase Transformer: Verification of Relationship between Voltages
and Currents.(Star-Delta, Delta-Delta, Delta-star, Star-Star)
11. Load Test on Single Phase Transformer (Calculate Efficiency and
Regulation)
12. Measurement of Active and Reactive Power in a balanced Three-phase
circuit
13. No-Load Characteristics of a Three-phase Alternator
Beyond the Syllabus
14. Verification of Ohm’s Law
15. Demonstration: Safety precautions, measuring instruments, switchgear,
Earthing and Cut-out sections of electrical machines.

Malla Reddy Engineering College and Management Sciences (UJ)

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Department of EEE

EXPERIMENT NO-1
VERIFICATION OF KVL AND KCL

AIM: To Verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law and Kirchhoff’s Current Law

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

[Link] NAME RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1 Ammeter (0- 200)mA MC 3
2 Voltmeter (0-30)V MC 3
1 KΩ 1
3 Resistors 2.2 KΩ - 2
3.3KΩ 1
4 Breadboard - - 1
Regulated power Supply
5 (0-30)V - 1
(R.P.S)
6 Connecting wires - - Required number

STATEMENTS:
KIRCHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW: It states that the algebraic sum of all the branch voltages around
any closed path in a circuit is always zero at all instants of time.
KIRCHOFF’S CURRENT LAW: It states that the sum of the currents entering into any node is
equal to the sum of the currents leaving the node.
PROCEDURE:
For KVL:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram shown in figure(1)
2. Apply 10V and measure the voltage drop across each resistor
3. Verify whether the source voltage is equal to the sum of voltage drops or not. If equal KVL
is verified
4. Repeat the same procedure by applying 15V and 18V

For KCL:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram shown in figure (2)
2. Apply 10V and measure the currents in each branch
3. Verify whether the source current is equal to the sum of the branch currents or not. If equal
KCL is verified
4. Repeat the same procedure by applying 15V and 18V

Malla Reddy Engineering College and Management Sciences (UJ)

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Department of EEE

THEORITICAL CIRCUITS:
FOR KVL:

figure (a)

FOR KCL:

figure (b)
PRACTICAL CIRCUITS:
FOR KVL:

Malla Reddy Engineering College and Management Sciences (UJ)

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Department of EEE

Figure (1)
FOR KCL:

Figure (2)

THEORITICAL CALCULATIONS:
FOR KVL:
Vs = V1+V2+V3
V1=IR1; V2=IR2; V3=IR3;
I=VS/Req
FOR KCL:
Consider voltage at node 1 as V1
I1+I2+I3 = 0
I1=(Vs-V1)/R1 ; I2=(0-V1)/R3; I3=(0-V1)/R2

Malla Reddy Engineering College and Management Sciences (UJ)

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Department of EEE

OBSERVATION TABLE:

FOR KVL:

Theoretical (in Volts) Practical (in Volts)

Applied Voltage (V in
[Link].
Volts) V1 V2 V3 V=V1+V2+V3 V1 V2 V3 V = V1 +V2 +V3

1. 5V

2. 10V

3. 12V

FOR KCL:

Theoretical (in mA) Practical (in mA)

Applied Voltage (V in
[Link].
Volts) I1 I2 I3 I=I1+I2+I3 I1 I2 I3 I=I1+I2+I3
1. 5V

2. 10V

3. 12V

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid loose connections
2. Take readings without parallax error
3. Set the ammeter pointer at zero position

RESULT:

VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS:
1. Define KVL and KCL
2. Define network and circuit?

network and circuit?

3. What is the property of resistor, inductor and capacitor?

Malla Reddy Engineering College and Management Sciences (UJ)

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Department of EEE

APPLICATIONS:
 The current distribution in various branches of a circuit can easily be found out by
applying Kirchhoff Current law at different nodes or junction points in the circuit.

 After that Kirchhoff Voltage law is applied, each possible loop in the circuit generates
algebraic equation for every loop.

Malla Reddy Engineering College and Management Sciences (UJ)

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Department of EEE

EXPERMENT NO: 2
2.1 VERIFIVATION OF THEVENIN'S THEOREM

AIM: To verify Thevenin’s theorem for the given circuit.

Apparatus Required:

[Link]. Name of The Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1. Voltmeter (0-20) V Digital 2 No
2. Ammeter (0-200) mA Digital 1 No
3. RPS (0-30V) Digital 1 No
82 Ω,47Ω - 1 No
4. Resistors
150Ω - 1 No
100 Ω - 1 No
5. Breadboard - - 1 No
6. DMM - Digital 1 No
7. Connecting wires - - Required
number

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORITICAL CIRCUITS:

To Find IL:

Fig.1

Malla Reddy Engineering College and Management Sciences (UJ)

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Department of EEE

To Find VTh:

To Find RTh:

Thevenin’s equivalent Circuit: To find IL:

Malla Reddy Engineering College and Management Sciences (UJ)

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Department of EEE

Practical Circuit Diagrams:

To Find IL:

To Find VTh:

To Find RTh:

To Find IL from Thevenin’s equivalent circuit:

Malla Reddy Engineering College and Management Sciences (UJ)

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Department of EEE

Theory:

Thevenin’s Theorem:

It states that in any lumped, linear network having a greater number of sources and elements,
the equivalent circuit across any branch can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of
Thevenin’s equivalent voltage source VTh in series with Thevenin’s equivalent resistance RTh.

Where, VTh is the open circuit voltage across (branch) the two terminals and R Th is the resistance
seen from the same two terminals by replacing all other sources with their internal resistances.

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram shown in fig. 2.

2. Adjust the input voltage to an appropriate value.
3. Note down the response (current, IL) through the load resistance branch i.e. A B .
4. Reduce the input voltage supply to 0V and switch-off the supply.
5. Now, make the connections as per the circuit shown in fig.2 (a).
6. Adjust the input voltage to an appropriate value.
7. Note down the voltage across the load terminals AB (Voltmeter reading) that gives VTh.
8. Reduce the input voltage supply to 0V and switch-off the supply.
9. Now, make the connections as per the circuit shown in fig.2 (b).
10. Connect the digital multimeter (DMM) across AB terminals and it should be kept in resistance
mode to measure Thevenin’s resistance (RTh).
11. Now, make the connections as per the circuit shown in fig.2 (c).
12. Note down the current through the load terminals AB (ammeter reading) that gives IL.
13. Tabulate all the measured values.

Malla Reddy Engineering College and Management Sciences (UJ)

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Department of EEE

Calculations:
To find IL:
As, the resistors RL and R3 are connected in series, the total branch resistance is RL+ R3. The total

resistance (RL+ R3) in turn is connected in parallel with R2 and is given by (RL+R3)∗R2/ R2+R3+RL

This resistance is connected in series with R1. Therefore, the equivalent resistance is given by

Req = R1+(RL+R3)∗R2.

R2+R3+RL
IT = V Req mA
By Applying the Current Division Rule,
IL= IT * R2 /( R2+R3+RL ) mA
Step1: VTh
VTh = V * R2 /( R1+R2) volts

Step2: RTh

R1 ∗ R2
RTh = + R3 Ω
R 1 + R2

Step3: IL
From the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit:
IL = VTH / (RTH + RL) mA
Tabular Column:
Direct method IL:
[Link] Theoritical values Practical values
1 VTh= VTh=
2 RTh= RTh=
3 IL= IL=

Result:

Malla Reddy Engineering College and Management Sciences (UJ)

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Department of EEE

EXPERMENT NO: 2
2.2 VERIFIVATION OF NORTON'S THEOREM

AIM: To verify Norton’s theorem for the given circuit.

