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‘enVision Geometry
Student Edition
Copyright © 2018 by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the
United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should be
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3SOQ ee ISBN-13: 978-0-328-93158-3

| Carson ISBN-10: 0-328-93158-6

Sas
 Contents in Brief

PP RRR ORI RR RAPE ARM ah rR om

‘enVision Geometry
if Foundations of Geometry 2

eee Parallel and Perpendicular Lines 68

Transformations 102

leche» Triangle Congruence 146

c= Relationships in Triangles 198

> Quadrilaterals and Other Polygons 242

Similarity 298

Bey Right Triangles and Trigonometry 342

Pee Coordinate Geometry 382

Circles 416

Two- and Three-Dimensional Models 462

Probability 496
Glossary G2

Index N1

Acknowledgments Al
 Reviewers & Consultants

ser eae ERE RLS EERNR RNEENET IERAENRRERRRRERTIENTEERNNEaemeiameniaicadll

Mathematicians
David Bressoud, Ph.D. Karen Edwards, Ph.D.
Professor Emeritus of Mathematics Mathematics Lecturer
Macalester College Harvard University
St. Paul, MN Cambridge, MA

Teacher Reviewers
Jennifer Barkey Tamar McPherson
K-12 Math Supervisor Plum Sr HS/Math Teacher
Gateway School District Plum School District
Monroeville, PA Pittsburgh, PA

Miesha Beck Melisa Rice

Math Teacher/ Department Chair Math Department Chairperson
Blackfoot School District Shawnee Public Schools
Blackfoot, ID Shawnee, OK

Joseph Brandell, Ph.D. Ben Wilson

West Bloomfield High School Camille Casteel HS Teacher
West Bloomfield Public Schools Chandler Unified School District
West Bloomfield, MI Chandler, AZ

Andrea Coles Erin Zitka

Mathematics Teacher 6-12 Math Coordinator
Mountain View Middle School Forsyth County
Blackfoot, ID Cumming, GA

Julie Johnson Jeff Ziegler

Mathematics/CS teacher (9-12) Teacher
Williamsville Central Schools Pittsburgh City Schools
Williamsville, NY Pittsburgh, PA

iy REVIEWERS AND CONSULTANTS [=] Go Online |[Link]

About the Authors

Authors
Dan Kennedy, Ph.D Christine D. Thomas, Ph.D
e Classroom teacher and Professor of Mathematics
the Lupton Distinguished Education at Georgia State
Professor of Mathematics University, Atlanta, GA
at the Baylor School in Past-President of 3

Chattanooga, TN

&
the Association of
e Co-author of textbooks Mathematics Teacher
Precalculus: Graphical, Educators (AMTE) a
Numerical, Algebraic and Past NCTM Board of Directors Member
Calculus: Graphical, Numerical, Algebraic,
Past member of the editorial panel of the
AP Edition
NCTM journal Mathematics Teacher
e Past chair of the College Board’s AP Calculus
Past co-chair of the steering committee of the
Development Committee.
North American chapter of the International
e Previous Tandy Technology Scholar and Group of the Psychology of Mathematics
Presidential Award winner Education

Eric Milou, Ed.D Rose Mary Zbiek, Ph.D

e Professor of Mathematics, Professor of Mathematics
Rowan University, Education, Pennsylvania
Glassboro, NJ State University, College
Park, PA
e Member of the author
team for Pearson's Series editor for
enVisionmath2.0 6-8 the NCTM Essential
Understanding project
e Member of National
Council of Teachers of
Mathematics (NCTM) feedback/advisory team
for the Common Core State Standards
Contributing Author
e Author of Teaching Mathematics to Middle Al Cuoco, Ph.D
School Students Lead author of CME
Project, a National
Science Foundation
(NSF)-funded high
school curriculum
Team member to revise
the Conference Board
of the Mathematical
Sciences (CBMS) recommendations for teacher
preparation and professional development
Co-author of several books published by the
Mathematical Association of America and the
American Mathematical Society
Consultant to the writers of the Common
Core State Standards for Mathematics and the
PARCC Content Frameworks for high school
mathematics

ABOUT THE AUTHORS . v

 About enVision Geomeiry

‘enVision Geometry offers a carefully constructed |

lesson design to help you succeed in math.

See At the start of ORREriras

} A new high school will be built for Brighton and Springfield. The location of
e a Cch |ess Oo n ' yo u | the school must be the same distance from each middle school. The distance |
between the two middle schools is 18 miles.
and your classmates will
work together to come up
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| | 44 point that is equidistant from the vertices.

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vi ABOUT enVision Geometry (=) Go Online |[Link]

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| triangles and compare the locations of the
centroid and the circumcenter of eachtriangle.
The Assessment Practice
exercises offer practice for
high stakes assessments.
Your teacher may have you
complete the assignment
in print or online at
[Link]

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may have 5-2 Lesson Quiz

you take the Lesson Quiz 1, What conditions would be enough to prove that Pis #
the circumcenter of AHJK? Select all that apply.
after each lesson. You ® LM, and Nare the midpoints of HK, HJ and KJ. «PR

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5. Where js the incenter of a triangle

always located?

ABOUT enVision Geometry vii

Everything you need for math, anytime, anywhere.
[Link] is your gateway to all of the digital resources for
enVision™ Geometry. Log in to access your interactive student edition, called Realize Reader.

ier lttdo
Browse Programs
Biel stony

Relationships in
Triangles

Topic 5 eniVision™ STEM Project >

Lesson 5-1 >
Petpendicular and Angle Bisectors
€nVision Algebra | enVision Geometry enVision Algebra 2 Lesson 5.2 >
Bisectors in Triangles

(us) In PearsonRealize, you can:

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Find Equidistant Points from the Sides of an Angle

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tor Brighton and Springfield.
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An airport baggage inspector needs to stand equidistant from two conveyor belts.
How can the inspector determine where he should stand?

‘[Link] a newpoint thatis

12 mi from each school,
Compare your point with
others’. Ik there more than one
location for the new high
school? Explain.

Investigate Circumscribed Circles

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How can you construct a circie that contains the three vertices of a given
telangle?

The circle that contains all three vertices af a

triangle |s the circumscribed circle of the
triangle
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DIGITAL RESOURCES Geometry (=) Go Online |[Link]

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CC) Videos Watch clips to support (& Concept Sun ’ Review key lesson
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and enVision™ STEM Projects.

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Medians and Altitudes

The centroid |s the point of

concurrent cy of the medians,
Drag the vertices of the triangle
to explore the relationship
between the centroid and the
medians.

Assessment Show what you've Glossary Read and listen to English and
learned. Spanish definitions.

Tutorials Get help from Virtual Nerd, Math Tools Explore math with digital
right when you need it. tools and manipulatives.

Le Aca) SCHOOL I Nee

DIGITAL RESOURCES Geometry

 Mathematical Practices and Processes

Problem Solving Reasoning and

Make sense of problems and persevere
Communicating
in solving them. Reason abstractly and quantitatively.
Proficient math thinkers are able to read through a Proficient math thinkers make sense of quantities
problem situation and can put together a workable in problem situations. They represent a problem
solution path to solve the problem posed. They situation using symbols or equations and explain
analyze the information provided and identify what the symbols or equation represent in
constraints and dependencies. They identify relationship to a problem situation. As they model
multiple entries to a problem solution and will a situation symbolically or mathematically, they
choose an efficient and effective entry point. explain the meaning of the quantities.
Consider these questions to help you make sense of Consider these questions to help you reason
problems. abstractly and quantitatively.
e What am | asked to find?
e¢ How can | represent the problem using
e¢ What are the quantities and variables? The equations or formulas?
dependencies and the constraints? How do * e¢ What do the numbers, variables, and symbols
they relate? in the equation or formula represent?
e¢ What are some possible strategies to solve the
problem?

Attend to precision. Construct viable arguments and

Proficient math thinkers communicate clearly and critique the reasoning of others.
precisely the approach they are using. They identify
Proficient math thinkers and problem solvers
the meaning of symbols that they use and always
communicate their problem solutions clearly and
remember to specify units of measure and to label
convincingly. They construct sound mathematical
accurately graphical models. They use mathematical
arguments and develop and defend conjectures
terms precisely and express their answers with the
to explain mathematical situations. They make
appropriate degree of accuracy.
use of examples and counterexamples to support
Consider these questions to help you attend to their arguments and justify their conclusions. When
precision. asked, they respond clearly and logically to the
positions and conclusions of others, and compare
e Have I stated the meaning of the variables
two arguments, identifying any flaws in logic or
and symbols | am using?
reasoning that the arguments may contain. They
e Have | specified the units of measure | am ask questions to clarify or improve the position of a
using? classmate.
e Have | calculated accurately?
Consider these questions to help you construct
mathematical arguments.
e What assumptions can | make when
constructing an argument?
e What conjectures can | make about the
solution to the problem?
e¢ What arguments can | present to defend my
conjectures?

x MATHEMATICAL PRACTICES AND PROCESSES (=) Go Online |[Link]

 ‘envision Geome>ry

Representing and Seeing Patterns and

Connecting Generalizing
Model with mathematics. Look for and make use of structure.
Proficient math thinkers use mathematics Proficient math thinkers see mathematical patterns
to represent a problem situation and make in the problems they are solving and generalize
connections between a real-world problem mathematics principles from these patterns. They
situation and mathematics. They see the see complicated expressions or equations as single
applicability of mathematics to solve every-day objects composed of many parts.
problems and explain how geometry can be used
Consider these questions to help you see structure.
to solve a carpentry problem or algebra to solve
a proportional relationship problem. They define e Can | see a pattern in the problem or solution
2)
and map relationships among quantities in a strategy? 4)
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problem, using appropriate tools. They analyze e¢ How can | use the pattern | see to help me nA
the relationships and draw conclusions about the
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solve the problem? 1S)
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problem situation to simplify the problem? joa]
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Use appropriate tools strategically. Look for generalizations. =
Proficient math thinkers strategize about which Proficient math thinkers notice when calculations >
4
tools are more helpful to solve a problem situation. are repeated and can uncover both general =
zs)
They consider all tools, from paper and pencil to
protractors and rulers, to calculators and software
methods and shortcuts for solving similar problems.
Consider these questions to help you look for
iE
9
applications. They articulate the appropriateness
regularity in repeated reasoning.
=
of different tools and recognize which would
best serve the needs for a given problem. They ¢ Do | notice any repeated calculations or steps?
are especially insightful about technological tools e Are there general methods that | can use to
and use them in ways that deepen or extend their solve the problem?
understanding of concepts. They also make use of
e¢ What can | generalize from one problem to
mental tools, such as estimation, to determine the
another?
appropriateness of a solution.
e How reasonable are the results that | am
Consider these questions to help you use getting?
appropriate tools.
¢ What tool can | use to help me solve the
problem?
¢ How can technology help me solve the
problem?

MATHEMATICAL PRACTICES AND PROCESSES xi

 Key Concepts in Geometry

The focus of enVision Geometry is the study of Euclidian geometry. Studying plane figures both on and off
the coordinate grid, students develop an understanding of the structures of geometry. They use postulates,
corollaries, and theorems to write proofs for properties of two-dimensional figures, including triangles,
quadrilaterals, and circles. Students use transformations to understand congruence in terms of rigid motions,
and similarity in terms of similarity transformations. Students look at the relationships in right triangles
to develop an understanding of trigonometry, and learn the Law of Sines and the Law of Cosines for all
triangles. Students also build on prior knowledge from Algebra 1, expanding their knowledge of parabolas
to include the focus and directrix. Once they have learned about two-dimensional figures, they use that
foundation to learn the properties of three-dimensional figures such as prisms, cones, pyramids, and spheres.

Foundations of Geometry Angle and Triangle

The foundation of geometry is based on
undefined notions of point, line, plane,
Relationships
distance along a line, and distance around a If the measure of one angle formed when a
circular arc. pair of parallel lines is cut by a transversal is
known, then the measures of the other angles
Postulates and axioms are assumed to be true;
can be determined.
whereas theorems and corollaries need to be
proven. The circumcenter of a triangle is the point
that is equidistant from the vertices. This is
Theorems and corollaries about lines, angles,
where the perpendicular bisectors intersect.
and figures can be proven using postulates,
axioms, definitions, and other theorems. The incenter of a triangle is the point where
the angle bisectors intersect. It is equidistant
Two lines with the same slope are parallel
from the sides.
while two lines whose slopes are opposite
reciprocals are perpendicular. Special angle pair measurements can be used
to prove that two lines are parallel.
The coordinates of a polygon in a coordinate
grid can be used to compute perimeters Inscribed and circumscribed circles of a
of polygons and areas of triangles and triangle are constructed to find the incenter
rectangles. and circumcenter of a triangle.
Some geometric theorems can be proven
algebraically by using coordinates of figures in
a coordinate plane.
Inductive reasoning is a tool to develop
conjectures.
Deductive reasoning is a way to formally
construct a valid argument.
Using laws of logic aids in the process of
determining the validity of a statement.

xii KEY CONCEPTS IN GEOMETRY (=) Go Online |[Link]

 ‘enVision Geome\ry

Congruence and Similarity Trigonometric Relationships

Transformations in the plane take points in The sine of any acute angle is equal to the
the plane as inputs and give other points as cosine of its complement.
outputs. The cosine of any acute angle is equal to the
Some transformations, such as translations, sine of its complement.
reflections, and rotations preserve distance The relationship between the sine and cosine
and angle; others, such as dilations, do not. of complementary angles can be used to solve
A series of transformations can carry a given problems.
figure onto another. The formula A = tab sin(C) for the area of
The definition of congruence in terms of rigid a triangle can be derived by drawing an
motions can be used to determine whether auxiliary line from a vertex perpendicular to
two figures are congruent. the opposite side.
dia! b c
Two triangles are congruent if and only if The Law of Sines states that
é sinA sinB sinc’
corresponding pairs of sides and corresponding The Law of Sines can be used to solve real-world
pairs of angles are congruent. problems.
The criteria for triangle congruence — Angle- The Law of Cosines states that
Side-Angle, Side-Angle-Side, and Side- c2 = a + b? — 2ab cos(C). The Law of Cosines
Side-Side--follow from the definition of can be used to solve real-world problems.
congruence in terms of rigid motions.
Two triangles are similar if all corresponding
pairs of angles are congruent and all
corresponding pairs of sides are proportional.
The properties of similarity transformations
can be used to establish the Angle-Angle
criterion for two triangles to be similar.
Congruence and similarity criteria for triangles
can be used to solve problems and to prove CON
GEO
KEY
IN
relationships in geometric figures.
By similarity, side ratios in right triangles
are properties of the angles in the triangle,
leading to definitions of trigonometric ratios
for acute angles.

KEY CONCEPTS IN GEOMETRY xiii

 Key Concepts in Geometry

Circles and Parabolas Geometric Figures and

All circles are similar.
Measurements
The length of the arc of a circle intercepted Volume formulas for cylinders, pyramids,
by an angle is proportional to the radius of cones, and spheres can help solve real-world
the circle. and mathematical problems.
The radian measure of an angle is the ratio The cross-sections of three-dimensional
of the arc length of a circle and the radius of objects are two-dimensional figures.
the circle. It is a constant of proportionality
between arc length and radius. The properties and measures of geometric
figures can be used to describe real-world
The equation of a circle of given center and objects.
radius can be derived using the Pythagorean
Theorem. Concepts of density based on area and volume
can be used to model real-world situations.
The equation of a parabola can be derived
given a focus and directrix. Geometric methods can help solve design
problems.
Tangent lines only intersect the circle at one
point. They are perpendicular to the radius
that intersects the circle at that point.
When two segments are tangent to a circle
and have a common endpoint outside of the
circle, the segments are congruent.
When a quadrilateral is inscribed ina circle,
opposite angles are supplementary.
When a tangent intersects the endpoint of a
chord, the measure of the angle formed is half
the measure of its intercepted arc.
The measure of an angle inscribed in a circle is
half the measure of the arc it intercepts.
An angle inscribed on the diameter is a right
angle.
Two inscribed angles that intercept the same
arc are congruent.
If the chords in a circle are congruent, their
central angles are congruent.
If chords are the same distance from the
center of a circle, they are congruent.
If the diameter intersects the chord at 90°,
then it bisects the chord.
If arcs of a circle are congruent, their chords
are also congruent.

xiv KEY CONCEPTS IN GEOMETRY [=] Go Online |[Link]

 envision Geometry

Pr obability
Probability events are subsets of a sample When two events, A and B are not mutually
space. The outcomes can be categorized as exclusive, the probability of A OR B occurring
unions, intersections, or complements of other is found using the Addition Rule, that is
events (“or,” “and,” “not”). P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) — P(A and B).
Two events A and B are independent if the If A and B are dependent events, the
probability of A and B occurring together is probability of A AND B occurring is
the product of their probabilities. P(A and B) = P(A)P(BIA) or P(B)P(A|B).
The probability that event A occurs given Permutations and combinations are used to
event Bis called pone OD probability. It is compute probabilities of compound events.
an
expressed Ey A combination shows the probability of
If A and B are independent events, the compound events when order does not matter
conditional probability of A given Bis while a permutation shows the probability of
the same as the probability of A, and the compound events when order does matter.
conditional probability of B given A is the An expected value is a predicted value of a
same as the probability of B. random variable. It is a probability-weighted
A two-way frequency table can show the averages of all possible values.
frequency of events. It can represent a sample A random variable is a variable quantity
space. It can also be used to determine whose possible values depend on random
whether events are independent and to outcome events.
approximate conditional probabilities. The expected value of a random variable can
When two events, A and B are mutually be used to guide decisions about future events.
exclusive, the probability of A OR B occurring
is the sum of the probability of each event,
also known as the Addition Rule, that is
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B).
CON
GEO
KEY
IN

KEY CONCEPTS IN GEOMETRY xv

 TOPIC Foundations of Geometry

1 Topic Opener

‘énVision STEM 4

Measuring Segments and Angles 5

14a» Basic Constructions 14

cz» Midpoint and Distance 22

Inductive Reasoning 28

CEO) Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts:

Mystery Spokes 35

Conditional Statements 36

6 Deductive Reasoning 44

Writing Proofs 51

aie Indirect Proof 58

Topic Review 64

xvi CONTENTS [=] Go Online |[Link]

10) 21 Parallel and Perpendicular tats

Topic Opener 68

‘énVision STEM 70

yeaa Properties of Parallel Lines Us

Proving Lines Parallel 78

Parallel Lines and Triangles 85

Slopes of Parallel and Perpendicular Lines O2

CEO) Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts:

Parallel Paving Company oo

Topic Review 100

CONTENTS xvii
 TOPIC Transformations

Topic Opener

‘énVision STEM 104

Reflections 105

eel Translations 113

ce Rotations Pe

Lee ik Classification of Rigid Motion 129

ere Symmetry 136

CEO) Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts:

The Perplexing Polygon 142

Topic Review 143

xviii CONTENTS [=] Go Online |[Link]

TOPIC Triangle Congruence

Topic Opener 146

‘EénVision STEM 148

ese Congruence 149

Eiee Isosceles and Equilateral Triangles Oy,

CEO) Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts:

Check it Out 166

zie Proving and Applying the SAS and

SSS Congruence Criteria 167

Proving and Applying the ASA and

AAS Congruence Criteria 174

pee Congruence in Right Triangles 182

Congruence in Overlapping Triangles 188

Topic Review 194

CONTENTS xix
 TOPIC | Relationships in Triangles

. Topic Opener

‘énVision STEM 200

hea Perpendicular and Angle Bisectors 201

Be Bisectors in Triangles 209

Gao) Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts:

Making It Fair 27

EP Medians and Altitudes 218

cre Inequalities in One Triangle 226

Fa Inequalities in Two Triangles 233

Topic Review 239

xx CONTENTS (=) Go Online |PearsonRealizecom

 Quadrilaterals and Other
Polygons

Topic Opener 242

‘énVision STEM 244

ae The Polygon Angle-Sum Theorems 245

CCO) Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts:

The Mystery Sides Zoe

ae Kites and Trapezoids 253

ee Properties of Parallelograms 262

> Proving a Quadrilateral Is a Parallelogram 271

iia Properties of Special Parallelograms 2719

Zz» Conditions of Special Parallelograms 286

Topic Review 294

CONTENTS xxi
 ee ke Similarity

rf Topic Opener

‘EénVision STEM 300

|
Dilations 301

Similarity Transformations 310

Proving Triangles Similar Se |

Similarity in Right Triangles 324

CO) Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts:

Make It Right 332

Proportions in Triangles _ 333

Topic Review 340

xxii CONTENTS [=] Go Online | [Link]

 Right Triangles and
Trigonometry

Topic Opener 342

‘énVision STEM 344

es Right Triangles and the Pythagorean Theorem 345

ae Trigonometric Ratios 354

Ea Law of Sines 361

pee Law of Cosines 367

CEO) Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts:

The Impossible Measurement 373

=» Problem Solving With Trigonometry 374

Topic Review 380

CONTENTS xxiii
 TOPIC Coordinate Geometry

Topic Opener

‘<énVision STEM 384

Eat» Polygons in the Coordinate Plane 385

CCO) Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts:

You Be the Judge 592

Ee Proofs Using Coordinate Geometry 395

Eeeee> Circles in the Coordinate Plane 400

> Parabolas in the Coordinate Plane 406

Topic Review 413

:
xxiv CONTENTS (=) Go Online |[Link]
|
TOPIC Circles

fe Topic Opener 416

‘enVision STEM 418

Arcs and Sectors 419

Ee» Tangent Lines to a Circle 427

CEO) Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts:

Earth Watch 435

Fre Chords 436

Re) Inscribed Angles Gea

Bre Secant Lines and Segments 451

Topic Review 459

CONTENTS xxv
 Two- and Three-Dimensional
Models

Topic Opener

:énVision STEM 464

Space Figures and Cross Sections 465

Volumes of Prisms and Cylinders 471

CEO) Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts:

Box ‘Em Up 479

Pyramids and Cones 480

Spheres : 487

Topic Review 493

xxvi CONTENTS (=) Go Online |[Link]

TOPIC Probability

2 Topic Opener 496

‘EnVision STEM 498

EeEe Probability Events 499

Conditional Probability 507

Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts:

Place Your Guess 514

Permutations and Combinations als

Probability Distributions B22

Expected Value 530

Probability and Decision Making 537

Topic Review 544

CONTENTS xxvii
 Foundations of
Geometry
4 TOPIC ESSENTIAL QUESTION

What are some of the fundamentals of geometry?

Topic Overview Topic Vocabulary

enVision™ STEM Project e angle bisector
Design a Tablet ¢ biconditional
1-1 Measuring Segments and Angles * conditional
e conjecture
1-2. Basic Constructions
e construction
1-3 Midpoint and Distance contrapositive
1-4 Inductive Reasoning converse
Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts: counterexample
The Mystery Spokes deductive reasoning
1-5 Conditional Statements ipeuctive reasoning
e inverse
1-6 Deductive Reasoning
e Law of Detachment
1-7 Writing Proofs ° Law of Syllogism
1-8 Indirect Proof * negation
° proof
¢ perpendicular bisector
° postulate
¢ theorem
e truth table
e truth value

enVision Geometry. >, Topic) > Lesson 9-7 Digital Experience ,

a |
Writing Proofs INTERACTIVE STUDENT EDITION
Access online or offline.

Critique & Explain >

ACTIVITIES Complete Explore & Reason,
Model & Discuss, and Critique & Explain
activities. Interact with Examples and Try Its.

ANIMATION View and interact with

real-world applications.

(=) Go online |[Link] G@e

Q90O PRACTICE Practice what
you've learned.

TOPIC 1 Foundations of Geometry

 Sag
a, NT ale bt
MATHEMATICAL MODE ee ay
ee. ale .
RA ATTIUTTIAAATIIIMAT
NTI ATLICNAATIC A Vilayt a me Ol
vays i Oa Yi
ie) 8S Ga hw if >)

G) The Mystery Spokes

y amy nt. RAR. eee re oO. ay aie

Some photos are taken in such a way that it is difficult to determine exactly
what the picture shows. Sometimes this is because the photo is a close up
of an object, and you do not see the entire object. Other times, it might be
because the photographer used special effects when taking the photo.

You can often use clues from the photo to determine what is in the photo
and also what the rest of the object might look like. What clues would
you look for? Think about this during the Mathematical Modeling in
3 Acts lesson.

VIDEOS Watch clips to support GLOSSARY Read and listen to

Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts Lessons English and Spanish definitions.
and enVision™ STEM Projects.
© TUTORIALS Get help from
CEPT 1 Review Virtual Nerd, right when you need it.
key lesson content through
multiple representations. MATH TOOLS Explore math
with digital tools and manipulatives.
ASSESSMENT Show what
you've learned.

j
f
f
|1
TOPIC 1 Foundations of Geometry a
 rorict }promer <SNVISION STEM
Did You Know?
The golden ratio, (1 + V5) : 2, has been explored
in mathematics for over 2400 years. A golden
rectangle has sides in the golden ratio.

Golden rectangles are used in webpage design to

allocate space for content areas.

The main door of the Taj Mahal, in

Agra, India, is in the shape of
a golden rectangle.

© Your Task: Design a Tablet

rhe tablet market is growing quickly. Each quarter, more than
38 million tablets are shipped around the world. By 2019, yearly
shipping is expected to surpass 189 million. In this project, you'll design
a new tablet using the golden ratio.

Ba TOPIC 1 enVision STEM Project (=) GoOnline |[Link]

 ea
Measuring
(») EXPLORE & REASON
A teacher labels two points on the number line.

Segments and
Angles
© Go Back Lesson 1-1
ESSENTIAL QUESTION ES /A-Z) & Ai

(=) [Link] A B
eo—=——_

—A—-3—2—-1h0. 1.2 3 4 5-6

| CAN... use properties of

segments and angles to find
their measures.
| mi , oes
VOCABULARY al
= -
¢ collinear points f
e line
e plane
e point
¢ postulate
A. What are some methods for finding the distance between points A and B?
B. Construct Arguments Which method of finding the distance is the best?
Explain.

aber melti sey etey How are the properties of segments and angles used to determine
their measures?

CONCEPT Undefined Terms

Undefined terms are terms whose meanings are accepted without formal
definition. The terms point, line, and plane are undefined terms that are
the basic building blocks of geometry.

Description Diagram Notation

A point is a location and Pp
has no size. ai
A line is an infinite lines
number of points on ares
a straight path that e AB
extends in two opposite : A B 2
directions with no end
and has no thickness.

plane is an infinite plane M

number of points and
lines on a flat surface ea) plane XYZ
that extends without end
and has no thickness.

LESSON 1-1 Measuring Segments and Angles 5

 f= © Activity © Assess

CONCEPT Defined Terms

In geometry, new terms are defined using previously defined or known

terms.
Description Diagram Notation
A segment is the part of -—_____—_ AB
a line that consists of two B
points, called endpoints
and all points between
them.
A ray is the part of a +> MN
line that consists of one M N
endpoint and all the
points of the line on one
side of the endpoint.

Opposite rays are rays <0 TS and TU

with the same endpoint 5 r U
that lie on the same line.

An angle is formed by R ZO)

two rays with the same
:
endpoint. Each ray ‘is a 2 Q ZPQR
side of the angle and the eS 22
common endpoint is the P
vertex of the angle.

Ce iO NVI2A ep Find Segment Lengths

How can you find the length of CD?
The length of a segment is a positive real number. You can use the number
line to find the length of CD.
A BIG D The notation CD represents
COMMUNICATE PRECISELY aap ag Sa ae the length of CD.
Think about how notation and =—36—2—17 0 tre2dvorsan4
symbols are used. How might the There are 3 units between C and D, so CD = 3.
notation for a segment and for
the length of a segment help you To find the length of a segment, count the units of length between the
remember their meaning?
endpoints. The length of CD is 3.

© Try It! 1. Refer to the figure in Example 1. How can you find the length
of AC?

6 TOPIC 1 Foundations of Geometry (2) Go Online |[Link]

 & © Activity © Assess

POSTULATE 1-1 Ruler Postulate

Every point on a line can be paired x Y

with a unique real number. This
number is called the coordinate of a
the point.
The coordinate of X is 3.
The coordinate ofYis 7.

CONCEPT Distance on a Line

The distance between any two X if

points X and Yis the absolute
value of the difference of their a |
coordinates. -
XY =|7-3|=4
XY =|3-7|=4

CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING tb) >ONIGR we Find the Length of a Segment
\neussorasanscsnicinesernSREaN EES

What is KL? is a statement that is assumed to be true.

Use the Ruler Postulate to find the coordinates of K and L.

STUDY TIP J K L M
Remember, when finding distance
5 12 16 27
between two points, take the
absolute value of the difference
because distance is positive. KL=|16—12|=4 or KL=|12—- 16|=4

© Try It! 2. Refer to the figure in Example 2.

a. What is JK? b. What is KM?

POSTULATE 1-2 Segment Addition Postulate

If points A, B, and C are on the lfz

same line with B between A and C, ee ‘ Fa a
then AB + BC=AC. A B G

Then... AB + BC=AC

LESSON 1-1 Measuring Segments and Angles 7

 f=) © Activity © Assess

tb) >. ¢-\\i28-KeD Use the Segment Addition Postulate

Points F, G, and H are collinear. ts lie on the same line. |

If GH = 16, what is FH?

F G H
~_
OO

Xa 2x +2

Step 1 Use the expression Step 2. Find FH.

for GH to find x.
COMMON ERROR
FH = FG + GH
f=a10
Be sure to answer the question
that is posed. You may state the 2 Xx+2=
1 16 “eae ‘ea
=5(7)+1 | Apply the Segment —
value of the variable x as the
ohraalt = 25 Addition Postulate.
answer, but you use this answer
x=/7 amet
to find FH.

© Try It! [Link],K,andL J K L

are collinear. 3n eae

a. If JL = 25, what is n? b. What is JK? KL?

POSTULATE 1-3 Protractor Postulate

. eee . =?

Given BA and a point C not on BA,

a unique real number from 0 to 180
can be assigned to BC.
0 is assigned to BA.
. . a

180 is assigned to BD.

. . ——)

eo 9. ¢:N\t38°9-S> Use the Protractor Postulate to Measure an Angle

STUDY TIP What is mzBEC?

Remember, the measure of ZBEC
Since EA lines up with 0 on the top scale, use the top scale for all of the
is denoted as mZBEC.
other rays in the figure.
By the Protractor Postulate, real numbers are assigned to EB and EC.

47 is assigned toEB. 105 is assigned toEC.

You can subtract mZAEB from mZAEC to find mZBEC.

mZBEC = |105 — 47| = 58

CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE

8 TOPIC 1 Foundations of Geometry (=) Go Online |[Link]

 (=) © Activity © Assess

EXAMPLE 4 CONTINUED

© Try It! 4. Refer to the figure in Example 4.

a. What is mZAEC? b. What is mzBED?

POSTULATE 1-4 Angle Addition Postulate

If point D is in the interior of ZABC, If... C

then mZABD + mZDBC = mZABC.

Then... MZABD + mMZDBC = mMZABC

APPLICATION Ce iO NUIeAseem Use the Angle Addition Postulate to Solve Problems

“eeseieeminemnesnad

A lighting designer is e
finalizing the lighting plan Rug@©) Door
for an upcoming production. — a ae
The spotlight can rotate 25°
to the left or right from the
shown starting position.
The beam of light from the
spotlight forms a 22° angle.
Can the designer use the
spotlight to light each of the objects on the stage?
Formulate <= = Draw and label a diagram to represent the beam angle, the angles given and
the unknown angles.

Use the Angle Addition Postulate

to find the angles the light must
rotate to the left and right to light
the chair and table.

Compute < Write and solve equations to find x and y.

xX+22=57 y+57=74
X=35 Vai
Interpret < = The spotlight can rotate 25° to the right or left, so the designer can use the
spotlight to light the table but cannot light the chair.

© Try It! 5. Refer to Example 5. Can the lighting designer use a spotlight
with a 33° beam angle that can rotate 25° to the left and right
to light all of the objects on the stage?

LESSON 1-1 Measuring Segments and Angles 9

 kay © Activity © Assess :

CONCEPT Congruent Segments and Congruent Angles

Segments that have the same Angles that have the same measure
length are congruent segments. are congruent angles.

"A B AB=CD i x ZTUV

=ZXYZ
C D U ;
V
p 9 PQ
=RS fe J

Parnas ZFGH = ZJKL

G K

The same number of tick marks H L

shows congruent segments.
The same number of arc marks
shows congruent angles.

Some properties of equality have equivalent versions for congruence. Let

AB, CD, and EF be any line segments. Let 2A, 2B, and ZC be any angles.
Reflexive Property of Congruence AB = AB LA=ZLA
Symmetric Property of Congruence If AB = CD, then CD ~ AB.
If.2A = 2B, then ZB = ZC.
Transitive Property of Congruence lf AB ~ CD and CD = EF, then
AB & EF.
If ZA = zBand ZB & ZC, then ZA = ZC.

tb) oO NISRA se Use Congruent Angles and Congruent Segments

A. If mZXWZ = 127, what is mz YWV?
STUDY TIP V
Be sure to read the congruency MZXWY+ MZYWV+ MZVWZ
= MZXWZ ie
marks in the diagram carefully. Zz
Important information about a 32+ MZYWV+ 32 = 127 So2
figure may be shown by using mZYWV= 63 x W
angle and segment congruence Apply the Angle
markings. Addition Postulate.

B. What is HF? B
Apply the Segment Addition Postulate and 8 cm
substitute congruent segment lengths. A e
HF = HG + GF E
11cm
HF = AH + BC
HF=11+8=19cm H G :

© Try It! 6.a. If mzNOP = 31 and mZNOQ = 114,

what is mZROQ? R
P Q
b. In the figure in Part B above, suppose
CD = 11.5 cm, DE = 5.3 cm, and the N 0
perimeter of the figure is 73.8 cm.
What is GE?

10 TOPIC1 Foundations of Geometry (=) Go Online |[Link]

 Concept
=) Summary © Assess

a» CONCEPT SUMMARY Measuring Segments and Angles

Ruler Postulate Protractor Postulate

a> Every point on a line can be paired Given KL and a pointJ not on KL, a
. —— . 7

with a unique real number. This unique real number from 0 to 180
: oo,
number is called the coordinate of can be paired with KJ.
the point.

DIAGRAM J K L
Se
SS
dee ee BOL Mt 2 35 GA 85

SYMBOLS #L@=s KL=4 JL=9 mZKL = 50 mZJKM = 70

JK+ KL=JL mMZKL + mZJKM = 120

2 Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

1. "4 ESSENTIAL QUESTION Malo a-lacmuant> Find the length of each segment.
properties of segments and angles used to WwW X Y
determine their measures?
—5 0 5
2. Error Analysis Ella wrote AB = |-1+5|=4.
Explain Ella’s error. 5. WX 6. WY
A B 7. Points A, B, and C are collinear and B is
between A and C. Given AB = 12 and
=e —laenOe
tie 2 oor 41 5-6 AC = 19, what is BC?

3. Vocabulary What does it mean for segments 8. Given MZJML = 80 and mMZKML = 33,
to be congruent? What does it mean for what is mZJMK?
angles to be congruent?

4. Make Sense and Persevere Suppose M is a

point in the interior of ZJKL. If MZMKL = 42
and MZJKL = 84, what is mZJKM?

LESSON 1-1 Measuring Segments and Angles 11

(@ PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Multimedia © it © e
S f ey Practice Tutorial

UNDERSTAND PRACTICE

9. Reason The coordinate of point Mona Find the length of each segment. SEE EXAMPLES 1 AND 2
number line is 11. If MN = 12, what are the
possible coordinates for N on the number et te ep
line? —4 —2 ; 0 2 ae
os a
10. Construct Arguments How can you use the
Segment Addition Postulate to show that 16. DF 17. DE 18. FG
AE = AB + BC + CD + DE? Se oe i
19. FH 20. GH 21. Eo
A B C D E
<—@—_0_0—___0____6—>
Points A, B, C, D, and E are collinear and AC = 16.
11. Higher Order Thinking If points C, D, and E are SEE EXAMPLE 3
on a line and CD = 20 and CE = 32, what are
the possible values of DE? Hive 2Bins Gage SEO
x+7 2x 3x—1 2x+3
12. Error Analysis Benito wrote the equations
shown about the figure. Explain Benito’s 22. What is x? 23. What is AB?
ee 24. What is BD? 25. What is CE?
B Use the figure shown for Exercises 26-28.
AB =BC c SEE EXAMPLES 4 AND 5
Te A
Apes De x 26. If mZPOQ = 24 and
LAG mzPOR = 59,
D what is MZQOR? P

im Q
13. Make Sense and Persevere Point
eee Y is ——
in the re client
mZQOR = 31, and
interior of zXWZ. Given that WX and WZ are meROS=15) wrote R
opposite rays, and mZXWY = 4(mzYW2Z), what is mZPOS?
is MZYWZ? O
28. If MmZQOS = 46, mZPOR = 61,
14. Mathematical Connections The area of ABED
and mzPOQ = 28, what
is 49 square units. Given AG = 9 units and
is MZROS?
AC = 10 units, what fraction of the area of
ACIG is represented by the shaded region?
: ae Suppose EG = 3, EB = 8, AF= 7, mZEBG = 19,
Give your answer in simplest form.
mZEGF = 28, and mzZCAE = 51. Find each value.
SEE EXAMPLE 6
A
B

F G

29. EF 30. AG 31. AD

15. Look for Relationships In the diagram at the
right, mZLMN = 116, K 32. MZEFG 33. MZCAF 34. DF
MZJKM = 122, and J : . ;
mzJNM = 103. What is : 35. Points P Q, R, and Sare collinear. Point Q is
mzNKM? between Pand R, Ris between Q and S, and
i af PQ = RS. |\f PS= 18 and PR = 15, what is the
value of QR?

12 TOPIC 1 Foundations of Geometry (=) Go Online |[Link]

 e)
£) PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING
© Practice © Tutorial

Mixed Review Available Online

© ASSESSMENT PRACTICE
36. Make Sense and Persevere Dave is driving 39. In the diagram, FH = 2FG, GH = HI, and
to Gilmore to visit his friend. If he wants to Fl = IK. Which of the following statements must
stop for lunch when he is about halfway be true? Select all that apply.
there, in which town should he plan to
FG, H- ‘ae K
stop? Explain. <—e—_e__e_e__@___“0—_>>

@ FG =HI ®Hl=U
Gilmore
© IK = 3FG © FH=GI
Te
® HJ =JK ® HK
= 2G/
} Twin Butte
ESM]
40. SAT/ACT Point C is in the interior of ZABD,
GO springfield] and ZABC = ZCBD. |f mZABC= (3x + 18) and
15 mi
mzZCBD = (4x), what is mZABD?
| Gee
Omi | @ 12 ® 36 © 48 © 72 ® 96

41. Performance Task The American Institute of

Architects is located in a historical building
called “The Octagon” in Washington, DC.
Octagonal houses became popular in the
37. Reason Acity planning commission must United States in the mid-1800s.
determine whether to approve the construction Oo $$,

of a new building. The company wants to

build in an area of the city that has a height |
limitation of 310 feet. The plans show that the
first floor of the building is 20 ft high and each
of the next 15 floors have a height of 11 ft,
including the space between each floor needed
for electrical, plumbing, and other systems. If
ev wey

:
the plan meets all other city code requirements,
-Kitchen
yo A
e
should the city commission approve the fe
building plan? Explain. Se Y
38. Reason The city planning committee wants
one tree planted every 20 ft along Dayton Part A Design your own plan for one floor of
Avenue. If the perimeter of the plot of land is an octagonal-shaped house. Your plan should
234 ft, about how many trees will be planted? include at least four rooms, two walls of equal
Explain. length, and two angles with equal measure.
Draw your floor plan using the scale 1 cm = 1 m.
Write the measures of the angles and lengths
of the walls on your plan, and use appropriate
marks to show congruent angles and segments.
Label all the points in your diagram where the
walls intersect.

Part B Write equations that show congruent

angles and segments in your plan.

LESSON 1-1 Measuring Segments and Angles 13

 =) © Activity © Assess

i|—2. Ee EXPLORE & REASON

Using a compass, make a
Basic
design using only circles
Constructions like the one shown.

(=) [Link]
SS

I CAN... use a straightedge A. What instructions can you give to another student so they can make a
and compass to construct f :
e copy oT your r design?
desig
basic figures.
B. Make Sense and Persevere Use a ruler to draw straight line segments to
VOCABULARY connect points where the circles intersect. Are any of the segments that
° angle bisector you drew the same length? If so, why do you think they are?
¢ construction
® perpendicular bisector |

i ESSENTIAL QUESTION How are a straightedge and compass used to make basic constructions?

CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING QBe ewig Copy a Segment
Sngnaiuiutocomreneneiamnte
How can you copy a segment using only a straightedge and compass?

A straightedge is a tool for drawing straight lines. A compass is a tool for

drawing arcs and circles of different sizes and can be used to copy lengths.

Step 1 To copy AB, first use a A B ;

straightedge to draw line 7.
STUDY TIP . :
Mark point M on line Z. a
M __—_—_—_——_>
e
Remember, with constructions, only
use a ruler as a straightedge, not
as a measuring tool.

Step 2 Place the compass point Step 3 Using the same setting,
at A, and open the compass place the compass point at
to length AB. M, and draw an arc through
line 7. Mark point N at the
es intersection.

4 A a B
a
A B i cB
M e M, N ¢

The constructed segment MN is a copy of AB. A copy of a line segment is a

straightedge and compass.

© Try It! 1. Howcan you construct x Y

a copy of XY?

i4 TOPIC 1 Foundations of Geometry (=) Go Online |[Link]

 (=) © Activity © Assess

OB ATEEED copy an Angle

How can you construct a copy of 2A?

Step 1 Mark a point X. Use a straightedge to draw a ray with endpoint X.

ae eee
X

Step 2 Place the compass point at A. Draw an arc that intersects both rays
of ZA. Label the points of intersection B and C.

Xx

Step 3 Without changing the setting, place the compass point at X

and draw an arc intersecting the ray. Mark the point Y at the
intersection.

os Aer
B S

5 G xX Y

Step 4 Place the compass point at C, and open the compass to the distance
between B and C.

x Y

Step 5 Without changing the setting, place the compass point at Y and
draw an arc. Label the point Z where the two arcs intersect. Use a
straightedge to draw XZ.

STUDY TIP
You can use a protractor to
confirm that the two angles are
A ae are

congruent. G yy yi

The constructed angle, 2YXZ, is a copy of ZA.

© Try It! [Link] can you construct a copy of 2B? eae

LESSON 1-2 Basic Constructions 15

 (=) © Activity © Assess

ge iO NUI2R Ke Construct a Perpendicular Bisector

n

How can you construct the perpendicular bisector of AB?

of a segment is a line, segment, or ray that is
~ we Foes of es
erpendicular disector
perpendicular to the segment and divides the segment into two congruent
segments.

You can use a straightedge and compass to construct the perpendicular

bisector of a segment.

Step 1 With a setting greater than 5AB, place the compass point at A.
Draw arcs above and below AB.

Step 2 With the same setting, place the compass point at B. Draw arcs above
and below AB.

Step 3 Label the points of intersection of the arcs E and F. Use a

straightedge to draw FF.

USE APPROPRIATE TOOLS

Consider the tools you can use
to verify that a segment bisects
another segment. What tool can
you use?

The constructed line, EF is the perpendicular bisector of AB.

© Try It! [Link] you construct the perpendicular J K

bisector of JK?

16 TOPIC 1 Foundations of Geometry (=) Go Online |[Link]

 (=) © Activity © Assess

bb) O42 9 Construct an Angle Bisector

How can you construct the angle bisector of 2A?

eau can use eee

a ee and compass to construct an angle bisector.

Step 1 Place the compass point at A. Draw an arc intersecting both rays
of ZA. Label the points of intersection B and C.

Step 2 Place the compass point at B. Draw an arc in the interior of ZA.
COMMON ERROR
With the same setting, place the compass point at C and draw an
Be sure to se the compass
arc intersecting the arc drawn from B.
greater than45 the distance from
A to C.
The compass setting does
not need to be the same
as the distance from A to
‘ B in Step 1 é

Step 3 Label thepoint of intersection of the two arcs D. Use a straightedge

to draw AD.
C
D
A
B

The constructed ray, AD, is the bisector of ZA.

© Try It! [Link] you construct the angle bisector G

of 2G? Oe

LESSON 1-2 Basic Constructions 17

 APPLICATION Ce Seeiataee Use Constructions
“ranasaciee rrRARE

An artist wants to center-align

a new sculpture with the bay
window in the museum lobby.
He also wants to center-align it
with the entrance. Where should
the sculpture be placed?

Formulate <q If the sculpture is center-aligned with the bay window, it lies on the angle
bisector of the bay window. If it is center-aligned with the entrance, it lies on
the perpendicular bisector of the entrance.

Compute < Construct the angle bisector of the bay window and the perpendicular
bisector of the entrance.

Bay Point of
Window Intersection

Museum| Entrance

Interpret <= The center of the sculpture should be placed at the point of intersection of
the angle bisector of the bay window and the perpendicular bisector of the
museum entrance.

© Try It! [Link] should the sculpture be placed if it is to be center-aligned

with the museum entrance and the center of the ticket sales
desk?

18 TOPIC 1 Foundations of Geometry [=] Go Online |[Link]

 (=) Concept Azsace
—-_ Summary

a CONCEPT SUMMARY Constructions

eo A construction is a geometric figure that can be made using only a straightedge

and compass.

Straightedge Compass
e is used to draw segments, lines and rays. e is used to draw circles and arcs.
e is used to measure and copy length.

DPE NYE Construction of an Angle Bisector

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

Use a compass to make arcs. Use a straightedge to draw the bisector.

2 Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

1. How area Construct a copy of each segment, and then
straightedge and compass used to make construct its perpendicular bisector.
¥ ee
basic constructions? 5. 3 6. grees
2. Error Analysis Chris tries to copy 27 but D
is unable to make an exact copy. Explain A
Chris's error. Construct a copy of each angle, and then
construct its bisector.

a x ‘
A
eee
9. A new sidewalk is perpendicular to and
bisecting the existing sidewalk. At the point
a where new sidewalk meets the fence around
the farmer's market, a gate is needed. At
3. Vocabulary What is the difference between about what point should the gate be placed?
a line that is perpendicular to a segment and
the perpendicular bisector of a segment?
4. Look for Relationships
Darren is copying AABC.
First, he constructs DE as B
a copy of AB. Next, he
constructs 2D as a copy of G
ZA, using DE as one of
the sides. Explain what he needs to do to
complete the copy of the triangle.

LESSON 1-2 Basic Constructions 19

 GL @ racice © woes
‘

@ PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Multimedia

1

an for | ‘) =) Practice Tutorial

,oati
a
Additional Exercises Available Online

UNDERSTAND AGEL Gs .

10. Use Appropriate Tools How could you use a Copy the segments. SEE EXAMPLE 1

al
compass to determine if two segments are the 15: H 16. «P
same length? Yee

11. Higher Order Thinking You can divide a

segment into n congruent segments by
bisecting segments repeatedly. What are some
of the possible values of n? Give a rule for n.

12. Make Sense and Persevere In the figure shown, Copy the angles. SEE EXAMPLE 2
suppose MZABC
; = n and MZABD
a = 2(mZDBC).
; 17. D 18.
The angle bisector of ZDBC is BE. What is
mzZEBC?
A
nf
‘

D
&
™m

G
Copy and bisect the segments. .
13. Make Sense and Persevere There are other ‘ SEE EXAMPLE 3
methods for making constructions, such as 19. A 20. *V .
paper folding. Follow the steps to use paper |
folding to construct the perpendicular bisector
of a segment.
(

a c WwW

Copy and bisect the angles. sEE EXAMPLE 4 .

. ' oe + ae
e On asheet of paper, draw FG. 1
e Fold the paper so that F is on top of G.
e Crease the paper along the fold. i
e Unfold the paper. The crease line represents
the perpendicular bisector.
Why
oe must ‘ F and G be aligned when you fold 23. Where is the intersection of the perpendicular
e paper? bisector of GF and the angle bisector of ZE?
14. Error Analysis Adam is asked to construct the SEE EXAMPLE 5
bisector of ZR. Explain the error in Adam’‘s work.

20 TOPIC 1 Foundations of Geometry (=) Go Online | [Link]

 (=) © Practice a) Tutorial
f) PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING A deen meee

Mixed Review Available Online

© ASSESSMENT PRACTICE
24. Communicate Precisely The quilt block 27. The angle bisector of ZNPM isPO. Write an
is designed from a square using only equation to describe the relationship between
perpendicular bisectors and angle bisectors. mZNPM and mzQPM
Write instructions for constructing the pattern
in square ABCD. You may find it helpful to 28. SAT/ACT A perpendicular bisector of DC isAB,
name some additional points. and a perpendicular bisector of AB is DC.
The intersection of AB and DC is at E. Which
A B equation is true?
@ AB=CD
® CE=CD
© DE=CE
D C
© AE= DE
. Mathematical Connections A school gym is © FB=CD
divided for a fair by bisecting its width and
its length. Each half of the length is then 29. Performance Task Reducing or enlarging
bisected, forming 8 sections in all. What are the images can be useful when you need a smaller
dimensions and area of each section? or larger version of a picture or graph for a
report or poster.
1.5xft

xft

Part A Use a compass and straightedge to draw

a polygon with at least 3 sides.

Part B Make a reduced version of your figure

Perimeter = 300 ft with sides that are half the length of the
original figure. First, select one of the sides,
26. Model With Mathematics A sixth wind turbine bisect it, and then copy one of the halves. Next,
will be placed near the intersections of the copy one of the angles that is adjacent. Repeat
bisector of zBCD and the perpendicular bisectors until you have a reduced version of your figure.
of AE and ED. What is a possible location for the
sixth turbine? Part C Think about how you can double the
length of the line segment. Make an enlarged
version of your figure with sides that are twice
the length of the original figure. Describe how
you made the enlarged figure.

LESSON 1-2 Basic Constructions 21

 1-3
Midpoint EYafs| LaTanya is decorating her che
: living room and draws a
Pc lle floorplan to help look at 9
placement. 8
7
(=) [Link] A. LaTanya wants to hang a 6
"ee picture at the center of 5
the back wall. How do i
| CAN... use the midpoint you find the point at the
and distance formulas to Fentembetveen 4 and'B? 3
solve problems. 2
B. Communicate Precisely 1
VOCABULARY LaTanya wants to place a |
¢ midpoint lamp halfway between the OCT 23" 4°56 7 8 oe 10 Tene
chairs at points C and D.
How can you find the point
where the lamp should go?

6) ESSENTIAL QUESTION How are the midpoint and length of a segment on the coordinate
0 plane determined?

CONCEPT Midpoint Formula

A midpoint of a segment is the point that divides the segment into two
congruent segments. The midpoint of PQ with P(x4, y;) and Q(x, y2), is:

Meee
bala 22 1)

OE AERD Finda midpoint

What is the midpoint of AB?
Substitute the coordinates of the endpoints
of AB into the Midpoint Formula.
COMMON ERROR
Finding the midpoint is like finding M= oo 220%)
the average of the x-coordinates
and the y-coordinates, so be sure = (Gz0)
to add the coordinates before
dividing by 2. The midpoint of AB is (5:0).

© Try It! 1. Find the midpoint for each segment with the given endpoints.
a. C(—2, 5) and D(8, —12) b. E(2.5, —7) and F(—6.2, —3.8)

i) i) TOPIC 1 Foundations of Geometry [J Go Online |[Link]

 (=) © Activity © Assess
=e

Qe PO NI2h we Partition a Segment

What are the coordinates of the

LOOK FOR RELATIONSHIPS point 2 of the way from A to B?
Think about how number lines are
related to the x- and y-axes. How Step 1 Find 2 of the horizontal
can you relate partitioning on a and vertical change
number line to partitioning on a from A to B.
coordinate plane?
Horizontal change:
2(13 - 3) = 3(10) =6
Vertical change: 2of the horizontal change
a(11 - (-4)) = 2(15) =9
Step 2 Add the horizontal change to the x-coordinate and the vertical
change to the y-coordinate of point A(3, —4).

(3 + 6, -4+ 9) = (9, 5)

The coordinates of the point 2 of the way from A to B are (9, 5).

© Try It! 2. Find the coordinates of each point described.

a. a of the way from Ato B._ b. < of the way from B to A.

CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING Ce >ONiaesem Derive the Distance Formula
\eeenntten sane

How can you find the distance between P(x,, y,) and Q(x3, y>) on the
coordinate plane?

The distance d relies on the horizontal

and vertical change from P to Q.

y Q(x, Y2)

d ly2 -yl

X2 — X4| Notice the right triangle.

d* = |x» —x,|? + ly2 — y,|7 Apply the Pythagorean Theorem,

5 5 ct =a +2,
STUDY TIP
d= y|x2 -x4|° + ly2
- yl
Recall that the square of any
quantity is always nonnegative,
The length of PQ is the distance between points P and Q,
so absolute value bars are not
needed when an expression d = J(xz - x4)? + (y2 — 4)?
is squared.
CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE

LESSON 1-3 Midpoint and Distance 23

 wwe

f=) © Activity © Assess

EXAMPLE 3 CONTINUED
a

© Try It! 3. Tavon claims that d = J (x; — x2)? + (y; — y2) can also be used
to find distance between two points. Is he correct? Explain.

CONCEPT Distance Formula

The distance d between two points P(x;, y;) and Q(x3, y) is:

AMP, Q) = Y0xp~x4)?+ (Yo-v1)?

1
APPLICATION
“yareeec ee >
ob)PeWaaaem Find the Distance
A pitcher throws a ball to
a batter, who hits the ball
to the shortstop. If the
ball travels in a straight
line between each, what
is the total distance
traveled by the ball?
Round your answer to the
nearest tenth of a foot.

Formulate < Represent the pitcher at

point P(5, 5), the batter
at point B(0, 0), and the
shortstop at point S(5, 10).

Compute <q Use the Distance Formula

to find each distance.

d (pitcher to batter) = /(0 — 5)2 + (0 — 5)2 eu fee

5 ; ~~ Use the Distance Formula
= v(-5)? + (-5) with P(5, 5) and B(0, 0).
= P5205 Neate reeneatie ceee

d (batter to shortstop) = ¥(5 — 0) + (10 — 0)?

— (524 102
Use the Distance Formula
‘with B(0, 0) and 5(5, 10). |
= 25 + 100

= Vit25

11.2

Interpret <The total distance the ball traveled is about 7.1 + 11.2 = 18.3 units,
or about (18.3)(9) = 164.7 ft.

© Try It! 4. How far does the shortstop need to throw the ball to reach the
first baseman? Round your answer to the nearest tenth of a foot.

24 TOPIC 1 Foundations of Geometry (=) Goonline | [Link]

 Ae) @ paeeg Assess

© CONCEPT SUMMARY Midpoint and Distance on the Coordinate Plane

MIDPOINT DISTANCE

Perak aViich d= (x, — x)? + (yo -y,)

M = (=15 2 —

EXAMPLE

The endpoints of PQ are P(—3, 4) and Q(1, 7).

m= (=3+1,
2
447)
2
d= y(-3— 1)2+ (4—7)2

“449 ‘oy
= ¥(—4)? + (-3)?
== 2D,
=

© Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

1! How are the PQ has endpoints at P(—5, 4) and Q(7, —5).
midpoint and length of a segment on the 5. What is the midpoint of PQ?
coordinate plane determined?
6. What are the coordinates of the point 5 of
2. Error Analysis Corey calculated the the way from P to Q?
midpoint of AB with A(-3, 5) and B(1, 7). ae
What is Corey's error? 7. What is the length of PQ?

8. A chair lift at a ski resort travels along the

cable as shown.
Miioea acs)
SSE eer.

M(1, 4) x A

3:Vocabulary If Mis the midpoint of PQ, what Ty 5 "i Gite 55 aid RTE
is the relationship between PM and MQ? 1 unit = 10 ft
Between PM and PQ?
ies How long is the cable? Round your answer
4. Reason Is it possible for PQ to have two to the nearest whole foot.
distinct midpoints, M,(a, b) and M>(c, d)?
Explain.

LESSON 1-3 Midpoint and Distance 25

©) PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING
Scan for & (=) © Practice © Tutorial
Multimedia | @
Additional Exercises Available Online

UNDERSTAND PRACTICE

9. Use Structure Point K is i of the way from Find the coordinates of each given point on AB.
J(4, —5) to L(0, —7). SEE EXAMPLE 2
a. What are the coordinates of K if n = 4?
COC cpa
b. What is a formula for the coordinates of K
for any n?

10. Error Analysis Describe and correct the error

a student made in finding the midpoint of CD
with C(—4, 5) and D(-1, —4).

(+=) S14)
Daher?
15. The point 5 of the way from A to B.

16. The point i of the way from B to A.

tz] X Find the midpoint of PQ. SEE EXAMPLE 1

17. P(3, 5), Q(—2, 13)
oe

18. P(—2, 2.5), Q(1.4, 4)

19.0(4) 38), 0(-25 38)

11. Mathematical Connections Point Misthe — <
midpoint of FG. Can you determine the value
of a? Explain.
Cameron, Arthur, and Jamie are playing soccer.
G(2a, 3b + 3) Their locations are recorded by a motion tracking
system. The distance between grids is 5 meters.
is SEE EXAMPLES 3 AND 4

Feral aat2)

12. Reason Suppose PQ has one endpoint at

P(0, 0).

a. If (2, 5) is the midpoint of PQ, what are the

coordinates of point Q?
b. How would you find Q if (2, 5) is i of the
way from P to Q?

13. Higher Order Thinking PQ has a length

of 17 units with P(—4, 7). lf the x- and O10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
y-coordinates of Q are both greater than the
X- and y-coordinates of P, what are possible 20. How far apart are Arthur and Jamie? Round to
integer value coordinates of Q? Explain. the nearest tenth of a meter.

14. Make Sense and Persevere Suppose PQ has 21. Who is closer to Cameron? Explain.
P(a, b) and midpoint M(c, d). What is an
expression for PM? Use the expression for PM 22. The soccer ball is located at the point (35, 60).
to find an expression for PQ. Who is closest to the soccer ball?

26 TOPIC1 Foundations of Geometry (=) Go Online |[Link]

Sess
© PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING © Practice © Tutorial

Mixed Review Available Online

© Moa aimay ale:

23. Model With Mathematics A university is 26. AB has an endpoint at A(1, —2) and midpoint
building a new student center that is two- C(3, 2). Graph AB and point C.
thirds the distance from the arts center to the
residential complex. What are the coordinates
of the new center? Explain.

27. SAT/ACT RS has an endpoint at R(6, —4) and

length 17. Which of the following cannot be
the coordinates of S$?
@ (14, 11)
24. Mathematical Connections A lighthouse casts a
(6, 13)
revolving beam of light as far as the pier. What
is the area that the light covers? © (-9, -12)
© (23, 13)
© (23, —4)

28. Performance Task A parade route must start

th and end at the intersections shown on the map.
The city requires that the total distance of the
route cannot exceed 3 miles. A proposed route
is shown.

25. Make Sense and Persevere Aship captain is

attempting to contact a deep sea diver.

1 unit = 0.25 mi

Part A Why does the proposed route not meet

the requirement?

Part B Assuming that the roads used for the

route are the same and the end point is the same,
at what intersection could the parade start so the
total distance is as close to 3 [Link] possible?

If the maximum range for communication is Part C The city wants to station video cameras
60 meters, will he be able to communicate halfway down each road in the parade. Using
your answer to Part B, what are the coordinates
with the diver based on their current
positions? Explain. of the locations for the cameras?

LESSON 1-3 Midpoint and Distance 27

oe
f&) © Activity © Assess

Qe EXPLORE & REASON

Inductive When points on a circle are connected, the line segments divide the circle
into a number of regions, as shown.
Reasoning

(=) [Link]
SaaS

| CAN... use inductive

reasoning to make conjectures A. How does the number of regions change when another point is added?
about mathematical
relationships. B. Look for Relationships Using the pattern you observed, make a prediction
VOCABULARY about the number of regions formed by connecting 5 points on a circle.
* conjecture Make a drawing to test your prediction. Is your prediction correct?
¢ counterexample
e inductive reasoning

é ESSENTIAL QUESTION How is inductive reasoning used to recognize mathematical relationships?

@ ON 02h m Use Inductive Reasoning to Extend a Pattern

soning is a type of reasoning that reaches conclusions
based on a pattern of specific examples or past events. How can you use
inductive reasoning to determine what appears to be the next two terms in
each sequence?
Look for a pattern. Observe that the terms decrease
A. 88, 82, 76, 70, 64,... and the difference of the first two terms is 6.

SOR Yee Test whether the pattern continues with subsequent terms.
When looking for a pattern,
remember to always test 82-6=/76 76-6=70 70-6=64
subsequent terms to be sure that
The rule works. Use the pattern to find the next two terms.
you have found the correct rule.
-6 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6
XS XSNSS
NS ™
SSumezee 76 70° 64 58. $2
The next two terms in the sequence appear to be 58 and 52.
B13; 5, 9; 19, 23,0+5
Look for a pattern. Observe that the terms
increase by successive multiples of 2.
+2 +4 +6 +8 +10 +12
4 XS XS MSNSINI™
SuMp5eero 15° 23 «33 45
The next two terms in the sequence appear to be 33 and 45.

© Try It! [Link] appear to be the next two terms in each sequence?
a. 800, 400, 200, 100.... b. 18, 24, 32, 128...

28 TOPIC 1 Foundations of Geometry (=) GoOnline | [Link]

 {e) © Activity © Assess

© >. O:Wish -~e Use Inductive Reasoning to Make a Conjecture

onjecture is an unproven statement or rule that is based on inductive

reasoning. What conjecture can be made about the number of dots in the
nth term of this geometric pattern?

The number of columns is 1

more than the term number.

Se Heese The number

oe ee eo e © @ of rowsis the
ee eee eeee.e same as the

ama wees Sette. fe eeeeees =| term number.

Term 1 2 3 4

Number 2 6 12 20
of Dots

Write an algebraic expression to generalize the pattern for the nth term.
Since the number or rows in the pattern is equivalent to the term number,
use the n to represent the number of rows.
n+ 1 columns
MODEL WITH MATHEMATICS
— You can write an algebraic
expression to represent a The total number of dots is the
geometric pattern. What product of the number of rows
expressions can you write for and the number of columns.
— the nth term?
Term n

Conjecture: The nth term of the sequence will contain n(n + 1), or
n? +n dots.

© Try It! 2.a. How many dots are in the 5th and 6th terms of the pattern?
ee @

ee ee ee
e ee oe «7 «©
ee ee eo) 6 he Ve
° ee e e ee ce e
Term 1 2 3 4

b. What conjecture can you make about the number of dots in

the nth term of the pattern?

LESSON 1-4 Inductive Reasoning 29

 (=) © Activity © Assess

APPLICATION @ mew iatskm Use a Conjecture to Make a Prediction

\eomr osc uae

Based on the data in the table, how many

in
Town Council Elections
residents would you expect to vote in the Voter Turnout
7th town council election?
berae (ee ee ee
Formulate << Look for a pattern by comparing the
1 351) 386
ratios number
ofvoters for each year. Then
number of residents 2 3,790 414
use the pattern to make a conjecture about
the number of residents who will vote in the
3 4,085 451
7th town election. 4 4,907 544

Compute < 386 ~ 0.110

3511 3414
790 = 0.109
5 5,562 623
6 7,014 767
AST = 0.110
4,085 544
4,907 Oo A 7 7,786 ?
6230 Ota 2
5562 Ll © 9-109
7.014
The number of voters each year is
about 11% of the total residents.

Use the pattern to predict the number of voters in the 7th election.

7,786 e 0.11 = 856.46

Interpret € About 856 people can be expected to vote in the 7th town council election.

© Try It!I 3. Based on the data, cia rar ae ee)

about how many Ger
members would you fetiemituissem 10 13 #17 22
expect the chess club
to have in its 5th year?

CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING @ ON igh a> Find a Counterexample to Show a Conjecture is False
Os pute waeee

Why does a counterexample show that a conjecture is false?

Conjecture: A polygon with diagonals has two A

fewer diagonals as sides. is an example that
shows a statement
To find a counterexample, you must find a or conjecture is false.
polygon that has a number of diagonals that is
not two fewer than the number of its sides.

CONSTRUCT ARGUMENTS You only need to find one

For a conjecture to be true, it must counterexample to show
be true for every possible case, so that a statement is false.
if a counterexample is found, the A counterexample exists,
conjecture is false. 4 sides 5 sides
Patogenia dicnorae so the conjecture is false.

© Try It! 4. What is a counterexample that shows the statement, the sum of
two composite numbers must be a composite number, is false?

30 TOPIC1 Foundations of Geometry (=) Go Online |[Link]

Se
 ‘Kaj © Activity © Assess

© OO VIIh eee Test a Conjecture

For each conjecture, test the conjecture with several more examples or find
a counterexample to disprove the conjecture.

A. A polygon with four congruent sides is a square.

A square has four congruent sides and four right angles.

Think: Is it possible to This rhombus has

draw a polygon with four four congruent sides
congruent sides but not and no right angles.
four right angles?

A counterexample exists, so this conjecture is false.

B. If anumber is a multiple of 9, then the sum of its digits is a multiple of 9.

To test the conjecture, list some multiples of 9 and find the sum of the
digits of each multiple.
Multiples of 9 Sums of the Digits
COMMON ERROR
You may think that finding Bieri 2-106 eOs eS
examples me earnorta 9 e 313 =2,817 2+8+1+7=18 | Thesums9, 18, and
conjecture shows that it is true. 27 are multiples of 9.
Remember that you must show 9 1,105 = 9,945 94+9+4+5=27
that a conjecture is true for all
cases, not just a few. The conjecture is true for the three cases tested.

© Try It! 5. For each conjecture, test the conjecture with several more
examples or find a counterexample to disprove it.
a. For every integer n, the value of n? is positive.
b. A number is divisible by 4 if the last two digits are
divisible by 4.

LESSON 1-4 Inductive Reasoning 31

 eS Concept
Summary
© Assess

© CONCEPT SUMMARY Inductive Reasoning

Ror» Inductive Reasoning

e leads to a conjecture by observing patterns. ¢ does not show that a conjecture is true,
© uses specific examples to make a generalization. so a conjecture could be disproven by a
counterexample.

Pattern Generalization Conjecture

027+0+11=11 _ As the pattern Ifn is a whole

174+14+11=13 continues, the sum _ number, then
| 22+2+11=17 |—— | isaprimenumber. | —~ | n?+n+11isa
327+34+11=23 prime number.
44+4+11=31

Counterexample: Ifn = 11,112 + 11411 = 143

is divisible by 11, so the sum is not always prime.

© Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

Ae N ESSENTIAL QUESTION Jalan 4. What appear to be the next three numbers
inductive reasoning used to recognize in the pattern?
mathematical relationships? 4,.11,18725,2;

2. Error Analysis Esteban made the following 5. What conjecture can you make about the
drawing and then stated this conjecture: number of regions created by n unique
“The altitude of a triangle always lies inside diameters?

D DE
of or along the side of the triangle.” What
error did Esteban make?

Number of
diameters:

6. Can you find four examples that are true

or a counterexample for the following
statement?
For every integer n, the value of n2 + 1
is odd.

3. Vocabulary What type of statement results

from inductive reasoning?

32 TOPIC 1 Foundations of Geometry (=) Go Online |[Link]

=_—
 Scan for | © (=) © Practice © Tutorial
E) PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Multimedia | @
Additional Exercises Available Online

UNDERSTAND PRACTICE

7. Mathematical Connections Abby notices that For each sequence, what appear to be the next
for the first twenty perfect squares, each three numbers? SEE EXAMPLE 1
square is either a multiple of 5, one less than a OmmOLS OI 27) 2OD
a 11. 9, 6, 4, g...
multiple of 5, or one more than a multiple of 5.
12. Observe the pattern made by the figures. Can
SRB ESE you write a conjecture about the number of
| 36 | 49 | 64 | 81 | 100 triangles formed by connecting one vertex of
121 144° «169°«196 225 a polygon with n sides to each of the other
vertices? SEE EXAMPLE 2
(256 «289 324 361 400°
She writes the following statement.
If n is a natural number, then n2 can be Number | GG cS
written as 5k — 1, 5k, or 5k +1, where k is a of Sides: 3 4 5 6
whole number.
What type of statement did Abby make? Has The table shows the number of students in the
she shown that her statement is true for all senior class and the number of seniors who have
values of n? Explain. their driver's license. SEE EXAMPLE 3

8. Error Analysis Danielle tests the following

Nor g 2014 2015 2016 2017
conjecture.
Number of
If two angles share a common Ronnie 341 | 367 | 309 382
vertex, then they are adjacent.
ATO eMhE
Her work is shown below. What error does epee 222 240 199 246
Danielle make?
13. What pattern can you find between the
number of seniors and the seniors who have
a driver's license?

14. The class of 2018 has 413 seniors. How many

seniors in the class of 2018 do you think will
have a driver's license?
Angles that are adjacent share x 15. Can you find a counterexample for the
a vertex. The statement is true. ie following statement? SEE EXAMPLE 4
i df

A trapezoid cannot have more than one

right angle.

9. Higher Order Thinking Consider the 16. Support the following conjecture with
following conjecture. 4 examples or disprove it with a
counterexample. SEE EXAMPLE 5
There are no prime numbers between
7,608 and 7,620. The quotient of two rational numbers is a
rational number.
How could you show that this statement is true
or false? Would it still be a conjecture if you do
not find a counterexample? Explain.

LESSON 1-4 Inductive Reasoning 33

@) PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING
(=) © Practice @® Tutorial

Mixed Review Available Online

© ASSESSMENT PRACTICE
e
17. Model With Mathematics Data from four 20. Consider the conjecture, “Any number divisible -
na
identical trials on a new sleep herb are shown by 2 is also divisible by 4.” Is each number a
in the table. counterexample of the conjecture? Select
Yes or No.

rm
Number Who
Number of | Reported Better
Subjects Sleep
A 250 55 | 12aeele velg
B 170 35
19 | Q Q |
C 210 48
lala ha |
aoa)
Dd 190 40

a. What conjecture can you make about the

effectiveness of the herb?
| 30|
b. The next trial will have 1,000 subjects.
What is a reasonable prediction for the 21. SAT/ACT Which number is next in the
next trial? following sequence?
18. Make Sense and Persevere Deshawn is given Tee a ees eee
the following conjecture.
@ 64 84 © 106 © 256
The first and third digits of a three-digit
number are the same. If the second 22. SAT/ACT How many dots are in the nth term of
digit is equal to the sum of the first and the following sequence?
third digits, then the number must be
divisible by 11.
How can he determine whether the conjecture term: 1 2 3 4
is true?
@®n+2 ®2n+1
19; Generalize A graphic designer wants to know
the number of regions that are formed when
©n2+2 On+3
circles overlap in a particular way. Can she 23. Performance Task The graph shows data from
find a rule that describes how the number of a survey of 300 random voters on whether they
regions increases when another circle is added support Proposition 3.
to the design? How many regions would a
design with 6 circles create? Support for Prop 3
200 E
S | 150
0 ©
2 8 100 eee
e
et
oenh
aa
ie
e
oa
i
e
e

2 a0
Number of
0 : ;
Regions 1 3 For Against Undecided
=op
<s
a=
Part A Make a conjecture about the likelihood
of Proposition 3 passing and explain your
reasoning.
Number of
Regions 21
Part B If 7,500 people vote in the next election,
how many people would you expect to vote for
Proposition 3?

34 TOPIC 1 Foundations of Geometry (=) Go Online |[Link]

MATHEMATICAL
MODELING
IN 3 ACTS

(=) [Link]
aa

© The Mystery Spokes

Some photos are taken in such a way that it is difficult to determine exactly
what the picture shows. Sometimes it’s because the photo is a close up part
of an object, and you do not see the entire object. Other times, it might be
because the photographer used special effects when taking the photo.
You can often use clues from the photo to determine what is in the photo and
also what the rest of the object might look like. What clues would you look
for? Think about this during the Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts lesson.

Scan for
Multimedia
Xe Identify the Problem

1. What is the first question that comes to mind after watching the video?
2. Write down the main question you will answer about what you saw in
the video.
. Make an initial conjecture that answers this main question.
. Explain how you arrived at your conjecture.
. Write a number that you know is too small.
a.
fF
uu
W Write a number that you know is too large.

i\eyuyem Develop a Model

7. Use the math that you have learned in this Topic to refine your conjecture.

i\esuke Interpret the Results

8. Is your refined conjecture between the highs and lows you set up earlier?
9. Did your refined conjecture match the actual answer exactly? If not,
what might explain the difference?

TOPIC 1 Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts 35

 & 6 Activity (7) Assess

eT
1-5 iiie| If-then statements show a cause and effect. The table shows some
if-then statements.
SYNC a
Cause Effect
If it is rainin then itissprin
(=) [Link] 7: i , i p a.
——— » e Bese” Rae a is ee ee

See othen their difference, x — Seisa

Ifx andy are whole numbers hol se ‘
| CAN... write conditionals _ < — oe maf _ whole aeSg ae a
and biconditionals and find ee arr a m Peg 7 OG esaT ia a
their truth values. If water is heated then itboils, BS ee
VOCABULARY
peepee
ed e ae
reagaare
veins
se gh ores is Bis
{anne
¥
-a2--
‘ S
sheeit $s
oa
¢ biconditional If a triangle has a right angle then itisa tighttriangle.
¢ :
* conclusion POROl RNCa aE Ras OE. 20a. en
* conditional Baethen youareFN ce, a
Us < a, ~ iat +

Ween If your favorite color is blue R _ a good speller.

* contrapositive Bots ies “ia Eas ae
® converse

¢ hypothesis A. Construct Arguments Determine whether each effect is always true for
° inverse the given cause, or is not necessarily true for the given cause. For the
° negation effects that are not necessarily true, how could you change them to
° truth table make them always true?
¢ truth value
B. Write some if-then statements of your own. Write two statements that
are always true and two statements that are not necessarily true.

i ESSENTIAL QUESTION How do if-then statements describe mathematical relationships? .

CONCEPT Conditional Statement :

one al is an if-then statement that relates a ypothesis, the part that

follows if, to a n, the part that follows then.
Conditionals can be represented as p > q, read as “If p, then g,” where p
represents the hypothesis and g represents the conclusion.

tb) >.O:N\tsa:e Write a Conditional Statement

Write each statement as a conditional.

A. You can register to vote if you are at least 18 years old.
Identify the hypothesis and conclusion.
COMMON ERROR
Remember that in everyday The conclusion gives The hypothesis follows
language, the hypothesis does the outcome or result. “if” and gives the condition.
not necessarily come before the
conclusion.
You can register to vote if you are at least 18 years old.

Conditional: If you are at least 18 years old, then you may register to vote.
CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE

36 TOPIC 1 Foundations of Geometry (=) Go Online |[Link]

 © Activity © Assess

EXAMPLE 1 CONTINUED
B. A square must have four congruent sides.
Identify the hypothesis and conclusion.

The hypothesis is that The conclusion is that the polygon

a polygon is a square. has four congruent sides.

A square must have four congruent sides.

Conditional: If a polygon is a square, then it has four congruent sides.

© Try It! 1. Write each statement as a conditional.

a. A triangle with all angles congruent is equilateral.
b. Alberto can go to the movies if he washes the car.

CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING tb) > ON 02R-4 Find a Truth Value of a Conditional
\eemnesnamecmcucnmeninanmnsms >

lue of a statement is “true” (T) or “false” (F) Sa to

nema the statement is true or false, respectively. A trut ple lists all the
possible combinations of truth values for two or more statements.

Truth Table for p — q

; , 3 Only a conditional
aes TE) with a true
A conditional | ea hypothesis and a
A rae T T T false conclusion
ypothesis has a T F F has a value
value of true, aoe of false.
regardless of the F T T
conclusion. F F i

How can you determine the truth value of each conditional?

A. If a number is even, then it is divisible by 2.
An even number is always divisible by two, so when the hypothesis is
true, the conclusion is always true.
MAKE SENSE AND PERSEVERE The conditional is true.
To determine the truth value of B. If a quadrilateral has two pairs of congruent angles, then it is a
a conditional, consider all of the parallelogram.
options for the hypothesis and
for the conclusion. For example, Assume the hypothesis, a quadrilateral that has two pairs of congruent
assume the hypothesis is true, angles, is true. To decide whether the conclusion is true, determine
then determine whether the whether the quadrilateral must be a parallelogram.
conclusion must also always
be true.
An isosceles trapezoid has two
pairs of congruent angles, but
is not a parallelogram. The
conclusion is false.

In this example, the hypothesis of the conditional is true and the

conclusion is false, so this conditional is false.
CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE

LESSON 1-5 Conditional Statements 37

 (=) © Activity © Assess

EXAMPLE 2 CONTINUED 1
4

© Try It! 2. What is the truth value of each conditional? Explain your
reasoning.
a. If a quadrilateral has a right angle, then it is a rectangle.
b. If X is the midpoint of AB, then X lies on AB.

CONCEPT Related Conditional Statements

Definition Symbols Words

A conditional has a hypothesis and a p-q If p, then q.

conclusion.

The converse reverses the hypothesis and the q-p If g, then p.

conclusion of a conditional.

The negation of a statement has the ~p not p

opposite meaning of the original statement.

The is obtained by negating both the ~p > ~g If not p,

hypothesis and the conclusion of a conditional. then not g.

The contrapositive is obtained by negating ~q>~p If not q,

and reversing both the hypothesis and the then not p.
conclusion of a conditional.

eo > OVViahaKe Write and Evaluate the Truth Value of a Converse

Write and determine the truth value of the converse of the conditional.
If you play the trumpet, then you play a brass instrument.
To write the converse, reverse the hypothesis and conclusion.

p: You play the q: You play a brass

trumpet instrument
STUDY TIP
To remember that the converse
switches the order back and forth, ;
fe EC CIR Sah cote earn If you play a brass instrument, then you play the trumpet.
goes back and forth between
two people. If you play a brass instrument, then you may
play a brass instrument that is not a trumpet.
The converse is false.

© Try It! 3. Write and determine the truth value of the converse of the
conditional.
a. If a polygon is a quadrilateral, then it has four sides.
b. If two angles are complementary, then their angle measures
add to 90.

38 TOPIC 1 Foundations of Geometry (=) Go Online |[Link]

 Le) © Activity © Assess

Ce ON 2h em Write and Evaluate the Truth Value of an Inverse and

a Contrapositive

Write and determine the truth value of the inverse and contrapositive of
the conditional.
If two whole numbers are both even, then their sum is even.
COMMUNICATE PRECISELY
Consider how you can use
clear and accurate reasoning to
determine a truth value. What can
you reason about a conditional if
the conclusion is not true?

TThe inverse is false because a The contrapositive is true.

_ counterexample exists. _ Whenever the sum of two numbers
| 345=8 ) is not even, one of the numbers
v7 must be odd.
~ Whole numbers 3 and 5 are
aG9). 4
_ not both even, but their sum .
| iseven. | _ Since no counterexample exists,
ee _ the contrapositive is true.

© Try It! 4. Write the converse, the inverse, and the contrapositive. What is
the truth value of each?
If today is a weekend day, then tomorrow is Monday.

CONCEPT Biconditional Statements

A biconditional is the combination of a

conditional, p > q, and its converse, g > p. Pere pia

The resulting compound statement p < qis T {ij

read as “p if and only if q.” T F
When p and q have the same truth value, F i
the biconditional is true. When they have F F nmi
ai
mi
opposite truth values, it is false.

LESSON 1-5 Conditional Statements 39

 (=) © Activity © Assess

APPLICATION e eis Write and Evaluate a Biconditional

Sspen secre eeerences

A marine biologist writes this conditional: “If a seahorse gives birth, then
it is a male.” Since it is true that, among seahorses, only the males can
become pregnant and give birth, should the marine biologist state this as a
biconditional in a paper she is writing?
Formulate < Identify the hypothesis p and the conclusion q of the conditional.
Combine the conditionals p — g and gq — p inthe form p « q to write the
biconditional.
Then evaluate the truth value of the biconditional.
Compute <q p: A seahorse gives birth.
q: A seahorse is male.
Biconditional p < q: A seahorse gives birth if and only if it is male.
Determine the truth value of the biconditional.
_ If each of the combined

q — p: If a seahorse is male, then it gives birth. F | the biconditional is true.

Interpret < The biconditional is not true; the biologist should not include the statement
as a biconditional in her paper.

© Try It! 5. Write a biconditional for the following conditional. What is its
truth value?

If two lines intersect at right angles, then they are perpendicular.

Co >ONIIH em Identify the Conditionals in a Biconditional

What are the two conditionals implied by the biconditional?
A triangle is equilateral if and only if it has three congruent sides.
STUDY TIP
Remember that because the Identify the two statements in the biconditional
conditionals that form a
p: A triangle is equilateral.
true biconditional are also
true, you can choose either q: A triangle has three congruent sides.
part of the biconditional as the
Write the two conditionals.
hypothesis and the other part as
the conclusion. p > q: lf a triangle is equilateral, then it has three congruent sides.
q — p: If a triangle has three congruent sides, then it is equilateral.

© Try It! 6. What are the two conditionals implied by the biconditional?
The product of two numbers is negative if and only if the
numbers have opposite signs.

40 TOPIC 1 Foundations of Geometry [&) Go Online| [Link]

 (=) Concept Assess
== Summary

y CONCEPT SUMMARY Conditional Statements

STATEMENT Conditional Converse Inverse Contrapositive Biconditional

SYMBOLS p-gq q-p oD 2G ~q>~p poqg

If not p, If not g, pif and

Pie If p, then q. If g, then p.
then not g. then not p. only if gq.