Apparatus Required:

[Link]. Name of The Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1. Voltmeter (0-20) V Digital 2 No
2. Ammeter (0-200) mA Digital 1 No
3. RPS (0-30V) Digital 1 No
82 Ω,47Ω - 1 No
4. Resistors
150Ω - 1 No
100 Ω - 1 No
5. Breadboard - - 1 No
6. DMM - Digital 1 No
7. Connecting wires - - Required
number

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORITICAL CIRCUITS:

To Find IL:

Fig.1

Malla Reddy Engineering College and Management Sciences (UJ)

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Department of EEE

To Find IN:

To Find RN:

Norton’s equivalent Circuit: To find IL:

Malla Reddy Engineering College and Management Sciences (UJ)

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Department of EEE

Practical Circuit Diagrams:

To Find IL:

To Find IN:

To Find RN:

Malla Reddy Engineering College and Management Sciences (UJ)

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Department of EEE

To Find IL from Norton’s equivalent circuit:

Theory:

NORTON’S THEOREM:
Norton’s theorem states that in a lumped, linear network the equivalent circuit across
any branch is replaced with a current source in parallel a resistance. Where the current
is the Norton’s current which is the short circuit current though that branch and the
Malla Reddy Engineering College and Management Sciences (UJ)
Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Department of EEE

resistance is the Norton’s resistance which is the equivalent resistance across that
branch by replacing allthe sources sources with their internal resistances

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram shown in fig. 2.

2. Adjust the input voltage to an appropriate value.
3. Note down the response (current, IL) through the load resistance branch i.e. A B .
4. Reduce the input voltage supply to 0V and switch-off the supply.
5. Now, make the connections as per the circuit shown in fig.2 (a).
6. Adjust the input voltage to an appropriate value.

7. Note down the current across the load terminals AB (current reading) that gives IN .
8. Reduce the input voltage supply to 0V and switch-off the supply.
9. Now, make the connections as per the circuit shown in fig.2 (b).
10. Connect the digital multimeter (DMM) across AB terminals and it should be kept in resistance
mode to measure Norton’s resistance (RN).
11. Now, make the connections as per the circuit shown in fig.2 (c).
12. Note down the current through the load terminals AB (ammeter reading) that gives IL.
13. Tabulate all the measured values.

Calculations:
To find IL:
As, the resistors RL and R3 are connected in series, the total branch resistance is RL+ R3. The total

resistance (RL+ R3) in turn is connected in parallel with R2 and is given by (RL+R3)∗R2/ R2+R3+RL

This resistance is connected in series with R1. Therefore, the equivalent resistance is given by

Req = R1+(RL+R3 )∗R2.

R2+R3+RL

Malla Reddy Engineering College and Management Sciences (UJ)

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Department of EEE

IT = V Req mA
By Applying the Current Division Rule,
IL= IT * R2 /( R2+R3+RL ) mA
Step1: IN
IN = I*(R2/R2+R3) mA
where I = V/ Req
Req= R1+[( R2* R3) / R2+R3] Ω

Step2: RN

R1 ∗ R2
RN = + R3 Ω
R 1 + R2

Step3: IL
From the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit:
IL = IN * RN / (RN + RL) mA

Tabular Column:
Direct method IL:
[Link] Theoritical values Practical values
1 IN = IN =
2 RN = RN =
3 IL= IL=

Result:

Malla Reddy Engineering College and Management Sciences (UJ)

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Department of EEE

Malla Reddy Engineering College and Management Sciences (UJ)

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Department of EEE

EXPERMENT NO: 3
TRANSIENT RESPONSE OF SERIES RL AND RC CIRCUITS USING DC
EXCITATON
AIM:

To construct RL & RC transient circuit and to draw the transient curves.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

[Link]. NAME OF RANGE TYPE QTY.

THE
EQUIPMENT
1. RPS (0-30)V DC 1
2. Ammeter (0-10)mA MC 1
3. Voltmeter (0-10)V MC 1
4. Resistor 10 K - 3

5. Capacitor 1000 µ F - 1
6. Bread board - - 1
7. Connecting - Single strand As required
wires

THEORY:

Electrical devices are controlled by switches which are closed to connect supply to the
device, or opened in order to disconnect the supply to the device. The switching operation will change
the current and voltage in the device. The purely resistive devices will allow instantaneous change in
current and voltage.
An inductive device will not allow sudden change in current and capacitance device will not
allow sudden change in voltage. Hence when switching operation is performed in inductive and
capacitive devices, the current & voltage in device will take a certain time to change from pre switching
value to steady state value after switching. This phenomenon is known as transient. The study of
switching condition in the circuit is called transient [Link] state of the circuit from instant of
switching to attainment of steady state is called transient state. The time duration from the instant of
switching till the steady state is called transient period. The current & voltage of circuit elements during
transient period is called transient response.
FORMULA:
Time constant of RC circuit = RC
Time constant of RL circuit = L/R
PROCEDURE:
 Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

Malla Reddy Engineering College and Management Sciences (UJ)

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Department of EEE

 Before switching ON the power supply the switch S should be in off position
 Now switch ON the power supply and change the switch to ON position.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULATION:

[Link]. TIME CHARGING DISCHARGING

(msec) CURRENT (I) A CURRENT (I) A

Malla Reddy Engineering College and Management Sciences (UJ)

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Department of EEE

Malla Reddy Engineering College and Management Sciences (UJ)

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Department of EEE

TABULATION:

DISCHARGING:

[Link]. TIME VOLTAGE CURRENT

(msec) ACROSS ‘C’ THROUGH
(volts) ‘C’
(mA)

RESULT:

Thus the transient response of RL & RC circuit for DC input was verified.

VIVA VOICE QUESTIONS:

1. Define steady state response

2. Define transient response
3. Why transient occurs in electric circuits
4. Define time constant of RL circuit
5. Define time constant of RC circuit
6. Voltage across capacitor cannot change instantaneously. Justify
7. Current through an inductor cannot change instantaneously. Justify.

Malla Reddy Engineering College and Management Sciences (UJ)

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Department of EEE

APPLICATIONS:

RC, RL and LC circuits are essential building blocks in many circuit applications.

1. For example, RC and RL circuits are commonly used as filters (taking advantage of the fact that
capacitors tend to pass high frequency signals but block low frequency signals, while the opposite is
true for inductors).

2. They are also useful for electrical signal processing, for example, taking the derivative or integral
of an electrical signal. The LC circuit is a simple example of an electrical "oscillator" or resonance
circuit and is a common component in circuits used for amplifiers, radio tuning, etc.