2 Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

1. "7 ESSENTIAL QUESTION JMaleyime(omiendal-sa) 6. Write the following statement as
statements describe mathematical a biconditional.
relationships? A prime number has only 1 and itself
2. Error Analysis Allie was asked to write the as factors.
inverse of the following conditional. For Exercises 7-9, use the following conditional.
If it is sunny, then | use sunscreen. If a rectangle has an area of 12 m2, then it
has sides of length 3 m and 4m.
What error did Allie make?
7. What is the hypothesis? What is
the conclusion?
If it is not sunny, then 8. Assume the hypothesis is false. What is the
I use sunscreen. truth value of the conditional? Assume

XA the hypothesis is true. What would be

a counterexample?
9. What are the converse, the inverse, and the
3. Vocabulary Which term is used to describe contrapositive? What are their truth values?
the opposite of a statement?
10. What two conditionals are implied by
4. Generalize How do you write the converse the following biconditional?
of a conditional? How do you write the
contrapositive of a conditional? “The city can build new roads
if and only if the sales tax is
5. Communicate Precisely Explain how
the inverse and the contrapositive of WSS
a conditional are alike and how they
are different.

LESSON 1-5 Conditional Statements 41

©) PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Scan for (=) © Practice © Tutorial
=a

Multimedia
Additional Exercises Available Online

ONTO)
eM AULD)

11. Construct Arguments Why is the following Write each statement as a conditional.
conditional logically true? SEE EXAMPLE 1

If 20 is a multiple of 3, then 101 is a 19. My hair will be shorter if | cut it.

perfect square. 20. A number that is divisible by 6 is divisible by 3.
12 Higher Order Thinking Write a true
21. Movie tickets are half-price on Tuesdays.
biconditional and show that both implied
conditionals are true. Find the truth value of each conditional. Explain
13. Error Analysis Jacy was asked to write the your reasoning or show a counterexample.
following statement as a conditional. SEE EXAMPLE 2
22. If a pair of lines is parallel, then they do
Water freezes if it is below 0°C.
not intersect.
What error did she make? What is the correct
23. If the product of two numbers is positive, then
conditional?
the numbers are both positive.

If water freezes, then tt Write the negation of the hypothesis and the
is below 0°C. x J
negation of the conclusion for each conditional.
SEE EXAMPLES 3 and 4
24. If the sum of the interior angle measures of a
polygon is 180, then the polygon isa triangle.
14. Higher Order Thinking Write a true
25. If one whole number is odd and the other
biconditional about angle bisectors.
whole number is even, then the sum of the two
A numbers is odd.

Write each related conditional and determine each

truth value for the following conditional.
SEE EXAMPLES 3 and 4
If an angle measures 100, then it is obtuse.
C 26. converse 27. contrapositive
15. Reason Can an inverse and the contrapositive
28. inverse
both have false truth values? Explain.
29. An employee at an animal shelter wrote
16. Reason If a biconditional is true, what are the
the true conditional “If 47% of the dogs
truth values of the hypothesis and conclusion
at the shelter are female, then 53% of the
of the conditional? Explain.
dogs are male.” Can he rewrite this as a true
17. Look for Relationships Emma found a biconditional? Explain. SEE EXAMPLE 5
counterexample to a given conditional. What
are the truth values of the hypothesis and the Write two conditionals from each biconditional.
conclusion? Explain. SEE EXAMPLE 6
30. A month has exactly 28 days if and only if it
18. Mathematical
is February.
Connections Write the
Pythagorean Theorem 31. Two angles are complementary if and only if
as a conditional. Then b c their measures add up to 90.
write a biconditional
to include the 32. The area of a square is s? if and only if the
Converse of the Xx Z perimeter of the square is 4s.
Pythagorean Theorem.

42 TOPIC 1 Foundations of Geometry (=) Go Online |[Link]

— a>
 (=) © Practice © Tutorial
© PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING 2S

Mixed Review Available Online

APPLY © ASSESSMENT PRACTICE

33. Model With Mathematics In general, a person 36. Consider the conditional p — q, where p is true
is 1% shorter in the evening than in the and qis false. Copy and complete the table to
morning. Use your height to write a conditional show the truth value of each statement.
that uses this fact.
' 2 Statement Truth Value
34. Communicate Precisely In the year 1881, three
different men were president of the United Conditional F
States—Rutherford B. Hayes, James Garfield, Converse
and Chester A. Arthur.
Inverse
a. Use this fact to write a conditional and
a biconditional. Contrapositive

b. There was one other year in which three 37. SAT/ACT Which represents the contrapositive
different men were president of the United of p > q?
States. In 1841, Martin Van Buren, William
Henry Harrison, and John Tyler were @peq
president. Using this information, determine q>p
the truth value of the conditional and the 25324
biconditional you wrote for part (a).
© ~q->~p
35. Reason The sign shows the hours for an ® ~qo~p
art museum.
38. Performance Task A group of students drew
Vi @ hAodara Ar Niuceum several different right triangles and found the
iN- measures of the two non-right angles. Their
—\mn findings are shown in the table.
Monday Closed ea a: oa
Tuesday 10:00 AM 8:00 PM Ree
Wednesday 10:00 AM 6:00 PM WER GS Measure

Thursday 10:00 AM 8:00 PM | 27 a A

Friday 9:00 AM 6:00 PM A) 49 90
Saturday 9:00 AM 6:00 PM 70 20 90
Sunday 12:00 AM 5:00 PM | 33 57 90

a. Write a conditional to describe the hours of Part A Make a conjecture about the sum of
the museum on Mondays. two non-right angles in a right triangle. Write
? "e i j i form of a conditional.
b. Write a conditional to describe the hours of the conjecture in the fo
the museum on Thursdays. Part B Construct several right triangles, and
then measure the angles of each triangle. Do
c. Write the converse, inverse, and
your measurements support your conjecture,
contrapositive of the conditional you wrote
or were you able to find a counterexample?
in part (b). Then give the truth value for each
statement. Part C Write the converse, the inverse, and
the contrapositive of your conditional. Then,
d. Can each conditional you wrote for parts (a)
write a biconditional. Is the biconditional
and (b) be written as a true biconditional?
true? Explain.
Why or why not? If so, give each
biconditional.

LESSON 1-5 Conditional Statements 43

 a?) © Activity © Asses:

1-6
py-vel bla aavs-) A deck of 60 game cards are
numbered from 1 to 15 on one of
Reasoning four different shapes (triangle, circle, jd 7S
square, and pentagon). A teacher Lek oe
selects five cards and displays four
f& [Link] of the cards.

She tells her class that all of the cards she selected have the same shape and
| CAN... use deductive asks them to draw a conclusion about the fifth card.
reasoning to draw
conclusions. Chen Carolina

VOCABULARY
e deductive reasoning The fifth card is 11. The fifth card has
e Law of Detachment a circle.
e Law of Syllogism A

A. Describe how each student might have reached his or her conclusion. Is
each student's conclusion valid? Explain.
B. Make Sense and Persevere What are other possibilities of the fifth card?
What could the teacher say to narrow the possibilities?

24 ESSENTIAL QUESTION How is deductive reasoning different from inductive reasoning?

CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING b) > ON i28-e Determine Whether a Statement Is True
Supstnyormnntctecntnieonermmrereememeassoatts

Given that a conditional and its conclusion are true, can you use deductive
STUDY TIP reasoning to determine whether the hypothesis is true?
Recall that in a conditional p — q,
You are given the facts that p > q is true andq istrue. Deductive reasor
p is the hypothesis and q is
the conclusion. Make a truth table for the conditional p > q. is a process of reasoning
using given and previously

logical conclusion.
if T
F F When p — gq and q are true,
T ii p can be true or false.
aA
7m
nm
4 : T
You cannot determine whether the hypothesis is true.

© Try It! 1. Given that a conditional and its hypothesis are true, can you
determine whether the conclusion is true?

44 TOPIC 1 Foundations of Geometry [&) Go Online| [Link]

 fe) © Activity © Assess

CONCEPT Law of Detachment

The Law
Detachment
of is a law If... p > gq and p are true.
of logic that states if a conditional
Then... g is true.
statement and its hypothesis are
true, then its conclusion is also true.

OBE Apply the Law of Detachment to Draw Real-World

and Mathematical Conclusions

Assume that each set of given information is true.

A. If Alicia scores 85 or greater on her test, she will earn an A as her final
grade. Alicia scores 89 on her test. What can you logically conclude?
To apply the Law of Detachment, determine the truth value
of p > gand p.
p > q: If Alicia scores 85 or greater on her test, This given conditional
on ; then she will earn an A as her final grade. ») is true.
If you cannot assume that given
information is true, you can use p: Alicia scores 85 or greater on her test.
_ deductive reasoning to determine The hypothesis is true
The conditional and its hypothesis are true, because 89 > 85.
whether the conditional and the
hypothesis are true. so by the Law of Detachment, the conclusion q is true.
You can conclude that Alicia will earn an A as her final grade.

B. If point D is in the interior of ZABC, then

mZABC = mZABD + mzZDBC. What can you D
logically conclude about mZABC? G
34°} ago
Determine the truth value of p = g and p.
p > q: If point D is in the interior of ZABC, B
then mZABC = mZABD + mzDBC.
eit Me : The conditional is true by the
p: Point D is in the interior of ZABC. Angle Addition Postulate.

By the Law of Detachment, the conclusion

q is true. This given hypothesis is true.
You can conclude that mZABC = mZABD + mzDBC.

© Try It! 2. Assume that each set of given information is true.

a. If two angles are congruent, then the measures of the two
angles are equal to each other. Angle 1 is congruent to 22.
What can you logically conclude about the measures of
Z1 and 22?
b. If you finish the race in under 30 minutes, then you win a
prize. You finished the race in 26 minutes. What can you
logically conclude?

LESSON 1-6 Deductive Reasoning 45

 © Activity © Assess

CONCEPT Law of Syllogism

yllogism is a law of If... p > qandq-— rare true.

en tat states that given two true
Then... p > ris true.
conditionals with the conclusion
of the first being the hypothesis of
the second, there exists a third true
conditional having the hypothesis
of the first and the conclusion of
the second.

bb) >.OI20:KeD Apply the Law of Syllogism to Draw Real-World and

Mathematical Conclusions

Assume that each set of conditionals is true. What can you conclude using
the Law of Syllogism?

A. If Kenji plays the trumpet, then he plays a brass instrument. If he plays

a brass instrument, he is a member of the marching band.
To apply the Law of Syllogism, determine whether the conclusion of one
statement is the hypothesis of the other statement.
p— q: If Kenji plays the trumpet, then he plays a brass instrument.
gq — r: If he plays a brass instrument, then he is a member of the
marching band. :
The conclusion of one statement is
the hypothesis of the other statement.
Conclusion: If Kenji plays the trumpet,
then he is a member of the marching band.
B. If points A, B, and C are collinear and BB is between A and C, then BA
and BC are opposite rays. If BA and BC are opposite rays, then
AB + BC = AC. What can you conclude?
Apply the Law of Syllogism, determine whether the conclusion of one
statement is the hypothesis of the other statement.
COMMON ERROR
You may confuse the hypotheses po qg:lf points A, B,_and C are colinear and B is between A and C,
and conclusions of the given then BA and BC are opposite rays.
conditionals in writing the third The conclusion of one
conditional. Recall that the go rlf BA and BC are opposite rays,
statement is the hypothesis
statement that is part of each then AB + BC= AC. of the other statement.
conditional is not part of the
conclusion. Conclusion: If points A, B, and C are colinear and B is between A and C,
then AB + BC = AC.

© Try It! 3. Assume that each set of conditionals is true. Use the Law of
Syllogism to draw a conclusion.
a. If an integer is divisible by 6, it is divisible by 2. If an integer is
divisible by 2, then it is an even number.
b. If it is a holiday, then you do not have to go to school. If it is
Labor Day, then it is a holiday.

46 TOPIC 1 Foundations of Geometr y

Go Online |[Link]
ea
 (=) © Activity © Assess
aS.

APPLICATION bb) >.ONI20:- a» Apply the Laws of Detachment and Syllogism to

NqarmeErae Sra eee
Draw Conclusions

What conclusions can you draw from the following true statements?

If you are climbing a mountain at an altitude of 28,500 feet or higher,

then you are on the tallest mountain above sea level on Earth. If you are
on the tallest mountain above sea level on Earth, then you are on Mount
Everest. You are climbing a mountain at an altitude of 29,000 feet.

Identify conditional statements and use the laws of logic to draw a conclusion.

Use the Law of Detachment

p — q: If you are climbing a mountain at an altitude This given

of 28,500 feet or higher, then you are on the conditional is true.
tallest mountain above sea level on Earth.
p: You are climbing a mountain at an altitude p is true because
of 28,500 feet or higher. 29,000 > 28,500.
By the Law of Detachment, the conclusion qis true.
You are on the tallest mountain above sea level on Earth.

Use the Law of Syllogism

p— q is true.

p — ris true by the Law of Syllogism.

Use the Law of Syllogism and the Law of Detachment

pr: If you are climbing a mountain at p > ris true by the Law
an altitude of 28,500 feet or higher, of Syllogism.
then you are on Mount Everest.
p: You are climbing a mountain at p is true because
an altitude of 28,500 feet or higher. 29,000 > 28,500.
By the Law of Detachment, the conclusion r: is true
You are on Mount Everest.

© Try It! 4. Martin walks his dog before dinner every day. Martin is now
eating his dinner. Using the Law of Detachment, what
conclusions can you draw from these true statements?

LESSON 1-6 Deductive Reasoning 47

 ) QD Siti, @ assess
Concept

@ CONCEPT SUMMARY Deductive Reasoning

| WORDS ] Law of Detachment Law of Syllogism

If a conditional statement and its Given two true conditionals with the
hypothesis are true, then its conclusion of the first being the hypothesis
conclusion is also true. of the second, there exists a third true
conditional having the hypothesis of the
first and the conclusion of the second.

SpANite]eee If... p > gq and pare true. If... p > gandq-—rare true.
Then... q is true. Then... p > ris true.

© Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

1. M% ESSENTIAL QUESTION Jigle\\as Assume that each set of given information
deductive reasoning different from is true.
inductive reasoning? 5. If you have a temperature above 100.4°F,
then you have a fever. Casey has a
2. Error Analysis Dakota writes the following
temperature of 101.2°F. What can you
as an example of using the Law of
conclude about Casey? What rule of
Detachment. What is her error?
inference did you use?

6. If points A, B, and Care collinear with B

If my favorite team wins more than
between A and C, then AB + BC = AC. Use
55 games, they win the championship.
the information in the figure shown. What
My team won the championship, so can you conclude about AC?
they won more than 55 games.
x 3x 5x — 3
A B C

Assume that each set of conditionals is true.

3. Vocabulary What are the differences Use the Law of Syllogism to write a true
between the Law of Detachment and conditional.
the Law of Syllogism? 7. If you eat too much, you get a stomach ache.
: If you get a stomach ache, you w ;
4. Use Structure How can representing yong Se as
sentences and phrases with symbols help 8. If two numbers are odd, the sum of the
you determine whether to apply the Law of numbers is even. If a number is even, then
Detachment or the Law of Syllogism? the number is divisible by 2.

48 TOPIC 1 Foundations of Geometry (=) Go Online| [Link]

© PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Scan for | ‘6 (=) © Practice © Tutorial
Multimedia | @
Additional Exercises Available Online

USUAL D PRACTICE

9. Error Analysis Samantha writes the following Determine the truth value of the following
as an example of using the Law of Syllogism. conditional. SEE EXAMPLE 1
Explain Samantha’s error. 14. If two adjacent angles form a right angle, then
the angles are complementary.

If an animal is a dog, then it is a mammal. Assume that each set of statements is true. Use
If an animal is a dog, then it has four legs. the Law of Detachment to write a true statement.
If the Law of Detachment cannot be used, explain
1 can conclude that if an animal has four why. SEE EXAMPLE 2
legs, then it is a mammal. xX 15. If you can play the piano, then you can
play a musical instrument. Kiyo can play a
musical instrument.

16. If the endpoints of a segment are P(x,, y;) and

10. Look for Relationships Make a truth table with Q(x, ¥2), then the coordinates of the midpoint
statements p,g,5,P—79g9,qQ—-4r andp-r. are M= (AP? eye), The endpoints of CD
How does the truth table support the validity are C(2, —4) and D(-3, 5).
of the Law of Syllogism and the Law of
Detachment? 17. If the graph of a linear function has a positive
slope, then the function is not decreasing. The
11. Mathematical Connections Consider the slope of the graph is 0.
following conditional.
Assume that each set of conditionals is true. Use
If all four sides of a quadrilateral are of the Law of Syllogism to write a true conditional.
equal length, then its diagonals intersect at If the Law of Syllogism cannot be used, explain
right angles. why. SEE EXAMPLE 3
Which of the following figures can you use 18. If BD bisects ZABC, then ZABD = ZDBC.
with the conditional to apply the Law of If ZABD ~ ZDBC, then mZABD = mzDBC.
Detachment to draw the conclusion that its
diagonals intersect at right angles? 19. If a whole number is even, then it is divisible by
2. If the sum of the digits of a whole number
is divisible by 3, then the whole number is
divisible by 3.

20. If Zachary eats pasta for dinner, then he goes

to bed early. If it is Tuesday night, then Zachary
eats pasta for dinner.

Use the Law of Detachment and the Law of

Syllogism to draw conclusions from each set of
12. Higher Order Thinking Suppose you are given
true statements. SEE EXAMPLE 4
that a conditional is true but its conclusion
is false. What can you conclude about the 21. If it is Thursday, then Charles has baseball
hypothesis? Explain your answer using the practice. If Charles has baseball practice, then
negation of the hypothesis and the conclusion he eats grilled chicken for dinner. It is the day
with the Law of Detachment. after Wednesday.

13. Look for Relationships To apply the Law of 22. If the length of a segment is PQ, then the
Detachment, a conditional statement and its distance from P to the midpoint of PQ is 5PQ.
hypothesis must both be true. Can you draw lf the endpoints of a segment are P(x;, yy)
any conclusions if the conditional is true but and Q(x3, y2), then the length of the segment
the hypothesis is false? Explain. is PQ= y (x2 - x1)? + (y2- y,)2. The endpoints
of PQ are P(3, —4) and Q(—3, —12).

LESSON 1-6 Deductive Reasoning 49

@) PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING
(=) © Practice © Tutorial
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Mixed Review Available Online

rah © ASSESSMENT PRACTICE

23. Model With Mathematics Represent each true 26. The following statements are true.
statement with symbols. Use symbols to write
e If you are over 54 inches tall, you can ride on
related contrapositives of the conditionals.
the roller coasters.
Then use the Law of Detachment and the Law
of Syllogism to draw a conclusion. e If you can ride on the roller coasters, then
you can go on the drop tower.
If Avery draws a numbered card from
¢ Cindy is 56 inches tall.
4 to 10, then his game piece moves to
home base. If his game piece moves Classify each of the following statements as
to home base, he wins the game. Avery true or false.
does not win. e If Cindy can go on the drop tower, then she
can ride the roller coasters.
. Mathematical Connections The chart describes
e Cindy can go on the drop tower.
the number of tickets needed to win prizes at a
family fun center. e Cindy can ride the roller coasters.
e If Cindy rides on the roller coasters, then she
Numbers Prize Sample goes on the drop tower.
fo)awre=) Level grace
. SAT/ACT Which statement can you conclude
from the given true statements?
If you ride your bike to school, you exercise. If
rs you exercise, you are happy.
@ If you are happy, you exercise.
You exercise.
© If you exercise, you ride your bike.
a. Write conditionals with sample prizes as the
hypothesis and prize level as the conclusion. © If you bike to school, you are happy.
Write conditionals that relate the prize level
. Performance Task In a game of exploration,
to the number of tickets.
rolling a cube numbered from 1 to 6 simulates
b. Ines wins an MP3 speaker. Use the Law of asset acquisition. Some rules are listed.
Detachment and Law of Syllogism to write
true statements about Ines based on the
conditionals you wrote in part (a).

. Reason The table shows the main dishes served

each day at a cafeteria.

Monday hamburger, salad, pizza

Tuesday

'eeliSt0E 9 fish and chips, stir fry, salad Note that a roll can earn more than one chip.

Thursday stir Part A Jacinta rolls a 2, 5, 1, and then 3. What

chips does she have?
ater) fish and chips, tacos, pizza
Part B After four rolls, Kimberly has 1 purple
Suppose you know that Joshua has a salad and chip, 1 green chip, 3 blue chips, and no red
Nora has stir fry. Is that enough information chips. What numbers could she have rolled?
to determine what day it is? If not, what other
piece of information can help you?

TOPIC 1 Foundations of Geometry (=) Go Online |[Link]

=
 1-7
(=) © Activity © Assess
===

OST ascot
Writing Proofs William solved an equation for x and wrote justifications for each step of
his solution.

6(14 + x)= 108 Given

(=) [Link] 84 + 6x = 108 Distributive Property
6x = 108-84 Subtraction Property of Equality
| CAN... use deductive See Sapte. ;
reasoning to prove x=4 Multiplication Property of Equality
theorems.

VOCABULARY A. Make Sense and Persevere Are William’s justifications valid at each step?
* paragraph proof If not, what might you change? Explain.
© proof
ee oram B. Can you justify another series of steps that result in the same solution
S
¢ two-column proof for x?

Bees QUESTION How is deductive reasoning used to prove a theorem?

THEOREM 1-1 Vertical Angles Theorem

Vertical angles are congruent. ifs 5

1 i 2

PROOF: SEE EXAMPLE 1. Then... 21 = 22 and 23 = 24

CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING
"gyno
[Link] ISR Write a Two-Column Proof
20rem is a conjecture that is proven.
Seep the Vertical Angles Theorem. 3

Given: 21 and 22 are vertical angles

Prove: 21 = 22

two-c oof, in which the statements and reasons are eloned

inreplurane is one way to organize and present a proof.

Statements Reasons

COMMON ERROR 1) 21 and 22 are vertical angles 1) Given

You may think that the proof
is complete by stating that the ZI nee i Lets < i ee 2) Supplementary Angles
measures of the angles are equal. ;
You must explicitly state that the 3) M41 +m23 =mM22 + M23 3) Transitive Property of Equality
angles are congruent inorder to 4) mz1=mz2 4) Subtraction Property of Equality
complete the proof.
: F ) aa 5) Definition of congruent angles

LESSON 1-7 Writing Proofs 5i

 EXAMPLE 1 CONTINUED

© Try It! 1. Write a two-column proof.

Given: BD bisects ZCBE.
Prove: ZABD = ZFBD

APPLICATION Ce i>ON\I282e> Apply the Vertical Angles Theorem

» ce

The diagram shows how glass lenses change the direction of light rays
passing through a telescope. What is the value of x, the angle formed by
the crossed outermost light rays through the focal point?

RCPS RT SSIESMELENE TTT LOTS IES Simone

Objective Lens Focal Point

Formulate < Draw and label a diagram to represent the telescope.

Focal point
C

Use the Angle Addition ZBDC and ZEDF are vertical angles.
Postulate to find the Use the Vertical Angles Theorem to
measure of ZBDC. determine the measure of ZEDF.

Compute @ mzBDC=11+11=22 mZEDF = mZBDC = 22

Interpret <= The outermost light rays form a 22° angle as they leave the focal point, so
the value of x is 22.

© Try It! 2. Find the value of x and the measure of each labeled angle.
a. b.

ex 4 2) oe % Me (8x A 20)° (5x ae 37)°

52 TOPIC 1 Foundations of Geometry (=) Go Online |[Link]

 12) © Activity © Assess

THEOREM 1-2 Congruent Supplements Theorem

If two angles are supplementary to If... M21 +m2Z2 = 180 and

congruent angles (or to the same mz3 +m2Z2 = 180
angle), then they are congruent.
USS Swe Z

Se
PROOF: SEE EXAMPLE 3. Then... 21 = 23

THEOREM 1-3 Congruent Complements Theorem

If two angles are complementary to If... MZ1+mzZ2 = 90 and

congruent angles (or to the same mz3+mz2=90
angle), then they are congruent.

Hes “ ae

PROOF: SEE EXAMPLE 3 TRY IT. Then... 21 = 23

_PROOF Ce >ONI2H Ke Write a Paragraph Proof

‘quer

Write a paragraph proof of the Congruent

Supplements Theorem.

Given: 21 and 22 are supplementary.

22 and 23 are supplementary. 2
Prove: 21 = 23 3

STUDY TIP Another way to write a proof is a paragraph proof. In a paragraph proot
It may be helpful to confirm that the statements and reasons are connected in sentences.
a paragraph proof is complete
Proof: By the definition of supplementary angles, mz1 + m22 = 180 and
by underlining each statement
m2Z2 + mZ3 = 180. Since both sums equal 180, mz1 + mz2 =mz2 + m2Z3.
and then circling the
corresponding reason. Subtract mz2 from each side of this equation to get mz1 = mZ3. By the
definition of congruent angles, 21 = 23.

© Try It! 3. Write a paragraph proof of the

Congruent Complements Theorem. 1 2
Given: 21 and 22 are complementary.
Z2 and 23 are complementary.
Prove: 21 = 23
aaa

LESSON 1-7 Writing Proofs 53

 THEOREM 1-4

All right angles are congruent. If...

A B

PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 9. Then... 2A = 2B

THEOREM 1-5

If two angles are congruent and If... 21 = 22 andmz1+m2z2 = 180

supplementary, then each is a
right angle.

1 2

PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 11. Then... 21 and 22 are right angles

THEOREM 1-6 Linear Pairs Theorem

The sum of the measures of a linear If... 21 and 22 form a linear pair.
pair is 180.

1 2

PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 12. Then... mz1+m2Z2 = 180

PROOF bb) DONA wD Write a Proof Using a Theorem

‘cS

Write a two-column proof.

Given: M21 =m2Z2, mz1 = 105 ty 2

3
Prove: mz3 = 75

Statements Reasons
1) mz1=mz2 1) Given
CONSTRUCT ARGUMENTS
2) mz1 = 105 2) Given
Consider the logical flow for
writing a proof. How can you 3) mz2 = 105 3) Transitive Property of Equality
be sure that each step ina 4) 22 and 23 are alinear pair 4) Definition of a linear pair
proof follows logically from the
5) mz2 + mzZ3 = 180 5) Linear Pairs Theorem
preceding step or steps?
6) 105 + mz3 = 180 6) Substitution Property of Equality
7) mZ3 =75 7) Subtraction Property of Equality

© Try It! 4. Write a two-column proof.

Given: m24 = 35, mz1 =mz2 +mz4 4
Prove: mz3 = 70

54 TO undations of Geometry (=) Go Online |[Link]

 Concept
Az) @ Summary © Assess

@ CONCEPT SUMMARY Proofs

Proofs use given information and logical steps justified by definitions, postulates, theorems, and
properties to reach a conclusion.

Given: 21 and 22 and are vertical angles 1

Prove: 21 = 22 2

aiOL0) s Two-Column Proof PROOF Paragraph Proof

Statements Reasons By Supplementary Angles,

1) 21 and 22 are vertical 1) Given mZ1 +m2z3 = 180 and

angles mZ2 + m2Z3 = 180. By the
Substitution Property of Equality,
2) mz1 + mz3 = 180 and 2) Supplementary Angles mZ1+mz3=m22+m2Z3.
mz2+m2z3 = 180
Subtracting mZ3 from each side of
3) mZ1+mz3=mz2+mZzZ3 | 3) Subst. Prop. of Equality the equation gives mZ1 = m22.
4) mz1=mz2 4) Subtr. Prop. of Equality Then by the definition of
5) 21 = 22 5) Def. = angles congruent angles, 21 = 22.

© Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

1. "4 ESSENTIAL QUESTION Wlewas Use the figures to answer Exercises 5-7.
deductive reasoning used to prove a
theorem?

2. Error Analysis Jayden states that based on

the Congruent Supplements Theorem, if
mzZ1 + m2Z2 =90 and if mz1 + mz3 = 90,
then 22 = 23. What is the error in Jayden’s
reasoning?

. What statement could you write in a proof

for mZADC using the Angle Addition
Postulate as a reason?
2 5
1 3
. Could you use the Vertical Angles Theorem as
a reason in a proof to state mZADC = mZEDG
3. Vocabulary How is a theorem different or to state ZADC = ZEDG? Explain.
from a postulate? How is a theorem
different from a conjecture? . Given mZADC = 90, what reason could you
give in a proof to state zADC = ZHJK?
4. Reason If 22 and 23
are complementary, how . The Leaning Tower of
: g',?
could you use the Vertical 2 Pisa leans at an angle of
Angles Theorem to find 13 about 4° from the vertical,
mz1? 30° as shown. What equation
for the measure of x, the
angle it makes from the
horizontal, could you use
in a proof?

LESSON 1-7 Writing Proofs 55

@ PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Multimedia
Scan for & © Practice © Tutorial
=.

Additional Exercises Available Online

OI aleeANB) aivA\G IG

9. Construct Arguments Fill in the missing reasons Find the value of each variable and the measure of
for the proof of Theorem 1-4. each labeled angle. sEE EXAMPLES 1 AND 2

Given: ZF and 2G a a
are right G

Prove: ZF = zG

Statements Reasons 16. 17.

1) zF and 2G are 1) Given le eg
right angles (3x — 47)° (2x + 8)°
2) mzF = 90 and 2) (8x — 75)°
mzG = 90
3) mZF=mzG 3)
4) 4F=2zG 4) 18. Write a paragraph proof. SEE EXAMPLE 3
10. Error Analysis A student uses the Vertical Given: mZABC = 114; mZDHE = 25;
Angles Theorem and the definition of mZEHF = 41; ZABC and ZGHF are
complementary angles to conclude supplementary.
mZPTR = 50 in the figure. What mistake
Prove: ZDHF = ZGHF
did the student make?
H
Q 5 2
(x + 28)° ; (2x + 16)° oe D
P R B Lon

11. Construct Arguments Write a paragraph proof

Write a two-column proof for each statement.
of Theorem 1-5. Given that ZN and ZM are
SEE EXAMPLE 4
congruent and supplementary, prove that ZN
and 2M are right angles. 19. Given: 21 and 22 are complementary.

12. Construct Arguments Write a two-column Mig

proof of Theorem 1-6. Given that ZABC and Prove: mz3 = 113
ZCBD are a linear pair, prove that ZABC and
ZCBD are supplementary. 1
23
13. Higher Order Thinking Explain how the
Congruent Complements Theorem applies to
the figure shown.

20. Given: m22 = 30

mz1=2m2z2

Prove: mz3 + m2z4 = 90

56 TOPIC 1 Foundations of Geometry (=) Go Online |[Link]

 (=) © Practice © Tutorial
© PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING SESS see

Mixed Review Available Online

© ASSESSMENT PRACTICE
21. Mathematical Connections The graph shows 24. Consider the figure shown.
percentages of sales made by various divisions
of a company in one year. What are the angles
formed by the segments for each division?
What are the missing percentages? Explain how
you were able to determine each percentage.
Division B Classify each of the following statements as
always true, sometimes true, or never true.
é Division C
e mz1+mz4=
180
Division A e mz1+m2Z2
+ mz3 = 180
18% ¢ mz2+mZz4= 180

Division D e 422 23
e 22224
Division F Division E
e mz3=mz4
22. Use Structure A type of floor tiling is
. SAT/ACT Given ZABC and ZDEF are
designed to give the illusion of a three-
supplementary and ZABC and ZGHJ are
dimensional figure. Given that m1 = 85
supplementary, what can you conclude about
and mZ3 = 45, what are the measures of the
the angles?
remaining angles?
@ mzZDEF = mzGHJ
mZDEF + mZGHJ = 90
© mzDEF + mZGHJ = 180
© mZABC = mZDEF and mZABC = mZGHI
. Performance Task The figure shows lines that
divide a designer window into different parts.

23. Reason Consider the angles formed by the

garden gate. Using theorems from this lesson,
what can you conclude from each of the
following statements? State which theorem
you applied to reach your conclusion.
a. MZ1 = 90 and mz2 = 90.

b. 23 and 24 are vertical angles.

Part A Copy the figure onto a sheet of paper.

Label each of the inner angles. Use a protractor
to measure any two of the inner angles in the
figure. Using your measurements, determine
the measurements of the other angles.

Part B Choose two of the inner angles that you

did not actually measure. How do you know
the angle measures for these two angles? Write
a two-column proof to show how you know
their measures are correct.

LESSON 1-7 Writing Proofs 57

 re: T=) © Activity © Assess

Indirect Proof Philip presents the following number puzzle to his friends.

A. Make Sense and Persevere

Philip states that the number must
be 7. Explain why this cannot
[=] [Link] be true.
B. Write your own number puzzle that
1 CAN: use ndivect has an answer of 5. Your friend says
reasoning to write a proof. the answer is not 5. How do you
use the statements of your puzzle
VOCABULARY to identify the contradiction?
e indirect proof

i ESSENTIAL QUESTION What can you conclude when valid reasoning leads to a contradiction?

APPLICATION
“Seo
}RSEWIZED Use Indirect Reasoning
Beth is having dinner with Sarah and one of Sarah’s friends—Libby, Kelly, or
Mercedes. Beth orders a chicken and spinach pizza to share for dinner.

PUR Libbyisa (Nam, me Kelly is allergic

ya vegetarian. Lal mY to mushrooms.

Who is having dinner with Beth?

Use indirect reasoning to determine who is having dinner with Beth.

STUDY TIP
Use a flow chart or table to
keep track of details if you have
difficulty following the logic in an
indirect reasoning problem.
% Cannoteat % Atthe VY No mushrooms on
chicken pizza _ library pizza, and other options
have been proved false

Beth must be having dinner with Sarah and Kelly.

© Try It! 1. Use indirect reasoning to draw a conclusion in the following

situation.
A bagel shop gives customers a free bagel on their birthday.
Thato went to the bagel shop today but did not get a
free bagel.

58 TOPIC 1 Foundations of Geometry (=) GoOnline |[Link]

 Le) © Activity © Assess

CONCEPT Writing an Indirect Proof by Contradiction

A proof that uses indirect reasoning is an indirect proof. Use an indirect

proof when a direct proof is impossible. Two types of indirect proof are
proof by contradiction and proof by contrapositive.
Proof by Contradiction
A statement is given as a conditional p — q.
Step 1 Assume p and ~q are true.
Step 2 Show that the assumption ~q leads to a contradiction.
Step 3 Conclude that g must be true.

PROOF eo > ONI282~e Write an Indirect Proof by Contradiction

Write an indirect proof of the following statement using proof
by contradiction.
If Alani walks more than 8 kilometers over a two-day period,
then she walks more than 4 kilometers on one or both days.
Identify the hypothesis and conclusion.
p: Alani walks more than 8 kilometers over a two-day period.
q: She walks more than 4 kilometers on one or both days.
The statement has the form p — q.

Step 1 Assume p and ~q are true.

~q: Alani does not walk more than 4 kilometers on either day.

LOOK FOR RELATIONSHIPS Step 2 Show that h the assumption

ion ~q ~q |leads t to a contradiction
diction.
Consider what you can logically If Alani does not walk more than 4 kilometers on either day, then
conclude from your assumption. the total distance she walks over the two-day period must be less
What can you conclude from the than or equal to 8 kilometers. This contradicts the hypothesis, p.
negation?
Step 3 Conclude that g must be true.
Because the assumption leads to a contradiction, g must be true.
Alani walks more than 4 kilometers on one or both days.

© Try It! 2. Write an indirect proof for each statement using proof
by contradiction.
a. If today is a weekend day, then it is Saturday or Sunday.
b. If you draw an angle that is greater than 90°, it must
be obtuse.

LESSON 1-8 Indirect Proof 59

 ical © Activity © Assess

CONCEPT Writing an Indirect Proof by Contrapositive

A conditional p > q and its contrapositive ~g > ~p are logically equivalent,

so they have the same truth value.
If you prove the contrapositive, you have also proven the conditional.
Proof by Contrapositive
Step 1 Assume ~q is true.
Step 2 Show that the assumption leads to ~p, which shows ~q > ~p.
Step 3 Conclude that p > g must be true.

CONCEPTUAL ae
UNDERSTANDING Ce >. ONI28-K ey Write an Indirect Proof by Contrapositive
‘EEE

Write an indirect proof of the following statement using proof

by contrapositive.
For two positive integers n and m, if nm > 16, then either n or m is
greater than 4 or both are greater than 4.
Write the negations of p and gq.

p:nm > 16 This is the part of the contrapositive

~p:nm < 16 you prove.

g:n>4orm> 4or both are greater than 4

COMMON ERROR ~g:ns4andm<4-~ This is the part of the

Be careful not to make contrapositive you assume.
assumptions that are not given in ote Daumessume od 1 (Ue,
the statements. Assume n <4andm <4.

Step 2 Show that the assumption leads to ~p.

n<4 m<4 Use properties of inequality
to write equivalent
nm <4m 4m < 16 expressions ofn < 4 and
By the Transitive Property, nm < 16. m<4asnm < 16.
Therefore, ~g > ~p
Step 3 Conclude that p — g must be true.
Proving the contrapositive proves the conditional. Therefore, for two
positive integers n and m, if nm > 16, then either n or m is greater
than 4 or both are greater than 4.

© Try It! 3. Write an indirect proof of each statement using proof

by contrapositive.
a. If today is Wednesday, then tomorrow is Thursday.
b. If a whole number is between 1 and 4, it is a factor of 6.

60 TOPIC 1 Foundations of Geometry (=) Go Online |[Link]

 LQ Siisetty GB asses
e@ CONCEPT SUMMARY Indirect Proof of p — q

BY CONTRADICTION BY CONTRAPOSITIVE
Steps Steps
1. Assume p and ~q are true. 1. Assume ~gq is true.
2. Show that the assumption ~q leads 2. Show that the assumption leads to ~p,
to a contradiction. which shows ~g > ~p.
3. Conclude that g must be true. 3. Conclude that p > g must be true.

@ Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

1. "4 ESSENTIAL QUESTION AW arlae-lamvele) Use indirect reasoning to draw a conclusion in
conclude when valid reasoning leads to a each situation.
contradiction? 6. Tamira only cuts the grass on a day that it
2. Vocabulary What are the two types of does not rain. She cut the grass on Thursday.
indirect proof? How are they similar and 7. Gabriela works at the library every Saturday
how are they different? morning. She did not work at the library
this morning.
3. Error Analysis Consider the figure below.
Write the first step of an indirect proof for each
A of the following statements.
8. MZJIKM = mMZJKL — mZMKL

M
! 2
B G J
K
Consider the following conditional.
9. PQ is perpendicular to ST.
If ZABC is a right angle and,
S
mz1 < 60, then mz2 > 30.

A student will prove the contrapositive as a

way of proving the conditional. The student ~~ Le)
plans to assume m2Z2 < 30 and then prove
m2Z1 > 60. Explain the error in the T
student's plan.
10. What can you conclude from the following
4. Make Sense and Persevere How do situation using indirect reasoning? Explain.
truth tables explain why proving the
contrapositive also prove the original e Nadeem spent more than $10 but less than
conditional statement? $11 for a sandwich and drink.
e He spent $8.49 on his sandwich.
ui. Generalize Explain how you can identify the
statement you assume and the statement ¢ The cost for milk is $1.49.
you try to prove when writing a proof by
¢ The cost for orange juice is $2.49.
contrapositive.
¢ The cost for a tropical smoothie is $2.89.
e The cost for apple juice is $2.59.

LESSON 1-8 Indirect Proof 61

@) PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Scan for
Multimedia | @
& (=) © Practice © Tutorial

Additional Exercises Available Online

;

UINTO)ta PAUL) PRACTICE

11. Construct Arguments Write an indirect proof Use indirect reasoning to draw a conclusion in each
for this conditional statement about the given situation. SEE EXAMPLE1
figure 15. Every student in Mr. Green's 2nd period class
If NJ is the perpendicular bisector of KM, got an A on the math test. Paige got a B on
then LM = 6. the test.

16. Only students who studied at least 3 hours for

the history test got an A on it. Derek studied
2 hours for the test.

Write the first step of an indirect proof of each

statement. SEE EXAMPLE 2
17. ST+ TU+ UV= 150

18. Ray DE is the angle bisector of ZADC.

12. Higher Order Thinking Write an indirect
proof about the given conditional using either Identify the two statements that contradict each
contradiction or contrapositive. What is an other in each set. SEE EXAMPLE 2
advantage of the method you chose? 19. Il. mzK+m2ZL = 150
Given that x is a whole number, if x and 3x ll. mzK —mzL = 20
are both less than 10, then x < 3. Ill. mZK = 180
13. Mathematical Connections Write a proof
20. |. ZS is an acute angle.
by contrapositive to prove the following
conditional about the figures. ll. mzS = 80

If ZTUV= ZWKXY, then x F y. Ill. mzS+mzT= 40

T W, 21. Write an indirect proof for the following

U conditional about the figure. SEE EXAMPLE 2
Wy? +x)" X< [Bx + IP If ZEFG and ZHFJ are vertical angles,
then x # 3y.
Y
E H
14. Error Analysis Consider the conditional,
ae
F
yy’
“If x2 is even, then x is even.” Anna uses
the contrapositive to prove the conditional. G J
What is Anna’‘s error?
22. Write a proof of the contrapositive to prove
the following conditional about the figures.
Assume x Is even. Then x can be written SEE EXAMPLE 3
in the form 2k, where k is an integer. If AB + CD = EF, then EF = 14.
Substitute this into x2 to get (2k)2, or
4k*. This expression can be written in E

the form 2m, where mis an integer,

which proves x2 is even.
F
dead
A eee
G D

62 TOPIC 1 Foundations of Geometry (=) Go Online |[Link]

© PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING
(=) © Practice © Tutorial

Mixed Review Available Online

tah © ASSESSMENT PRACTICE

23. Model With Mathematics The lighthouse forms 26. Does this pair of statements contradict each
a right angle with the path of the boat. other? Explain.
ZP and ZQ are both obtuse angles.
oan
ent ZP and 2Q are supplementary.
oo
a aa
dees 1 27. SAT/ACT If you write a proof of the following
Oe oi 1h
Fy oo cas I conditional by proving the contrapositive, what
- 1 ‘is Se
-
should your assumption be?
:eeeeL 3 e xX il i of. :
ee ee - a
Cessonanseornenernncr
SenMinemre reece eee arses el Lis ea apa esa nando Siig : If JK is the angle bisector of ZHJL,
then mZHJK + mZKJL = 90.
a. Write an equation relating h, d, and x.
® JK is the angle bisector of ZHIL.
b. Write an indirect proof of the statement by
proving the contrapositive. JK is not the angle bisector of ZHIJL.
© mZHJK + MZKJL = 90
If x decreases, then d decreases.
® mZHJK + MZKIL # 90
24. Reason Friends eat the entire 6slices of a pie.
No slices are shared. Prove the following 28. Performance Task Customers who eat lunch at
conditional by proving the contrapositive for a diner have the following meal choices:
the conditional.
If four friends share the pie, then at most LUNCH MENU
two of the friends will have more than one
slice of pie each.

25. Reason The library is at the midpoint between

Nicky’s home and the museum.

Part A Write an indirect proof of the following

conditional.
Nicky begins at her home and walks toward
the museum. Write an indirect proof for this If a customer chooses a meal with a banana,
conditional: When she gets to the library, she then the customer also has a cheese sandwich.
will have less than 2 miles left to go. Part B Write another conditional statement
related to which meal a customer has at the
diner. Then write an indirect proof of your
conditional statement.

LESSON 1-8 Indirect Proof 63

 Topic Review
ee TOPIC ESSENTIAL QUESTION

1. What are the fundamental building blocks of geometry?

Vocabulary Review
Choose the correct term to complete each sentence.
¢ biconditional
2. Astatement accepted without proof is a
e conjecture
3. Arriving at a conclusion by observing patterns is ,
° contrapositive
4. A______is the combination of a conditional and its converse.
© converse
5 . According to the , if a conditional statement and its
hypothesis are true, then its conclusion is also true. e deductive reasoning

6. A conjecture that has been proven is a e inductive reasoning

7. Astatement of the form if not g, then notp isa Sethe e Law of Detachment
conditional if p, then q. e Law of Syllogism
8. You use when you logically come to a valid conclusion * postulate
based on given statements. e theorem

Concepts & Skills Review

LESSON 1-1 Measuring Segments and Angles

Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving

If a line segment is divided into parts, the length Find each value.
of the whole segment is the sum of the lengths 3x +2 x+19
9. LN=45. Find Xe L M N
of its individual parts. Congruent segments have
the same length.
10. RS
=27. Find QS. = . a :
Similarly, if an angle is divided into parts, the
measure of the whole angle is the sum of the Find the measure of each angle.
measures of the individual angles. Congruent 11. mMZEBG = 60; mZFBG = 2mZEBF; mZEBF =
angles have the same measure.
12. MZABE = 64; MZDBE = ae
Example 13. MZGBH = 28; D G
Given SU = 60, find x. p eR ON eA 20080! mZGBC = H
5 T U A B c
ST+ TU =SU 14. Reason Point K is located at 7 on a number
(6x — 24) + (2x + 20) = 60 line, and JK = KL. If the coordinate of L is 23,
what is the coordinate of point J?
8x —-4=60
8x = 64
X=8

64 TOPIC 1 Foundations of Geometry [=) Go Online |[Link]

LESSON 1-2 Basic Constructions

Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving

You can use a compass and a straightedge to Copy each segment, and construct the
copy segments and angles, and to construct perpendicular bisector.
the angle bisector of a given angle and the
15. i 16
perpendicular bisector of a given line segment.
Any geometric figure that can be constructed using
a compass and straightedge is a construction.
sy
Copy each angle, and construct its bisector.

Example 17. 18.

Construct the angle bisector of 2A. oe
A A A
L

19. Make Sense and Persevere Why must the

x
compass width be larger than half the
segment width to draw a perpendicular
From the vertex, draw an arc that intersects both bisector?
sides of the angle.
20. Model With Mathematics The sides of a
Next, using the same compass setting at each
roof meet at a 120° angle. A strip of wood
intersection, draw intersecting arcs within
extends down from the vertex so that it
the angle.
bisects the angle. Draw a diagram of the
Finally, draw the angle bisector from the vertex roof with the bisecting strip of wood.
through the intersecting arcs.

TOP
REV
1

LESSON 1-3 Midpoint and Distance

Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving

The midpoint formula gives the coordinates of Find the midpoint and length of each segment.
the midpoint between two points.
21. EF
aera
yet Ao 1 2)
22. FG
The distance formula gives the distance between
two points on a coordinate plane. 23. GH

dl= J (Xz — X41)? + (¥2 - 1)? 24. EH

25. What are the coordinates of the point Z of
Example the way from Hto E on the grid?
What are the coordinates of point K that is $ the
distance from J(8, 3) to L(2, 6)? 26. Make Sense of Problems Sadie models her
neighborhood on a coordinate plane so that
Horizontal change: 2(K2 —X,)= 202 -8)=-4 her school is at (8, 12) and a store is at (14, 3).
Vertical change: 22 —yi)= 26 -3)=2 What are the coordinates of the point halfway
between the school and the store?
K(x, y) = (x1 + (-4), v1 + 2) = (8 - 4, 3 + 2) = (4, 5)

TOPIC1 Topic Review 65

 LESSON 1-4 Inductive Reasoning

Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving

Inductive reasoning is the process of reaching a Use inductive reasoning to find the next two
conclusion by observing patterns. A conjecture terms in each sequence.
is a conclusion reached through inductive
2791 25,0, 24120) oe 28. 3, 5,0, LOIS ae
reasoning.
295 2,,5,,9, 14.2008 30.17, 2:1,.20¢2903>5 aoe
You can use several examples to support a
conjecture, or you can disprove it by finding a Find a counterexample to disprove each
counterexample. statement, or support it with four examples.
31. All triangles have three congruent angles.
Example
32. If p is an even number, then p + 12 is even.
Make a conjecture about the shape of the nth
term of the pattern shown. 33. Construct Arguments Explain why only one

Pe
counterexample is sufficient to disprove a
statement, but one example is not sufficient
to prove a statement.

34. The table shows how Week Se (S)

1st term: 2 blocks down each side, 3 blocks across much Jack saves in his
bank account each : . bold
2nd term: 3 blocks down each side, 4 blocks across
week. At this rate, 4 ee
3rd term: 4 blocks down each side, 5 blocks across how much willhesave 3 DED |
Conjecture: The nth term will have n + 1 blocks
on week 10? A. | 227000
down each side and n + 2 blocks across.

LESSON 1-5 Conditional Statements

Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving

A conditional p > q relates a hypothesis p to a For each statement, write a conditional and the
conclusion gq. The converse is g > p, the inverse converse, inverse, and contrapositive.
is ~p —> ~q, the contrapositive is ~g — ~p anda
35. A number that is a multiple of 4 is a multiple
biconditional is p <= gq.
of 2.
Statements are logically equivalent if they
have the same truth value. A conditional and 36. Kona jogs 5 miles every Saturday morning.
its contrapositive are logically equivalent.
Find the truth value of each conditional. Explain
A converse and an inverse are also logically
your reasoning or show a counterexample.
equivalent.
37. If a number is less than 4, then it is prime.
Example 38. If 3x — 7 < 14, thenx < 8.
Find the truth value of the following conditional:
39. If it snows, then school will be cancelled.
All quadrilaterals have four congruent angles.
A parallelogram that is not a rectangle is an 40. Communicate Precisely A cafeteria only offers
example of a quadrilateral. It is a counterexample pudding on Tuesdays. Use this fact to write a
because its angles are not all congruent. The biconditional about the pudding.
truth value for the conditional is false.

66 TOPIC 1 Foundations of Geometry [=] Go Online |[Link]

LESSON 1-6 Deductive Reasoning

Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving

Deductive reasoning uses logical steps based Assume the given information is true.
on given facts to reach a conclusion and can
41. If AB = BC, then DE = 2(AB). AB = 6 and
be applied through laws of logic, such as the
BC = 6. What can you conclude?
following.
e Law of Detachment: If p — q and p are true, 42. If it is a sunny day, the water park is filled
then gqis true. with people. If the water park is filled with
people, the lines for each ride are long.
e Law of Syllogism: If p — q and g — rare true,
Use the Law of Syllogism to write a true
then p = ris true.
conditional.

Example 43. Communicate Precisely An advertisement

says if you use their toothpaste for more than
Given the following, use the Law of Syllogism to
a week, you will have fresher breath. You use
write a true conditional.
the toothpaste ten days. If the advertisement
e If mZA < 90, then ZA is acute. is true, what can you conclude?
e If ZA is acute, then it is not a
right angle. A
Conditional: If mZzA < 90, then ZA is nota
right angle.
=
=
>
a
LESSON 1-7 & 1-8 Writing Proofs and Indirect Proof [a

oy
a,
Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving ie)
a
A proof uses deductive reasoning to explain why Find the value of each variable and the measure
a conjecture is true. A conjecture that has been of each labeled angle.
proven is a theorem.
44. 45.
For an indirect proof, assume the negation of
what is to be proven, and then show that the (3x:= 6); (2x + 22)°
assumption leads to a contradiction.

Example
Write a paragraph proof. 46. Construct Arguments Write a proof.
Given: mzTUV= 90
Given: mzBDC + mZADE = 180
Prove: x = 12
Prove: ZADB = ZBDC Tt ow
Ve

A 42°
B U V

47. Construct Arguments Write an indirect proof

C
by proving the contrapositive.
Proof: By definition of supplementary angles, Given: GJ = 48 2x x
mZADB + mZADE = 180. Since it is given that
Prove: x # 12 G Ha
mZBDC + mZADE = 180, by the Congruent
Supplements Theorem, ZADB = ZBDC.

TOPIC1 Topic Review 67

 Parallel and
Perpendicular Lines
a

4 TOPIC ESSENTIAL QUESTION

What properties are specific to parallel lines and

perpendicular lines?

Topic Overview Topic Vocabulary

enVision™ STEM Project: ¢ flow proof
Build a Roof
2-1 Parallel Lines
2-2 Proving Lines Parallel
2-3 Parallel Lines and Triangle Angle Sums
2-4 Slopes of Parallel and
Perpendicular Lines
Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts:
Parallel Paving Company

Digital Experience
ee Q ,

Properties of Parallel .
ORES
) © INTERACTIVE STUDENT
Access online or offline.
EDITION

o
. Lee esa pS
ason >
ACTIVITIES Complete Explore & Reason,
Model & Discuss, and Critique & Explain
activities. Interact with Examples and Try Its.

© ANIMATION View and interact with

real-world applications.

(=) Go online |[Link] © PRACTICE Practice what

you've learned.

68 TOPIC 2 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines ttt

ls
 4 +) a, Wo ch eh a, ce dh ee e NA CATA TO)
MATHEMATICAL MODELING

ay D
rallel Paving Company
eh oa f% ANT
K =|
A ad mel Tal

Building roads consists of many different tasks. Once civil engineers have
designed the road, they work with surveyors and construction crews to
clear and level the land. Sometimes specialists have to blast away rock in
order to clear the land. Once the land is leveled, the crews bring in asphalt
pavers to smooth out the hot asphalt.
TOPI
2
Sometimes construction crews will start work at both ends of the new
road and meet in the middle. Think about this during the Mathematical
Modeling in 3 Acts lesson.

in celta dens = SS Ee tr a a Sod

‘co 5 Watch clips to support GLOSSARY Read and listen to

Nes! Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts Lessons English and Spanish definitions.
and enVision™ STEM Projects.
© TUTORIALS Get help from
( IMARY Review Virtual Nerd, right when you need it.
ey eon content through
multiple representations. MATH TOOLS Explore math
with digital tools and manipulatives.
ASSESSMENT Show what
you've learned.

TOPIC 2 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

 ric2 VeRouer> ENVISION SIEM
Did You Know?
A roof is a critical component of shelter, one of
humankind's most basic needs. Roofs vary depending
on climate, local materials, and designs.
The front and back panels of a roof require a
different, more complex, design than the rest
of the roof and include vertical support
beams called gable studs.

A roof's pitch determines

the length of the rafters.
The weight of the roofing
material affects the spacing
of a roof's rafters and
gable studs.

Bermuda has no fresh water other The weight of snow on a roof can A green roof is topped with earth
than falling rain, so roofs are be up to 21 Ibs per square foot. and plants, which cools the building
designed to funnel rain down into in the summer and insulates it in
underground holding tanks. the winter.

Your Task: Build a Roof

You and your classmates will plan the construction of a roof, including
the location and cost of its ridge-board, rafters, and gable studs. How
does the cost of the roof change based on on its pitch and the spacing
between rafters?

TOPIC 2 enVision STEM Project (=) Go Online |[Link]

 f&) © Activity © Assess

2-1
Perel (le atc The diagram shows two parallel lines cut by a transversal.

Wee
4/ 3
(=) [Link] 6/5

| CAN... determine the

measures of the angles A. Look for Relationships What relationships among the measures of the
formed when parallel angles do you see?
Be ected bya B. Suppose a different transversal intersects the parallel lines. Would
you expect to find the same relationships with the measures of those
angles? Explain.

ESSENTIAL QUESTION What angle relationships are created when parallel lines are intersected
by a transversal?

OBER identify angle pairs

Identify the pairs of angles of each angle type made by the
snowmobile tracks.

ZA and 28, 21 and 25, ¥

Z2 and Z6, and 23 and 27
are corresponding angles. 54 8

6 7

STUDY TIP
Transversals can intersect either Z/ and 21,
parallel or nonparallel lines. 1 4 and 26 and 24
The types of angle pairs remain 2 3 are alternate
the same. Z2 and 28, and Z5 and 23 interior angles.
are alternate exterior angles.

© Try It! 1. Which angle pairs include the

named angle? 172
anz4 b. 27

LESSON 2-1 Parallel Lines 71

 {=) © Activity © Assess

POSTULATE 2-1 Same-Side Interior Angles Postulate

If a transversal intersects two If...

parallel lines, then same-side
interior angles are supplementary.

Then... m™Z1+m2Z2 = 180

CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING
crate
Qe ¢NUigAse Explore Angle Relationships
How can you express each of the numbered angles in terms of x?

V2
4 3 x?
LOOK FOR RELATIONSHIPS 6
What patterns do you notice 8 7
about the angles formed by two
parallel lines cut by a transversal? € iD

Angle 7 and the angle with measure x are vertical angles. Both 26 and 28
each form a linear pair with the angle with measure x and are therefore
supplementary to it.
By Postulate 2-1 you know that 22 and the angle with measure x are
supplementary. From that you can make conclusions about 21, 23, and 24
like you did with 26, 27, and 28.
The angles equal to x° are 21, 23, and 27.
The angles that are supplementary to the angle with measure x have the
measure (180 — x). These are 22, 24, 26, and 28.

© Try It! 2.1f 24 = 118°, what is the measure of each

of the other angles?

p/—
W/m

THEOREM 2-1 Alternate Interior Angles Theorem

If a transversal intersects two If...

parallel lines, then alternate
interior angles are congruent. |
PROOF: SEE EXAMPLE 3.

Thens.- 241222

72 TOPIC 2 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines (=) GoOnline | [Link]

 (=) © Activity © Assess

THEOREM 2-2 Corresponding Angles Theorem

If a transversal intersects two If...

parallel lines, then corresponding 1
angles are congruent.
PROOF: SEE EXAMPLE 3 TRY IT.

Then... 21 = 22

THEOREM 2-3 Alternate Exterior Angles Theorem

If a transversal intersects two If...

parallel lines, then alternate 1
exterior angles are congruent.
PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 10.

Then... 21 2 22

PROOF tb) oO: iaH-KeD Prove the Alternate Interior Angles Theorem

Prove the Alternate Interior Angles Theorem.

Given: m || n 1
Prove: 21 = 22

Plan: Use the Same-Side Interior Angles Postulate

to show 21 is supplementary to 23. Then show that angles 1 and 2 are
congruent because they are both supplementary to the same angle.
Proof:

Statements Reasons

1) m||n 1) Given
2) 21 and 23 are supplementary | 2) Same-Side Interior Zs Postulate
3) mZ1 + mzZ3 = 180 3) Def. of supplementary angles
4) mz2 + mz3 = 180 4) Angle Addition Postulate
COMMON ERROR Be :
Remember that for the proof to 5) mz1+mz3=mz2+m2z3 5) Transitive Property of Equality
be complete, the last statement of 6) mZ1 =mz2 6) Subtraction Property of Equality
the proof must match what you 7) 212 22 7) Def. of congruence
are trying to prove.

© Try It! 3. Prove the Corresponding Angles Theorem.

Given: m || n

Prove: 21 = 22

LESSON 2-1 Parallel Lines 73

 &) © Activity © Assess

PROOF @ 9.¢:4\1282379) Use Parallel Lines to Prove an Angle Relationship

\cccemesemal

Use the diagram to prove the angle relationship.

Given: AC || DF, and BE | DE zAEB ~ ZCEB

Prove: ZBAE = zZBCE

Proof:
Statements Reasons

1) AC || DF, BE. DF 1) Given

2) ZBED, ZBEF are rt. angles 2) Def. of perpendicular
5) CEDiEamZBer — 90 3) Def. of rt. angles
STUDY TIP 4) mZAED + mZAEB = 90, 4) Angle Addition Postulate
Recall that you can use the mZCEF + mZCEB = 90
Reflexive Property of Congruence, 5) ZAEB = ZCEB 5) Given
the Symmetric Property of
Congruence, and the Transitive 6) ZAED = ZCEF 6) Congruent Complements Thm.
Property of Congruence as 7) ZBAE = ZAED, ZBCE = ZCEF 7) Alt. Interior zs Thm.
reasons in a proof. ack
8) ZBAE =~ ZBCE 8) Transitive Prop. of Congruence

© Try It! 4. Given AB || CD, prove that A B

mz1+m2z2+m2zZ3 = 180.

4
C D

APPLICATION
Sep cores ewe
3)ESENVISESED Find Angle Measures
The white trim shown for the wall of a barn
should be constructed so that AC ||EG, JA ||HB,
and JC || KG. What should mz1 and mz3 be?

Formulate < Look for relationships among the angles.

Compute <q By the Same-Side Interior Angles Postulate,
m2Z1 + 68 = 180.
m2Z1 = 180 — 68 = 112
By the Corresponding Angles Theorem,
ZEAB = 22 and 22 = 23, s0 23 = ZEAB by the
Transitive Property of Congruence.
mz3 = 68

Interpret @ So, mz1 = 112 and mz3 = 68.

© Try It! 5.1f mzEJF =56, find mZFHK.

74 TOPIC2 Paraliei and Perpendicular Lines (=) Go Online |[Link]

 Concept
| & @ Summary © Assess
Q,) CONCEPT SUMMARY Parallel Lines and Angle Pairs

There are four special angle relationships formed when parallel lines are intersected by a transversal.
Teaieiae i oame-Side Interior Angles THEOREM 2-1 Alternate Interior Angles
Postulate Theorem

if. If...

Then... 21+ m2Z2 = 180 Then... 21 = 22

THEOREM 2-2 Corresponding Angles THEOREM 2-3 Alternate Exterior Angles

Theorem Theorem

If... its

Then... 21 = 22 Then... 21 2 22

© Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

1. MN ESSENTIAL QUESTION JAYMMarve-latel(s Use the diagram for Exercises 5-8.
relationships are created when parallel lines Classify each pair of angles.
are intersected by a transversal? Compare angle measures, 1
and give the postulate or 2 : ;
2. Vocabulary When a transversal intersects
theorem that justifies it. 4 : 7
two parallel lines, which angle pairs are
congruent? 5. 22 and 26 8

3. Error Analysis What error did Leah make? 6. 23 and 25

If mzZ1 = 71, find the measure of each angle.

1.25

8. 27
< 38° 1
9. Elm St. and Spruce St.
are parallel.
mZ1 = 88 by Corresponding What is mz1?
Angles Theorem xX

4. Generalize For any pair of angles formed

by a transversal intersecting parallel lines,
what are two possible relationships?

LESSON 2-1 Parallel Lines 75

(©) PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Scan for (=) © Practice © Tutorial
Multimedia
Additional Exercises Available Online

UNDERSTAND

10. Construct Arguments Write a two-column Identify a pair of angles for each type. SEE EXAMPLE 1
proof of the Alternate Exterior Angles 15. same-side interior
Theorem.
16. corresponding
Given: m || n
17. alternate exterior
Prove: 21 = 22

18. Which angles are supplementary to 21? Which

11. Higher Order Thinking Using what you know are congruent to 21? SEE EXAMPLE 2
about angle pairs formed by parallel lines and a
transversal, how are 21, 22, 23, and 24 related
in the trapezoid? Explain.

Find each angle measure. SEE EXAMPLE 3

12. Error Analysis What error did Tyler make?
19. m2Z1

20. mz2 123° 2 i

De 1
21. Opposite sides of a parallelogram are parallel.
m1 =72 by Same-Side Prove that opposite angles of a parallelogram
Exterior Angles Theorem x are congruent. SEE EXAMPLE 4

Given: ABCD is a parallelogram

Prove: 2A = zC, 2B = zD

13. Generalize In the diagram shown, if x + y = 180, B G

label the remaining angles as x° or y°.

A D
22. Three parallelograms are hinged at each vertex
to create an arm that can extend and collapse for
an exploratory spaceship robot. What is m21?
Explain how you found the answer. SEE EXAMPLE 5

14. Mathematical Connections A transversal

intersects two parallel lines. The measures
of a pair of alternate interior angles are 5v
and 2w. The measures of a pair of same-side
exterior angles are 10w and 5v. What are the
values of w and v?

76 TOPIC 2 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines (=) Go Online |[Link]

ae ee
 eS
©) PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING
© Practice © Tutorial

Mixed Review Available Online

© ASSESSMENT PRACTICE
23. Model With Mathematics A glazier is setting 27 Classify each angle as congruent to 21 or
supports in parallel segments to prevent glass congruent to 22.
breakage during storms. What are the values of
23 ZA
x and y? Justify your conclusions.
25 26

ay, 28

28. SAT/ACT In the diagram, a || b. What is mz1?

® 28
62
© 90 j 62° a
© 118 A

24. Reason In the parking lot shown, all of the 29. Performance Task Students on a scavenger hunt
lines for the parking spaces should be parallel. are given the map shown and several clues.
If mz3 = 61, what should mz1 and m22 be?
Explain.

|
Curb
Se
distance

25. Communicate Precisely Margaret is in a Part A The first clue states the following.
boat traveling due west. She turned the boat
50° north of due west for a couple of minutes Skyline Trail forms a transversal with Hood
to get around a peninsula. Then she resumed Path and Mission Path. Go to the corners
due west again. that form same side exterior angles north
of Skyline Trail.
a. How many degrees would she turn the
Which two corners does the clue mean? Use
wheel to resume a due west course?
intersections and directions to explain.
b. Name the pair of angles she used. Are the
angles congruent or supplementary? Part B If the second clue states the following,
what trail marker should they go to?
26. Parallel lines m and n intersect parallel lines x and
Hood and Mission Paths are parallel, and
y, representing two sets of intersecting railroad
the northeast corner of Hood Path and
tracks. At what angles do the tracks intersect?
Skyline Trail forms a 131° angle. The angle
measure formed by the southwest corner
125° ts of Skyline Trail and Mission Path is equa! to
the trail marker number on River Trai! you
must go to.

LESSON 2-1 Parallel Lines 77

 1?) © Activity © Assess

y) =2, Ce Susie eae tt

Juan analyzes the diagram to see if
Proving Lines
line Zis parallel to line m. His teacher
Parallel asks if there is enough information
to say whether the lines are parallel.

(=) [Link]
Sa

Yes, ifa transversal intersects two parallel lines, then

| CAN... use angle alternate interior angles are congruent and corresponding
relationships to prove that angles are congruent. | have both angle relationships here,
lines are parallel.
so the lines are parallel.
VOCABULARY
¢ flow proof
A. Make Sense and Persevere Why is Juan’s statement correct
or incorrect?
B. Can you use the Alternate Exterior Angles Theorem to prove that the
lines are not parallel?

What angle relationships can be used to prove that two lines intersected
? ESSENTIAL QUESTION
by a transversal are parallel?

Co 29.¢:4\ 18: Understand Angle Relationships

Suppose two lines are not parallel. Can corresponding angles still be
congruent?
Draw two nonparallel lines t and m and a transversal s. Draw line @ parallel
to m that passes through the intersection of s and t.

Transversal s intersects line t and line m.

The 120° angle corresponds with the angle
Lines t and m
s formed by combining 21 and 22.
are not parallel.

COMMUNICATE PRECISELY
Consider the conclusion in the Since @ || m, M21 = 120 by the Corresponding Angles Theorem. By the
example. What statement can you Alternate Interior Angles Theorem, m2Z2 = x. Since mz1 + m2z2 = 120 + x,
write that is logically equivalent mz1+m2Z2> 120.
to this statement? If two lines are not parallel, then corresponding angles are not congruent.

©) Try It! 1. Could 23 be supplementary to a 120° angle? Explain.

78 TOPIC 2 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines [) Go Online | [Link]

 (=) © Activity © Assess
rar

THEOREM 2-4 Converse of the Corresponding Angles Theorem

If two lines and a transversal itt

form corresponding angles that
are congruent, then the lines
are parallel.
PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 8.

Then... 2 || m

THEOREM 2-5 Converse of the Alternate Interior Angles Theorem

If two lines and a transversal form If...

alternate interior angles that are €
congruent, then the lines
are parallel. m 2
PROOF: SEE EXAMPLE 2.

Then... @ || m

PROOF eo eV Write a Flow Proof of Theorem 2-5

Write a flow proof to prove the Converse of the Alternate Interior
Angles Theorem.
In a flow proof, arrows show the logical connections between statements.
Reasons are shown below the statements.
Given: 21 = 22

Prove: 7@ || m

COMMON ERROR Proof:

You may incorrectly write all
information along one line of the “a
flow proof. Remember that you £2= 23 € |m-
should have two separate arrows _ Transitive Converse of the
when two statements are needed ijVee Prop. of = Corr. Zs Thm.
to justify the next statement in ,
a proof. Vertical Zs are =.

© Try It! 2. Write a flow proof for Theorem 2-6, the Converse of the
Same-Side Interior Angles Postulate.

LESSON 2-2 Proving Lines Parallel 79

 Le) © Activity (7) Assess

7
d

THEOREM 2-6 Converse of the Same-Side Interior Angles Postulate

If two lines and a transversal form If... mMZ1+m2Z2 = 180

same-side interior angles that are
supplementary, then the lines are
parallel.
PROOF: SEE EXAMPLE 2 TRY IT.

Then... 2 || m

THEOREM 2-7 Converse of the Alternate Exterior Angles Theorem

If two lines and a transversal form ee

alternate exterior angles that
are congruent, then the lines
are parallel.
PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 16.

Then... @ || m

CONCEPTUAL .
UNDERSTANDING Co >. ON\i2R-Ke Determine Whether Lines Are Parallel
\coon

The edges of a new sidewalk must be parallel in order to meet accessibility

requirements. Concrete is poured between straight strings. How does an
inspector know that the edges of the sidewalk are parallel?
The inspector can first measure the angles of corners of the sidewalk.

a“

MAKE SENSE AND PERSEVERE

Think about what other theorems
could be applied to determine
parallel edges. What other ‘
measurements could the inspector Since the two 53° angles are congruent, he can apply the Converse of the
make? : Alternate Exterior Angles Theorem. The edges of the sidewalk are parallel.

© Try It! [Link] is mz1? What should 22 measure in order to guarantee

that the sidewalk is parallel to Main Street? Explain.

80 TOPIC 2 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines [EJ GoOnline | [Link]

 (=) © Activity © Assess

THEOREM 2-8

If two lines are parallel to the ae

same line, then they are parallel to
each other. Ce
PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 17. C <<>>» >

Then... a || b

THEOREM 2-9

If two lines in the same plane are If... C

perpendicular to the same line, e
then they are parallel to each other. b
PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 18.

Then... a || 6

APPLICATION Co Patek m® Solve a Problem With Parallel Lines

A. When building a gate, how does Bailey know that the vertical boards v
and w are parallel?

LOOK FOR RELATIONSHIPS

Look for different ways that parts
of a diagram are put together
as a whole. How can you use
the labeled parts to determine a
strategy for solving a problem?
By Theorem 2-9, they are parallel. .
a si pra sosapese - { “ . 2: ” “ went

B. What should 21 measure to ensure board bis parallel to board a?

Apply the Converse of the Same-Side Interior Angles Postulate.
35+ m2z1 = 180
mzZ1 = 145

© Try It! 4.a. Bailey also needs board c to be parallel to board a. What
should 22 measure? Explain.
b. Is b || c ? Explain.

LESSON 2-2 Proving Lines Parallel 81

 Concept
& Summary © a
© CONCEPT SUMMARY Criteria for Parallel lines

DIAGRAM

If corresponding angles are If alternate interior angles

congruent, then 7 ||m. are congruent, then 7 ||m.

lf alternate exterior angles If same-side interior angles are

are congruent, then 7@ ||m. supplementary, then 7 ||m.

© Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

1. 1 peat What angle — Use the figure shown for Exercises 5 and 6.
relationships can be used to prove that
two lines intersected by a transversal
are parallel?

2. Error Analysis Noemi wrote, “If 21 = 22,

then by the Converse of the Same-Side
Interior Angles Postulate, 2 || m.” Explain
the error in Noemi's reasoning.
5. lf 21 & 22, which theorem proves that c || d?
£
6. If mz2 = 4x — 6 and mZ3 = 2x + 18, for
what value of x is a || b? Which theorem
justifies your answer?

7. Using the Converse of the Same-Side

Interior Angles Postulate, what equation
3. Vocabulary How does a flow proof show shows that g || h?
logical steps in the proof of a conditional
statement?

4. Reason How is Theorem 2-9 a special case

of the Converse of the Corresponding
Angles Theorem?

82 TOPIC 2 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines [=] Go Online |[Link]

(© PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Scan for
Multimedia
() © Practice © Tutorial

Additional Exercises Available Online

UNDERSTAND
8. Construct Arguments Write an indirect proof For Exercises 12-15, use the given information.
of the Converse of the Corresponding Angles Which lines in the figure can you conclude are
Theorem following the outline below. parallel? State the theorem that justifies each
answer. SEE EXAMPLES 1 AND 3
Given: 21 = 22
Prove: 7¢ || m
e Assume that
lines 2 andm
are not parallel.
e Draw linen
parallel to line 7.
¢ Conclude that mz3 > 0.
zee 13 eZOr—e7/,
e Use the Same-Side Interior Angles Postulate to
arrive at the contradiction that mz1 4 m22. 14. 21 = 24 15. mz5
+ mz8 = 180°
Error Analysis - b 16. Write a flow proof of the Converse of
What is the
the Alternate Exterior Angles Theorem.
student’s error?
SEE EXAMPLE 2

Use the figure for Exercises 17 and 18.

SEE EXAMPLE 2

d
1 a
Given 71 = 72. By the Vertical Angles
Thm., 21 = 23, so by the Transitive 2 b
Property, 72 = 73. By the Converse
of the Corresponding Angles Thm., a| b. x 3 G

17. Given a || c and b || c, write a flow proof of

10. Mathematical Connections Copy the figure Theorem 2-8.
below. Construct a line through P parallel to 7.
(Hint: Copy either ZPCA or ZPCB so that one 18. Given a | d and b 1 d, write a flow proof of
of the sides of the angle is parallel to 7.) What Theorem 2-9.
theorem justifies your construction?
19. For what value of x is f || g? Which theorem
: eP justifies your answer? SEE EXAMPLE 4
;,
v f
<9
A ic B

11. Higher Order Thinking

The interior angles of
a regular hexagon are
congruent. Why are any pair
of opposite sides parallel?

LESSON 2-2 Proving Lines Parallel 83

@) PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING
(=) © Practice © Tutorial
—

Mixed Review Available Online

© ASSESSMENT PRACTICE
20. Look for Relationships To make a puzzle, 23. In order for c || d, 22 and 27 must be__? _,
Denzel draws lines a and b to cut along ona and 23 and 25 must be__? _.
square piece of posterboard. He wants to draw
line c so that it is
parallel to line b.
What should the
measure of 21 be?
Explain.

24. SAT/ACT Which statement must always

be true?
21. Reason A downhill skier is fastest when her
skis are parallel. What should 21 be in 9 h
order for the skier to maximize her speed
through a gate? Which theorem justifies your
answer?

@ If 21 = 22, then g || h.
If 21 = 23, then g || h.
© If 22 = ZA, thenj || k.
© If 23 = ZA, then j || k.
25. Performance Task The diagram shows part of a
plan to arrange aisles in a store.
22. Make Sense and Persevere Malia makes a
fabric design by drawing diagonals between
opposite corners. She wants to draw other lines
parallel to one of the diagonal lines, as shown
by the dashed lines.
a. What should 21 be in order for line b to be
parallel to line a? Explain.

b. What should 22 be in order for line c to be

parallel to line b? Explain.

Part A The aisles are [Link] that

mZ1 = 125. What should be the measures
Ls
2
ra
of the other labeled angles so that all three
0La '
aisles will be parallel? Explain.
|
ia
iwi
Part B Describe how theorems can be applied
to make sure that the T-shirt aisles are parallel.

84 TOPIC 2 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines (=) Go Online |[Link]

a
ea
 yee
fe) © Activity © Assess

Two parallel lines never intersect. ;

Parallel Lines and
But, can two lines that intersect ever p
riangle Angle Sums be parallel to the same line?

Draw point P. Then draw ’

(=) [Link] lines a and b that intersect at
point P as shown. Pg

| CAN... solve problems A Pl ‘I bel hei a l

using the measures of interior . Place a pencil below the intersecting lines on your paper to represent
and exterior angles of line c. Rotate the pencil so that it is parallel to line b. Can you rotate the
triangles. pencil so that it is parallel to line a at the same time as line b?
B. Look for Relationships Can you adjust your drawing of the two
intersecting lines so you can rotate the pencil to be parallel to
both lines?

ESSENTIAL QUESTION What is true about the interior and exterior angle measures of a triangle?

CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING bb) > ON I2h-ee Investigate the Measures of Triangle Angles
\ae

What appears to be the relationship between the angle

measures of a triangle?
Using pencil and paper, or scissors and paper, construct several triangles of
different types. Number the angles.

leeeres
Trace the angles from each triangle and place the vertices together with the
sides of the angles sharing a vertex and ray.

4N 6 ee 8-9
7 cee
USE APPROPRIATE TOOLS ote
ray aap i
What tools might you use to
For each triangle shown, the angles combine to form a straight angle.
confirm that the angles sum to
180°? So, the sum of the angle measures of a triangle appears to be 180.

© Try It! 1. Given two angle measures in a triangle, can you find the
measure of the third angle? Explain.

LESSON 2-3 Parallel Lines and Triangle Angle Sums 85

 THEOREM 2-10

Through a point not on a line, ifm iE

there is one and only one line
parallel to the given line. b
PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 10.

Then... line a is the only line

parallel to line b through P.

THEOREM 2-11 Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem

The sum of the measures of all the If... 6

angles of a triangle is 180.
PROOF: SEE EXAMPLE 2.

A B

Then... mZA +mzB+m2zC= 180

PROOF tb) 19.¢:4\28:3> Prove the Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem

Co

Prove the Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem. G

Given: AABC

Prove: mz1+m2z2+m2z3 = 180

A B
STUDY TIP ’ . 4
When using a geometric figure Plan: Draw a line through C, because a straight angle measures 180. This
in a proof, you can construct line should be parallel to the line containing AB so that an alternate interior
additional parts to help with the angle relationship is formed.
proof, such asparallel lines, angle Bree.
bisectors, and midpoints. :
By applying the Angle
Use Theorem 2-10 to justify Addition Postulate,
drawing a line through C mZ4+mzZ3 +mZ5 = 180°.
parallel toAB. C
4/\5

By the Alternate Interior Also by the Alternate

Angles Theorem, 21 = 24 Interior Angles Theorem,
re 4 - 2 42 = 25,s0mZ2=mZ5.

By substitution, m21 + mz3 + mZ2 = 180. Therefore, using the Commutative

Property of Addition, mz1 + mz2 + mz3 = 180.

© Try It! [Link] does Theorem 2-10 justify the construction of the line
through Cthat is parallel to AB?

86 TOPIC 2 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines [=] Go Online |[Link]

 © Activity © Assess
=o

bb) > NighKeD Use the Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem ;

What are the values of x and y?
32a
Write and solve an equation that relates the
measures of the angles of ATRS.

gaa eka 180 Use the Triangle Q Bx 5

x=70 Angle-Sum Theorem. R
To find the value of y, notice that ZQRS is a straight angle.
MZQRT+ mMZTRS = 180 Apply the Angle
y+78= 180 Addition Postulate.
y = 102
The value of x is 70 and the value of y is 102.

© Try It! [Link] are the values of x and y in each figure?

a. b.
35°
57°

ao

96° x

THEOREM 2-12 Triangle Exterior Angle Theorem

The measure of each exterior angle If...

of a triangle equals the sum of
the measures of its two remote 1
interior angles.
PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 13. Then... mZ1=mz2+m2z3

tb) >ONt2h ee» Apply the Triangle Exterior Angle Theorem

What is the missing angle measure in each figure?

A. B. 109°

Z1 is an exterior
angle. 22 is a remote
COMMON ERROR
interior angle.
Be careful when writing an
equation to solve for the
mZ1 = 45+ 75 Use the Exterior 109 = 51+ mz2
unknown angle measure. The
unknown value can be an addend mz1 = 120 Angles Theorem. Shim?
or the sum.

CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE

LESSON 2-3 Parallel Lines and Triangle Angle Sums 87

 EXAMPLE 4 CONTINUED

© Try It! 4. What is the value of x in each figure? |

a. xe b.

49°

104°

APPLICATION
‘SE
3s dNvigaae Apply the Triangle Theorems
Cheyenne built this display for her ornament collection. Each shelf is parallel
to the base. She recalls only the angle measures shown in the diagram. Now
she wants to build another just like it. What are the measures of 21, 22,
and 23?

45°

>

Formulate <= Begin by writing equations for the unknown angle measures. Since the bottom
and top shelves are parallel, apply the Corresponding Angles Theorem.
55+mz1=75
Apply the Triangle Exterior Angle Theorem.
mz1+mz2=75
Use the Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem.
45 +45 + (mz1+ mz3 + 55) = 180

Compute <q Solve for mz1, mz2, and m2Z3.

554+mz1=75 mz1+m2z2=75

mz1 = 20 20+mz2=75

M22— 155

45 + 45 + (mz1 + mz3 + 55) = 180

45 + 45 + (20 + mz3 + 55)= 180
mzZ3 + 165 = 180
2a
Interpret <= = The measures of the angles are mz1 = 20, mz2 = 55, and mz3 = 15.

© Try It! [Link] are the measures of 24 and 25? Explain.

88 TOPIC 2 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines (=) GoOnline |[Link]

 {= } Concept
—- Summary © Assess

© CONCEPT SUMMARY Angle Measures of Triangles

WORDS Interior Angle Measures Exterior Angle Measure

The sum of the measures of all the The measure of each exterior angle of a triangle
angles of a triangle is 180. equals the sum of the measures of its two
remote interior angles.

Mya C

A B 1

mZzA +mzB + mzC= 180 m21=mz2+m2zZz3

© Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

fe % ESSENTIAL QUESTION AWhElaS What is the value of x in each figure?
true about the interior and exterior angle ys x° 6. 74° x°
measures of a triangle? 62°
2. Error Analysis Chiang determined that
83° 66°
the value ofx is 103 and the value of y is
132 in the figure below. What mistake did
Chiang make? What is the value of x in each figure?
fs 8.
de 57° Xe
x° 64°
48° Bo
y¥°
469 Cy

9. Write an equation relating the measures

3. Vocabulary The word remote means distant
of 21, 22, and 23. Write another equation
or far apart. What parts of a figure are
relating the measures of 21, 22, and 24.
remote interior angles distant from?

4. Look for Relationships Use the Triangle

Angle-Sum Theorem to answer the
following questions. Explain your
answers.

a. What are the measures of each angle of

an equiangular triangle?
b. If one of the angle measures of an
isosceles triangle is 90, what are the
measures of the other two angles?