Malla Reddy Engineering College and Management Sciences (UJ)

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Department of EEE

EXPERIMENT NO- 4
RESONANCE IN SERIES RLC CIRCUIT

AIM:
To verify resonant frequency, bandwidth and quality factor of RLC series resonant circuits.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

[Link] NAME RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1 Function Generator (70-10000)Hz - 1
2 Ammeter (0-200)mA MI 1
3 Decade Resistance Box (0-1Mohms) - 1
4 Decade Inductance Box (0-100H) - 1

5 Decade Capacitance Box (0-100μF) - 1

6 Connecting wires - - Required

Theoritical Circuit Diagram For Series Resonance:

Practical Circuit Diagram For Series Resonance:

Fig.1

Malla Reddy Engineering College and Management Sciences (UJ)

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Department of EEE

THEORY:

An electrical circuit is said to undergo resonance when the net (total) current is in phase
with the applied voltage. A circuit at resonance exhibits certain characteristic properties.
The frequency at which the resonance occurs in a circuit is called resonant frequency.
In series RLC circuit, the resonance occurs when
i) The net reactance in a circuit is zero. (XL = XC)
ii) The circuit impedance is equal to resistance in a circuit (Z = R)
iii) Current in phase with voltage
iv) Power factor is unity.
v) The current in a circuit is maximum.

UNDER RESONANCE CONDITIONS, XL = XC or ω L = 1 / ωC

ωo2 = 1 / LC

ωo = or fo =

In parallel resonance, the resonant frequency is same as the series resonance but the current in
circuit is minimum and net suceptance is equal to zero.

Formulae:
a) Resonant frequency : fo = Hz

b) Half power frequencies:

f1 = fo – R/ 4πL Hz

f2 = fo + R/ 4πL Hz
c) Band width:
BW = f2 – f1 (or) R/ 2πL

d) Q –factor: Q=

PROCEDURE:

SERIES RESONANCE:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram shown in fig1.
2. Apply the sinusoidal voltage of peak-peak value is 10V

Malla Reddy Engineering College and Management Sciences (UJ)

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Department of EEE

[Link] the frequency of sine wave between 100 Hz – 10000 Hz in steps, and note down the
readings of ammeter.
4. Tabulate the readings in table1.

TABULAR COLUMN:

(SERIES RESONANCE)

Frequency Current
[Link].
(Hz) (mA)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

Model Graph:

Malla Reddy Engineering College and Management Sciences (UJ)

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Department of EEE

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid loose connections
2. Take readings without parallax error
3. Set the ammeter pointer at zero position
RESULT :

VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS:

1. Define resonance frequency.

2. What is the value of power factor in series RLC circuit under resonance condition?
3. Define Bandwidth?
4. Define Q-factor?

APPLICATIONS:
The resonant RLC circuits has many applications like
1. Oscillator circuit, radio receivers and television sets are used for the tuning purpose
2. Since resonance in series RLC circuit occurs at particular frequency, so it is used for
filtering and tuning purpose as it does not allow unwanted oscillations that would otherwise
cause signal distortion, noise and damage to circuit to pass through it.
3. The series RLC circuit mainly involves in signal processing and communication system
4. The Series resonant LC circuit is used to provide voltage magnification

Malla Reddy Engineering College and Management Sciences (UJ)

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Department of EEE

EXPERIMENT NO- 5
CALCULATIONS AND VERIFICATION OF IMPEDANCE AND CURRENT OF RL, RC
AND RLC SERIES CIRCUITS
AIM:
To calculate and to verify the impedance and current of RL, RC and RLC series
circuits.
APPARATUS:

Sl. No. Name of the Range Type Quantity

Equipment
01 Function (0-10K)Hz AC 01
Generator
02 Resisstance box 1Kohms DC 01
03 Inductance box 100mH DC 01
04 Capacitance box 0.001µF DC 01
05 Multimeter Multi range Digital 01
06 Breadboard ----- ----- 01
07 CRO ----- ----- 01
08 Connecting Wires ------ ------ As required
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

Fig1: Series RL circuit

Fig2: Series RC circuit

Malla Reddy Engineering College and Management Sciences (UJ)

Basic Electrical Engineering Lab Department of EEE

Fig3: Series RLC circuit

THEORY:
Impedance is the total measure of opposition to electric current and is the complex (vector) sum of (“real”)
resistance and (“imaginary”) reactance
PROCEDURE:
1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Connect the CRO probe at point A to get voltage waveform and at B to get the current waveform.
3. Adjust vertical deflection of each channel such that the waveform fills the whole screen.
4. Adjust the sweep rate and the horizontal position control until one half cycle of the waveform
spans 9 divisions on the scope’s scale.
5. Since one half cycle covers 9 divisions, it means each major division on the scope represents 200
6. Since each major division consists of 5 smaller divisions, each smaller division represents 20/5 = 40
[Link] difference between two waveforms is determined by simply counting the number of small
divisions between corresponding points on the 2 waveforms.
8. Phase Angle φ = ([Link] divisions) * (degree / divisions).
9. Power Factor is given by Cos φ.

FORMULAS :
Power Factor (P.F) = Cos φ = (practical value) = R / Z
Impedance Z = R / Cos φ
Current I = V/Z

THEORETICAL VERIFICATION:
 XL = 2πfL
 XC =1/ 2πfC

Malla Reddy Engineering College and Management Sciences (UJ)

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

 Impedance for RL circuit is,

 Current in RL circuit is, I=V/Z (for RL)

 Impedance for RC circuit is,

 Current in RC circuit is, I=V/Z (for RC)

 Impedance for RLC circuit is,

 Current in RL circuit is, I=V/Z (for RLC)

TABULAR COLUMN:

[Link] RL Circuit RC Circuit RLC Circuit

Z I Z I Z I
Theoritical
Values
Practical
Values

RESULT:

APPLICATIONS:
1. R L circuits like in tubelight.
2. R C circuit in many electronic application like multi vibrator, filters, differentiators
and integrators
3. R L C circuit is used as Ac variable load in engineering experiment

VIVA –VOCE QUESTIONS:

1. What is impedance ? what are its units?
2. What is meant by inductive reactance and capacitive reactances? What are its units?

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES (UJ)

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

EXPERIMENT NO: 6
MEASUREMENT OF VOLTAGE, CURRENT AND REAL POWER IN PRIMARY AND
SECONDARY CIRCUITS OF A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM: To measure voltage current and real power in primary and secondary circuits of a single
phase Transformer

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

[Link] APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

.
1. Auto traonsformer (1 ) 220V/(0-270)V ---- 1

(0-10)A 2. (0- MI
2. Ammeter 11
5)A MI
(0-150)V(0-300)V MI 1
3. Voltmeter
MI 1

(5A,150V) UPF 1
4. Wattmeter
(5A,300V) UPF 1
Required
5. Connecting wires ------ ----
number

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES (UJ)

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

TABULAR COLUMN:

[Link] Load V1 I1 W1 V2 I2 W2 Input Output

(V) (A) (W) (V) (A) (W) power power
(W) (W)

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES (UJ)

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

PROCEDURE:
1. Connectuons are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. After checking the no load condition, minimum position of autotransformer and DPST
Switch is closed
3. Note down the corresponding readings of all the meters connected in the circuit.
4. Increase the loasd and for each loadNote down the corresponding readings of all the meters
connected in the circuit.
5. Now open the DPST switch after gradually reducing the auto transformer’s secondary
voltage to a minimum value.
FORMULE:
Output power = W2*multiplication factor
Input power=W1* multiplication factor
Efficiency=output/input
VNL – VFL
Regulation = ------------------
VNL
PRECAUTIONS:
1. DPST switch should be kept open.
2. The auto transformer should be kept in minimum potential position.