LESSON 2-3 Parallel Lines and Triangle Angle Sums 89

€ PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Me
Scan for | © © Practice ) Tutorial

Additional Exercises Available Online

UPL
yA PRACTICE

10. Construct Arguments Write a proof for What are the values of the variables in each
Theorem 2-10. figure? SEE EXAMPLES 1-3

11. Higher Order Thinking Marisol claims that 16. We

Pa 56°
each pair of remote interior angles in a triangle
has two exterior angles. Do you agree? Use a x?
diagram to support your answer.
46° 76° x°
12. Error Analysis A student was asked to find
the value of x. What error did the student 19. 39 3 ¥
make?
x° 91°

w*/ 56° What is the value of x in each figure? SEE EXAMPLE 4

x°
By the Linear Pairs Theorem,
w+56=180,sow= 124. 195
By the Triangle Exterior Angle
Theorem, w = x + 31, or
124 = x + 31,s0x = 93.
74°

119°

13. Reason Prove the Triangle Exterior Angle

Theorem.
For Exercises 24-27, find the measure of each
14. Mathematical Connections What are the angle. SEE EXAMPLE 4
values of x, y, and z? Use theorems to justify
each answer. 16°

66°

24. 21 25. O22

15. Use Structure Write and solve an equation 26. 23 21 ee

to find the value of x. What is the measure of
28. A pennant is in the shape of an isosceles
each labeled angle?
triangle. One leg of the triangle is fastened to
a stick. The stick forms an 84° angle with the
other leg. What is the measure of each remote
interior angle in the triangle?
Ox)

90 TOPIC 2 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines (=) Go Online |[Link]

ae
 (=) © Practice i) Tutorial
© PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING
Mixed Review Available Online

© sina eile:
29. Model With Mathematics Pilar is making a 32. What are the values of x, y, and z?
replacement set of sails for a sailboat.
xe 66°

45° 119°

33. SAT/ACT What is the value of x?

xe

127° 49°
a. What equation can Pilar use that relates the
values of w and x?
b. What equation can Pilar use that relates the
values ofy and z? @ 98 © 102

30. Reason An artist painting from a photo 106 © 176

begins with a geometric sketch to match angle 34. Performance Task A tablet case is supported at
measures. What is the value of z? the back. The measure of the slant angle of the
tablet can be changed, but mz2 = mzZ3 for any
slant that is chosen.

31. Look for Relationships Use the figure shown. Part A A user adjusts the case so that
m2Z2 = 42. What are the measures of the
other angles?

Part B Is it possible to slant the tablet case so

that mz1 = mZ5? If so, explain how. If not,
119° explain why it is not possible.
he
2 ~
EN Part C A user wants to slant the tablet case so
that mz1 = 2(mz5). What should the measure
a. What is the value of x? of each of the five angles be?
b. What is the value of y?
c. The chair can lay farther back so that the
70° angle changes to 86° and x° changes
to 36°. How does this affect the
119° angle?

LESSON 2-3 Parallel Lines and Triangle Angle Sums 91

 =) © Activity © Assess ;

de
t

ORO yaa pecs

Pilar and Jake begin climbing to the top of a 100-ft monument at the same
Slopes of BU time along two different sets of steps at the same rate. The tables show
and mo Late their distances above ground level after a number of steps.
Lines
Aen
_ Steps eds :
(=) [Link]
eel

Height (Ft) | 2| 3|101 44

Te Jake ae
| CAN... use slope to solve
problems about parallel Steps Is stek
and perpendicular lines.
Height (ft) SaPo

A. How many feet does each student climb after 10 steps? Explain.
B. Will Pilar and Jake be at the same height after the same number of
steps? Explain.
C. Reason What would you expect the graphs of each to look like given
your answers to parts A and B? Explain.

fe >
aa er melt
retent How do the slopes of lines that are parallel to each other compare? How do |
@ the slopes of lines that are perpendicular to each other compare?

CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING >.¢:N\t20-— Slopes of Parallel Lines
\ pe

A hill and a gondola line 20 ft above the ground that goes up the hill both
have slope 2. What is the geometric relationship between the hill and the
gondola line?
Model the hill and gondola line on a coordinate plane where x represents
the horizontal distance from the base of the hill and y represents the vertical
distance from the base of the hill.

y
They-intercept of the
gondola line is 20. The equation of
the gondola line
is y =x + 20.

The y-intercept The equation of

of the hill is 0. the hill is y = 3x.

MODEL WITH MATHEMATICS

Would you describe a different
relationship between the slopes of Because the slope of the hill is 4, the hill gains one foot of height for every
parallel lines if the y-intercept for two feet of horizontal distance. The same is true for the gondola. It never
the hill were not at (0, 0)? gets any closer or farther away from the hill.
Conjecture: If two linear equations have the same slope, then the graphs of
the equations are parallel.
CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE

92 TOPIC 2 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines (=) Go Online |[Link]

 {>} © Activity © Assess

EXAMPLE 1 CONTINUED

© Try It! [Link] another line for a chair lift is placed at a constant
distance c below the gondola line. What is an equation of the
new line? Is the new line also parallel to the hill? Explain.

THEOREM 2-13

Two non-vertical lines are parallel if and only if their slopes are equal.
Any two vertical lines are parallel.
PROOF: SEE LESSON 7-5.

If... p and g are both not vertical If... p and gq are both vertical

Yp q

Then... p || q if and only if the slope Then... p || q

of line p = slope of line qg

bb) > ON t2e-~em Check Parallelism

Are lines k and n parallel?

COMMON ERROR Step 1 Find the slope of line k.

Be sure that the first numbers in eee 8
both subtraction expressions are 2-(-2)” 4 Line k passes through
the coordinates of the same point. (—2, 2) and (2, —3).

Step 2 Find the slope of line rn.

—2-2 4 ;
ag ct at Linen passes through
(1, 2) and (4, —2).

Step 3 Compare the slopes.

Parallel lines have equal slope, but 3 oe —4. Thus, lines k and n are
not parallel.

© Try It! 2. Are lines m and q parallel?

LESSON 2-4 Slopes of Parallel and Perpendicular Lines 93

 fe} © Activity © Assess

THEOREM 2-14
Two non-vertical lines are perpendicular if and only if the product of their
slopes is —1.
A vertical line and a horizontal line are perpendicular to each other.
PROOF: SEE LESSON 7-4.

If... p and q are both not vertical If... one of p and qis vertical and
the other is horizontal

Then... p 1 gq if and only if the

product of their slopes is —1 Then... p Lq

ee oO Niah Ke Check Perpendicularity

Are linesj and k perpendicular?

STUDY TIP Step 1 Find the slope of line

/.
Look for two points on each line 2-5 3
where you can easily read the oT ae fof) m2: Line j passes through
coordinates of the points from (—1, 5) and (1, 2).
the graph.
Step 2 Find the slope of line k.

ee e =) : Line k passes through

(—3, 2) and (0, 4).

Step 3 Compare the slopes.

Perpendicular lines have slopes with a product of —1, and -3 ° g =-1.
Thus, lines/ and k are perpendicular.

© Try It! 3.a. Are lines h and 7 perpendicular?

b. Are lines k and m perpendicular?

94 TOPIC 2 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines (=) GoOnline |[Link]

 (=) © Activity © Assess
oe

Oo P.O NUI2H-- ep Write Equations of Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

A. What is an equation of the line

through P that is parallel to 7?
Step 1 Identify the slope of the
parallel line.
The slope of7 is $.Parallel
lines have equal slope, so
the slope of the parallel
: at
line is s

Step 2 Solve for the y-intercept of the parallel line.

y=mx+b
Use the point
alk
1=5(4)+b (4, 1).

b=-1

Step 3 Write an equation of the line.

ety lari 1
y=5x

The line parallel to 2 passing through Pis y= 5x -— 1.

GENERALIZE . What is the equation of the line through P that is perpendicular to 7?

If the slope ofaline isie what is Step 1 Identify the slope of the perpendicular line.
the slope of any line perpendicular
to it? How do you know? The slope of 7 is 1. Perpendicular lines have slopes with a product
of —1, so the slope of the perpendicular line is —2.

Step 2 Solve for the y-intercept of the perpendicular line.

y=mx+b
Use the point

bD=9

Step 3 Write the equation of the line.

y=-2x+9

The line perpendicular to @ passing through P is y = —2x + 9.

© Try It! [Link] are equations of lines parallel and perpendicular to the
given line k passing through point T?
a. y= —3x + 2; T(3,1) b. y=
3x—5; 1(12, -2)

LESSON 2-4 Slopes of Parallel and Perpendicular Lines 95

 SB Oss, Qu |
© CONCEPT SUMMARY Slopes of Parallel and Perpendicular Lines q
i

Parallel Lines Perpendicular Lines

DIAGRAMS y
n

SAVER / || k if and only if the slopes are m L nif and only if the product of the
the same. two slopes is —1.

© Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

1. How do the
slopes of lines that are parallel to each other
Use the diagram for Exercises 6-9.

compare? How do the slopes of lines that -

are perpendicular to each other compare?

. Error Analysis Katrina said that the

lines y= —$x +5 andy= —3x +2are
perpendicular. Explain Katrina’s error.

. Reason Give an equation for a line

perpendicular to the line y = 0. Is there
more than one such line? Explain.
6. Are lines g and n parallel?
Communicate Precisely What are two
different if-then statements implied by 7. Are linesj and m parallel?
Theorem 2-13?
8. Are lines n and k perpendicular?
ui. Error Analysis Devin said that AB and CD
9. Are lines h andj perpendicular?
for A(—2, 0), B(2, 3), C(1, —1), and D(5, —4)
are parallel. Explain and correct Devin’s 10. What is an equation for the line parallel to
error. y = -x + 7 that passes through (7, —2)?

11. What is an equation for the line perpendicular

slope of AB: Fite to y = 3x — 1 that passes through (—9, —2)?

12. The graph of a roller coaster track goes in

slope of CD; ~2= 4) = 2 a straight line through coordinates (10, 54)
5-1 4
and (42, 48), with coordinates in feet. A
slopes are equal, so AB||CD x support beam runs parallel 12 feet below
the track. What equation describes the
support beam?

q
96 TOPIC 2 Paralic! and Perpendicular Lines (=) Go Online |[Link]
© PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Scan for
Multimedia
(=) © Practice © Tutorial

Additional Exercises Available Online

NTS
SYALD PRACTICE

13. Look for Relationships What are the equations Compare the slopes of the lines for y = f(x) and
of lines m and q? y = g(x) to determine if each pair of lines is parallel.
SEE EXAMPLE 1

if te
0 20 22 0 5 10
1 35 37 1 7 15
2 50 52 2 4 20
2 65 67 3 11 Dey

Determine if each pair of lines is parallel.

SEE EXAMPLE 2
14. Reason Why can you not say that two vertical
lines have equal slope? Why can you not say
that the product of the slopes of a vertical and
horizontal line is —1?

15. Higher Order Thinking Lines k and rn intersect

on the y-axis.

20.
j and k 21. mandn 22. p and q

Determine if each pair of lines is perpendicular.

SEE EXAMPLE 3

(3, 1)

a. What is the equation of line k in slope-

intercept form?
b. What is the equation of linej in slope-
intercept form?

16. Construct Arguments Line m passes through

points X and Y. Line n passes through points X
and Z. If m and n have equal slope, what can
you conclude about points X, Y, and Z? Explain. [Link] 24.g andh 25. rands

Write the equations for the lines parallel and

17. Error Analysis Shannon says that the lines perpendicular to the given linej that passes
y=-3x-4,y= —ix + 6, y= —4x — 5, and through Q. SEE EXAMPLE 4
y =1+x — 5 could represent the sides of a 26. y= —4x + 1; Q(6, —1)
rectangle. Explain Shannon’s error.
27. y =3x+4; Ot iat)

LESSON 2-4 Slopes of Parallel and Perpendicular Lines 97

 e)
©) PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING
© Practice © Tutorial

Mixed Review Available Online

S,
ni
en

© assay anles 3 *

28. Model With Mathematics The table shows 31. AB BC for A(-3, 2) and C(2, 7). Which of the
locations of several sites at a high school following could be the coordinates of B? Select
campus. A landscaper wants to connect two all that apply.
sites with a path perpendicular to the path
@ (8, 0) © (1, 3)
connecting the cafeteria and the library. Which
two sites should he connect? ® (-2, 2) ® (-1, -1)
© (-4, 5) ® (-3, 7)
Locations
32. SAT/ACT Line k passes through (2, —3) and
Cafeteria (5, 5) Library (11, 14) (8, 1). Which equation represents a line that is
Office (4,12) Gym (15, 8) parallel to k?

Woodshop (11, 6) Art Studio (3, 16) @y=-3x-2 Oy=2x-6

2 als5
®y=%x Oy=ah5x
29. Make Sense and Persevere Are the steepest
parts of the two water slides parallel?
Explain. 33. Performance Task A knight travels in a straight
line from the starting point to Token 1. The
Slide 1 AO ft knight can only make right-angle turns to get
to Tokens 2 and 3.

30. Mathematical Connections Teo rides his bike in

a straight line from his location, perpendicular
to path A, and Luke rides his bike in a straight
line from his location, perpendicular to path B. Part A Since the knight can only make
What are the coordinates of the point where right-angle turns, what are the slopes of the
they meet? straight line paths the knight can travel?

Part B What equations describe a path that the

knight can follow from the starting point to
reach the tokens for the arrangement shown?

Part C What is the fewest number of turns

that the knight can take in order to get all
three tokens?
we
ee
ee
rr
wm
et
ot
ee
ee
oe
ww
a
ee
e
w
eee
ee
h
et
a
r
@O
a
ie
o
w
a
e
i~—
n
e
e
et

re
in
hh
on
e

98 TOPIC 2 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines (=) Go Online |[Link]

\
eeeeationnniel
MATHEMATICAL
MODELING
IN 3 ACTS

(=) [Link]
==

© Parallel Paving Company

Building roads consists of many different tasks. Once civil engineers have
designed the road, they work with surveyors and construction crews to clear
and level the land. Sometimes specialists have to blast away rock in order to
clear the land. Once the land is leveled, the crews bring in asphalt pavers to
smooth out the hot asphalt.
Sometimes construction crews will start work at both ends of the new road
and meet in the middle. Think about this during the Mathematical Modeling
in 3 Acts lesson.

tants iXemup Identify the Problem

1. What is the first question that comes to mind after watching the video?
2. Write down the main question you will answer about what you saw in
the video.
3. Make an initial conjecture that answers this main question.
4. Explain how you arrived at your conjecture.
5. What information will be useful to know to answer the main question?
How can you get it? How will you use that information?

1Xesuye> Develop a Model

6. Use the math that you have learned in this Topic to refine your conjecture.

i\eouKe Interpret the Results

7. Did your refined conjecture match the actual answer exactly? If not,
what might explain the difference?

TOPIC 2 Mathematical Modeling in3 Acts 99

 Topic Review
°? TOPIC ESSENTIAL QUESTION

1. What properties are specific to parallel lines and perpendicular lines?

Vocabulary Review
Choose the correct term to complete each sentence.
alternate exterior
2. Angles that are outside the space between parallel lines and that angles
lie on the same side of a transversal are
alternate interior
A_______ intersects coplanar lines at distinct points.
angles
. Two angles inside a triangle that correspond to the nonadjacent
corresponding angles
exterior angle are the
exterior angle of
lie on the same side of a transversal of parallel lines
a triangle
and are in corresponding positions relative to the parallel lines.
remote interior angles
Angles between parallel lines that are nonadjacent and that lie on
opposite sides of a transversal are same-side exterior
angles
Angles between parallel lines that are on the same side of a
e same-side interior
transversal are
angles
e transversal

Concepts & Skills Review

Be) e-yeyae Parallel Lines and Proving Lines Parallel

Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving

When two parallel lines are intersected by a Use the figure for Exercises 8-10.
transversal, the angle pairs that are formed have
special relationships. These angle pairs are either
congruent or supplementary angles.

Example
Which angles are supplementary to 23? 8. Suppose 7 || m. What is the measure of each
angle if mz2 = 138?
a.mZ1 b. mz3 c. mz4

9. If mz1 = 3x — 3 and mZ5 = 7x + 23, for what

value of x is Z || m?
10. Reason The transversal that intersects two
parallel lines forms corresponding angles
Zee nS
with measures mZ1 = 3x — 7 and
m2Z2 = 2x + 12. What is the measure of
each angle?

100 TOPIC 2 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines [=] Go Online |[Link]

LESSON 2-3 Parallel Lines and Triangle Angle Sums

Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving

The interior and exterior angle measures of What is the value of x in each figure?
a triangle have the following properties.
¢ The sum of the interior angles of every 11.
triangle is 180°. 50°
e The measure of each exterior angle of a
triangle equals the sum of the measures of the 74°

a
two corresponding remote interior angles.

remote is:
exterior interior 103° 2a
angle angles

15. Make Sense and Persevere During a storm,

Example
a tree is blown against a building so that it
What is mz1? 36° forms a triangle with remote interior angles
mZ1 = 36 + 127 of 90° and 52°. What is the measure of the
corresponding exterior angle formed by the
m2Z1 = 163
leaning tree?

LESSON 2-4 Slopes of Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving

Two non-vertical lines are parallel if they have Use the figure for Exercises 16-17. Show the
the same slope. Two vertical lines are parallel to calculations you use to answer each question.
each other.
16. Are lines p
Two non-vertical lines are perpendicular if the and q
product of the slopes is —1. A vertical line is parallel?
perpendicular to a horizontal line.
17. Are lines w
and t
Example perpendicular?
What is the equation of a line that is parallel to
the line y = 3x— 9 and passes through (6, 12)? 18. Reason Theorem 2-4 states that two non-
vertical lines are perpendicular if and only
The slope of the line is 3.
Solve for the y-intercept of the parallel line: if the product of their slopes is —1. Why are
vertical lines excluded?
y=mx+b
19. Use Structure Write an equation for each line
= (3)(6)
+b that passes through (2, 7) and is parallel or
b=-6 perpendicular to the line y = —3x — 6.
The equation of the parallel line is y = 3x — 6.

TOPIC 2 Topic Review 101

 Transformations

4 TOPIC ESSENTIAL QUESTION

What are properties of the four types of rigid motion?

Topic Overview Topic Vocabulary

enVision™ STEM Project * composition of rigid motions
Create an Animation glide reflection
3-1 Reflections © point symmetry
3-2 Translations reflectional symmetry
rigid motion
3-3 Rotations
¢ rotational symmetry
3-4 Classification of Rigid Motions
3-5 Symmetry
Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts:
The Perplexing Polygon

DDE ate Vcd goles eo

beaichep bie LESSON ESSENTIAL QUESTION

©
Reflections LESSON VOCABULARY

COMMON CORE STATE STANDARDS

INTERACTIVE STUDENT EDITION
Access online or offline.

o
LESSON OVERVIEW x
Explore & Reason > ACTIVITIES Complete Explore & Reason,
Example 1 >
Identify Rigid Motions
Model & Discuss, and Critique & Explain
activities. Interact with Examples and Try Its.

© ANIMATION View and interact with

real-world applications.

[=]
Te
NOAM
Go online |[Link] © PRACTICE Practice what
you've learned.

102 TOPIC 3 Transformations

 Look around and you will see shapes and patterns everywhere you look.
The tiles on a floor are often all the same shape and fit together to
form a pattern. The petals on a flower often make a repeating pattern
around the center of the flower. When you look at snowflakes under
a microscope, you can notice that they are made up of repeating
three-dimensional crystals. Think about the patterns you have seen during
the Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts lesson.

Watch clips to support GLOSSARY Read and listen to

Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts Lessons English and Spanish definitions.
and enVision™ STEM Projects.

Review
key lesson content through
© TUTORIALS Get help from
Virtual Nerd, right when you need it.

multiple representations. MATH TOOLS Explore math

with digital tools and manipulatives.
ASSESSMENT Show what
you've learned.

TOPIC 3 Transformations
 uses polygons to model the
surfaces of three-dimensional objects. Animators
use vertices and edges to define polygons (usually
triangles or quadrilaterals), and they use multiple
polygons to create more complex shapes.

The phenakistoscope was invented nearly

. When the viewer looks
through a slot, a sequence of images
appears to show moving figures.

An animated character
represents hundreds of
hours of work. An animator
builds a mesh of polygons
connected through shared
vertices and edges. A rigger
links the mesh to a system of
joints and control handles. To
represent a curved surface in
a realistic way, the animator
uses a mesh of many small
polygons. Then the animator
programs the joints and
handles so that the character
moves realistically. Finally,
an artist provides surface
texture and shading.

‘ing with the pixels (points) of a simple geometric figure, you and
your classmates will use translations and reflections to move the figure
through a series of frames.

~ 3 e:Vision Ww = STEM Project 4

 (=) © Activity © Assess

co
Reflections
EXPLORE & REASON

The illustration shows irregular pentagon-shaped tiles covering a floor.

(=) [Link]
===

| CAN... draw and describe

the reflection of a figure
across a line of reflection.

VOCABULARY A. Which tiles are copies of tile 1. Explain.

¢ rigid motion B. Communicate Precisely If you were to move tile 1 from the design, what
actions would you have to do so it completely covers tile 2?
C. Which tiles are not copies of tile 1? Explain.

ESSENTIAL QUESTION How are the properties of reflection used to transform a figure?

OB AEZD identify Rigid Motions

Arigid motion is a transformation that preserves
length and angle measure. Is the transformation
a rigid motion? Explain.
Although angle measure is preserved, the
image is smaller than the preimage, so the
STUDY TIP oF are: : preimage image
erent a transformation isa transformation involves a change in length.
function that maps a given figure The transformation is not a rigid motion because The corresponding side
called the preimage onto the the length is not preserved. lengths are not the same.
resulting figure, the image.

© Try It!
SS
1.1s each transformation a rigid motion? Explain.

preimage image

Lone ae

preimage image

LESSON 3-1 Reflections 105

 "
CONCEPT Reflections |
A reflection is a transformation that reflects each G
point in the preimage across a line of reflection.

A reflection has these properties:

e If a point
A is on line m, then the point and its
image are the same point (that is, A’ = A).
e If a point B is not on line m, line m is the
perpendicular bisector of BB’.
The reflection of AABC across line m can be written as R,,(AABC) = AA’B’C’.
A reflection is a rigid motion so length and angle measures are preserved.

CONCEPTUAL i
UNDERSTANDING Ce >.ONhe» Reflect a Figure Across a Line
’
totee net

How can you reflect AFGH across line 7? G

Use the properties of reflections to Beas
: vi
draw the image of AFGH. y La
e os

roe
ee
ee; a

MAKE SENSE AND PERSEVERE ae

For any point not on the Step 1 Draw lines through ye
line of reflection, the line of points F, G, and H that are
reflection is the perpendicular perpendicular to line 2. G
bisector of the segment between a
corresponding preimage and F< %
image points. oe rigs Oe mn
x a a
‘ we A

AS id oie %
7 > eS 5

Xp H G

Step 2 On each line, mark points F’, x

G’, and H’, so that FP = F’P,
GQ =G’Q, and HR = H’R. i
FE Step 3 Connect the
vertices to draw AF’G’H’.

© Try It! 2. What is the reflection of ALMN =

across line n? Max

106 TOPIC 3 Transformations [=] Go Online |[Link]

 ‘Kal © Activity © Assess

ee PO NUISH-KeD Reflect a Figure on a Coordinate Plane

Quadrilateral FGHJ has coordinates F(0, 3), G(2, 4), H(4, 2), and J(—2, 0).

A. Graph and label FGHJ and R,.3,;,(FGHJ). What is a general rule for
reflecting a point across the x-axis?
Step 1 Graph FGH)J. BecauseJ is on
; ears , the line of _ F(0,3
Step 2 Find
F’, G’, H’, andJ ; ’
P = reflection, J’ =J. H(4, 2)
and draw F'G’H'J’.
Ryesyic0, 3) = (0-3)
Ry-axis(2, 4) = (2, —4)
Ry-axis(4, 2) = (4, -2)
Ry-axis(—2, 0) = (—2, 0)

The x-axis is the line of reflection,

soitis the perpendicular bisector
of FF’, GG’, and HH’.

The reflection of any point (x, y) across the x-axis is the point (x, —y).

Ry-axis(™, Y) = (&, —-y)

B. Graph and label FGHJ and Ry.3,i,(FGHJ). What is a general rule for
reflecting a point across the y-axis?
Step 1 Graph FGHJ.
Step 2 Find F’, G’, H’, and J’
and draw F’'G’H’J’.

Ry-axis(0, 3) = (0,3)
COMMON ERROR
~ Remember, when the y-axis is the [Link](2, 4) = (—2, 4)
_ line of reflection, the image points Ry-axis(4, 2) = (-4, 2)
must have the same distances The y-axis is the line of reflection,
from the x-axis and on aline R x-axis(—2, 0) = (2, 0) soitistheperpendicular bisector
perpendicular to the y-axis, so the of GG’, HH’, and JJ’.
y-coordinate stays the same and
the x-coordinate is the opposite. The reflection of any point (x, y) across the y-axis is the point (—x, y).

Ry-axis(% y) = (-x, y)

© Try It! 3. Triangle ABC has vertices A(—5, 6), B(1, —2), and C(—3, —4).
What are the coordinates of the vertices of AA’B’C’ for each
reflection?

a. R y-axis [Link]-axis

LESSON 3-1 Reflections 107

 ’

Le) © Activity © Assess

7
CONCEPT Reflecting Points Across the x—axis and y-axis .
aA

When any point P(x, y) on the coordinate plane is reflected across the x-axis,
its image is P’(x, —y).
When any point P(x, y) on the coordinate plane is reflected across the y-axis,
its image is P’(-x, y).

Ce > ei eaeem Describe a Reflection on the Coordinate Plane

What reflection maps AKLM to its image?

Step 1 Write the coordinates of the

preimage and the image.
K(-3, 5) E(V73) M(-5, 1)
kK(5, —3) Lal) M1, —5)

Step 2 Find the midpoints of the segments

connecting two pairs of corresponding
STUDY TIP points.
When providing a rule, you Midpoint of KK’:
must clearly define the line of
as oe 1)
reflection. Be certain that the line
2 as 2
of reflection is the perpendicular rine cts - The line of reflection is the
bisector of segments between SS ae Vie perpendicular bisector of the segments
preimage and image points. eee a ez (229 =2) that connect corresponding vertices of
cs : the preimage and image.
Step 3 Write the equation of the line
through the midpoints.
Find the slope.
_ 1=(-2)
a2)
=
Use point slope form.
y-1=1+¢(x-1)
vy =x
The transformation is a reflection across the line y = x. You can write
this reflection rule as Ry =x (AKLM) = (AK’L’M) or Rp, (x, Y)>(y, X),
where m is the line y = x.

© Try It! 4. What is a reflection rule that maps each triangle to its image?
a. C(3, 8), D(5, 12), E(4, 6) and C(—8, —3), D(—12, —5), E(—6, —4)
b. F(7, 6), G(0, —4), H(—5, 0) and F(—5, 6), G(2, —4), H(7, 0)

108 TOPIC 3 Transformations [=] Go Online |[Link]

 ‘kal © Activity © Assess

APPLICATION
\easomrmseensumnssmnsssomeercssess> .
BRAN GRAD Use Reflections
In a billiards game, a player must hit the white cue ball so that the cue ball
hits the red ball without touching the yellow ball. Where should the cue ball
bounce off the top rail so that it hits the red ball?
Consider the top rail as a line of reflection and find the reflection of the
red ball.

- Draw the segmentfrom the cue ball

O’ __@ to the image of the red ball.

SSS

_ The line of reflection —

|is drawn where the
cue ball will bounce. J
REE ain ApSRe EESTI NS

Reflect the segment from the cue ball to the red ball across the line
of reflection.
ee
ae
SS

i
rms ; The player should aim at point P,
MAKE SENSE AND PERSEVERE -_« where the two segments intersect. |
What do you notice about
_ the angles formed by the
- line of reflection and the path ae]

_ of the cue ball? Which are

;SENN
~

“EAST
Ue

© Try It! 5. Student A sees the reflected image across the mirror of another
student who appears to be at B’. Trace the diagram and show
the actual position of Student B.
B’

mirror

be

LESSON 3-1 Reflections 109

 Concept
(=) Summary © Assess

© CONCEPT SUMMARY Reflections

aT A reflection is a transformation that reflects each
point in the preimage across a line of reflection.

DIAGRAM DAI Te]D R,.(AABC) = AA’B’C’

R (A) =A’
Line m is the perpendicular
The reflection bisector of BB’ and CC’.
of AABC
across line m is
DA'B’C’.

€ Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

1. How are the 6. Does the transformation shown appear to
properties of reflection used to transform be a rigid motion? Explain.
a figure?

2. Error Analysis Oscar drew the image of a

triangle reflected across the line y = —1.
What mistake did Oscar make?
preimage image

What are the coordinates of each image?

7. Ry-axis(—5, 3) S. Ry syisi lO)
9. Write a reflection rule that maps each
triangle to its image.
a. J(1, 0), K(—5, 2), L(4, —4) and
J(-9, 0), K(-3, 2), L(-12, —A)

b. P(8, 6), Q(—4, 12), R(7, 7) and

Me P8, —20), Q(-4, —26), R(7, —21)

10. Squash is a racket sport like tennis, except

that the ball must bounce off a wall
3. Vocabulary One meaning of the word rigid between returns. Trace the squash court.
is “not bendable,” and another is “unable At what point on the front wall should
to be changed.” How do those meanings player 1 aim in order to reach the rear wall
correspond to the definition of rigid as far from player 2 as possible?
motion?

4. Communicate Precisely How can you

determine whether the transformation of
a figure is a rigid motion?
4e204
HEM
5. Generalize Describe the steps you must Wall
Front
take to identify the path an object will
follow if it bounces off a surface and strikes
another object. (not to scale)

110 TOPIC3 Transformations (=) Go Online |[Link]

 Scan for (=) © Practice ® Tutorial
(© PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Multimedia
Additional Exercises Available Online

UNDERSTAND

11. Look for Relationships Becky draws a triangle For Exercises 17 and 18, does each transformation
with vertices A(6,7), B(9,3), and C(4, —2) on appear to be a rigid motion? Explain. SEE EXAMPLE 1

Bes
a coordinate grid. She reflects the triangle
across the line y = 4 to get AA’B’C’. She then
reflects the image across the line x = 3 to get
LA’B’C”.
preimage image
a. What are the coordinates of AA’B’C’ and
DNAL BUG?

b. Write a rule for each reflection.

; oe | |
12. Use Structure Under a transformation,
a preimage and its image are both squares preimage image
with side length 3. The image, however, is
rotated with respect to the preimage. Is the For Exercises 19-24, suppose m is the line with
transformation a rigid motion? Explain. equation x = —5, line n is the line with equation
y = 1, line g is the line with equation y = x, and
13. Error Analysis Jacob is playing miniature golf. line h is the line with equation y = —2. Given
He states that he cannot hit the ball from the A(9, —3), B(6, 4), and C(—1, —5), what are the
start, bounce it off the back wall once, and coordinates of the vertices of AA’B’C’ for each
reach the hole in one shot. Is Jacob correct? reflection? SEE EXAMPLES 2 AND 3
Trace and label a diagram to support your
answer. 19. Ry-axis 20. Ry -axis

21eRe 225n3
235R5 24. Rp,
For Exercises 25-28, what is a reflection rule that
maps each triangle and its image? SEE EXAMPLE 4
25. D(3, 6), E(—4, —3), F(6, 1) and
DUG 6), E8, —3), F(-2, 1)

26. G(9, 12), H(—2, —15), J(3, 8) and

G9, —2), H-2, 20); IB; 2)

14. Higher Order Thinking For the miniature golf

27. K(7, —6), L(9, —3), M(—4, 6) and
hole in Exercise 13, Jacob wants to bounce the
K‘(7, —4), £9, -7), M‘(-4, —16)
ball off the back wall and then the right wall.
Draw a diagram to show how Jacob can hit
the ball so that it reaches the hole after
two bounces.

15. Mathematical Connection Dana-reflects point

A(2, 5) across line 7 to get image point A‘(6, 1).
What is an equation for line 7?
16. Look for Structure Can a figure be reflected
across three lines of reflection so the image is 29. Trace the diagram below. Where does the
the original figure? Explain. shopper in a dressing room see her image in
each mirror? SEE EXAMPLE 5
mirror 2

mirror
Ve 1 mirror 3
shopper
LESSON 3-1 Reflections 111
©
(=) © Practice © Tutorial
PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING
Sosy = =

Mixed Review Available Online 4

© Nassamay ales “08g

30. Look for Relationships Which of the numbered 33. Classify whether each pair of figures appears to
stones shown cannot be mapped to another be a rigid motion or not a rigid motion.

Ceo)
with a rigid motion?

preimage image preimage image

preimage image preimage image

34. SAT/ACT Consider the following reflection.
Preimage: A(3, 9), B(2, -7), C(6, 14)
Image: A(-25, 9), B(-24, -7), C(-28, 14)
Suppose p is the line with equation x = 11,
q is the line with equation x = 22, r is the
31. Use Structure Reese is inside a shop and sees line with equation x = -11, and sis the line
the sign on the window from the back. Draw with equation x = -22. What is the rule for
the letters as they would appear from the the reflection?
outside of the shop. Is the transformation a
® Rol, y) © R,(x, y)
rigid motion?
Rg, y) © RX y)

35. Performance Task Sound echoes from a solid .

object in the same way that light reflects from .
a mirror. A hiker at point A shouts the word

=EEECOD
hello. The hiker at point B first hears the shout
directly and later hears the echo.

ae at
323 Make Sense and Persevere Look at the floor
plan below. Abdul sees the image of a clock in
the mirror on the door.

©
Image
Door of Clock

Part A Trace the diagram. Show the path taken —

by the sound the hiker at point B hears echoing |
a. Trace the diagram. Where is the line of
from the cliff.
reflection? Explain.
b. Where is the clock located? Explain. Part B Sound travels at about 1,000 feet per
second. After how long does the hiker at point
c. Find where Abdul's image is located relative B hear the shout directly? After how long does
to the line of reflection. Can Abdul see he hear the echo? Show your work.
himself in the mirror? Explain.

rf 2 TOPIC3 Transformations (=) Go Online |[Link]

 (=) © Activity © Assess

3-2
Translations
(») EXPLORE & REASON
Draw a copy of ABCD ona grid. Using another color, draw a copy of
ABCD on the grid in a different location with the same orientation,
and label it QRST.

(=) [Link]
—S aes

| CAN... describe the

properties of a figure before
and after translation.

VOCABULARY
© composition of rigid
motions
A. On another sheet of paper, write instructions that describe how to move
ABCD to the location of QRST.
B. Exchange instructions with a partner. Follow your partner’s instructions
to draw a third shape EFGH in another color on the same grid. Compare
your drawings. Do your drawings look the same? Explain.
C. Communicate Precisely What makes a set of instructions for this Explore
& Reason a good set of instructions?

ESSENTIAL QUESTION What are the properties of a translation?

CONCEPT Translations

A translation is a transformation in a plane

that maps all points of a preimage the same
distance and in the same direction.
The translation of AABC by x units along the
x-axis and by y units along the y-axis can be
written as Tx, y (AABC) =A BiG

A translation has the following properties:

If Tx, y) (AABC) = LA'B’'C', then

° AA’ || BB’ || CC’.

© AA’ = BB’ = CC’.
e AABC and AA’B’C’ have the same orientation.

A translation is a rigid motion, so length and angle measure are preserved.

LESSON 3-2 Translations 113

 (=) © Activity © Assess

7
CQ 1>.¢:4\28:—@ Find the Image of a Translation
What is the graph of T,7, _4)(AEFG) = AE’F'G’?
The subscript (7, —4) indicates that each
point of AFFG is translated 7 units right
and 4 units down.
Find the coordinates of the vertices of
the image. Then plot the points and
COMMON ERROR draw AEF’F'G’.
Do not misunderstand that the FERPA Eres 7 4-4) = £20)
translation only maps the vertices
of the preimage to the vertices of F(-1, 5) > F(-1+7, 5 — 4) =F’(6, 1)
the image. The translation maps .
AEFG onto AE'F'G’. G(-2, -1) > G'(-2 +7, -1 - 4) = G'(5, -5)

© Try It! 1. What are the vertices of AE’F’G’ for each translation?

a. (6, -7)(AEFG) = AE'F'G’ b. Ty14, 2(AEFG) = AE’F'G’

o >the Write a Translation Rule

What translation rule maps STUV onto S’T'U'V'?

Use one pair of corresponding vertices to
determine the change in the horizontal
and vertical directions between the
preimage to its image.

Use the vertex $(—5, 6) and

its image S’(—6, 2).

Change in the horizontal direction x:

—6 —(-5)=-1
Change in the vertical direction y:
2-6=-4
The translation maps every (x, y) point
to (x — 1, y — 4), so this translation rule is
T(_1, -4). You can verify the rule on the
remaining vertices.

© Try It! [Link] translation rule maps P(-3, 1) to

its image P’(2, 3)?

114 TOPIC3 Transformations (=) Go Online |[Link]

 (=) © Activity © Assess

CONCEPT Composition of Rigid Motions

composition of rigid motions is a transformation with two or more rigid

motions in which the second rigid motion is performed on the image of
the first rigid motion.

Step 1 Translate AABC left 2 units and up 5 units.

(Re a. 5) )(AABC) This notation uses a

small open circle to
indicate a composition
of rigid motions
Step 2 Reflect AA’B’C’ across line 7. on AABC.

APPLICATION Qe etvigaakp Compose Translations

In learning a new dance, Kyle moves from
position A to position B and then to position C. B
What single transformation describes Kyle’s
move from position A to position C? (9 C

Formulate <q Let (0, 0) represent position A. is 9

The translation from A toB is T,2_ 2)(x, y).
The translation from B to C is T,4, _1y(x, y). |
Kyle’s final position is the composition of
those two translations.

Compute <q Find Ta, Se T 2, 2y(x,y).

4 First, apply 72, 2).
T (2,2y(x,y) — (x + 2; yr 2) Then apply Tu, 1) to

Ty, -1ye+2,y+2)=(+3,y+1) the result.

Interpret <= = The translation T(3, 1)(A) represents a single transformation that maps Kyle's
move from position A to position C.

© Try It! 3. What is the composition of the transformations written as

one transformation?
a. T (3, —2) ° Ta, —1) b. T (4, 0) ° geo) 5)

LESSON 3-2 Translations 115

 (=) © Activity © Assess

1
CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING tb) > eV i2e2e Relate Translations and Reflections
Nolen

How is a composition of reflections across parallel lines related

to a translation?

Step 1 Reflect AABC across the Step 2 Reflect AA’B’C’ across

y-axis. The image is A\A’B’C’. line m. The image is AA”B’C”.

&
STUDY TIP
After the first reflection, the
orientation of the figure is
reversed. After the second
reflection, the orientation of het
the figure returns to that of <3
the preimage.

Notice that the distance between

corresponding points on the
y-axis and line m is 4 units and
BB” = AA" =CC” = 8 units.

If AABC is translated 8 units to the right, its image is also AA”B’C’.

So, (Rm °Ry-axis) (AABC) = Tg, 0)(AABC).

© Try It! 4. Suppose nis the line with equation y = 1. Given ADEF with
vertices D(0, 0), E(0, 3), and F(3, 0), what translation image is
equivalent to (R,, ° [Link])(ADEF)?

THEOREM 3-1

A translation is a composition If... T(ABC) =A" B’G?

of reflections across two
AA@= BBG=.CGl— 20)
parallel lines.
A
A
e Both reflection lines are Cee | EE
perpendicular to the line
containing a preimage point A | A'\\A
| |
and its corresponding image B\B’ | B”

point. | |
ym yn
e The distance between the
preimage and the image is
ld
twice the distance between the Then... (Rp, ° Rm)(ABO = A"B’C’”
two reflection lines.

PROOF: SEE EXAMPLE 5.

116 TOPIC3 Transformations (=) Go Online |[Link]

 {=} © Activity © Assess

() EXAMPLE 5 } Prove Theorem 3-1

Given: A translation 7, with 7T(C) = C’ ee

Prove: There exist parallel lines m and n such
that T=R,° Rp.
Plan: The given information says the translation T maps
C to C’. First find a composition of reflections that
maps C to C”. Then show that this composition of
reflections is equivalent to the translation 7 for any
point. (There are several cases to consider. One case
is shown below.)

Proof: Let C’ be the midpoint of CC’, and let lx d ate d >|

CC’ = C’C” =d. Let m be the perpendicular A A
|
bisector of CC’ and rn be the perpendicular C ' 7 cr
j |
ea
bisector of C’C’. |
|
By the properties of reflections R,,(C) = C’ |
|
and R,(C’) = C’, so (Rp ° R,,)(C) = C". Also, | |
the distance between n and m is d and the ym ys
distance between C and C” is 2d. |< d >|

Now pick another point B and show that A A

(Ry ° Rm)(B) = T(B). To do this, show that SE
BB" = CC" = 2d, and BB’ || CC’. “eines:
First reflect across m. Call the image B’. Let B xix 8 )
the distance from B to m and the distance |
from m to B’ be x. Ye yt
Je d >|

Now reflect B’ across n. Call the image B’. A A

Since the distance between m and nis d, er ee
the distance between B’ and n is d — x. By e ! a | Lf
the properties of reflections, the distance |
between n and B’ is also d — x.
B.“ See eee .
B
CONSTRUCT ARGUMENTS So BB” = x + x + (d — x) + (d — x) = 2d. ym yn
The choice of C and C” were
arbitrary. Why does this mean Since CC’ and BB’ are both perpendicular to
that this proof is valid for any m and n, they are parallel to each other.
translation?
Therefore (R,, ° R,,)(B) = T(B).