RESULT:

APPLICATIONS
The typical applications of single phase transformers are:
 Distribute power at high voltage
 Transformers are also used extensively in electronic products to decrease (or step-down) the
supply voltage to a level suitable for the low voltage circuits they contain Signal and audio
transformers are used to couple stages of amplifiers and to match devices such
as microphones and record players to the input of amplifiers.
 Audio transformers allowed telephone circuits to carry on a two-way conversation over a
single pair of wires.

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES (UJ)

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

 A balun transformer converts a signal that is referenced to ground to a signal that

has balanced voltages to ground, such as between external cables and internal circuits.
 Transformers made to medical grade standards isolate the users from the direct current.
These are found commonly used in conjunction with hospital beds, dentist chairs, and other
medical lab equipment

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES (UJ)

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

EXPERIMENT NO: 7
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF A DC SHUNT MOTOR

Aim:-
To obtain performance curves dc shunt motor and to draw the of the motor
 In dc shunt motor we calculate the speed , torque, efficiency & load current
 Whenever we increases the load the current will increases and seed will decrease
Apparatus Required:-

1. Ammeter (0-20A) MC 1NO

2. Voltmeter (0-300V) MC 1NO
3. Rheostat 350Ω, 1.7A 1NO
4. Tachometer (0-10,000) RPM 1NO

Circuit diagram:-

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES (UJ)

 BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

Theory:-
It is the direct method of testing. By this method the efficiency and losses of only small
machines can be determined .In this method full load is applied to the machine and output is directly
measured. Though this method is very simple in looking but involves complication in the
measurement of mechanical power input in the case of generator, and output in the case of motor. In
the case of generator the input mechanical power is measured by connecting some form of
dynamometer to the prime mover and water resistance load is applied.
In the case of small motor,some form of the brake must be tight before the motor is started
,otherwise the armature may get damaged and fly to pieces. In the case of large motors the motor is
coupled to a generator and generator is loaded by means of a resistance. This method is wasteful,
since all the input is to be wasted can only be used in case of small machines due to the difficulty of
having enough power and suitable brake arrangement in case of large machines.
Procedure:-
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Initially keep the motor field rheostat in minimum resistance position.
3. Give the supply by closing DPST switch and start the motor with the help of 3- point starter.
4. Adjust the motor field rheostat till the rated speed is obtained.
5 Apply the load on brake drum in steps.
6. Note down the readings of speed, voltmeter, ammeter and spring balance.
6 Repeat step 5 and 6 until rated current is obtained.
7 Remove the load on the motor before switching off the supply.

Model graph:- Draw the graph between output power on x-axis and speed , torque, efficiency &
load current are on y-axis as shown below.

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES (UJ)

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

Tabular columns:-

Voltage Current Speed i/p=VI S1 S2 Torque= o/p = %ή=

(volts) (amp) (rpm) (watts) Kg (S1S2)* r* 9.81 2ПNT/60 output /
Kg
(watts) input*100
(N-m)

Result:-

Brake test is conducted on dc shunt motor and hence performance curves are plotted

Viva voce
1. Define Torque?

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES (UJ)

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

2. What is the need of starter?

3. What are the types of starters?

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES (UJ)

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

EXPERIMENT NO: 8
TORQUE-SPEED CHARACTERSTICS OF 3 PHASE INDUCTION
MOTOR

AIM: To conduct the direct load test on the given 3-phase induction motor and Obtain the
performance characteristics.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

NAME OF THE
[Link] RANGE TYPE QUANTITY
APPARATUS
(0-10A,0-600V
1. Watt meter 2
UPF)

2. Ammeter (0-10A) MI 1

3. Voltmeter (0-600V) MI 1

4. Tachometer Digital

5. Connecting wires

PRECAUTIONS:

1. TPST should be in open position.

2. There should be no load on the motor before starting.
3. The 3- auto transformer should be in minimum potential position.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Close the TPST switch.
3. Start the 3- Induction motor with direct on line starter.
4. Note down the no load readings of the ammeter, voltmeter, wattmeter readings & speed
of the Induction motor.

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES (UJ)

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

5. Apply the mechanical load in Kg' s on the induction motor gradually in steps till the
rated load current. And note down the corresponding meter readings, speed and
tabulate them.
6. Reduce the load and switch off the three phase supply.

FORMULAE:

1. I/P to motor in watts (W) = wattmeter reading.

2. Torque T= (S1 ~ S2) x R x 9.81 N-m.
Where R is radius of brake drum = Circumference / 2 metres.
3. O/P of motor in Watts (Wout )=(2 NT)/60watts.
4. % Efficiency of the motor = (O/P of motor / I/P of motor) x100.
5. Percentage slip %S= ((Ns – N)/ Ns) x100.
Where Ns is synchronous speed=120f/P
N is the actual speed of the motor.
6. Power factor COS = W/ ( √3 VLIL)

THEORY:

A 3-phase induction motor consists of stator and rotor with the other associated parts. In the
stator, a3-phase winding is provided. The windings of the three phase are displaced in
spaceby120º. A 3-phasecurrent is fed to the 3-phase winding. These windings produce a
resultant magnetic flux and it rotates in space like a solid magnetic poles being rotated
magnetically.

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES (UJ)

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

BRAKE TEST ON 3- INDUCTION MOTOR

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES (UJ)

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

TABULAR COLUMN:

Load Load Power Speed Weight in Kg Torque Output

SL/ Voltage in Current in in s in N-m power in
NO Volts in Amps Watts rpm S=S1~S2 T Watts
VL IL Win N Wout
S1 S2

MODEL GRAPH:
%S T N p.f
N

%S
T

p.f

Output power in Watts

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES (UJ)

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

RESULT:

Thus the load test on the 3phase induction motor was performed and performance
characteristics were obtained.

APPLICATIONS: 1). Electric Train engine

2). cooling fans used to cool large machines like alternators etc

3). chimneys at power plants

4). printing machines

5). Rolling mills

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the working principle of 3 – phase induction motor?

2. What are the different types of 3 – phase induction motor?

3. As the load increases, what happens to the speed of the motor?

4. Why 3 – phase induction motor is widely used for industrial applications?

5. What are the various losses in induction motors?

6. Why induction motor is called as rotating transformer?

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES (UJ)

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

EXPERMENT NO: 9
VERIFICATION OF SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

Aim:
To verify the superposition theorem for the given circuit .
Apparatus Required:
[Link] Name of The Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1. Bread board - - 1 No

2. Ammeter (0-20)mA Digital 1 No

3. RPS 0-30V Digital 1 No

82Ω - 1 No

4. Resistors 100Ω - 1 No

47Ω - 1 No

5. Connecting Wires - - Required

number

Circuit Diagram:

Given Circuit:

To Find I, when V1 and V2 sources acting simultaneously:

Fig.1

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES (UJ)

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

To Find I1, when only V1 source is acting alone:

Fig.1(a)

To Find I2, when only V2 source is acting alone:

Fig.1(b)

Practical Circuits:

Case1: To Find I, when V1 and V2 sources acting simultaneously:

Fig.2

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES (UJ)

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

Case2: To Find I1, when only V1 source is acting alone:

Fig.2(a)
Case2: To Find I2, when only V2 source is acting alone:

Fig.2(b)

Theory:
Superposition Theorem:

It states that for a linear, bilateral network having more than one independent source, the
response (voltage or current) in any branch is equal to the algebraic sum of the responses
MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES (UJ)
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

caused by each independent source acting alone, where all the other independent sources
are replaced by their internal resistance i.e., independent voltage sources with a short circuit
and independent current sources with an open circuit .

Procedure:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit shown in fig (2).

2. Adjust the input voltage of sources V1 and V2 to appropriate values (Say 10V and
15V respectively).

3. Note down the current (I) through the 47 0hm resistor by using the ammeter.

4. Connect the circuit as per fig 2(a) and set the source V1 (say 10V).

5. Note down the current (I1) through 47ohm resistor by using ammeter.

6. Connect the circuit as per fig 2(b) and set the voltage source V2 (say 15V).

7. Note down the current (I2) through the 47ohm resistor by using ammeter.

8. Reduce the output voltage of the sources to 0V and switch off the supply.

9. Disconnect the circuit.

Calculations:
Case 1: when both the voltage sources V1 and V2 are active: Assume the unknown voltage
at node “A” as VA,

VA−V1 VA VA−V2
+ + = 0 ------------ (1)
R1 R2 R3

On substituting the values of V1, V2, R1, R2 and R3 in the above equation

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES (UJ)

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

and on solving we getthe unknown voltage at node VA. Then, the current through
the resistor R2 is given by
VA
I= mA
R2

Case2: When the voltage source V1 alone is active i.e., V2 is short circuited (V2=0):

Req = R1 + [(R2*R3)/(R2+R3)]

V
IT = mA
R eq

I1 = IT x R3
R 2 + R3

Case 3: When the voltage source V2 alone is active i.e., V1 is shorted circuited (V1=0)
R1 ∗ R2
Req = R3 + Ω
R1+ R2

V
IT =
Req mA

I2 = IT ∗ R1
mA
R1 + R2

The algebraic sum of the individual responses I1 and I2 gives the current
I flowing through theresistor R2 (say 47 Ω) when both the sources acting at a
time i.e.,
I=I1+I2 mA

Tabular Column:
Current through the resistor R2
Voltage Source Theoretical Practical Values
S. No
(in Volts) Values (in mA)
(in mA)
1. When both the sources are active: I= I=
V1= ; V2 =
2. When only one source is active: I1 = I1 =
V1 =
MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES (UJ)
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

3. When only one source is active: I2 = I2 =

V2 =

Algebraic sum of currents: I = I1 + I2

Result:

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES (UJ)

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

Viva Questions:

1) What do you man by Unilateral and Bilateral network?

Give the limitations ofSuperposition Theorem?
2) What are the equivalent internal impedances for an ideal voltage source and for a
Current source?
3) Transform a physical voltage source into its equivalent current source.
4) If all the 3 star connected resistors are identical and equal to R, then what
is the Delta connectedresistors.

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES (UJ)

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

EXPERIMENT NO- 10
THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER
II) VERIFICATION OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VOLTAGES AND
CURRENTS (STAR- DELTA, DELTA-DELTA, DELTA-STAR, STAR-STAR)

AIM: To verify the relationship between Voltages and Currents of a given 3-ϕ Transformer
(STAR- DELTA, DELTA-DELTA, DELTA-STAR, STAR-STAR)
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
[Link] Name of the equipment Rating/Range Type Quantity
3000VA, AC 1
1 Three phase Transformer
240/415:138/240,∆/Y
Three Phase Auto
2 Transformer 415/(0-600)V AC 1

3 Voltmeters (0-600)V MI 3

4 Ammeters (0-20)A MI 3
5 Connecting Wires ------- Required
Number
THEORY & PROCEDURE:

Four common ways of connecting transformer windings to form a three-phase transformer

are: delta-delta, Star-Star (wye-wye) ,delta-Star(wye) and Star(wye)-delta as shown in figure below.
In order to set up a wye connection, first connect the three components (windings) together at a
common point for interconnection with the neutral wire, then connect the other end of each
component in turn to the three line wires. To set up a delta connection, connect the first component
in series with the second, the second in series with the third and the third in series with the first to
close the delta loop. The three line wires are then separately connected to each of the junction nodes
in the delta loop.

Fig1: Delta-Delta and Star(Wye)-Star(Wye)Connections

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES (UJ)
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

Figure 5-2 Delta-Star(Wye) and Star(Wye)-Delta Connections

Before a three-phase transformer is put into service, the phase relationship must be verified.
For a wye configuration, the line voltages at the secondary windings must all be √3 times
greater than the corresponding phase voltages. If not, winding connections must be
reversed. To verify that the phase relationships are correct for a wye configuration, the
voltage between two windings (EAB) is measured as shown in Figure 5-3 (a) to confirm that
it is √3 times greater than the line-to-neutral voltage across either winding (for example
EAN). The voltages between the third winding and the others (E BC and ECA) are then
measured to confirm that they are also √3 times greater than the phase voltage (E AN) as
shown in Figure 5-3 (b).

Figure 5-3 Confirming Phase Relationships in a Wye-Connected Secondary

For a delta configuration, the line voltages at the secondary windings must all be equal. If
not, winding connections must be reversed. To verify that phase relationships are correct for
a delta configuration, the voltage across two series-connected windings (ECA) is measured
as shown in Figure 5-4 (a) to confirm that it equals the voltage across either winding (EAB
and EBC). The third winding is then connected in series, and the voltage across the series
combination of the three windings is measured to confirm that it is zero before delta is
MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES (UJ)
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

closed, as shown in Figure 5-4 (b). This is extremely important for a delta configuration
because a very high short-circuits current will flow if the voltage within the delta is not
equal to zero when it is closed.

Figure 5-4 Confirming that the Delta Voltage Equals Zero.

TABULAR COLUMN:
Primary Voltage Secondary Voltage Voltage Ratio
Type of
connections Line Phase Line Phase
Delta/Star
Star/Star
Star/Delta
Delta/Delta
RESULT:

APPLICATIONS:
1. Distribute power at high voltage
2. Eliminate double wiring
3. Operate 120 volt equipment from power circuits
4. Isolate electrical circuits
5. Separately establish branch circuits
6. Provide 3 wire secondary circuits
7. Buck Boost connexion
MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES (UJ)
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

8. Provide electrostatic shielding for transient noise protection

VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS:

1. Can Single Phase Transformers be used for Three Phase applications?

2. What is tertiary winding? What is Three Winding Transformer? What are its advantages?
3. Which transformer connections are more feasible to use in the distribution ends

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES (UJ)

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

EXPERIMENT NO: 11
LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM: To conduct load test on single phase transformer and to find efficiency and
percentage regulation.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
[Link] APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY
.
1. Auto traonsformer (1 ) 220V/(0-270)V ---- 1

(0-10)A 2. (0- MI
2. Ammeter 11
5)A MI
(0-150)V(0-300)V MI 1
3. Voltmeter
MI 1

(5A,150V) UPF 1
4. Wattmeter
(5A,300V) UPF 1
Required
5. Connecting wires ------ ----
number

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES (UJ)

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

TABULAR COLUMN:

[Link] Load V1 I1 W1 V2 I2 W2 Input Output Efficiency Regulation

(V) (A) (W) (V) (A) (W) power power
(W) (W)

PROCEDURE:
1. Connectuons are made as per the circuit diagram.