© Try It! 5. Suppose the point B you chose in the Proof of Theorem 3-1
was between lines m and n. How would that affect the proof?
What are the possible cases you need to consider?

LESSON 3-2 Translations 117

 Concept
Ae) @ Summary @ Asseg
© CONCEPT SUMMARY Translations and Compositions of Rigid Motions
~#

A translation is a transformation A composition of two reflections

that maps all points the same across parallel lines is a translation.
distance and in the same direction.

DIAGRAM SO A

B |B’ | B”

| |
ym yn
kK d |

SAVELTED To
6)(AABQ = AA'B'C’ T(ABQ) = (Rp ° Rm)(ABC)
AA’ || BB’ || CC’ AA’ = BB" = CC’ = 2d

© Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

1. What are the For Exercises 5 and 6, the vertices of AXYZ
properties of a translation? are X(1, —4), Y(—2, —1), and Z(3, 1). For each
translation, give the vertices of AX’Y’Z’.
2. Error Analysis Sasha says that for any
AXyYZ, the reflection over the y-axis 5. T(_4, -3(AXYZ) 6. T(s, -3)(AXYZ)
composed with the reflection over the 7. What is the rule for the translation shown?
x-axis is equivalent to a translation of
AXYZ. Explain Sasha’s error.

3. Vocabulary Write an example of a

composition of rigid motions for APQR.

For Exercises 8 and 9, write composition of

translations as one translation.

4. Mlake Sense and Persevere What are the 8. 17, 8) ° T(-3, -4) Tel oayal ares
values of x and y if T_» 7)(x, y) = (3, -1)? 10. How far apart are two parallel lines m and n
such that Te2, o)(AJKL) = (Rp, ° Rm)(AJKL)?

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Additional Exercises Available Online

UNDERSTAND PRACTICE

11. Error Analysis Hugo graphed APQR and For Exercises 15-17, give the coordinates of the
(Rte T3, 1))(APQR) where the equation of image. SEE EXAMPLE1
line tis y = 2. His translation and reflection 15. T(3, _1 (AABC) for A(5, 0), B(-1, Dy C6: —3)
were both correct. What mistake did Hugo
make? 16. T (4, o)(ADEF) for D(3, 3), E(—2, 3), F(O, 2)

17. T(_10, -5)(AGH4J) for G(0, 0), H(3, 6), J(12, —1)
18. What is the rule for the rigid motion?
SEE EXAMPLE 2

12. Mathematical Connections Suppose line k has

equation x = 3. Compare the areas of ABCD
and A”B"C’D" = (T(4, 2) ° Rx) (ABCD). Justify 19. Write a composition of translations that is
your answer. equivalent to T(g _s)(x, y). SEE EXAMPLE 3

13. Make Sense and Persevere A robot travels 20. Given AXYZ, line n with
from position A to B to C to D. What equation x = —2, and line
composition of rigid motions represents p with equation x = 2,
those moves? write a translation that
is equivalent to R, ° Rp.
SEE EXAMPLE 4

For Exercises 21-24, write each composition of

translations as one translation. SEE EXAMPLE 3
De Tes 3) ° Tye 4) 22 Tew —3) ° T(3, 1)

23. Ts, —6) ° leap 5) 24. Tig, —2) ° Ta 9)

For Exericses 25-28, write each composition of

14. Higher Order Thinking How can you describe reflections as one translation. Suppose kis the line
the complete transformation to a person who with equation x = —3, 7is the line with equation
cannot see the transformations below? x = —2, mis the line with equation x = 1, n is
the line with equation x = —1, p is the line with
equation y = 1, q is the line with equation y = 3,
s is the line with equation y = 2, and tis the line
with equation y = —4. SEE EXAMPLE 4
25. Ry Rp 26. Rm oR,
27. Rp°Rg 28. R,° R,
29. The distance between vertical lines a and bis
6 units and a is left of b. If T;, 9 (AJKL) =
(Rp e Rz)(AJKL), what is the value of x?
SEE EXAMPLE 5

LESSON 3-2 Translations 119

(© PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING
© Practice © Tutorial
—

Mixed Review Available Online

© RSsaallmay aes a
30. Communicate Precisely Benjamin walks 33. Does each of the rigid motions below result in
from his house to Timothy’s house and then AA"B’C"? Select Yes or No.
to school. Describe Benjamin’s walk as a
composition of translations. If Benjamin
walks from his house directly to school, what
translation describes his walk?

| | | = si
1 leabhcla:
Timothy's:
= au ue Mousealees
1 got E el Suppose a is the line with equation x = 6, b is
olie+H L
the line with equation x = 3, and c is the line
with equation x = —2.

| To,rolABO-
a0, ener
Naa cet cditiaen terete te 4§

(Fynis?RAAB QO hc
Q-
|(Ryo RJ(OABO ace Q |
34. SAT/ACT Suppose the equation of line m is
X = —7 and the equation of line n is x = 7.
Which is the equivalent to the composition
ye4 3) ow 6 4y
@Rm OR,

ers) ® T6, 4) ° M1, 3)

35. Performance Task Rectangle WXYZ has a
perimeter of 16 units and an area of
15 square units.
31. Model With Mathematics The Surry
County sheriff's patrol route starts in Part A Graph WXYZ on a sheet of graph paper.
Coby. The composition of rigid motions Write a composition of rigid motions describing
T(~20, 10) ° T(40, -50) describes her route. two reflections of WXYZ across parallel lines
How would you describe the sheriff's route of your choosing. Graph and label the parallel
in words? lines, W’X’Y’Z’, and W’X"Y"2" «

32. Reason What composition of rigid motions Part B Write a single rigid motion that is
describes a car trip starting in Medon, stopping equivalent to the composition of rigid motions
in Dallinger, and then going on to Byder? in Part B. Justify your answer.

Part C Compare the perimeter and area of

WXYZ and W’X”Y’Z”. What can you conclude
about the effect of translation on the
properties of figures?

120 TOPIC3 Transformations (=) Go Online |[Link]

aa
 3-3
tz) © Activity © Assess

ee CRITIQUE & EXPLAIN

Rotations Filipe says that the next time one of the hands
of the clock points to 7 will be at 7:00 when
the hour hand points to 7. Nadia says that
it will be at 5:35 when the minute hand
points to 7.
(=) [Link]
A. Whose statement is correct? Explain.
SSeS

| CAN... draw and describe B. Communicate Precisely Suppose the

the rotation of a figure about numbers on the clock face are removed.
a point of rotation for a Write instructions that another person could follow to move the minute
given angle of rotation. hand from 2 to 6.

ESSENTIAL QUESTION What are the properties that identify a rotation?

tb) > ONUI2h ee Draw a Rotated Image

How can you perform a 75° rotation of AXYZ about point P?

To rotate AXYZ 75° about point P, each point in the y P

triangle must rotate 75°. Then the measure of the
angle formed by each preimage point, point P,
and the corresponding image point is 75°. Zi
Use a ruler and protractor to draw 75° angles from each vertex on AXYZ
STUDY TIP with point P, and mark image points that are the same distance from P.
Unless otherwise stated,
Step 1 To rotate Ne Step 2 Measure Y P
rotations are always performed
~ counterclockwise.
X, draw PX to the angle and LAs
form one side of By
draw the other {sos
a 75° angle. A side, PX’. Mark * 7
point X’ so
PX’ = PX. es

Step 3 Repeat Step 4 Connect er eel

Step 1 and Step 2 the image ae
for Y and Zin ‘
‘ points to voy
‘
order to locate ‘
:
lathes
e form AX’Y’Z’. x Z
‘
points Y’ and Z’. '

eX’

© Try It! [Link] you think a rotated image would ever coincide with the
original figure? Explain.

LESSON 3-3 Rotations 121

 (=) © Activity © Assess

CONCEPT Rotations

A rotation rio p) is a transformation that rotates each point in the

preimage about a point P, called the center of rotation, by an angle
measure of x°, called the angle of rotation. A rotation B’
has these properties:
e The image of Pis P’ (that is, P’ = P). C’ B

e For a preimage point A, PA = PA’ and mZAPA’ = x°. A’:

A rotation is a rigid motion, so length and angle measure ne :

are preserved. Note that a rotation is counterclockwise oe Aaa
for a positive angle measure. aH

CONCEPT Rotations in the Coordinate Plane

Rules can be used to rotate a figure 90°, 180°, and 270° about the origin O in
the coordinate plane.

rgoe, 0) & Y) =(-Y, X) ~— Fagoe, 0) & Y) =(-X%, -Y) (270°, oc) % Y)

= Y, —X)

bb) >.ON\iaa-wee Draw Rotations in the Coordinate Plane

What is (90°, O) ABCD?

A rotation of 90° about the origin

follows the rule (x, y) > (—y, x).
LOOK FOR RELATIONSHIPS
Compare the distance of Determine the vertices of the image.
each vertex from the origin ;
for the preimage and image. CNIS a ca
What relationships must they Bl 7) — Bt-7. 4)
have?
C(-2, 4) oe C'(-4, —2)

D(2, -—1) > D'(1, 2)

Draw A’B’C’D' on the coordinate plane.

© Try It! 2. The vertices of AXYZ are X(-4, 7), Y(0, 8), and 2(2, —1).
a. What are the vertices of r(4g9°, q (AXYZ)?
b. What are the vertices of (279°, o(AXYZ)?

122 TOPIC3 Transformations (=) Go Online |[Link]

 (=) © Activity © Assess

APPLICATION
\equamemmennammssnecassmmnan
tb) elisa Use Rotations
The first drummer in a drumline is at the 20 yard line and the sixth drummer
is at the 35 yard line. The drumline rotates counterclockwise 180° about the
sixth drummer and then rotates 135° clockwise about the first drummer.
Where does the sixth drummer stand after the rotations? Describe the
change in position as a composition of rotations.

Represent the first drummer as point B

and the sixth drummer aspoint A.

_ First, rotate the drumline Second, rotate the drumline

COMMUNICATE PRECISELY
Think about how the notation _ 180° counterclockwise about point A. 135° clockwise about point B’.
used represents the information
shown. What information do you
The sixth drummer stands at the position labeled A”. The drumline is first
need to identify in order to use
the notation? transformed by the rotation r(go°, 4) and then by the rotation r(_135°, B’.

© Try It! 3.a. Suppose the drumline instead turns counterclockwise

about B’. How many degrees must it rotate so that the sixth
drummer ends in the same position?
b. Can the composition of rotations be described by rigs a)
since 180° — 135° = 45°? Explain.

LESSON 3-3 Rotations 123

 Ae) © Activity ) Assess .

CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING Co DON Vi2n- a Investigate Reflections and Rotations
“arene nore Ta RECUR

Can you find a sequence of reflections that result in the same image
LOOK FOR RELATIONSHIPS as a rotation?
Consider how properties of the T
The image of JKLM rotated about
transformations are related. What point T is WXYZ. Try to reflect JKLM
properties would you consider one or more times so that the image xX Ka
in determining the number of
aligns with WXYZ.
reflections needed? Y Ww QS
L
Z

Step 1 Draw line p through point T

a
and reflect JKLM across p to
form J'K’L'M’. X Ene. J
y Wo Kes SS
J' L
Z
fi

M' P

Step 2 Think about how to reflect NI

J'K'L'M' to form WXYZ.
Connect corresponding points
in J’K’L’'M’ and WXYZ and
X aesinth ane
then find each midpoint.
Wao kK Nee
2ee
a ‘
M' P

Step 3 The midpoints appear to be

collinear with T. Draw line q x
through the midpoints and
T. The reflection of J’K’L’M'
Xe

Ween NDSM
Teeeee
across q is WXYZ.
Soe at J’ L

sf f
q M' p

© Try It! 4. Perform the same constructions shown, except draw line p so
that it does not pass through T. Do you get the same results?
Explain.

124 TOPIC3 Transformations (=) Go Online |[Link]

 (=) © Activity © Assess

THEOREM 3-2

Any rotation is a composition of reflections across two lines that intersect

at the center of rotation.

The angle of rotation is twice the angle formed by the lines of reflection.
ifs A Then... pla iakA
: uy z /
x? ae x / A
e-. pea a \ y’ /
B pir---F a eo
P pan ae
PR
| \
pee

PROOF: SEE EXAMPLE 5. y= 3X

PROOF
Neeucmcenmcte
QBS ¢Nvtg8aep Prove Theorem 3-2
Prove Theorem 3-2. A
Given: rye, p)(A) =B :
~

Prove: There exist two lines m and n such that ho xs

(Rn ° Rm)(A) = rye, p(A) equals B, and the measure panda
of the angle formed by lines m and nis 4x.
2
Proof: m m
A
10
? A! rQ
ey iat eaiA
y
_ LOOK FOR RELATIONSHIPS e | A
_ Think about how to construct ‘ | fe
n ‘. | ue
_ lines to help you in the proof.
s

‘
|

| J
; is
i ey y |
‘
_ What properties does the angle ‘ | Zz
7.b>pea’ aers
_ bisector preserve asa line of On... es | ve

_ reflection? Remon. aN
Cake 9 as a ie i

B= Avast maha:
Pi P, nS
&
Y Y
Mark a point Q anywhere except Construct the angle bisector n of
on PA. Then draw line m through ZBPA’. Reflect A’ across n to image A’.
Q and P. Reflect A across m to Since a reflection is rigid motion,
image A’. The reflection line is PA = PA’ = PA” = PB. So A” = B. The
an angle bisector of ZAPA’. Let congruent angles formed measure b.
MZAPQ = MZA'PQ = a. Therefore, r(yo, py(A) = (Rp ° R)(A).

The angle of rotation x° has a measure equal toa +a+6+ 65, or 2(a + b).
The angle formed by lines m and rn has a measure equal to a + 5, or 5x.

© Try It! [Link] point Q is closer to point B or even outside of ZAPB.

Does the relationship still hold for the angle between the
reflection lines and the angle between the preimage and
the image? Explain.

LESSON 3-3 Rotations 125

 =) Concept
Summary © Assess :

© CONCEPT SUMMARY Properties of Rotations

o> A rotation is a transformation that rotates Any rotation is a composition of reflections

each point in the preimage about the center across two intersecting lines.
of rotation through the angle of rotation.

aye %

Ps B
NG

‘
t

ae 4
aA
G
P=P

STEED roc. y(AABO = AA'B'C’ rye, (A) = (Rn 2 Rm)(A) =

PA = PA’, PB = PB’, PC = PC’ ents
mZAPA' = mZBPB’ = mzZCPC’ = x°

© Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

1. OUEST What are the Trace each figure and draw its rotated image.
properties that identify a rotation? 5. r(a0°, p)(MN) 6. F(420°, n(AABC)
2. Error Analysis Isabel drew the diagram N B
below to show the rotation of ADEF about
point 7. What is her error?
M P

4A
Give the coordinates of each image.
7. F(180°, o)(GH) for G(2, -9), H(-1, 3)
8. r(99°, c(AXYZ) for X(0, 3), Y(1, —4), Z(5, 2)
Trace each figure and construct two lines of
reflection such that the composition of the
3. Vocabulary How is the center of rotation reflections across the lines maps onto the
related to the center of a circle? image shown.
4. Construct Arguments In the diagram, 9. Q ;
AA"B"C” is the image of reflections of D es ji
AABC across lines p and q. It is also the
image of a rotation of AABC about R. In f
What is the angle of rotation? Explain.
Fs E De

10. J

iS :
Kit! M :
\ Sm
ye
*p

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Additional Exercises Available Online

UNDERSTAND

11. Construct Arguments When you rotate a For Exercises 16-18, trace each figure and draw its
figure, does every point move the same rotated image. SEE EXAMPLES 1 AND 3
distance? Explain. 16. (gos, p(AABC) B eP

12. Error Analysis Shannon says that AX’Y’Z’ is a

rotation of AXYZ about P. What is the correct
transformation from AXYZ to AX’Y’Z'?
17. (110°, q)(ADEFG)

GQ) ™m
De

ii

XxX’
18. T1759, r)(AHJK)
ye

ze

For Exercises 19-22, give the coordinates of each

13. Mathematical Connections Points A’ and B’ image. SEE EXAMPLE 2
are the images of points A and B after a 270°
rotation about the origin. If the slope of AB is
19. r(qe, o)(ADEF) for D(0, 5), E(—2, 8), F(-3, —5)
—3, what is the slope of A’B’? Explain. 20. 12792, o (WXYZ) for Wi4, -2), X(7, 3), Y( 1, 11),
14. Use Structure The diagram shows Z(-4, 6)
r(90°, o)(ABCD). What are the coordinates
21. r(180°, o)(ASTU) for S(-2, —6), TE5, 3), U(1, 0)
of ABCD?
22. r(360°, o-)KLM) for J(—4, 7), K(1, 5), L(6, 1),
M(3, —9)
23. Trace the point and triangle. Draw the image
r6o°, T(AXYZ). Then draw two reflections that
result in the same image. SEE EXAMPLES 4 AND 5
y

se Z os

24. Find the angle of rotation for the rotation

15. Higher Order Thinking In the diagram, about point S$ that is the composition R, ° Rp.
r4g0°, o (AABC) = AA’B’C’. Describe a Then trace the figure and draw the image.
composition of a rotation and a translation
that results in the same image. n
* SS ae
SS FB
x a
* fo
x
ees A
4 \
7
7 Sa C
& 4

LESSON 3-3 Rotations 127

© PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING
(=) © Practice © Tutorial

Mixed Review Available Online

© ASSESSMENT PRACTICE as
25. Make Sense and Persevere What rotation must 28. Quadrilateral J’K’L’M’ is the image of JKLM
the driver gear make for gear A to rotate 90° rotated about point P. What completes
clockwise? Explain how you found your each statement?
answer. KP 82A GP!
EVES 812 TEM
Lt TAK
m2ZKPK' 2m ZLPL

29: SAT/ACT A point is rotated 270° about the

origin. The image of the point is (—11, 7). What
are the coordinates of the preimage?
GearA Driver Gear @ (7, -11)
26. Reason Luis is programming an animation for a
(-7, -11)
countdown timer where points flash in sequence, © (7, 11)
one at a time, around ina circle. He calculates © (11, 7)
that the coordinates of the first four points in
his sequence are (6, 0), (5.5, 2.3), (4.2, 4.2), and 30. Performance Task Movers need to move the
(2.3, 5.5). He can find the rest of the coordinates pianos as shown in the diagram.
by rotating the first four points by 90°, 180°, and foc
pa
|
270°. What are the coordinates of the points that Piano1) siptol }, Planadiag
_ current location J] current location
complete the sequence around in a circle? _

iL |
3

|Piano
2|
| new f
t

Part A Describe a sequence of rigid motions

for each piano that maps the piano from its
OF Communicate Precisely Lourdes created the current location to the new location.
design below by rotating AABF, quadrilateral
BCEF, and ACDE. Describe the rotations she Part B Describe a single rotation for each piano
used. How do you determine the angles of that maps the piano from its current location
rotation? to the new location. (Hint: You can find two
reflections to determine the center of rotation.) |

_
E

128 TOPIC3 Transformations (=) Go Online |[Link]

 ae) © Activity © Assess

er:
Classification of Two students are trying to determine whether compositions of rigid
motions are commutative. Paula translates a triangle and then reflects
Rigid Motions it across a line. When she reflects and then translates, she gets the same
image. She concludes that compositions of rigid motions are commutative.

(=) [Link]
Translate. Then reflect. Reflect. Then translate.

| CAN... identify different jae

—— ces x
: ; laa Leese
rigid motions used to
transformtwo-dimensional #8 = -----4---
=—---------- ---) ----
shapes. ae ee ie

VOCABULARY
¢ glide reflection
Keenan rotates a triangle and then reflects it. When he changes the order of
the rigid motions, he gets a different image. He concludes that compositions
of rigid motions are not commutative.

Rotate. Then reflect. Reflect. Then rotate.

y y
4) \

X xX

A. Should Paula have used grid paper? Explain.

B. Communicate Precisely Do you agree with Paula or with Keenan?
Explain.

ESSENTIAL QUESTION How can rigid motions be classified?

THEOREM 3-3

The composition of two or more rigid motions is a rigid motion.

If... Q" Then...

T I i (N° M): QRST > Q’R’S’T”

sifoon) moe is a rigid motion.

Q Rae ak Q' Sek?

M: QRST> Q’R’S’T’ and

N: Q’R’S'T’ > Q’R’S’T’ are rigid motions. PROOF: SEE EXAMPLE 1.

LESSON 3-4 Classification of Rigid Motions 129

 Le) © Activity © Assess

PROOF Q@ >. ON i28:mm Prove Theorem 3-3

Write a paragraph proof of Theorem 3-3.

Given: T and S are rigid motions.
Prove: Se Tis a rigid motion. Q
Plan: Let P Q, and R be any three ssa Q'
noncollinear points in the preimage. ;
You want to show that length and R R p’
angle measure are preserved, so it is
sufficient to show that PQ = P’Q” and Ss
mZPQR = mZP’Q’R’. R"
/

Proof: Since 7 and S are rigid motions, »

PO POGPO= POVmZrOR= ZnO R,
and mZzP’Q’R’ = mzP’Q’R’.

By the Transitive Property of Equality, Q”

PQ = P’Q’and mZPQR = mZP’Q’R’. Pp”
Se Tis arigid motion because it preserves length and angle measure.

© Try It! 1. Describe how you can use the reasoning used to prove
Theorem 3-3 to show that the theorem is true when composing
three rigid motions. Can your strategy be extended to include
any number of rigid motions?

CONCEPTUAL 1
UNDERSTANDING
‘acetate eR
$3 ¢NUIRD Explore Glide Reflections
A. Is there a rigid motion that maps
AABC to AA’B’C’?

Observe that mzZA = mMZA’, mzB = m2ZB’,

and mzC = mZzC’.

Also, AB = A’B’, AC= A’C’, and BC = BC’.

Length and angle measure are preserved,
so the transformation is a rigid motion.
USE STRUCTURE B. Does a reflection, translation, or rotation
Each rigid motion has specific map AABC to AA’B’C’?
properties. What properties Check whether a translation Check whether Check whether a
oe you consider for each maps AABC to AA’BC’. a rotation maps reflection maps
type?
Use the point B(-3, 4) and L\ABC to AA‘B'C’.
/ / /
L\ABC to AA‘B'C’. - / /

its image B(1, —1). Since orientation There is no line

of the triangle is of reflection that
The translation rule that
not preserved, the produces the image,
maps B onto B’ is T(4 _5s).
rigid motion is not so the rigid motion
This rule does not map A
a rotation. is not a reflection.
to A’.

The rigid motion is not a

translation.
CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE

130 TOPIC3 Transformations (=) Go Online |[Link]

 (=) © Activity © Assess
Sn
EXAMPLE 2 CONTINUED
C. What composition of two rigid motions
maps AABC to AA‘B’C’?

Because AABC has a clockwise orientation

and AA’B’C’ has a counterclockwise
orientation, orientation is not preserved.
This means that one of the rigid motions
must bea reflection.

Reflect AABC across k, the line with

USE STRUCTURE equation x = -1.
Often there is more than one
composition of rigid motions that Then translate the image down 5 units.
maps a preimage to its image. (AABC)
= L\A‘B’C’
—5) 2 Rx.)
What is another composition of (To,

rigid motions that maps A\ABC to The composition of a reflection followed by a translation in a direction
LAB‘C? parallel to the line of reflection is a rigid motion called a glide reflection.

© Try It! 2. Draw the perpendicular bisector of BB’. |s that line also the
perpendicular bisector of AA’ and CC? Use your answer to
explain why a reflection alone can or cannot map AABC to
AA'B'C’.

APPLICATION Ce 129.¢:4\02H2KeD Find the Image of a Glide Reflection

A digital artist is reproducing a tire tread
pattern from a partial tire print from a crime
scene by applying a glide reflection. She
uses the rule To, 9.4) ° [Link] to generate a
pattern. Confirm that her rule can be applied
COMMON ERROR
to the partial pattern that was taken from
The notation tells you the order
the crime scene.
in which you should use the
transformations. Remember Step 1 Apply the first rigid motion.
that in the composition
T(0, 0.1) ° Ry-axis: the reflection Reflect the outlined preimage across
_ is performed first. the line x = 0.

Step 2 Apply the second rigid motion.

Translate the reflection 0.1 unit up.

The rule appears to map the pieces of the

partial pattern onto itself.

© Try It! 3. Quadrilateral RSTV has vertices R(—3, 2), $(0, 5), T(4, —4), and
V(0, —2). Use the rule 7,4, 9) ° Ry-axis to graph and label the glide
reflection of RSTV.

LESSON 3-4 Classification of Rigid Motions 131

 BDOm Om
THEOREM 3-4 ;

Any rigid motion is either a translation, reflection, rotation, or glide

reflection.
If... Mis a rigid motion Then... M=R, or
VA M= Tx,y) or

X M Mi M= rine, P) or
é —>Z —> M=Tyy yy eRe

You will prove this in a more advanced course.

COROLLARY TO THEOREM 3-4

Any rigid motion can be expressed If... Mis a rigid motion

as a composition of reflections.
Then... M=R,orM=RzeR,,
PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 11. or M=Rzye°Rp° Rp,

Co i>. Nie a» Determine a Glide Reflection

What is the glide reflection that maps AJKL to

PIKE?

To determine the glide reflection, you can work

backward.
Step 1 Determine the translation.
STUDY TIP
The vertices of the preimage and First determine the translation that
of the image are equidistant from vertically aligns J” with J and L’ with L.
the line of reflection. It is 5 units horizontally and 0 units
vertically.
Step 2 Determine the line of reflection.
The vertices of an image and preimage
are the same distance from the line 7
with equation y = 1, so Z is the line of
reflection. If you reflect AJ’K’L’ across 7, you
map back to the original triangle, AJKL.
Step 3 Write the complete glide reflection.

(T 5, 0) ° Re)(AJKL) = J’K'L’, where Zis the line y = 1

© Try It! 4. What is the glide reflection that maps each of the following?
a. AABC > AA‘B’C’ given A(-3, 4), B(—4, 2), C(—1, 1), A(1, 1),
B2, —1), and C(—1, —2).

b. RS > R’S’ given R(-2, 4), S(2, 6), R(4, 0), and $8, —2).

132 TOPIC3 Transformations [=] Go Online |PearsonRealizecom

==» q
 Concept
{=} Summary Assess
}
G) CONCEPT SUMMARY Types of Rigid Motions

REFLECTION TRANSLATION

Rr(AABC) = AA’B’C’

T,-2, -3(AABQ = AAB'C’

REFLECTION

\ GC B

NEA Y
P=P' ie
rixs, p(AABC) = AA’B'C’ (Ta, 0) ° Rm)(AABQ = AA’B'C’

©} Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

1. How can rigid Use the figures for Exercises 4—7. Identify each
motions be classified? rigid motion as a translation, a reflection,
a rotation, or a glide reflection.
2. Is it correct to say that the composition of
a translation followed by a reflection is a
glide reflection? Explain.

3. Error Analysis Tamika draws the following

diagram as an example of a glide reflection.
What error did she make?

4. AWYX > ANLM _ 5. ADFE — AWYX

6. AWYX — AABC 7. ANLM > AQRP

LESSON 3-4 Classification of Rigid Motions 133

@) PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Scan for (=)
—Ss=
© Practice © Tutorial
Multimedia
Additional Exercises Available Online

UNDERSTAND

8. Construct Arguments Write a paragraph proof 12. What are two rigid motions with a composition
of the Corollary to Theorem 3-4. that maps AJKL to AJ’K’L”?? SEE EXAMPLES 1 AND 2

9. Error Analysis Damian draws the diagram for

the glide reflection (T(o, 7) ° [Link]) (ABCD).
What error did he make?

For Exercises 13-17, given A(6, —4), B(3, 8), and

C(—7, 9), determine the coordinates of the vertices
of AA’B’C’ for each glide reflection. Suppose p is
the line with equation x = —3, q is the line with
equation y = 9, and ris the line with equation
y = —2. SEE EXAMPLE 3

- (Tio, -2) ° Ry-axis)(AABO = AA'B'C’

10. Higher Order Thinking What are the reflection
and translation for the glide reflection shown? - (Ta, 0) ° Rx-axis)(AABO) = AA'B'C’
Sketch the intermediate image. 15. (T,0, 8) ° Rp (AABC) = AA'B'C’

Ya
- (Ti~5, 0) ° Rg) (AABC) = AA'B'C’
17. (T(7, 0) ° Rr) (AABC) = AAC’
For Exercises 18-21, write a rule for each glide
reflection that maps ADEF to AD’E’F’. SEE EXAMPLE 4

preimage 18. D(7, —2), E(3, 9), F(8, 6);

D-5, 1); E(-1, 12); F(-6, 9)
image
19. D(—5, 8), E(1, 4), F(6, 3);
11. Mathematical Connections What are the DX— 3,3), & 3912), 10, 19)
coordinates of the vertices of AA’B’C after a
20. D(0, 4), E(6, 3), F(9, 8);
reflection across a line through point P with a
D“-6, —8), E(0, —7), F(3, —12)
y-intercept at y = —2, followed by translation
Tea-3y?

134 TOPIC3 Transformations (=) Go Online |[Link]

 Ee)
©) PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING © Practice © Tutorial

Mixed Review Available Online

'() ASSESSMENT PRACTICE

22. Look for Relationships The diagram shows 25. Match each rigid motion with its image.
one section of concrete being stamped with a
pattern. The design can be described by two
glide reflections from triangle 1 to triangle 5.
Write the rules for each glide reflection.

I. r(180°, (0, 1) (AABO) A. A ABC

Il.(To, 8) °Ry-axis)(ATUV) B. ADFE

Nes 0) °Ry-axis)(ADFE) GUANEIK

23. Model With Mathematics Each parking space UE
in the figure can be the image of another IV. Ry. axisf ATUV) D. APRQ
parking space as a glide reflection. What is the
26. SAT/ACT Suppose m is the line with equation
rule that maps the parking space where the red
y = 3. Given A(7, 1), B(2, 9), and C(3, —5),
car is parked to the parking space where the
what are the coordinates of the vertices of
blue car is parked?
AA’BC’ for (T(4, 0) ° Rm)(AABO) = AA'BC?
@ A(11, 4), B(6, 12), C(7 ,—2)
A‘(11, 5), B(—6, —3), C(7, 11)
© A‘, 4), B{—2, 12), C(—1, —2)
O) Alen) p82; —3).GEa1 11)

27. Performance Task Glide reflections are used to

print a design across a length of wrapping paper.

eye? a6 80 12 14 16 18 20
24. Look for Relationships Starting from tile 1,
quadrilateral tiles are embedded into a wall
following a pattern of glide reflections. If the
pattern continues, what are the shapes and
locations of the next two tiles the builder will 12 16 20 24
place in the wall? Explain.
Part A Copy the diagram and draw image
AA'B'C’= (T (9, -2) ° Re) (AABC), where @ is the
line with equation x = 5.

Part B Translate AABC 7 units to the right to

print ADEF and 14 units to right to print AGHJ.
What glide reflections of ADEF and
AGHIJ result in the same arrangement of
figures as in Part A? Draw these images to
create the wrapping paper pattern.

LESSON 3-4 Classification of Rigid Motions 135

 —, © Activity © Assess

3-9
Ssh ea, Look at the kaleidoscope
image shown. Then
consider pieces A and B
taken from the image.
Piece A Piece B
(=) [Link]
BS ae

I CAN... identify diff t é : Z e ‘

types of Cte . ee A. How are piece A and piece B related? Describe a rigid motion that you
two-dimensional figures. can use on piece B to produce piece A.

VOCABULARY B. Communicate Precisely Describe a composition of rigid motions that you

can use on piece A to produce the image.
¢ point symmetry
° reflectional symmetry C. How many rigid motions did you need to produce the image from
° rotational symmetry piece A? Can you think of another composition of rigid motions to
produce the image starting with piece A?

Fe ESSENTIAL QUESTION How can you tell whether a figure is symmetric?

CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING bb) >ONtIR-ee Identify Transformations for Symmetry
eget joe eneese oyanemone somata

What transformations can be used to map the figure onto itself? Why can
some figures be mapped onto themselves?

STUDY TIP A figure has symmetry if a rigid motion can map the figure onto itself.
To identify reflectional symmetry, :
ieee cotone half ances netry is a symmetry for which a reflection maps the figure
with the other, ontoo itself. The line of reflection for a reflection symmetry is called the line
of symmetry.
The reflections R,, and R,, map the figure Am
onto itself. Observe that lines m and n both n
divide the figure into two pieces with the te) a
same size and shape. ¥
A figure has rotationa retry if its
image is mapped onto6 the preimage after
a rotation of less than 360°.
oe
The rotation r(4go°, p) maps the figure onto itself.

© Try It! 1. What transformations map each figure onto itself?

a. b.

136 TOPIC3 Transformations (=) Go Online |[Link]

 (=) © Activity © Assess
Sina

tb) PO Widn-weD Identify Lines of Symmetry

How many lines of symmetry does a regular hexagon have?

Each line through h A Each line through

opposite vertices midpoints of
creates equal opposite sides
halves. creates equal halves.
COMMON ERROR y 4
Remember that lines of symmetry Y
are not necessarily horizontal or
vertical lines. A regular hexagon has six lines of symmetry.

© Try It! [Link] many lines of symmetry does each figure have? How do

e
you know whether you have found them all?

bb) POE WI2eKmD Identify Rotational Symmetry

For what angles of rotation does the figure map onto itself?
A. an equilateral triangle A

Find the angles of rotation about the center that

map AABC onto itself.

USE STRUCTURE ¢ A rotation of 120° creates an identical image with

Think about how a regular vertex B at the top. i r
polygon can be divided. How
e A rotation of 240° creates an identical image with
can you divide a regular polygon
vertex C at the top.
into pieces of the same size
and shape? B. a parallelogram
¢ Only a rotation of 180° maps the figure ae /
onto itself.

The type of symmetry for which there is rotation of 180° that maps
a figure onto itself is called point symmetry. A parallelogram has
180° rotational symmetry, or point symmetry.

© Try It! [Link] are the rotational symmetries for each figure? Does each
figure have point symmetry?

LESSON 3-5 Symmetry 137

 Qe >ON Ihe Determine Symmetries

What type(s) of symmetry does each figure have?

A. © A line through the center of a petal is a line
of reflection. Since there are 5 petals, there
are 5 lines of symmetry.
e Since 360° = 5 = 72°, there is rotational
symmetry at multiples of 72°.
The flower has reflectional symmetry with
5 lines of symmetry and rotational symmetry
for angles of 72°, 144°, 216°, and 288°.
COMMON ERROR
You may think a rectangular B. ¢ No lines of symmetry can be drawn.
figure has reflectional symmetry
along the diagonal. Recognize e Rotating the card 180° about its center creates an
that a rectangular shape may identical image.
only have horizontal or vertical
lines of symmetry. The card has 180° rotational symmetry, or
point symmetry.

© Try It! [Link] symmetries does a square have?

APPLICATION
igeS
3BSENUIZRSED Use Symmetry
A company CEO wants a new logo that looks the same for each rotation of
30° and uses the three company colors. What are some possible logo designs?
Formulate < Consider the different elements of the design.
Start with a polygon that has the specified rotational symmetry, which
means a polygon that maps to itself at each 30° rotation.

The colors will have to be used carefully to achieve symmetry.

Compute < To find the number of sides for the polygon, find the number of 30°
rotations in a full circle.
360° + 30° = 12
You need a regular 12-gon (dodecagon).

Then, consider how the colors can be used so that each

section is the same.

Interpret < Three possible designs are shown.

© Try It! 5. What is a possible design for a circular logo that looks the same
for each 60° rotation and uses at least two colors?

138 TOPIC3 Transformations (=) Go Online |[Link]

 Concept
=) @ Summary Assess

©) CONCEPT SUMMARY Symmetry

Reflectional Symmetry Rotational Symmetry

| WORDS 3 e A figure that maps onto itself e A figure that maps onto itself when
when it is reflected over a line it is rotated about its center by an
has reflectional symmetry. angle measuring less than 360° has
rotational symmetry.
e A line of symmetry isa line
of reflection when a figure is e A figure with 180° rotational
reflected onto itself. symmetry has point symmetry.

DIAGRAM

90° 270°

180°

@) Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

.
1. <? ESSENTIAL QUESTION atey\xe-la) Find the number of lines of symmetry for
you tell whether a figure is symmetric? each figure.

2. Error Analysis For the figure below, Adam

was asked to draw all lines of reflection.
His work is shown. What error did
Adam make?
A
1 Describe the rotational symmetry of each

G
I figure. State whether each has point symmetry.
1
!
rl
t

'
I
1
Identify the types of symmetry of each figure.
For each figure with reflectional symmetry,
identify the lines of symmetry. For each figure
Y with rotational symmetry, identify the angles
of rotation that map the figure onto itself.
3. Vocabulary What type of symmetry does a
figure have if it can be mapped onto itself 10. 11.
by being flipped over a line?
4. Communicate Precisely What does it mean
for a figure to have 60° rotational symmetry?

ui. Construct Arguments Is it possible for a

figure to have rotational symmetry and
no reflectional symmetry? Explain or
give examples.

LESSON 3-5 Symmetry 139

©) PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Scan for © Practice © Tutorial
Multimedia

re
Additional Exercises Available Online }

UNDERSTAND

12. Construct Arguments Is it possible for a For Exercises 18 and 19, find all transformations
figure to have reflectional symmetry and that can be used to map each figure onto itself.
no rotational symmetry? Explain or give SEE EXAMPLE 1
examples. 18.
13. Reason Explain how you would find the
angles of rotational symmetry for the figure
shown.

*
20. How many lines of symmetry
does a regular five-pointed
Star have? SEE EXAMPLE 2

14. Mathematical Connections A figure that has 180°

rotational symmetry also has point symmetry.
Write a conditional to relate those facts. Then, For Exercises 21 and 22, describe the rotational
write the converse, inverse, and contrapositive. symmetries of each figure. SEE EXAMPLE 3
15. Look for Relationships If a figure has 90° 21.
rotational symmetry, what other symmetries
must it have?

16. Error Analysis Yumiko’s work is shown below.

What error did she make? = : x

23. What types of symmetry

does the figure have?
Explain. SEE EXAMPLE 4

The figure is not symmetrical '

in any way. x
24. When drawn in the style shown, the number
808 has horizontal and vertical reflectional
symmetry, as well as 180° rotational symmetry.
17. Higher Order Thinking Three types of
rigid motion are translations, rotations,
and reflections.
A frieze pattern is a linear pattern that repeats,
and it has translational symmetry. An example
is shown below. ~<{---

What are some other combinations of numbers

or letters with symmetry? Find at least three
other combinations, and identify the types of
symmetry for each. SEE EXAMPLE 5
Find and name some occurrences of frieze
patterns in the real world.

140 TOPIC3 Transformations (=) Go Online |[Link]

ar
© PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING BL Greve © wos
Mixed Review Available Online

APPLY © ASSESSMENT PRACTICE

25. Reason How would you decide which flags 28. Which types of symmetry does the figure
show reflection symmetry? Rotational display? Select all that apply.
symmetry? No symmetry?

i<i oom
Canada Sweden

a ® reflectional symmetry across a vertical line

aS reflectional symmetry across a horizontal line
Jamaica Saint Kitts and Nevis © 120° rotational symmetry
® 180° rotational symmetry
26. Look for Relationships Make observations
about the structure of each snowflake, 29. SAT/ACT Which letter can be mapped onto
and describe the types of symmetry that a itself by a 180° rotation about its center?
snowflake can have. ® E © :

EX eS WY QW Ri\S 7 : ©

27. Make Sense and Persevere Describe the

symmetries of each molecule shown.
a. benzene H
30. Performance Task A client wants a graphic
designer to create an emblem that has
rotational symmetry of 90° and 180°. The
client needs the colors of the emblem to be
red, yellow, and blue. The emblem should also
include the first letter of the company name, X.

b. water Part A The designer begins his design with a

polygon. What polygons can he use?

H H Part B If a figure has rotational symmetry

of 90° and 180°, what type of reflectional
c. hydrogen peroxide symmetry does the figure have?

H Part C Create two possible designs for the client.

LESSON 3-5 Symmetry 141

MATHEMATICAL
MODELING
IN 3 ACTS

(=) [Link]
era

© The Perplexing Polygon

Look around and you will see shapes and patterns everywhere you look.
The tiles on a floor are often all the same shape and fit together to form
a pattern. The petals on a flower often make a repeating pattern around
the center of the flower. When you look at snowflakes under a microscope,
you'll notice that they are made up of repeating three-dimensional crystals.
Think about this during the Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts lesson.

Scan for
Multimedia i\ememm Identify the Problem

1. What is the first question that comes to mind after watching the video?
2. Write down the main question you will answer about what you saw in
the video.
3. Make an initial conjecture that answers this main question.
4. Explain how you arrived at your conjecture.
5. What information will be useful to know to answer the main question?
How can you get it? How will you use that information?