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES (UJ)

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

2. After checking the no load condition, minimum position of autotransformer and DPST
Switch is closed
3. Note down the corresponding readings of all the meters connected in the circuit.
[Link] the loasd and for each loadNote down the corresponding readings of all the
meters connected in the circuit.
[Link] open the DPST switch after gradually reducing the auto transformer’s secondary
voltage to a minimum value.
FORMULE:
Output power = W2*multiplication factor
Input power=W1* multiplication factor
Efficiency=output/input
VNL – VFL
Regulation = ------------------
VNL
PRECAUTIONS:
1. DPST switch should be kept open.
2. The auto transformer should be kept in minimum potential position.

RESULT:

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES (UJ)

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

APPLICATIONS
The typical applications of single phase transformers are:
 Distribute power at high voltage
 Transformers are also used extensively in electronic products to decrease (or step-
down) the supply voltage to a level suitable for the low voltage circuits they contain
Signal and audio transformers are used to couple stages of amplifiers and to match
devices such as microphones and record players to the input of amplifiers.
 Audio transformers allowed telephone circuits to carry on a two-way
conversation over a single pair of wires.
 A balun transformer converts a signal that is referenced to ground to a signal that
has balanced voltages to ground, such as between external cables and internal
circuits.
 Transformers made to medical grade standards isolate the users from the direct
current. These are found commonly used in conjunction with hospital beds, dentist
chairs, and other medical lab equipment

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES (UJ)

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

EXPERIMENT NO – 12
MEASUREMENT OF ACTIVE AND REACTIVE POWER IN A BALANCED
THREE-PHASE CIRCUIT

3. a) MEASUREMENT OF ACTIVE POWER FOR STAR AND DELTA

CONNECTED BALANCED LOAD

AIM:
To measure the active power for the given star and delta network.

APPARATUS:

Sl. No. Name of the Range Type Quantity

Equipment
01 Auto Transformer 415V/(0-440), (0-20)A 3–Φ 01
02 U.P.F. Wattmeter (150/300/600) (0-5/10)A Dynamometer Type 01
03 L.P.F. Wattmeter (150/300/600)V(0-5/10)A Dynamometer Type 01
04 Ammeter (0-10)A MI 01
05 Voltmeter (0-600)V MI 01
06 Connecting Wires ------ ------ As required

THEORY:

A three phase balanced voltage is applied on a balanced three phase load when the
current in each of the phase lags by an angle Φ behind corresponding phase voltages.
Current through current coil of w1=Ir, current through current coil of W2=IB, while potential
difference across voltage coil of W1=VRN-VYN=VRY(line voltage), and the potential
difference across voltage coil of W2= VRN-VYN=[Link], phase difference between IR and
VRY is (300+ Φ).While that between IB and VBY is (300- Φ).Thus reading on wattmeter W1
is given by W1=VRY IYCos(300+ Φ)While reading on wattmeter W2 is given by
W2=VBYIBCos(300-Φ)Since the load is balanced, |IR|=|IY|=|IB|=I and
|VRY|=|VBY|=VLW1=VLICos(300+ Φ)W2=VLICos(300- Φ).
Thus total power P is given by
W= W1 +W2 = VLICos(300+ Φ) + VLICos(300- Φ)
= VLI[Cos(300+ Φ) + Cos(300- Φ)]
= [√3/2 *2Cos Φ]VLI = √3VLICos Φ

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES (UJ)

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Star connected load:

Delta connected load:

PROCEDURE:
(STAR CONNECTION):
1) Connect the circuit as shown in the figure.
2) Ammeter is connected in series with wattmeter whose other end is connected to one of
the loads of the balanced loads.
3) The Y-phase is directly connected to one of the nodes of the 3-ph supply.
4) A wattmeter is connected across R-phase & Y-phase as shown in fig. The extreme of
Bphase is connected to the third terminal of the balanced 3-ph load.
5) Another wattmeter is connected across Y & B phase, the extreme of B-phase is
connected to the third terminal of the balanced three phases load.
MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES (UJ)
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

6) Verify the connections before switching on the 3-ph power supply.

(DELTA CONNECTION):
1) Connect the circuit as shown in the figure.
2) Ammeter is connected in series with wattmeter whose other end is connected to one of
the loads of the balanced loads.
3) The Y-phase is directly connected to one of the nodes of the 3-ph supply.
4) A wattmeter is connected across Y & B phase, the extreme of B-phase is connected to
the third terminal of the balanced 3-ph load.
5) Another wattmeter is connected across R & Yphase, the extreme of R-phase is connected
to the third terminal of the balanced three phases load.
6) Verify the connections before switching on the 3-ph power supply.

TABULAR COLUMN:

[Link] Voltage V Line W1 (Watts) W2 (Watts) W= W1 +

(Volts) Current IL W2
(Amps) I

CALCULATIONS:

For a star connected load

Line voltage(VL) = VL/31/2
Line current(IL) = IL
Ø =tan-1 31/2(W1-W2)/(W1+W2)
P = 31/2VL IL COSØ
P = W1+W2

For a delta connected load

Line voltage(VL) = VL
Line current(IL) = IL/31/2
Ø =tan-1 31/2 (W1-W2)/(W1+W2)
P = 31/2VL IL COSØ
P = W1+W2

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid making loose connections.

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES (UJ)

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

2. Readings should be taken carefully without parallax error.

RESULT:

VIVA-VOCE:

1. Define active power, reactive power & apparent power.

2. Define power factor?
3. What are the different types of loads?
4. Write the equations of active power, reactive power & apparent power.

APPLICATIONS:

1. Active power used to enhance voltage profile and improve the power factor.
2. To maintain voltage stability, high power factor and less transmission losses

b) MEASUREMENT OF REACTIVE POWER FOR STAR AND DELTA

CONNECTED BALANCED LOADS
AIM:
To measure the total reactive power of a three phase balanced load using single
phase wattmeter method.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl. No. Name of the Range Type Quantity

Equipment
01 Capacitive Load 440V, 1.5KVA 3–Φ 01
02 Auto Transformer 415V/(0-440), (0-20)A 3–Φ 01
03 U.P.F. Wattmeter (150/300/600) (0-5/10)A Dynamometer Type 01
04 L.P.F. Wattmeter (150/300/600)V(0-5/10)A Dynamometer Type 01
05 Ammeter (0-10)A MI 01
06 Voltmeter (0-600)V MI 01
07 Connecting Wires ------ ------ As required

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES (UJ)

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

PROCEDURE:

1. Make the Connections as per circuit diagram.

2. Keep the 3-Phase Autotransformer is in minimum output position.
3. Switch on the supply and by slowly varying the autotransformer, rated value is applied to
motor.
4. Note down the readings of Ammeter, Voltmeter, Wattmeter’s readings (Wr & Wa )
5. After noting the values slowly decrease the Auto Transformer till Volt meter comes to
zero voltage position, and switch of the supply.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. There should not be any loose connections.

2. Meter readings should not be exceeded beyond their ratings
3. Readings of the meters must be taking without parallax error.
4. Ensure that setting of the Auto Transformer at zero output voltage during starting.

THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:

Ammeter reading = Iph =

Voltmeter reading = Vph =
MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES (UJ)
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

Wattmeter reading (Wa) = Active power / Phase

Wattmeter reading (Wa) =
i.e. total active power = 3×Wa Total active power = 3VIcosф = 3Wa
Cosф = Wa / VI
Sin2ф = 1- Cos2ф
Total calculated reactive power = WRC = 3VISin ф
Total measured reactive power = 3Wr

Observation Table:

[Link] Voltage V Line W1 (Watts) W2 (Watts) W= W1 +

(Volts) Current IL W2
(Amps) I

Result:

Viva-Voice:

1. Define active power, reactive power & apparent power.

2. Define power factor?
3. What are the different types of loads?
4. Write the equations of active power, reactive power & apparent power.

Applications:

1. Reactive power is essential to excite any electrical equipment. Once equipments are
excited, equipments start to produce the real power. Without reactive power we can't
produce the real power.
2. Reactive power used to enhance voltage profile and improve the power factor.

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES (UJ)

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

EXPERIMENT NO: 13
NO-LOAD CHARACTERSTICS OF A THREE-PHASE ALTERNATOR

AIM: To perform the open circuit & short circuit tests on 3phase alternator and to
predetermine the regulation by Synchronous impedance method ( also called as EMF and
MMF method)

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

NAME OF THE
Sl. No RANGE TYPE QUANTITY
APPARATUS

1 Ammeter (0-10A) MI 1

2 Ammeter (0-2A) MC 1

3 Voltmeter (0-600v) MI 1

4 Voltmeter (0-300v) MC 1

5 Rheostat (370 /1.7A) WW 2

6 Connecting wires

PRECAUTIONS:

1. TPST should be in open position.

2. DPST should be in open position.
3. The field rheostat should be kept in minimum position.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Close the DPST switch, keep the TPST open.
3. Start the motor with the help of three-point starter.
4. Adjust the motor field rheostat to get rated speed of motor.
5. Close the DC supply switch S2 (field exciter) and excite the alternator
in steps.
6. Note down all the meter readings, vary the excitation of the alternator of
the field exciter (S2) till the voltmeter reads the rated voltage of the

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES (UJ)

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

alternator.
7. Tabulate the readings under open circuit test (OC Test).
8. Reduce the field exciter to its minimum position.
9. Close the TPST, and vary the field exciter (S2) till the AC ammeter (IL) reads
the rated current of the alternator.
10. Tabulate the readings of AC & DC Ammeters under short circuit test.
11. Reduce the field exciter to its minimum position and bring the field rheostat of
motor to its original position and open the DPST.
12. Measure the resistance of the winding on per phase basis using the drop test
circuit .

FORMULE:

1. Synchronous impedance Zs = (Open ckt emf / Short ckt current) --------- per phase.
Short circuit current =rated power(name plate)/rated voltage.
2. Synchronous reactance Xs=√(Zs2-Ra2) ----- Ω per phase.
3.E=√{(V cosФ+IlRa)2+(V sinФ±Il Xs)2} volts per phase.

Where E : induced EMF per phase

V: rated voltage /phase.

IL : rated current /phase.
Ra : is the winding resistance per phase.

Xs : is the synchronous reactance per phase.

Here assume the value of power factor Cos as indicated in the tabular column.

% Regulation = ((E-V)/V)*100

REGULATION OF ALTERNATOR BY SYNCHRONOUS IMPEDANCE

METHOD:

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES (UJ)

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

TABULAR COLUMNS:

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST;

Sl. Field Line Open Circuit Open Circuit

No Current in Voltage in Voltage in Voltage in
Amps Volts Volts Volts
IF V V0/line V0/Phase

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES (UJ)

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

Sl. No Field Current in Amps Line Current in Amps IL

IF

MODEL GRAPH:

Voc Isc

O.C.C

S.C.C

Field current

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES (UJ)

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

APPLICATIONS:

Synchronous machines are very important machinery in electrical engineering. Following are the
important applications of a synchronous motors or machines : -
It is used in power houses and sub-stations in parallel to the bus bars to improve power factor.
For this purpose it is run without mechanical load on it and over excited.
 In factories having large number of induction motors or transformers operating at lagging
power factor, it is used for improving power factor.
 It is used to generate electric power at power station, one of the most important application of
synchronous machines.
 it is used to control the voltage at the end of transmission line by varying its excitation.
 It is also used in rubber mills, textile mills, cement factories, air compressors, centrifugal
pumps which requiring constant speed.
 It is used in motor generator sets requiring constant speed.
RESULT:

VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS:

1. What is the basic principle and operation of alternators?

2. What are the various types of rotors used in alternators?

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES(UJ) 74

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

BEYOND THE SYLLABUS

EXPERIMENT NO-1
VERIFICATION OF OHM’S LAW
AIM:

To verify the ohm’s law

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

[Link]. NAME OF RANGE TYPE QTY.

THE
EQUIPMENT
1. RPS (0-30)V DC 1
2. Ammeter (0-10)mA MC 3
3. Voltmeter (0-10)V MC 3
4. Resistor 10K - 3
5. Bread board - - 1
6. Connecting - Single strand As required
wires

THEORY:

OHM`S LAW STATEMENT:

Ohm’s law states that at constant temperature the current flow through a
conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference between the two ends of the conductor.

IαV

Or VαI

V = IR
Where R is a constant and is called the resistance of the conductor.

PROCEDURE:

 Connections are made as per the circuit diagram

 Switch on the power supply.
 For various values of voltage V, note the values of current I.
 Draw a graph of Voltage Vs Current.
 The Slope of the graph gives the resistance value.
 Ohm’s law is verified by measuring the value of R using multimeter and comparing with the
experimental value.

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES(UJ) 75

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

TABULATION: (Practical values)

APPLIED CURRENT
VOLTAGE I
[Link] V (mA) R=V/I ((Ω)
(Volts)

THEORITICAL CALCULATION:

Let applied voltage Vs=8V

R=1KΩ
I=Vs/R=8/1000=0.008mA

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES(UJ) 76

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

RESULT:

Thus the ohm’s law is verified theoretically and practically.

VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS:
1. Define Ohms law
2. What are the limitations of ohms law?
APPLICATIONS:
1. We can find Power Supplied to Electrical Heater while manufacturing
2. In Selection of Fuses
3. for Speed Control of Conventional Fans
4. In Design of Electronic Devices
5. For Sizing of Resistors in consumer electronics

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES(UJ) 77

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

EXPERIMENT NO-2
DEMONSTRATION OF MEASURING INSTUMENTS AND ELECTRICAL
COMPONENT

Aim:
To know the general rules and precautions are to be observed for safe handling of
electricity at differentworking conditions and how to use different measuring
instruments.

Apparatus Required:

S. No. Name of The Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1. RPS (0-30) V Digital 1No
2. Ammeter (0-200) mA Digital 1No
3. Voltmeter (0-20) V Digital 1No
4. Resistors 470Ω, 560Ω, 1KΩ - Required number
5. DMM - Digital 1No
6. Bread Board - - 1No
7. Oscilloscope 30MHz Digital 1No
8. Connecting Wires - - Required number

Demonstration on Measuring Instruments:

1. Multi-Meter
The multimeter can be used as a voltmeter, ammeter, or ohmmeter,
depending on how it is configured. The work stations have other equipment, which
will be investigated in more detail in later sessions. Please be careful with these (and
all other) measuring instruments. A voltmeter is designed to measure the voltage
between any two points in a circuit, when the circuit is energized. If the voltage to be
measured is V12 = V1− V2, then the black probe is placed on node 2 (corresponding
to V2) and the red probe is placed on node 1 (corresponding to V1). Since the
voltmeter is placed in parallel with a part of the circuit it potentially can disrupt

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES(UJ) 78

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

circuit operation. Ideally, a voltmeter’s resistance is infinite in which case there

would be no change in circuit operation.