)\euuye Develop a Model

6. Use the math that you have learned in this Topic to refine your
conjecture.

i\euce Interpret the Results

7. Did your refined conjecture match the actual answer exactly? If not,
what might explain the difference?

142 TOPIC’ Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts

 Topic Review
4 TOPIC ESSENTIAL QUESTION

1. What are properties of the four types of rigid motion?

Vocabulary Review
Choose the correct term to complete each sentence.
¢ composition of rigid
2. A(n) is a transformation about a point with a given
motions
angle measure.
e glide reflection
3. Reflections, translations, rotations, and glide reflections are the
four types of e image

4. A line that a figure is reflected across so that it maps onto itself is e line of reflection
called a(n) e line of symmetry
5. The composition of a reflection and a translation is called ° preimage
a(n) ¢ rigid motion
6. The set of points that a transformation acts on is called e rotation
the e translation
7. The result of a transformation is called the
=
=
>
ia
Concepts & Skills Review fo
oe)
ieu
LESSON 3-1 Reflections Oo
e

Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving

A rigid motion is a transformation that preserves 8. Does the transformation appear to be a
length and angle measure. rigid motion?
A reflection is a transformation that reflects a E F’

point across a line of reflection m such that the G'

image of a point A on mis A, and for a point B D

not on m, line m is the perpendicular bisector BB’. E D’ e!
A reflection is a rigid motion.
G
preimage image
Example
What is the reflection of AABC across ¢? For Exercises 9 and 10, the vertices of AHJK
are H(—3, 2), J(—1, —3), and K(4, 3). What are
the coordinates of the vertices of AH’J’K’ for
each reflection?

9. Ry-axis 10. Ry-axis

11. Communicate Precisely Given the coordinates
of two points and the equation of a line, how
can you check that one point is the image of
the other point reflected across the line?

TOPIC 3 Topic Review 143

 - LESSON 3-2 Translations

Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving

A translation is a transformation that maps For Exercises 12 and 13, the vertices of APQR
all points the same distance and in the same are P(—4, 3), Q(—2, 3), and R(1, —3). What are
direction, so that for any two points A and B, the coordinates of the vertices of AP’Q’R’ for
AA’ = BB’. each translation?

A translation is a rigid motion. Any translation 12. T,_3, 2) 13. Tyg, -5)
can be expressed as a composition of two
14. What is the translation shown?
reflections across two parallel lines.

Example
What is the graph of T3, _2)(ALMN)?

15. Make Sense and Persevere Given reflections

Rp and R,, where his a line with equation
x = -3 and kis a line with equation x = 2,
how can you determine the distance of the
translation resulting from the composition
Rye Rp?

LESSON 3-3 Rotations

Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving

A rotation is a transformation that rotates a point For Exercise 16 and 17, the vertices of AABC are
about the center of rotation P by the angle of A(2, —2), B(—3, —2), and C(—1, 3). What are
rotation x° such that the image of P is P, PA = PA’, the coordinates of the vertices of AA’B’C’ for
and mZAPA' = x. each rotation?

A rotation is a rigid motion. Any rotation can be 16. (90°,O) 17. (270°, O)

expressed as a composition of reflections across

18. Draw two lines of
two intersecting lines. eu
reflection so the
composition of the
Example reflections across the E
What is the 150° rotation of XY about P? lines is equivalent to E
the rotation shown. D

F F'

19. Use Structure If two lines intersect at a right

angle at point P, what rotation is equivalent
to the composition of the reflections across
the two lines?

144 TOPIC3 Transformations (=) Go Online |[Link]

——
LESSON 3-4 Classification of Rigid Motions

Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving

A glide reflection is the composition of a For Exercises 20 and 21, the vertices of ALMN
reflection followed by a translation. are L(—2, 4), M(1, 2), and N(—3, —5). Suppose/
is a line with equation x = 3 and kis a line with
Any rigid motion is either a translation,
equation y = —2. what are the coordinates of
reflection, rotation, or glide reflection. As
the vertices of AL’M'N’ for each glide reflection?
a result, any rigid motion can be expressed
as a combination of reflections. 20. Te 4) °R; 21. Bip —3) ° Rx

22. What is a glide reflection for the

Example transformation shown?
What is a glide reflection that maps AGHJ to
AKLM?

First reflect AGHJ across the x-axis to get AG’H’J’. 23. Make Sense and Persevere Is there more =
than one way to describe a glide reflection =
Then translate AG’H'J’ by 4 units to the right to a
aa
get AKLM. The glide reflection is T(4 9) ° Ry-axis- as a composition of a reflection and then a m
translation? Explain. eo
S28
O
a
LESSON 3-5 Symmetry

Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving

A figure has symmetry if a rigid motion can 24. Describe the transformations
map the figure to itself. If the rigid motion is that can be used to map the
a reflection, then the symmetry is reflectional figure onto itself.
symmetry. If the rigid motion is a rotation, then
the symmetry is rotational symmetry. For Exercises 25 and 26, describe all the symmetries
of each figure. If the figure has reflectional
When the angle of rotation is 180°, the symmetry, identify all the lines of symmetry. If the
rotational symmetry is called point symmetry. figure has rotational symmetry, give the angles
of rotation.
Example 25. 26.
How many lines of symmetry does the
figure have?
You can drawa line of
reflection through each
vertex and the center of 27. Communicate Precisely Suppose a figure
the star. There are six lines has at least two lines of symmetry. Explain
of symmetry. why the figure must have rotational
symmetry.

TOPIC 3 Topic Review 145

 Triangle Congruence

? TOPIC ESSENTIAL QUESTION

What relationships between sides and angles of triangles can

be used to prove triangles congruent?

Topic Overview Topic Vocabulary

enVision™ STEM Project * congruence transformation
Design a Bridge ¢ congruent

4-1 Congruence
4-2 Isosceles and Equilateral Triangles
Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts
Check It Out!
4-3 Proving and Applying the SAS and
SSS Congruence Criteria
4-4 Proving and Applying the ASA and
AAS Congruence Criteria
4-5 Congruence in Right Triangles
4-6 Congruence in Overlapping Triangles

DST dteeVBb gel-vetye 7

LESSON ESSENTIAL QUESTION |
|

©
LESSON VOCABULARY

COMMON CORE STATE STANDARDS {

INTERACTIVE STUDENT EDITION
Access online or offline.

o
LESSON OVERVIEW Pd
Explore
& Reason > ACTIVITIES Complete Explore & Reason,
Example 1 >
Understand Congruence |
Model & Discuss, and Critique & Explain
Nox ;
activities. Interact with Examples and Try Its.

MAIS Sg STS a See

© ANIMATION View and interact with
real-world applications.

(>)
SADE
Go online |[Link] © PRACTICE Practice what
you've learned.

146 TOPIC 4 jriangle Congruence

 MATHEMATICAL MODELING IN 3 ACTS @@(
‘ Re as} F
pen Sn

AS,
4

© Check It Out!
Maybe you've played this game before: you draw a picture. Then you
try to get a classmate to draw the same picture by giving step-by-step
directions but without showing your drawings.

Try it with a classmate. Draw a map of a room in your house or a place

in your town. Then give directions to a classmate to draw the map that
you drew. How similar are they? Think about your results during the
Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts lesson.

VIDEOS Watch clips to support GLOSSARY Read and listen to

Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts Lessons English and Spanish definitions.
and enVision™ STEM Projects.

6 CONCEPT SUMMARY Review

key lesson content through
© TUTORIALS Get help from
Virtual Nerd, right when you need it.

multiple representations. MATH TOOLS Explore math

with digital tools and manipulatives.
ASSESSMENT Show what
you've learned.

TOPIC 4 Triangle Congruence 147

 ‘TOPIC4 PROJECT -Envision SES,

The , in
Washington, collapsed in high winds
a few months after it opened in 1940.
The bridge was rebuilt in 1950 using
a truss for stabilization.

compression

g
$
S
©i 5
~
S
:% ’
& eS S. ‘E
8 > 6 &£
oO

tension tension \
A bridge works by
, distributing the load onto the bridge supports.

The design of a truss is based on the strength of a triangle. It distributes a

load from a narrow point to a wider base.

Weight of

You and your classmates will analyze different truss bridge designs and
ow congruent triangles are used in each construction. What type of
would you use in a bridge design, and why?

i@c YOPIC 4 enVision STEM Project

 4-1
(=) © Activity © Assess

() EXPLORE & REASON

Congruence Some corporate logos are distinctive because they make use of
repeated shapes.

| CAN... use a composition

of rigid motions to show that A designer creates two versions of a new logo for the Bolt
two objects are congruent. Company. Version 1 uses the original image shown at the
right and a reflection of it. Version 2 uses reduced copies of
VOCABULARY the original image.
* congruence transformation
° congruent A. Make a sketch of each version.
B. Communicate Precisely The owner of the company says, “I! like your
designs, but it is important that the transformed image be the same size
and shape as the original image.” What would you do to comply with
the owner's requirements?
C. What transformations can you apply to the original image that would
produce logos acceptable to the owner? Explain.

ESSENTIAL QUESTION What is the relationship between rigid motions and congruence?

CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING
Sengirgagracisse tn
9} ¢NQigaa@ Understand Congruence
Suppose there is a rigid motion that maps one figure to another. Why does
that show that the two figures are congruent?
Figure ABCDEF has the following lengths and angle measures, and GHUKL is
the image of ABCDEF after the rigid motion T,z _s) ° Ry.
AB =3 BG=-1 CD=1
DEEZ EPs 2 FA =3

All angles in figure ABCDEF are right angles.

Because rigid motions preserve length
and angle measure, GHIJKL has the following
lengths and angle measures.
Soe
Recall that angles with the same
Chae =
measure are congruent, and IK 2 Kiba LG=3
segments with the same length
are congruent. All angles in figure GHIJKL are right angles.
Since rigid motions preserve measures of corresponding sides and angles, the
two triangles are congruent.

© Try It! 1.A90° rotation about the origin maps APQR to ALMN. Are the
triangles congruent? Explain.

LESSON 4-1 Congruence 149

 f&) © Activity © Assess

CONCEPT Congruence

Figures that have the same size and shape are said to be congruent.
Two figures are if there is a rigid motion that maps one figure
to the other.
A rigid motion is sometimes called a congru 1 because it
maps a figure to a congruent figure.
m
Use the = symbol to show that two figures ; i
are congruent. Since R,, (AABC) = ADEF, |
ZA\ABC = ADEF. A :D
|
B Y E

Co >ONI2Raye Verify Congruence

Given AXYZ = AABC, what composition
of rigid motions maps AXYZ to AABC?
First rotate AXYZ 180° about point Z.
Next translate the image three units to
LOOK FOR RELATIONSHIPS the right.
Think of other solutions. Can you
identify another composition (7,3, 0) ° "180°, 2) (AXYZ) = AABC —O =a?
of rigid motions that maps one
triangle to the other? fe
The composition 7/3 9) ° r(1go°, z, Maps AXYZ to AABC.

© Try It! [Link] the graph shown.

a. Given AGHJ = AKLM, what is one composition of rigid

motions that maps AGHJ to AKLM?
b. What is another composition of rigid motions that maps
AGHJ to AKLM?

150 TOPIC 4 Tri angle Congruence (=) Go Online | [Link]

 >) © Activity © Assess

e >ONUIZAKeD Identify Congruent Figures

Given AABC, AEFG, and AJKL, which triangles are congruent?

Then reflect the

image across
line m, x = —4
to get AJKL.

Translate AABC
3 units down.

STUDY TIP The composition of rigid motions R,, ° T(9, _3 maps AABC to AJKL. Therefore,
To show that two figures are not AABC = AJKL.
congruent, you only need to find eee : :
one corresponding pair of sides Observe that AC and EG are the longest side in each corresponding triangle,
or angles that do not have the and AC £ EG, so there is no single rigid motion or composition of rigid
same measure. motions that maps AABC to AFFG. Therefore, they are not congruent.

© Try It! [Link] the graph shown.

K. L D

a. Are ABCDE and JKLMN congruent? If so, describe a composition

of rigid motions that maps ABCDE to JKLMN. If not, explain.
b. Are ABCDE and VWXYZ congruent? If so, describe a composition
of rigid motions that maps ABCDE to VWXYZ. If not, explain.

LESSON 4-1 Congruence 151

 i
Le). © Activity © Assess

bb) > ONI) a> Determine Congruence

Which pairs of objects are congruent? If a pair of objects is congruent,

describe a composition of rigid motions that maps one to the other.

rr The puzzle pieces are congruent. A reflection across a vertical line maps
one puzzle piece to the other.

COMMON ERROR
Remember that the composition
of rigid motions must map al/ The frame corners are not congruent. The diagonal segment at the corner
points from the preimage to the of the left frame is longer than the diagonal segment at the corner of the
image for objects to be congruent. right frame, so the two frame corners are not the same size.

The puzzles are congruent. Translate the preimage puzzle on the left,
rotate the figure 90° clockwise, and then reflect over a vertical line.

© Try It! 4. Is the pair of objects congruent? If so, describe a composition of

oF
rigid motions that maps one object onto the other.

152 TOPIC 4 Triangle Cong ruence

BT [=] Go Online |[Link]
 (=) © Activity 7) Assess

APPLICATION Co >ONUI2h-e Apply Congruence

A boat builder plans to connect two pieces of wood by using a puzzle joint
as shown. For a successful joint, each unit must be congruent.

_ STUDY TIP
Given Unit A, what composition of rigid motions maps Unit A to Unit B?
_ Acomposition of rigid motions
can be one rigid motion as well as Unit B is a translation of Unit A. Unit B has the same size, shape, and
a composition of more than one orientation as Unit A. The only difference is that it is farther down.
rigid motion.

_ UnitA is mapped to Unit B with |

__ avertical translation of the
height of one of the joints.

© Try It! [Link] Unit C congruent to Unit A? If so, describe the sequence of
rigid motions that maps Unit A to Unit C.

LESSON 4-1 Congruence 153

 Concept
{=) Summary @ Assess
——
© CONCEPT SUMMARY Congruent Figures

GERLIIED 1mo figuresarecongruent,a

composition of rigid motions maps
=APOR’
DISTIND since 2,(APOR)
APOR = AP'O'R’
one figure to another.

Q An Q’
|
I

|
I
2 Rov oR? Pa
Y

:
© Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?
A: "4 ESSENTIAL QUESTION A at-lacmual 7. Given ABCD = EFGH, what rigid motion, or
relationship between rigid motions and composition of rigid motions maps ABCD
congruence? to EFGH?

2. Error Analysis Taylor says ABCD and EFGH

are congruent because he can map ABCD to
EFGH by multiplying each side length by 1.5
and translating the result to coincide with
EFGH. What is Taylor’s error?

fa G

ee
a aa.
\ 4

ABCD = EFGH xX

3. Vocabulary Why is a rigid motion also called

a congruence transformation?

4. Reason For any two line segments that are

congruent, what must be true about the
lengths of the segments?

5. Construct Arguments A composition of

rigid motions maps one figure to another
figure. Is each intermediate image in the 9 . Are Figure A and Figure B congruent? If so,
composition congruent to the original and describe a composition of rigid motions that
final figures? Explain. maps Figure A to Figure B. If not, explain.
6. Communicate Precisely Describe how you
can find a rigid motion or composition
of rigid motions to map a segment to a
congruent segment and an angle toa Figure A Figure B
congruent angle.

154 TOPIC 4 Triangle Congruence (=) Go Online | [Link]

©) PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Scan for (=) © Practice © Tutorial
Multimedia
Additional Exercises Available Online

UNDERSTAND

10. Reason If AJKL = ARST, give the coordinates 14. Given R,,(APQR) = AP’Q’R’, do AP’Q’R’ and
for possible vertices of ARST. Justify your APQR have equal perimeters? Explain.
answer by describing a composition of rigid SEE EXAMPLE 1
motions that maps AJKL to ARST.

15. Given WXYZ = WTUV, describe a composition

11. Error Analysis Yuki says that if all lines are
of rigid motions that maps WXYZ to WTUV.
congruent, then all line segments must be
SEE EXAMPLE 2
congruent. Is Yuki correct? Explain.

ee
(Te

AB = CD x

12. Mathematical Connections Given square JKLM 16. Are ABCD and EFGH congruent? If so, describe
and (T,_6, 4) ° 71,5») UKLM) = RSTU, what is the a composition of rigid motions that maps ABCD
area of RSTU? to EFGH. If not, explain. SEE EXAMPLE 3

K L

J 12cm
M

— —
13. Higher Order Thinking Are AB and CD
congruent? If so, describe a composition of
rigid motions that maps any ray to any
other ray. If not, explain. Are any two rays ys Which objects are congruent? For any
congruent? Explain. congruent objects, describe a composition of
rigid motions that maps the preimage to the
image. SEE EXAMPLES 4 AND 5
7
a ae C

LESSON 4-1 Congruence 155

© PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING
© Practice © Tutorial

Mixed Review Available Online

Ntih © asain ale:

18. Communicate Precisely Using a 3D printer, 21. The transformation T/3 gy ° riggs, 4) Maps AABC
Emery makes the chocolate mold shown by to ADEF.
copying different shapes. Triangle ABCis___?___ to ADEF because
a. Which of the designs in the mold appear to T(3, 8) ° "90°, a) isa ?
be congruent? 2 22. SAT/ACT A board game token is shown.
b. Describe a composition of rigid motions that
maps the congruent shapes.

19. Reason Are the illustrations of the shoesin .

the advertisement congruent? If so, describe a
composition of rigid motions that maps the left ; :
shoe to the right shoe. 23. Performance Task The fabric pattern shown is
based on the original image.

SALE" © SO
ie
cM
SHOP SALE >>

20. Use Structure Describe a rigid motion or a

composition of rigid motions that can be used
to make sure that each slice of quiche is the
same size and shape as the first slice. Part A Identify any images in the pattern that
appear to be congruent to the original image.
ag ar
Part B Describe a composition of rigid motions
a that maps the original image to each congruent
image in the pattern.

Part C For any images in the pattern that are

‘ not congruent to the original image, explain
how you know they are not congruent.

156 TOPIC 4 Triangle Congruence [E) Go Online |[Link]

 {oe} © Activity © Assess

a
Isosceles and
© EXPLORE & REASON

Cut out a triangle with two sides of equal length from a sheet of paper and
label its angles 1, 2, and 3. Trace the outline of your triangle on another
Equilateral sheet of paper and label the angles.
Triangles

(=) [Link]
=

| CAN... apply theorems

about isosceles and
equilateral triangles to solve
problems.

A. In how many different ways can you flip, slide, or turn the triangle so
that it fits exactly on the outline?
B. Look for Relationships How do the angles and sides of the outline
correspond to the angles and sides of the triangle?
C. How would your answer to Part A change if all three sides of the triangle
were of equal length?

ESSENTIAL QUESTION How are the side lengths and angle measures related in isosceles triangles
and in equilateral triangles?

CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING Co >:¢:N\I28:e Understand Angles of Isosceles Triangles
“eqn

| How are the base angles of an isosceles triangle related?

_ STUDYt TIP ; re: Draw isosceles triangle ABC.
_ The rigid motion that maps BC to oo ae = a
BA must map point B to itself. Because BC = BA, there is a rigid motion that maps BC onto BA. Draw the
A reflection across a line that angle bisector BD of ZABC, so that mZDBC = mMZDBA.
contains point B maps point B C
to itself. Rep(B) = B R§R(D) = D

> 4
B D

= A

Rep (BC) = BA. Because BC = BA, Rap(C) =A.

Since the reflection maps ABCD to ABAD, mzBCA = mzZBAC.

Therefore, ZBCA = ZBAC.

© Try It! 1. Copy isosceles AABC. Reflect the triangle across line BC to
create the image AC’B’A’. What rigid motion maps AC’B’A’ onto
AABC? Can you use this to show that 2A = 2C? Explain.

LESSON 4-2 Isosceles and Equilateral Triangles 157

 &) © Activity © Assess

THEOREM 4-1 Isosceles Triangle Theorem and the Converse

If two sides of a triangle are If... AB = BC, B

congruent, then the angles Then... ZACB = ZBAC. ae Zz
opposite those sides are A C
congruent. ;
If two angles of a triangle If... ZACB= ZBAC, aind
are congruent, then the sides Then... AB = BC. A G
opposite those angles are
congruent.
PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 17.

APPLICATION Co 9.¢:N\2:43 Use the Isosceles Triangle Theorem

Et.
SSSR

An architect is designing a
community park between
N. First St. and S. First St.
The pathways on either fs _ s* ou
side of the pool will be ei wt
equal in length and will
provide effective access and

ra 8
me S
circulation around the pool. Bm firs ¢
To protect the landscaping
and to minimize erosion, ee 2 iia
the architect will place
a triangular section of triangular cobblestones at the corners along Park
Plaza. What angle measure should the architect specify for the corners in
her design?

The park is in the shape of an isosceles triangle. Find mzF and mZE.

mZD + mZE + mZF = 180 The base angles of the isosceles

STUDY TIP triangle are congruent by the
Confirm your solution by using ieee ee OO Isosceles Triangle Theorem, so
your original equation. In this be F= 65 MZE = mZF.
example, the three angles of
AABC are 65°, 65°, and 50°, The landscape architect should specify that the angles at the corners
and the sum is 180°. measure 65°.

© Try It! 2. What is the value of x?

a. <> b.
(5x <9)
28°

ei
tO

158 TOPIC 4 Triangle Congruence [E) 60 online| PearsonRealizecom —

 ‘kal © Activity © Assess

bb) 9.7
WUtsH-«eD Use the Converse of the Isosceles Triangle Theorem
What are the lengths of all three sides of the triangle?

P 6x — 12
Q
xX + 20
8x
3
R

COMMON ERROR Step 1 Find the value of x.

_ Be careful not to set the a en ex
expressions for the length of a leg m3 Because ZP = ZQ, the
and the length of the base equal 3x + 60 = 8x sides opposite zP and
_ to each other. Remember that the TSReys ZQ are also congruent.
congruent legs are opposite the
congruent base angles. Step 2 Substitute 12 for x to determine the side lengths.
PR =x +20 PQ = 6x-12 QR = &
= 12 +20 = 6(12) — 12 eoh2)
32 = 60 132

© Try It! 3. Use the figure shown.

a. What is the value of x?
4x+5
b. What are the lengths of all three 8x — 1
sides of the triangle?
2x + 11

THEOREM 4-2

If a line or line segment bisects the vertex angle of an isosceles triangle, then
it is also the perpendicular bisector of the opposite side.

If... B Then... B

D D

AB = BC and mZABD = mzCBD BD | AC and AD = DC

PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 13.

LESSON 4-2 Isosceles and Equilateral Triangles 159

 & © Activity © Assess

APPLICATION @ >.ON\VI202 9 Use Perpendicular Bisectors to Solve Problems

Nougratsunsreecamcade

A prefabricated house is delivered to a foundation in two symmetric halves

that are assembled on-site. Along the planned route to the site, the truck
must pass under a bridge that has a clearance height of 17 feet. Should the
trucker plan a different route for delivering the house? Explain.

Draw a diagram to represent the roof.

CONSTRUCT ARGUMENTS
Consider the information the B
figure provides about A ABC.
16 ft 16 ft
What other information given in
the figure is needed?
14 ft D 14 ft

_ BDis the perpendicular bisector

_ of AC so AD = CD = 14 ft.

Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the height h.

h? + 142
= 162
h?
=60
h = 60
~ 7.7
The house is approximately 17.7 feet tall, so the total height that the
truck must clear is greater than 17.7 ft. The trucker should plan a different
route to the site.

© Try It! 4. Use the figure shown.

a. What is mzRSQ? Q o R

b. What is PR? p a
VY
5

160 TOPIC 4 Triangle Congruence (=) Go Online |[Link]

 ie) © Activity © Assess

CONCEPT Equilateral Triangles

An equilateral triangle is equiangular.

An equiangular triangle is equilateral. Fi

If... ZA = ZB = ZC, then... AB = BC= AC.

If... AB ~ BC = AC, then...
ZA = ZB = ZC. C B

bb) OYA Prove that Equilateral Triangles are Equiangular

A. Prove that equilateral triangles are equiangular. F

Given:
DE ~ EF = DF

Prove:rov 2D
= ZE = ezZF ide ie
Plan: Use the fact that an equilateral triangle is also an isosceles triangle
to show that all three angles are congruent.

Proof: 5
Since DF = DE, ZE = ZF by
the lsosceles Triangle Theorem.

D E

Since DF = EF, ZE = ZD by
the Isosceles Triangle Theorem.

Since 2D = ZE and ZE = ZF, ZD = ZE = ZF.

B. Prove that equiangular triangles are equilateral. G

Given: 2G = ZH= ZJ
Prove: GH = HJ = GJ
STUDY TIP J H
Plan: Use a strategy similar to the one in part A
When planning a proof, consider
by applying the Converse of the Isosceles Triangle Theorem.
proofs that may be parallel
in structure. Proof: G

Since ZG = ZH, Since 2G = Z/,

GJ = HJ by the GH = HJ by the
Converse of the y H Converse of the
Isosceles Triangle lsosceles Triangle
Theorem. Theorem.

Since GJ = HJ and GH HJ, GHz H/= Gl.

© Try It! [Link] rotation can be used to show the angles of an equilateral
triangle are congruent?

LESSON 4-2 Isosceles and Equilateral Triangles 161

 f&) © Activity ) Assess

Qe >. ¢NI28-9» Find Angle Measures in Isosceles and

Equilateral Triangles
A. If mZCBD = 130, what is mZBAD?

C B
Step 1 Find mZABD.
mZABC + mZABD = mzCBD

60 + MZABD = 130
mZABD = 70 Since AABC is equilateral, _
COMMON ERROR mZABC = 60.
You may think you have solved
the problem after finding one Step 2 Use the Isosceles Triangle Theorem to find mzBAD.
angle measure. Make sure you
provide the measure of the angle mZABD + mZBDA + mZBAD = 180
asked for in the question. Since AABD is isosceles,
70 + mzZBAD + mzZBAD = 180 mzZBDA = mZBAD. .

mZBAD = 55

B. What is mzU? T
Step 1 Find mZSVT. Write an equation using
the Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem.
mzS + mzSTV+ MZSVT= 180 > V u

72 + MZSVT + MZSVT = 180 1 }

2mMZSVT= 108 Since ASTV is isosceles,
mZSTV = mZSVI.
mZSVT = 54

Step 2 Find mzU. Write an equation using the Triangle Exterior

Angle Theorem.
mMZSVT=mzVTU + mzU
54=mzU+mzU Since AVTU is isosceles,
mZVIU =m2U.
54=2mzU

mzU = 27

© Try It! 6. Find each angle measure in the figure.

M N O

a. mZPNO b. mZNOP

162 TOPIC 4 Triangle Congruence [=] GoOnline | [Link]

 GS) Sits,
GBass:
Concept

y CONCEPT SUMMARY Isosceles and Equilateral Triangles

ISOSCELES TRIANGLES PERPENDICULAR BISECTOR EQUILATERAL TRIANGLES

If... B ifsc B If... A

A C Q D G EN
AB = BC AB z BC and mZABD = mzCBD AB =~BCAC

Then... B Then... B Then... A

ZACB = ZBAC BD 1 AC and AD = DC LZA2ZBzzZC

2 Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

1. "4 ESSENTIAL QUESTION Jale\ia-la-meal= For Exercises 6 and 7, find the unknown angle
side lengths and angle measures related measures.
in isosceles triangles and in equilateral
triangles?

2. Error Analysis Nate drew the following

diagram to represent an equilateral triangle
and an isosceles triangle. What mistake did
Nate make? For Exercises 8 and 9, find the lengths of all
three sides of the triangle.
8. G 6x —5 H 9. L
26
3x +8 35 alee
K

J °y — M

10. What is mZABD in A

3. Vocabulary How can you distinguish the the figure shown?
base of an isosceles triangle from a leg?

4. Reason Is it possible for the vertex of

an isosceles triangle to be a right angle?
c
Explain why or why not, and state the angle
measures of the triangle, if possible. 11. A light is suspended between two poles as
shown. How far above the ground is the
5. Communicate Precisely Describe Q
light? Round to the nearest tenth of a foot.
five rigid motions that map
equilateral triangle APQR
onto itself.

LESSON 4-2 Isosceles and Equilateral Triangles 163

( PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING
Scan for (=) © Practice © Tutorial
a —
Multimedia
Additional Exercises Available Online

UNDERSTAND

12. Mathematical Connections What are the 17. Use rigid motions to write a proof of the
measures of 21 and 22? Explain. Converse of the Isosceles Triangle Theorem.
SEE EXAMPLE 1 K
1
Given: Z/ = zL

Prove: JK = KL

13. Construct Arguments Use the properties of

rigid motions to write a proof of Theorem Find the unknown angle measures in each triangle.
4-2. SEE EXAMPLE 2

7
18. 19. T
Given: PQ ~ QR and Q
mzPQS = MZRQS 68°
R
Prove: QS | PR and
PS = SR 5 P 5 U

14. Look for Relationships Prove that Find the lengths of all three sides of each triangle.
ZBAD ~ ZBCD and ZABC = ZCDA. SEE EXAMPLE 3
20. F 4x — 12 F 21, Pa H
B |

G)
20 3x +5 6x + 3
4x+1

D ww

15. Error Analysis Amaya Use the figure shown for Exercises 22 and 23.
is asked to find the side SEE EXAMPLE 4
lengths of the triangle 6
shown. What is her
error?» ae

From the top leg and the base,

2x = 6, 50 x = 3. Substitute x into”
the expression for the bottom 22. What is mzZDEG if mzDFE = 70?
leg's length to get 3(3) — 5 = 4. x
23. What is the value of b if a = 8 and c = 24?

24. Prove that ZABC is a right angle. b

SEE EXAMPLE 5
16. Higher Order Thinking Deondra draws points
Given: AD =~BD = CD D

2a
at (1, 5) and (1, —1) on a coordinate plane.
Each point will be a vertex of an isosceles
Prove: mZABC = 90
right triangle. What are two possible points in
the second quadrant that she can specify as a
vertex of her triangle? Explain.
25. Given mZPSR = 134, what is Q
the measure of ZSQR?
SEE EXAMPLE 6

164 TOPIC 4 Triangle Congruence [=] Go Online |[Link]

[=
©} PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING (=) © Practice © Tutorial

Mixed Review Available Online

© ASSESSMENT PRACTICE
26. Make Sense and Persevere Each of the five 29. Consider the following triangle.
points on a star produced for a flag is an
L
isosceles triangle with leg length 6 cm and
base length 4.2 cm. What is the total height (Sy — 19)°
h of each star? Round to the nearest tenth of
a centimeter.
M

a. Write an equation you can solve to find the

value of y.

b. What is mzK?

30. SAT/ACT Given mZABC = 114, what is

mzZBAD?

27. Use Structure The front of the tent below has B

A
the shape of an equilateral triangle.

a. What is the side length of the triangle?

Round to the nearest tenth of a foot.
D G
b. Explain the method you use to calculate
the length. @ 54 © 60
® 63 © 72

31. Performance Task Emaan designs the birdhouse

shown below.

28. Look for Relationships For a crane to lift the

beam shown below, the beam and the two
support cables must form an isosceles triangle
with height h. If the distance between the
cables along the beam is 18 ft and the
height h is 8 ft, what is the total length of
the two cables? Round to the nearest tenth
of a foot.
Part A What is the total height of the
birdhouse? Show your work.

Part B If Emaan decides to change the design

by increasing each side of the roof from 12.5 cm
to 15.2 cm, what will be the new height of the
birdhouse? All other labeled dimensions on the
birdhouse will remain unchanged.

LESSON 4-2 Isosceles and Equilateral Triangles 165

_ MATHEMATICAL
Penance
IN 3 ACTS

(=) [Link]
SS

© Check It Out!
Maybe you've played this game before: you draw a picture. Then you try to
get a classmate to draw the same picture by giving step-by-step directions
but without showing your drawings.
Try it with a classmate. Draw a map of a room in your house or a place in
your town. Then give directions to a classmate to draw the map that you
drew. How similar are they? Think about this during the Mathematical
Modeling in 3 Acts lesson.

ee Xen Identify the Problem

1. What is the first question that comes to mind after watching the video?
2. Write down the main question you will answer about what you saw in
the video.
3. Make an initial conjecture that answers this main question.
4. Explain how you arrived at your conjecture.
5. What information will be useful to know in order to answer the main
question? How can you get it? How will you use that information?

i\eiuye Develop a Model

6. Use the math that you have learned in this Topic to refine
your conjecture.

\eeKe Interpret the Results

7. Did your refined conjecture match the actual answer exactly? If not,
what might explain the difference?

166 TOPIC 4 Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts

 oo
(=) © Activity © Assess
fe

(b) EXPLORE & REASON

Proving and Make five triangles that have a 5-inch
side, a 6-inch side, and one 40° angle.
Applying the SAS
and SSS Congruence A. How many unique triangles can
Criteria you make?
B. Construct Arguments How are
the unique triangles different
(=) [Link] from each other?

| CAN... use SAS and SSS to

determine whether triangles H
Be ongruent. ©)
cS ESSENTIAL QUESTION cee >
two triangles ADE S85 uscd to stow. that
are congruent?
CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING
\eee
aetuisee@® Explore the Side-Angle-Side (SAS)
Congruence Criterion
. Given two triangles with two pairs of sides 5 x Z
GENERALIZE congruent and the included angles congruent, ke
~ Consider the relationship between verify that the triangles are congruent. R Ty
corresponding parts of any pair
of congruent triangles. How do the To prove that the triangles are congruent, show that a rigid motion
_ corresponding sides and angles maps ARST to AXYZ.
compare to each other? ae X Z
Translate ARST so ie ees
point 5 maps to point Y. Roo-~------ “ST Y=S’
R’ Ts

Since the translation maps S to Y, Y = 8’,

X =R’
|Me zo
Sey ot Rotate AR’S T;about
ed Bs point Y, so $’R” coincides
eae Le Gas
es. with YX.
TE

Since rotation preserves length, R’S” = RS = XY, so X = R’.

A = De

Then reflect AR’S’T” re a

across XY. Te hacia
‘ ve a ps
i

'Y a gm

Y
Since reflection preserves angle measure and length, __
mZR"S"T” = MZRST= MZXYZ, so S”T” coincides with YZ.
Additionally, 8”T” = ST= YZ, so Z coincides with 7”.
Because the vertices of AR” S”7” coincide with the vertices of AXYZ,
there exists a rigid motion that maps ARST to AXYZ. By the definition of
congruence, ARST= AXYZ.

CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE

LESSON 4-3 Proving and Applying the SAS and SSS Congruence Criteria 167
 fe) 06 Activity © Assess

EXAMPLE 1 CONTINUED
“

© Try It! 1. What rigid motion or composition of rigid motions shows that
AUVW maps to AXYZ?
V Y

hie, eae

THEOREM 4-3 Side-Angle-Side (SAS) Congruence Criterion

If two sides and the included angle ies 5 ‘ee

of one triangle are congruent to

two sides and the included angle
of another triangle, then the two ae may,
triangles are congruent.
Then... ARST= AXYZ
PROOF: SEE EXAMPLE 1.

THEOREM 4-4 Corresponding Parts of Congruent Triangles are

_ Congruent (CPCTC)

If two triangles are congruent, If... AABC = AXYZ

then each pair of corresponding B X
sides is congruent and each pair of
corresponding angles is congruent.

Then... AB = XY, BC = YZ, AC = XZ,

PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 13. LA
= 2X, 2B ZY and 2G

APPLICATION tb) > ONUIZAR-wep Apply the SAS Congruence Criterion

“nny Ee

Allie cuts two triangles from

a rectangular piece of metal
along the dashed line to
make earrings. How can Allie
show that the earrings are
the same size and shape?

Draw diagrams to represent

the earrings.

Because the sheet is B Opposite sides of

a rectangle, 7 a rectangle have
mZzA =mZC = 90, the same length, so__
so ZA = ZC. A AD =~ BC andAB = CD. ©

By SAS, AABD = ACDB.

By CPCTC, all the corresponding sides and angles of the earrings are
congruent, so the earrings are the same size and shape.
CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE

168 TOPIC 4 Triangle Congruence (=) Go Online |[Link]

 (=) © Activity © Assess

EXAMPLE 2 CONTINUED

© Try It! 2. Given that AB || CD and AB = CD, A B

how can you show that 2B = 2D?

THEOREM 4-5 Side-Side-Side (SSS) Congruence Criterion

If three sides of one triangle are If... B

congruent to three sides of another f 2
triangle, then the two triangles are
congruent. A G
E

PROOF: SEE EXAMPLE 3. Then... AABC = ADEF

PROOF ) OO NUIZAKeD Prove the Side-Side-Side (SSS) Congruence Criterion

Prove the SSS Congruence Criterion. B

fa D
ZX at
lors
Given: AB ~ DE, BC = EF, AC DF
Prove: AABC ~ ADEF A G é

Proof: First, translate AABC so point Then rotate AA’B’C’ about point E
B maps to point E. Since the so the image B’C’ coincides with EF.
translation maps B to E, E = B’. It appears that A’ coincides with D’,
but this needs to be proven.
PC Daa

E=B"
AY

STUDY TIP
Use indirect reasoning to show To show that A’ does coincide with D, assume that A’ does not coincide.
that A” must coincide with D.
Draw A’D. Then A’D is the base
of two isosceles triangles, AFA”D
and AEDA”.

E = B"”

By the Isosceles Triangle Theorem, ZFA’D = ZFDA’ and

ZEA’D = ZEDA’. From the diagram, observe that mzFA’D > mzEA’D
and mZFDA’ < mzEDA’.
mZFA’D > mzZEA’D
Substitute mZFDA” for mZFA’D, and
mZFDA’ > mZEA’”D substitute mZEDA’ for mZEA’D.
mZFDA’ > mzEDA’

This contradicts the observation that zFDA’ < ZEDA”. Therefore, A”

must coincide with D. Since D = A’, E = B’, and F= C”, there exists a
rigid motion that maps AABC to ADEF, so AABC = ADEF.
CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE

LESSON 4-3 Proving and Applying the SAS and SSS Congruence Criteria 169
 {=} © Activity © Assess

EXAMPLE 3 CONTINUED

© Try It! 3. Show that there is a rigid 5

motion that maps APQR
to ASTU. P Q
Hint: Be sure to consider a y
reflection when mapping
R
APQR to ASTU. -

tb) >.¢:4\t28:7 9) Determine Congruent Triangles

A. Which of the following pairs are congruent by SAS or SSS?

Ls?
Congruent by SSS
NG
Congruent by SAS
COMMON ERROR
It may not be enough to identify ; ne
two pairs of congruent sides and
one pair of congruent angles. a eae
Recall that to apply SAS, the
congruent angle pair must be the Congruent by SAS
included angles. Cannot be determined

B. What additional information is needed to show AABC = ADEF by SAS?

By SSS?
{ F l

A ¢
D

To show AABC =~ ADFF by SAS, you need AC ~ DF.

To show AABC =~ ADEF by SSS, you need AC = DF and BC = FF.

© Try It! 4.a. Is ASTU congruent to AXYZ? Explain.

i yo Z

Xx

b. Is any additional information needed to show ADEF = AGHJ

by SAS? Explain.
E

q
dbrtoncernaai
Bane G if

170 TOPIC 4 Triangle Congruence [&) GoOnline |[Link]

 Concept
{=} @ Summary © Assess

» CONCEPT SUMMARY Triangle Congruence Criteria

es Side-Angle-Side (SAS) laos See» Side-Side-Side (SSS)

If... B iota If. Se

AB = DE, BC EF, and zB ZE JK = MN,

JL = MP, and KL = NP
Then... AABC= ADEF
Then... AJKL = AMNP

© Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

1. 1 ESSENTIAL QUESTION Jiale\WVi-le-msy-) For Exercises 6-8, which pairs of triangles are
and SSS used to show that two triangles are congruent by SAS? By SSS?
congruent?

2. Error Analysis Elijah says AABC and ADEF

are congruent by SAS. Explain Elijah’s
error.
B E Le

3. Construct Arguments Suppose PR = ST and

ZP = ZS. Ron wants to prove APQR = ASTU
pea
by SAS. He says that all he needs to do For Exercises 9-11, are the triangles
is show RQ = SU. Will this work? congruent? Explain.
Explain. 9. B
D
4. Reason How would you decide what
theorem to use to prove ZJKL = ZMNP? €
Explain. A
ie
K
10. M N
ae”

J
M
L was 5
I
5. Make Sense and Persevere L
Suppose that JK and LM a U
bisect each other. Is there e W
enough information V
to show that
AJPM = AKPL? M
Explain.