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES(UJ) 79

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

Element Sectional view Symbol

Resistor (R)

Inductor (L)

Capacitor (C)

Fig.3: Model sectional view and symbol of Resistor,

Inductor and Capacitor

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES(UJ) 80

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

Fig.4: Resistance value calculation

Fig.5: Model inductors and capacitors

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES(UJ) 81

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

Voltmeter and Ammeter

Fig.6: Analog Voltmeter and Ammeter

Fig.7: Digital Voltmeter and Ammeter

Fig.8: Regulated Power Supply.

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES(UJ) 82

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

Fig.9: Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

Fig.10: Function generator

Demonstration of Components of LT Switchgear (SFU, MCB, ELCB, MCCB) and Earthing:

1. Switching Fuse Unit (SFU):

It has one switch unit and one fuse unit. When we operate the breaker, the
contactsclose through switch and then the supply will pass through the fuse unit to the
output.

The Rewireable Switch Fuse Units are used for distributing power and protecting
electrical devices and cables from damage due to fluctuations. This fuse unit is
housed in an enclosure made using quality Cold Rolled (CR) steel sheet.

Porcelain Fuse Units (Kit Kat) are specifically utilized in industrial,

commercial and domestic electrical fittings for ensuring flawless power distribution.

Features:
 Excellent overload protection
 Shock proof
 Compact and sturdy design

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES(UJ) 83

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

 Cable is connected at both ends

 High conductivity
 Protection from short circuit
 Rewireable

2. MCB’S or Miniature Circuit Breakers:

Now-a-days we use more commonly miniature circuit breaker or MCB in low
voltage electrical network instead of fuse. The MCB has some advantages compared
to fuse. It automatically switches offthe electrical circuit during abnormal condition
of the network means in over load condition as well as faulty condition.

3. Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker :

If any current leaks from any electrical installation, there must-be any insulation failure in
the electrical circuit, it must be properly detected and prevented otherwise there may be a
high chance of electrical shock if-anyone touches the installation. ELCB detects the earth

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES(UJ) 84

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

leakage current and makes the power supply off by opening the associated circuit breaker.
There are two types of earth leakage circuit breaker, one is voltage ELCB and other is
current ELCB.

I. Voltage ELCB:
The working principle of Voltage ELCB is quite simple. One terminal of the
relay coil is connected to the metal body of the equipment to be protected against earth
leakage and other terminal is connected to the earth directly. If any insulation failure
occurs or live phase wire touches the metal body, of the equipment, there must be a
voltage difference appears across the terminal of the coil connected to the equipment
body and earth.

This voltage difference produces a current to flow the relay coil. If the voltage
difference crosses, a predetermined limit, the current through the relay becomes
sufficient to actuate the relay for tripping the associated circuit breaker to disconnect
the power supply to the equipment. The typicalityof this device is, it can detect and
protect only that equipment or installation with which it is attached. Itcannot detect any
leakage of insulation in other installation of the system.

Fig.3: Voltage ELCB

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES(UJ) 85

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

II. Current ELCB :

Actually, ELCBs are of two kinds, but it is general practice to refer voltage
based ELCB as simple ELCB. And current based ELCB is referred as residual current
device (RCD) or RCCB. Here one CT core is energized from both phase wise and
neutral wire. Current ELCB consists of a 3-windingtransformer, which has two primary
windings and 1 secondary winding.
Neutral and line wire act as the two primary windings. During balanced
condition current through the secondary winding is zero. Normal (Balanced) condition
– the flux due to current through the phase wire will be neutralizing the current
through the neutral wire. Current is same for lineand neutral. Fault (Unbalanced)
condition – flux produced in the secondary winding (Line current not equal-= neutral
current). This induces the current through the secondary winding. This is connected to
the sensing circuit. This will sense the leakage and send a signal to the tripping system
and trips the contact.

Fig.4: Current ELCB

2. Molded Case Circuit Breaker:

A MCCB is a type of electrical protection device that can be used for a wide
range of voltages, and frequencies of both 50 Hz and [Link] main distinctions
between MCCB and MCB are that the MCCB can have current ratings that range from
15 A to 2,500 amperes, and its trip settings are normally adjustable. An additional
difference is that MCCBs tend to be much larger than MCBs.
MCCB has three main functions:
Protection against overload – currents above the rated value that last longer than what is
normal for the application.

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES(UJ) 86

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

Protection against electrical faults – During a fault such as a short circuit or line
fault,there are extremely high currents that must be interrupted immediately.
Switchingacircuitonandoff–Thisisalesscommonfunctionofcircuitbreakers, but
they canbe used for that purpose if there isn’t an adequate manual switch.

Operating Mechanism:
[Link]
have a bimetallic contact what expands and contracts in response to changes in
temperature. Under normal operating conditions, the contact allows electric current
through the MCCB. However, as soon as the current exceeds the adjusted trip value,
the contact will start to heat and expand until the circuit
[Link]
short duration over current, which is a normal part of operation for many devices.
However, any over current conditionsthat last more than what is normally expected
represent an overload, and the MCCB is tripped to protect the equipment and
personnel.

3. Earthing:
[Link]
tallic parts in electrical equipment are grounded then if the insulation inside the
equipment fails there are no dangerous voltages present in the equipment case. If the
live wire touches the grounded case then the circuit is effectively shorted and fuse
will immediately blow. When the fuse is blown then the dangerous voltages are
away.

Purpose of Earthing
1. Safety for Human life / Building/Equipment
2. Over voltage protection
3. Voltage stabilization
Conventional methods of earthing

1. Plate type Earthing

2. Pipe type Earthing

Grounding or Earthing :
To connect the metallic (conductive) Parts of an Electric appliance is called Earthing or
Grounding.

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES(UJ) 87

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

1. Earthing through a Galvanized iron (G.I.) Pipe:

• Pipe earthing is best form of earthing, It is cheap
• GI pipe used as an earth electrode.
• The size of the pipe depends upon the current to be carried and the type of
soil in which the earthelectrode is buried.

2. Earthing through a plate:

GI or copper plate is used as an earth electrode

If a GI plate is used it shall be of dimensions 0.3m × 0.3 m and 6.35 mm thick

and if a copper plate is used it shall be a dimension 0.3m × 0.3 m and 3.2 mm thick.
The plate is buried to a depth of not less than 2 m in as moist a place as possible
preferably in close proximity of water tap and at least

0.6 m away from all the building foundations. The plate shall be completely covered
by 80 mm of charcoal with the layer of common salt 30 mm all around it, keeping
the face of the vertical. The charcoal and salt decreases the earth resistance.

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES(UJ) 88

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

Fig.7: Effect of earthing

Demonstration of Cut-Out Sections of Machines: DC Machine SynchronousMachine

and Single-Phase Induction Machine

Single Phase Induction Motor:

Fig .1: Single Phase Induction Motor

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES(UJ) 89

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

Single Phase Transformer:

Fig.2: Single Phase Transformer

Synchronous Machine:

Fig.3. Synchronous machine

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES(UJ) 90

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Department of EEE

DC Machine:

Fig.4: DC machine

Result:

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES(UJ) 91