LESSON 4-3 Proving and Applying the SAS and SSS Congruence Criteria 171
 © Tutorial
© PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Multimedia caecum
Scan for (=) © Practice
e itional Exercises Available Online

OPS ea TB) a

12. Error Analysis Zhang says AABC is congruent to 17. Prove AACE is an G
AADC. Explain the error in Zhang’s work. isosceles triangle.
SEE EXAMPLES 1 AND 2

B
AD = CD
AC = AC : : A E
ZDCA = ZBCA ; ;
18. What is mZRTS? Justify your answer.
Therefore, Db SEE EXAMPLES 1 AND 2
AABC = AADC by SAS x
R
E
13. Construct Arguments Given AABC = AXYZ, e°
use a rigid motion to prove Theorem 4-4,
Corresponding Parts of Congruent Triangles D d° i F
are Congruent.
S LE
B Cuno
19. What additional information is needed to show
that APQR = ASTU by SSS? SEE EXAMPLE 3
A ve Z
E U T
14. Mathematical Connections wig ite :
Is AJKL congruent to R Q $
AMNL? Explain. :

20. What additional information is needed to show

that AABC = ADEF? SEE EXAMPLE 3

B B

A F ZN
15. Make Sense and Persevere Why is D
AABC = AGHJ? C

B PB 21. Is ARSV= AUTV? Explain. s r

a J SEE EXAMPLE 4

At Ge ae H
16. Higher Order Thinking Given quadrilaterals
ABCD and LMNO, and AC= LN, how can you 22. Is APQR = APSR? Explain. Q
show that the corresponding angles of the SEE EXAMPLE 4
quadrilaterals are congruent?

172 TOPIC 4 Triangle Congruence (=) Go Online |[Link]

 (=) © Practice © Tutorial
E) PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING —[=Ses

Mixed Review Available Online

© ASSESSMENT PRACTICE
23. Critique Reasoning Kathryn runs from the 26. Which sets of congruent G

| last WA
northwest corner to the southeast corner of a parts are sufficient to J K
rugby field and Mia runs from the northeast conclude that AFGH =
corner to the southwest corner. Mia says she AJKL? Select Yes or No.
ran farther. Is she correct? Explain. F L

: f& io

| FG =JK, GH = KL, FH = JL

PG JK Fie10-7 FHG 721K

_GH = KL, FG = JK, ZFGH = ZJKL

|GH=KI,
FH=I, ZFHG
= LIK
24. Reason Following the route shown, what is 27. SAT/ACT Consider ADEF and APQR. Which
the total distance traveled by the architectural additional piece of information would allow
tour if it ends where it started? What you to conclude that ADEF ~ APQR?
properties and theorems did you use to find
EF
the distance? P

D R Q

@ zD~zP © z<D=zQ
® zEx~zQ © zF~ ZR

28. Performance Task In a marching band show,

Kayden and Latoya start 10 yards apart. Kayden
marches the path in blue and Latoya marches
eo Make Sense and Persevere Justice and Leah the path in green.
both made a triangular scarf. Do the scarves
have the same size and shape? What do A
you notice about the information that is
given?
25 yd

=~ Kayden

36in. 26in.
Part A Are the triangles formed by the paths
| congruent? Explain.
N

Part B Are the angle measures that Kayden

and Latoya turn at points A and B the same?
Explain.

LESSON 4-3 Proving and Applying the SAS and SSS Congruence Criteria 173
 ;
Aj 3 |= | © Activity © Assess

ss) @ EXPLORE & REASON

Are these triangles congruent?

Proving and
Applying the
ASA and AAS 5 cm 5cm /4>
Congruence [Link] 45°
Criteria 65° Be a

A. Make Sense and Persevere Assume the triangles are not

(=) [Link] congruent. What contradictions can you find to contradict your
mar assumption? Explain.
B. Is it sufficient to say that the triangles are congruent because of the
OARhyoctane
congruent triangles by
contradictions you found? Explain.
comparing two angles and
one side.

v4 ESSENTIAL QUESTION How are ASA and AAS used to show that triangles are congruent?

UNDERSTANDING bb) EXAMPLE 1 ; Explore the ASA Congruence Criterion

Ago

How many possible triangles can you determine when given two angles
and the included side of a triangle?
Consider AB, AE, and BG, where AB and AE form
a 25° angle.
Let BG rotate counterclockwise about point B to
form a 68° angle, a 57° angle, and a 45° angle.
The rays will intersect to form some triangles. [Link] B

When mZB changes, the second and third side

lengths and third angle measure always change.

3cm
Side lengths: Side lengths: Side lengths:
LOOK FOR RELATIONSHIPS AX and BX AX’ and BX’ AX" and BX”
Think about how change in one
part of a figure affects the rest of Notice that once the 25° angle, and the side of length 3 cm are set, there is
the figure. Does the result follow exactly one way to complete the triangle with a 68° angle, a 57° angle, or
a pattern? a 25° angle. So for each unique combination of AB, mZA, and mZB, there is
a unique triangle.

© Try It! 1. What is the relationship between AAXB and AAYB?

174 TOPIC 4 Triangle Congruence (=) Go Online |[Link]

 e) © Activity © Assess

THEOREM 4-6 Angle-Side-Angle (ASA) Congruence Criterion

If two angle s of one triangle and M R T

the included side are congruent to
two angles and the included side
of another t riangle, then the two pS L
triangles are congruent.
PROOF: SEE EXAMPLE 2. Then... AMLN = ASRT

neers tb) >.¢:W\t20-~ey Prove the Angle-Side-Angle (ASA) Congruence

Criterion

Given two triangles with two pairs of angles M [ T

congruent and the included sides congruent,
prove the triangles are congruent.
Given: ZLMN = ZRST, ZLNM = ZRTS,
MN = Sl

Prove: AMLN = ASRT

M
se Translate AMLN
to map M to S.
been omen. Al R ai

S=m'k

Rotate AM‘L‘N’ about point $ -

to map MN’ to ST. [Pee asece
es oN N’

RET ?
at
T = N’”

. : Reflect AM’L’N’
S=Me ‘ across ST.
“.

STUDY TIP
When all vertices coincide, Because angle measures are preserved with reflections, ML" coincides
there exists a rigid motion that with SR and N”’L” coincides with TR. The intersection of SR and TR is at both
maps one triangle to the other. R and L”. Since the intersection of two rays is unique, R and L” coincide.
By definition, the triangles are
congruent. Therefore, AMLN = ASRT.

© Try It! 2. Describe a series of J N

transformations that K
shows AJKL = AMNO. (7
M O

LESSON 4-4 Proving and Applying the ASA and AAS Congruence Criteria 175
 © Activity © Assess

APPLICATION ge >@NVI2aKeD Apply the Angle-Side-Angle (ASA) Congruence

Ay gnancnenreeamemectte
Criterion

A technician installs cables from a cell phone tower to the ground. To pass
inspection, both cables must be the same length. Does this installation meet
the cable-length requirement? Explain.

em '
52° 52°

Ree Res Me, %

ce

|)
eT +f

Formulate <= = The ground, tower, and cables form two triangles, AABX and ACBX.

B tower
cable eee Lege ye cable

i C

ela ground

Compute <q All right angles are congruent, so ZAXB= ZCXB. By the Reflexive
Property of Congruence, BX ~ BX. Also, mZABX= 52° and mZCBX= 52°,
so ZABX= ZCBX.
Two angles and the included side of AABX are congruent to two angles and
the included side of ACBX. Therefore, AABX ~ ACBX by ASA.
By CPCTC, AB = CB. So, both cables are the same length.
Interpret <= The cable lengths do meet the inspection requirement.

© Try It! 3.a. Are AJKL and AMNO congruent? Explain.

b. Are AJKL and APQR congruent? Explain.

176 TOPIC 4 Triangle Congruence (©) GoOnline |[Link]

 © Activity © Assess

) D>ONN IA wD Investigate the Angle-Angle-Side (AAS)

Congruence Criterion

Given AABC, is the triangle determined by

ZA, ZB, and the non-included side AC unique?
Assume that AABC is not unique. Then there
must exist ADEF such that AABC # ADEF,
ZA = ZD, ZB= ZE, and AC~ DF.
By the Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem, mzC = 180 — mzZA — mzB
and mZF = 180 -mzD — mZE. Since ZA = zD and ZB = ZE,
mzC = 180 —-mzD-—-mzE=m2ZF, so ZC & ZF.

Therefore, by ASA, AABC = ADEF, and the assumption is false. A unique

triangle is determined by ZA and ZB and the non-included side AC.

© Try It! 4. Using the figures shown, describe K p Q

a sequence of rigid motions that
maps AJKL to AQRP. va ui
a L R

THEOREM 4-7 Angle-Angle-Side (AAS) Congruence Criterion

If two angles and a nonincluded ite V Xx Z

side of one triangle are congruent aia
to two angles and a nonincluded
side of another triangle, then the U Wispit ¥
two triangles are congruent. Then... AUVW ~ AXYZ
PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 16.

bb) >.O:4\I2R2gp Use Triangle Congruence Criteria

A. State whether each pair of triangles is congruent by SAS, SSS, ASA, or
AAS, or if the congruence cannot be determined.

FOMMION ERROR | 7| congruent by SS S

Be careful not to just assume that congruent by ASA

triangles are congruent when
given two pairs of congruent eae
angles and one pair of congruent
sides. The congruent sides must
be corresponding sides. “thea cannot be determined
congruent by AAS
CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE

LESSON 4-4 Proving and Applying the ASA and AAS Congruence Criteria 177
 lr) © Activity © Assess —

EXAMPLE 5 CONTINUED
B. Prove that FH ~ JL. G K

Given: GH = KL, ZGFH = ZKIL, Le Lae

and ZFGH ~ ZJKL

Prove: FH = JL

Statements Reasons

1) ZF= J, ZG ZK,GH&KL | 1) Given

When triangle congruence |
2) AFGH = AJKL 2) AAS applies, you can conclude the |
ete. remaining sides and angles
Be EINER are congruent by CPCTC.

© Try It! 5.a. What additional information is needed ; E

to show AABC = ADFF by ASA? B

b. What additional information is needed

to show AABC = ADEF by AAS? a 0)
A

Ce > ONVI2R ee Determine Congruent Polygons

All sides and angles of ABCD are congruent to the corresponding sides and
USE STRUCTURE
angles of A’B’C’D’. Ils ABCD congruent to A’B’C’D’?
Consider the diagonals of a
polygon. Can any polygon be Each polygon can be divided into two triangles by the diagonals shown.
divided into a figure composed of
triangles? ic a
dg oo
LABC = AA’B'C' YD Up!’ AADC = AA'D'C!
by SAS. by SAS.
A A’

Since AABC = AA’B’C’, there is a rigid motion that maps AABC to AA’B’C’.
Consider this rigid motion applied to AADC. Side AC maps to A’C’ since AC is
shared by both AABC and AADC.
Now suppose that this rigid motion maps D to some
point other than D’. Call that point E. Since AA’D’C’ and
AA'EC’ are congruent to AADC, DADC = AA'EC’.
Since 2C’A’E = L£CA'D', E lies on A’D’. By a similar
argument, E lies on C’D’. So E must be the point D’.
Since the rigid motion that maps AABC to AA’B’C’ also
maps ABCD to A’B’C’D’, ABCD is congruent to A’B’C'D’.

© Try It! [Link] ABCD = EFGH, what is C

the value of x?

178 TOPIC 4 Triangle Congruence (=) Go Online |[Link]

 Concept
le) © Summary Assess

y CONCEPT SUMMARY Triangle Congruence

THEOREM 4-6 Angle-Side-Angle (ASA) THEOREM 4-7 Angle-Angle-Side (AAS)

If... V a tian Z

U Way.

VW& YZ, ZU = ZX, and Z2Vz ZY

MN
= ST, ZM
= ZS, and ZN
= ZT Then... AUVW= AXYZ
Then... AMLN = ASRT

2 Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

1. CUES SE How are ASA For Exercises 5 and 6, find the value of x.
and AAS used to show that triangles are 5. B Q
congruent?
(x
+4) ft /87° it / oa
2. Error Analysis Why is Terrell’s conclusion 40° ¢ 40°>R
P
incorrect? A 9ft 9ft

AB = CD
ZDAB = ZADC
ZCBA = ZBCD “ D

Therefore,
AABD = ACDB by AAS x For Exercises 7 and 8, state whether the

7
triangles are congruent and by which theorem.
oe
3. Reason How can you tell which property of
triangle congruence shows ARST = AUVW?

S
= U Ww
KS
R ih :
V
9. Why is LMNO = PQRS?
4. Make Sense and Persevere Is there a Q
congruence relationship that is sufficient to
M
show that AMNO = ATUV? Explain. R p
:
L
Use V N
S

0 U O

LESSON 4-4 Proving and Applying the ASA and AAS Congruence Criteria 179
 “i

@) PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING

Scan for b&b (=) © Practice © Tutorial
Multimedia ® Additional Exercises Available Online ]

UNDERSTAND

10. Error Analysis Stacy says there is not enough 15. Carpenters build a set of slanted beams
information to prove AACX = ABCX. Explain triangular roof supports,
why Stacy’s statement is incorrect. each with the measurements
shown. How can the
carpenters be sure all the
Given: ZAXC = ZBXC, ZACX = Z BCX slanted beams are the same
Prove: AACX = ABCX in length? SEE EXAMPLES 1-3 Pe

c xX
16. Prove the Angle-Angle-Side Congruence
Criterion. SEE EXAMPLE 4
“B
Not enough information x
Given: 2P = ZS, ZQ = ZT, QR TU
Prove: APQR = ASTU

Q Ii

11. Mathematical
Connections
_—_ —_-
Given WZ || XY
— > P
and WX || ZY, write a
two-column proof to
show WX = YZ. 17. Write a proof. SEE EXAMPLE 5 B
Given: 2A = ZC, BX = DX
12. Use Structure Given G
Prove: AX = CX a
the figure shown, write
a two-column proof to
prove ZCAE = ZCEA.

D
A ie

13. Reason How might you decide what additional 18. Is ABCD = GHJK? Explain. SEE EXAMPLE 6 |
piece of information you need to prove B oo H |
AJKL = ANOM?
K N
ng ISG
a MLoe O
D K
J L

19. If ABCD = EFGH, are all corresponding parts

14. Higher Order Thinking Describe a composition congruent? Explain. SEE EXAMPLE 6
of rigid motions that maps DE to JK, EF to KL,
and 2D to zJ. Why does this composition G
C H
show that there is no angle-side-side B
congruence criterion?
D E
A F

180 TOPIC 4 Triangle Congruence (=) Go Online |[Link]

© PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING BG rice @ sors
Mixed Review Available Online

Nake © ASSESSMENT PRACTICE

20. Look for Relationships * a 23. Given the figure shown, copy and complete the
Climbers want to table to identify the congruent pairs.
determine a halfway
point up a vertical cliff. eva leeyy x
If the top and bottom Ee hel
are parallel, why is ) ZZXY iW y
point P, where the ce
ropes intersect, ZWXZ
halfway up the cliff? eee Zz
XZ ;

wz

21. Use Appropriate Tools Keisha, Dwayne, and 24. SAT/ACT Given ALMN = AQRS, what is the
Lonzell are planning for a new bridge to value of x?
replace the old bridge. The new bridge will
M
start at point B, where Dwayne is standing,
R Q
and end at point C, where Keisha is standing.
Lonzell walks to point D and then walks
parallel to the river until he reaches (2x — 15)°
point EF, where he sees Dwayne and Keisha are ls N S
aligned. Why is the distance from E to B the
length of the new bridge? @ 30 35 ©45 @®60
25. Performance Task Gregory wants to make
four congruent triangular flags using as much
of the rectangular canvas shown as possible.

» Old Bridge

ne. Construct Arguments The Robotics Club wants

to divide their robot battle arena into two
congruent arenas for a tournament. Paxton
says that if they build a wall perpendicular to
and bisecting PO from M, then the arenas will
be congruent. Is Paxton correct? Explain.
Part A Draw and label a diagram to show how
Gregory should cut the fabric.

Part B Explain why the flags are congruent.

Part C Is there another way Gregory can cut

the fabric to make 4 congruent triangular flags
using the same amount of fabric? Explain.

LESSON 4-4 Proving and Applying the ASA and AAS Congruence Criteria 181
 f=) © Activity 7)Assess

a
Congruence in
eg CRITIQUE & EXPLAIN
Seth and Jae wrote the following B c
explanations of why the two 5a ;
Right Triangles triangles are congruent. 2 4 in.
A CE: ; D
4 in. 5 in.
(=) [Link] Seth Jae
aa

There are two pairs of congruent The lengths of BC and EF are 3 in.,
| CAN... identify congruent
right triangles. sides, AB = DE and AC = DF, and since these are 3-4-5 right triangles.
a pair of congruent right angles, There are three pairs of congruent
ZC = ZF. So AABC = ADEF by SSA. sides, AB = DE, AC = DF, and
BC = EF. So AABC = ADEF by SSS.

A. Do you think either student is correct? Explain.

B. Communicate Precisely Describe when you can state that two right
triangles are congruent if you are only given two pairs of congruent
sides and a right angle in each triangle.

74 ESSENTIAL QUESTION What minimum criteria are needed to show that right triangles are congruent?

CONCEPTUAL j
~UNDERSTANDING Co > ONVIIR-ee Investigate Right Triangle Congruence |
gg

When any two pairs of corresponding sides are congruent, can you show
that two right triangles AABC and ADEF are congruent? Explain.
Given that right triangles have one pair of congruent corresponding angles )
with right angles, look to see what else is congruent. |
STUDY TIP
¢ If both pairs of corresponding
legs _ A
To visualize congruent
are congruent, use SAS with AC = DF, D F
corresponding parts, draw copies
ZC = ZF, and BC = EF.
of AABC and ADEF. Then
mark the triangles to show the
congruent relationships.

¢ If one pair of corresponding legs is A

congruent along with the hypotenuses, D F
apply the Pythagorean Theorem to show
that the other pair of corresponding legs
is also congruent. F
Bape AB AC. — /DE2 DEI EF
The right triangles are congruent by SSS.

© Try It! 1. Can you show that two right triangles are congruent when
any one pair of corresponding acute angles is congruent and
any one pair of corresponding legs is congruent? Explain.

i182 TOPIC 4 Triangle Congruence [J Go Online | [Link]

}
 Ea] © Activity © Assess

THEOREM 4-8 Hypotenuse-Leg (HL) Theorem

If the hypotenuse and one leg of If... N

' R P
a right triangle are congruent to
the hypotenuse and leg of another
right triangle, then the triangles M L
are congruent. Q

PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 9. Then... AMNL = APQR

APPLICATION Co > ON 02h 3~e Use the Hypotenuse-Leg (HL) Theorem

Ashton is washing windows using a
10-foot ladder. For the first window,
the ladder reaches the window when
he places the base of the ladder at
the rose bush. How can he determine
where to place the ladder to be sure
it reaches the last window?
The ground, the ladder, and the side
of the house form a right triangle,
COMMON ERROR ARAH. When Ashton moves the
Se Bas ees ladder, there will be another right
must be right triangles in order to triangle, ASBK.
use the HL Theorem. Be sure the
situation, like this one, describes Ashton wants AH = BK. If the two triangles are congruent,
right triangles. then he knows AH = BK by CPCTC.
A B

10 ft 10 ft

R res K

To make sure the triangles are congruent, Ashton

can place the base of the ladder so that RH = SK.

If RH = SK, then ARAH ~& ASBK by the HL Theorem.

Thus, by placing the base of the ladder the same distance away from the
house as the rose bush, the ladder will reach the last window.

© Try It! [Link] information is needed in order to apply the Hypotenuse-

Leg (HL) Theorem?

LESSON 4-5 Congruence in Right Triangles 183

 j
) CO rain, | 15055

PROOF () EXAMPLE 3} Write a Proof Using the Hypotenuse-Leg (HL)

ree Theorem
Write a proof to show that a triangle is isosceles.

Given: FD | AB, FE 1 AC, AE ~ AD, FC

= FB

Prove: AABC is isosceles.

A

Statement Reason

1) FD 1 AB, FE 1 AC 1) Given
2) mZFDA = mZFDB = 90, 2) Def. of L
mZFEA = mZFEC = 90
3) AFEA, AFDA, AFEC, and 3) Def. of rt. triangle
LOOK FOR RELATIONSHIPS AFDB are rt. triangles
Consider what properties can be 4) AE~AD 4) Given
used to identify congruent parts _ =
in two triangles. What property 5) AF = AF 5) Refl. Prop. of Congruence
shows that a common side is 6) AFEA ~ AFDA 6) HL Theorem
congruent to itself? 7) EF = DF 7) CPCTC
8) FC = FB 8) Given
9) AFDB = AFEC 9) HL Theorem
10) ZECF = 2DBF 10) CPCTC
11) AC AB 11) Converse of Isosc. Triangle Thm.
12) AABC is isosceles. 12) Def. of isosc. triangle

© Try It! 3. Write a proof to show that two triangles are congruent.
Given: JL 1 KM, JK ~ LK
Prove: AJKM = ALKM
K

184 TOPIC 4 Triangle Congruence (=) GoOnline |[Link]

E
 Concept
1o) Summary Assess

ay CONCEPT SUMMARY Congruence of Right Triangles

Triangle congruence theorems apply to right triangles.

Hiae)ia\/e-ecem> Side-Angle-Side (SAS) eNom» Angle-Side-Angle (ASA)

ie P If... D
N B

we
M O pak
A G
Q R E F
MN =~PQ and NO QR BC = EFand zC~z ZF
Then... AMNO = APQR Then... AABC = ADEF

13¢)134\)- yam Angle-Angle-Side (AAS) We) afc» Hypotenuse-Leg (HL) Theorem

lta: i} if: Xx
H ip

G age 5 ae U
K L ia Z

Gl zJLand Zl ZL Then... ASTU = AXYZ

Then... AGH/ = AJKL

2 Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

1: What minimum What information is needed to prove the triangles are
criteria are needed to show that right congruent using the Hypotenuse-Leg (HL) Theorem?
triangles are congruent? 5 Pp

2. Error Analysis Yama stated that « t R

AKLM = APLN by the HL Theorem. M
What mistake did Yama make? Q
N 6. U

K ; P T 5 V
M What information would be sufficient to show the
two triangles are congruent by the Hypotenuse-Leg
3. Use Structure What are the three conditions (HL) Theorem?
that two triangles must meet in order to 7. A D F
apply the HL Theorem? Raa Sota
4. Reason The HL Theorem is a side-side-angle C 8 B F
theorem for right triangles. Why does it 8
prove congruence for two right triangles 3 u
but not prove congruence for two acute i
triangles or for two obtuse triangles? Pp R
8
>

LESSON 4-5 Congruence in Right Triangles 185

©) PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Multimedia
can for a
a6
(=) Practice
© worn Tutoria |

Additional Exercises Available Online| :

UNDERSTAND PRACTICE

9. Construct Arguments Follow the steps to prove For Exercises 13-16, you are given a theorem
the HL Theorem. N and a congruence statement. What additional
Given: Right triangles AMNL information is needed to prove that the triangles
and APOR, MN = PQ, are congruent? SEE EXAMPLE 1
ML = PR M L 13. By using ASA, given A B
Prove: AMNL = APQR P 4 AC = EF
e Show that there is a rigid 14. By using AAS, given
motion that maps L to R and ZB~zzD C
M to Pso that N’ andQ _ ; D E
are on opposite sides of PR. 2 15. By using SAS, given
AB = DE
e Then show that APQN’ is isosceles.
16. By using HL, given
e Show that AM’‘N’L’ = APQR, J
CB = DF
so AMNL = APQR.
For Exercises 17-18, what information would be
10. Mathematical Connections Consider the figures. sufficient to show that the triangles are congruent
by the HL Theorem? SEE EXAMPLE 2
eT L
Ge: ae Si bis ae ‘
; y 114° 15 oH .
M G K

Describe the steps you would have to take L

before you could use the HL Theorem to prove
AGHJ = AKLM. 18. A D E
11. Error Analysis Mohamed D s wT go
C B F
wrote the paragraph proof
to show that ADEG ~ AEFG. For Exercises 19-20, write a proof using the
What mistake did he make? G F HL Theorem to show that the triangles are
congruent. SEE EXAMPLE 3
19. Given: AB = CB, B
ADEG and AEFG are right triangles. AC 1 DB
The figure shows DE = EF, AND Prove: AABD ~ ACBD
EG = EG by the Reflexive Property.
Therefore, by the HL theorem,
ADEG = AEFG. | x
A C
D

:
12. Higher Order Thinking Suppose AABC is ee EF
20. Given: midpoi
GH, GG isis the the midpoint
=GH, of EJ
EJ
an equilateral triangle. Use the HL Theorem Prove: AEFG = AGHJ
to explain why any segment perpendicular re H
to a side from the opposite
vertex produces two congruent 5 eo eS
triangles. Would the same be true
if AABC were an isosceles y i G i
triangle that was not
equilateral? Explain.

186 TOPIC 4 Triangle Congruence (=) Go Online |[Link]

) PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING
(=) © Practice © Tutorial
el

Mixed Review Available Online

© ASSESSMENT PRACTICE
21. Make Sense and Persevere Part of a truss bridge 24. Match each set of congruence statements with
consists of crossbeam KM and a perpendicular the theorem that can be used to prove that the
beam LN. What beams could an engineer two triangles are congruent.
measure in order to show AKLN = AMLN using
the HL Theorem?
| |

i sa 5
l. PQ~STand QU=TR A. ASA
Il. PUxSRand QU=TR B. AAS
Ill. QU2TRand ZU = ZR C. SAS
IV. QU TRand zP~ zS D. HL
25. SAT/ACT Which statement proves the triangles
are congruent using the HL Theorem?
. Construct Arguments Raul wants to verify that
the steps built by a carpenter are uniform by
checking that AABC = ACDE. The carpenter
assures him they are because AB = CD kx
A G ee
and BC = DE. F

a. Explain why Raul cannot use the HL Theorem @®ZA zD © 2B\= ZF

to prove AABC = ACDE.
® AB
=~DF © AC = DE
b. Is there another theorem that Raul can apply
to prove AABC = ACDE? If so, state the 26. Performance Task Holly makes the origami
theorem. If not, explain why not. figure shown. Assume that every angle that
appears to be a right angle is a right angle.

Part A What can Holly measure so that

. Communicate Precisely What are the fewest
she can use the HL Theorem to prove that
measurements that a homeowner could make
AABG = ACBG?
to be certain that the front windows shown
below are congruent? Part B Holly measures to find that HK = DE and
HJ = EC. |s it possible for her to apply the HL
Theorem to prove that AJHK = ACED? Explain.

Part C Choose two other triangles on the

figure. Describe what Holly could measure to
prove the triangles are congruent by using
the HL Theorem.

LESSON 4-5 Congruence in Right Triangles 187

 4-6
(aeatelat clive: Hal
() EXPLORE & REASON
Look at the painting shown.

Overlapping
Triangles

(=) [Link]
el

| CAN... use triangle

congruence to solve problems
with overlapping triangles.

A. How many triangles can you find?

B. Make Sense and Persevere What strategy did you use to count the
triangles? How well did your strategy work?

3 ae. Bal a
> ESSENTIAL QUESTION Which theorems can be used to prove that two overlapping triangles are
2 congruent?
CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING Ce >.ONVI202ee Identify Corresponding Parts in Triangles
Oyso

Figure ABCD is a rectangle with diagonals AC and A D

BD. Why is it important to identify corresponding parts
of overlapping triangles? ; a

Consider AABC and ADCB. Identify the corresponding sides and angles in
the two triangles by first determining congruent parts.

Two segments, AB and DC, have the same length.

A Dana D BC and CB isa

common side in
B CB C both triangles.

Two angles, ZABC and ZDCB, are right angles.

Use what you know about congruent parts to identify the corresponding
vertices. Then use the corresponding vertices to identify the corresponding
angles and sides.
COMMON ERROR , Corresponding angles: Corresponding sides:
Be careful to name corresponding Se =
segments correctly. While panera Coe Bae
BC is congruent to itself, BC ZCBA and 2BCD CB and BC
corresponds to CB in the two ZBAC and 2CDB BA and CD
triangles. Once you identify the corresponding angles and sides, you can determine if
the triangles are congruent.
CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE

188 TOPIC 4 Triangle Congruence (=) Go Online |[Link]

 (=) © Activity © Assess

EXAMPLE 1 CONTINUED

© Try It! [Link] are the corresponding sides and H

angles in AFHJ and AKHG?

bb) :¢:4\I28:e» Use Common Parts of Triangles

Is ZEGD = ZEFH?

D B

F G
ee
Since DE = HE, Z\DEH is
isosceles, and therefore
H JAD) Alal.

Since FG = FG and DF = HG, DG =HF

by the Segment Addition Postulate.

Because DE = HE, ZD ~ ZH, and DG = HF AEDG = AFHF by SAS. By CPCTC,

ZEGD = ZEFH.

© Try It! 2. Are

VW and ZY congruent? Explain. / y \

V Zz

Co >ONVIZRKeD Prove That Two Triangles Are Congruent

Write a proof to show that ABFE is congruent to ACEF.
Given: AB ~ DC, AF= DE, and ZA = zD B C
Prove: ABFE = ACEF

Proof: Given that AF = DE and FE = FE, AE= DF by A D

MAKE SENSE AND PERSEVERE the Segment Addition Postulate. Since F eg
There are often multiple ways to AB =~ DC and ZA =~ 2D, AABE = ADCF by SAS.
complete a proof. How could you
use SSS triangle congruence in This means that by CPCTC, BE = CF and ZBEA = ZCFD. Therefore, by SAS,
this proof? ABFE = ACEF.

© Try It! 3. Write a proof to show that ASRV =~ ATUW.

LESSON 4-6 Congruence in Overlapping Triangles 189

 (=) © Activity © Assess

1
APPLICATION
\Ca
Q)}SENTZEZD separate Overlapping Triangles
A city runs three triangular bus routes to various attractions. How can
you draw a separate triangle for each route? Are any of the routes the
same length?

Science Museum

Concert Hall History Museum

Art Museum

Football
Stadium 4

Green Route Stops: Purple Route Stops: Red Route

Science Museum Water Park Football St
Theater Art Museum Zoo
History Museum Concert Hall Theater
Zoo Science Museum Science MI
Rose Garden Zoo Rose Gard
Science Museum Water Park Football St

Use the map and the list of locations for each route to help you draw the
triangles. Add length and angle information to your diagrams.
STUDY TIP 24km
When drawing each triangle, you a4 k 3.5km 3.9km 4.4km
might find it helpful to cover the ine 35\on
parts of the diagram that you are 79 km
not using. A

By HL, the triangles representing the green route and the red route
are congruent. Therefore, the green route and the red route are the
same length.

© Try It! 4.A new route will stop at the History Museum, Water Park, Zoo,
Science Museum, and Theater. Draw a triangle to represent
the new route. Include any length or angle information that is
given in the diagram.

|
|

190 TOPIC 4 Triangle Congruence (=) Go Online | [Link]

 Concept
& Summary © Assess
y CONCEPT SUMMARY Congruence in Overlapping Triangles

All congruence criteria can be applied to overlapping triangles.

THEOREM 4-5 THEOREM 4-7 Me)tiy eer)

Side-Side-Side (SSS) Angle-Angle-Side (AAS) Hypotenuse-Leg (HL) Theorem
If... L Ifans A ites W />X
Vie ay
M Ki
K B

; D
Then... AVXT= AYWZ

Then... AKLM = AMJK and G

ALMJ = AJKL Then... AABD ~ ACBF

%) Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

a M7 ESSENTIAL QUESTION JAW iallag 5. What are the corresponding sides and
theorems can be used to prove two angles in AWXV and AXWY?
overlapping triangles are congruent?

N. Construct Arguments How G

could you prove that
AACD = AECB? B D

In Exercises 6-9, name a B G

side or angle congruent to
A E
each given side or angle. , .
Ww. Error Analysis Nicholas wrote F
a proof to show that rE
AEFD = ADGE. Explain
Nicholas’s error. Is it possible to

EG
prove the triangles congruent?
Explain.

Q)
J
Since EF = DG, ZF = ZG, and
ED = ED, by SAS, AEFD = apee Xx For Exercises 10 and 11, name a theorem that
can be used to prove that each pair of triangles

mx
is congruent.
10. AGJL and AKHL 11. ANQM and APMQ

. Use Structure ey G H J K Be P
Quadrilateral JKLM
is a rectangle. Which
triangles are congruent
7 ea
M
to AJKL? Explain. L

LESSON 4-6 Congruence in Overlapping Triangles 191

 © Practice © Tutorial
PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING
Scan for b (=)
Multimedia | @
Additional Exercises Available Online

UNDERSTAND

12. Construct Arguments Write a proof to show 16. What are the corresponding parts of ACAE and
that AF = GB. AADAB? SEE EXAMPLE 1

Se
C a oe D

For Exercises 17-20, identify which side or angle is

congruent to each given part. SEE EXAMPLE 2

17. ZIGK G H
A G E J
18.
13. Mathematical Connections Explain why
AABF = AGDE.
‘ XG
C m— ~

B D 198 N
N=
20. S|
A G F & N

14. Error Analysis Dyani wrote X Y ~<

—

a proof to show that =<

ZXWY = ZYZX. What is
her error? 21. Write a proof to show triangles AMRO and
APQN are congruent. SEE EXAMPLE 3
M N O P

Since ZWXZ = ZZYW,

ZXZW = ZYWX, and XW = YZ, by
AAS, AXWZ = AYWZ. Therefore,
by CPCTC, ZXWY = ZYZX. x R Q
22. Write a proof to show A O
that ABCE = ACBD.
SEE EXAMPLE 3
15. Higher Order Thinking Hexagon ABCDEF
is a regular hexagon with all sides and
angles congruent. List all sets of congruent
E D
triangles with vertices that are also vertices
of the hexagon, and list all sets of congruent
C B
quadrilaterals with vertices that are also
vertices of the hexagon. 23. Draw separate B
diagrams showing C
A\AEC and ADBG. A
SEE EXAMPLE 4 D

192 TOPIC 4 Triangle Congruence (=) Go Online |[Link]

= SS
E) PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING (=) © Practice © Tutorial

Mixed Review Available Online

© ASSESSMENT PRACTICE
24. Construct Arguments Parker wants to place 27. Which statements are true? Select all
red trim along the seams, AC and BD, of a patio that apply.
umbrella. He assumes they are the same length.
K
Is he correct? Explain.

J L
N M

@®KN&KL © ZKIN
= ZKLM
® AKMJ = AKNL © MJ
=NL

28. SAT/ACT Which theorem could you use to

prove AABD ~ ADCA?

B C
25. Reason A student is checking whether
the design she drew is symmetric. Can she
determine whether MN and PN are the same A D
length? Explain.
@ SAS © sss
AAS © AAA
29. Performance Task The diagram shows running
trails at a park.

26. Look for Relationships The support for a drop

tower ride is shown in the diagram. What is
the width of the support? Round to the nearest
hundredth. PartA Lucy ran the triangular route represented
by ABDF. Kaitlyn starts from point H and
wants to run the same distance as Lucy. What
fc
triangular route can Kaitlyn run? Explain.
net Wy re laa
By! 287 a A eT

‘4@) @ @ ro a Part B Draw separate triangles to represent

ee A ke Ss the routes the two girls ran. Label as many
VZV NTN side lengths and angle measures as you can
NV Ais m/l | determine.

Part C Can you determine the distances that

the girls ran? Explain.

LESSON 4-6 Congruence in Overlapping Triangles 193

 Topic Review
4 TOPIC ESSENTIAL QUESTION

1. What relationships between sides and angles of triangles can be used to

prove triangles congruent?

Vocabulary Review
Choose the correct term to complete each sentence.
e base
2. Figures that have the same size and shape are said to be
e base angle
° congruence
3. The side of an isosceles triangle that is opposite the vertex is called
transformation
the ;
4. Arigid motion is sometimes called a because it maps * congruent
a figure to a figure with the same shape and size. e leg
5. The legs of an isosceles triangle form an angle called e vertex
the

Concepts & Skills Review

LESSON 4-1 Congruence

Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving

Two figures are congruent if there is a rigid For Exercises 6 and 7, determine if Figure A

OO
motion, or sequence of rigid motions, that maps and Figure B are congruent. If so, describe the
one figure to the other. sequence of rigid motions that maps Figure A to
Figure B. If not, explain.
Example
Figure 1 is translated right to form Figure 2. Are

He
the figures congruent?

1 2

Yes, a translation is a congruence transformation.

8. Reason If a figure is reflected across the same
line twice, is the resulting image congruent
to that figure? Explain.

194 TOPIC 4 Triangle Congruence [=] Go Online |[Link]

LESSON 4-2 Isosceles and Equilateral Triangles

Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving

Two sides of a triangle are congruent if and Find the unknown angle measures for each
only if the angles opposite those sides are triangle.
also congruent. 9. H 10. L
A line that bisects the vertex angle of an
isosceles triangle is the perpendicular bisector
of the opposite side. G for M
Q N D
Example /
What is the measure of 2C?
11. Use Structure A zipper bisects the vertex of
B the front of the tent, which is in the shape of
an equilateral triangle, forming two triangles.
What are the angle measures of the resulting
triangles?

[\
A G
zipper
The sides opposite ZA and ZC are congruent, so
ZA = ZC; MZA is 75°, so MZC is 75°.
=
a
>
is
[aa
Proving and Applying the SAS and SSS Congruence Criteria s

=
a.
Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving ie)
eal

Two triangles are congruent if two sides and the Which pairs of triangles are congruent by SAS or
included angle of one triangle are congruent to SSS? Explain.
two sides and the included angle of the other 12. A
triangle (SAS).
Two triangles are congruent if three sides of one
triangle are congruent to three sides of the other
triangle (SSS).
Corresponding parts of congruent triangles are 13. G
congruent (CPCTC).

Example
F H
Show that the triangles are congruent.
14. Make Sense and Persevere The paths of a
ping-pong ball during two separate serves
intersect at the center of the table. How
many pairs of congruent triangles can you
find?

They are congruent by SAS, because they have

two pairs of congruent sides and the included
angles are vertical angles and so are congruent.

TOPIC 4 Topic Review 195

 Proving and Applying the ASA and AAS Congruence Criteria

Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving

Two triangles are congruent if two angles of one State whether each pair of triangles is congruent
triangle and the included side are congruent to by SAS, SSS, ASA, AAS, or the congruence
two angles and the included side of the other cannot be determined. Justify your answer.
triangle (ASA). 15. 16.

Two triangles are congruent if two angles and a

nonincluded side of one triangle are congruent
to two angles and a nonincluded side of the
other triangle (AAS).
17. Generalize Are two triangles with two
pairs of congruent angles and one pair
Example of congruent sides always congruent?
Show that the triangles are congruent. Explain.
18. Make Sense and Persevere Are the triangles
congruent? If they are, by which congruence
criterion? Explain.

They are congruent by ASA because they have

two pairs of congruent angles that have a
congruent side between the angles.

LESSON 4-5 Congruence in Right Triangles

Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving

If the hypotenuse and one leg of a right Prove that the pair of triangles is congruent.
triangle are congruent to the hypotenuse and 19.
leg of another triangle, then the triangles are
congruent (HL).

Example
Show that the triangles are congruent.
20. Communicate Precisely Triangle ABC is an
isosceles triangle with the vertex bisected
by a line segment. Draw the triangle and
prove that the resulting triangles are
congruent.

They are congruent by HL because the triangles

are right triangles, and the hypotenuses and
one pair of legs are congruent.

196 TOPIC 4 Triangle Congruence (©) Go Online |[Link]

LESSON 4-6 Congruence in Overlapping Triangles

Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving

If two triangles are overlapping, all congruence For Exercise 21, prove that the pair of triangles
criteria—AAS, ASA, HL, SAS, and SSS—can still be is congruent. For Exercise 22, which pairs of
applied. triangles are congruent? Explain.
To identify congruent overlapping triangles, first 21. 22. A F
identify the parts of each triangle. Then test if
any of the congruence criteria hold. x 3x
E B

Example G
Given rectangle ABCD, how can you prove that " D C
ZADB = ZBCA?

23. Make Sense and Persevere Describe

where to place point E along AC such that
AABD = ACBE. Then explain why the
triangles are congruent.
B
Opposite sides of a rectangle are congruent,
so AD ~ BC. All right angles are congruent, so
ZDAB = Zz CBA. By the Reflexive Property, =
AB = BA. Thus, AADB = ABCA by SAS, and =
=
ZADB = ZBCA by CPCTC. A G fay
[a2
bs

=a
O
oe

TOPIC 4 Topic Review 197

 Relationships in
Triangles
4 TOPIC ESSENTIAL QUESTION

How are the sides, segments, and angles of triangles related?

Topic Overview Topic Vocabulary

enVision™ STEM Project altitude
Find the Center of Mass centroid
5-1 Perpendicular and Angle Bisectors circumcenter

5-2 Bisectors in Triangles circumscribed

concurrent
Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts:
Making It Fair equidistant
incenter
5-3 Medians and Altitudes
inscribed
5-4 Inequalities in One Triangle
median
5-5 Inequalities in Two Triangles orthocenter
point of concurrency

Digital Experience
LESSON ESSENTIAL QUESTION

©
LESSON VOCABULARY

COMMON CORE STATE STANDARDS

INTERACTIVE STUDENT EDITION
Access online or offline.

6
LESSON OVERVIEW Pd
Model & Discuss >
ACTIVITIES Complete Explore & Reason,
xample1 >
Find Equidistant Points
Model & Discuss, and Critique & Explain
activities. Interact with Examples and Try Its.

© ANIMATION View and interact with

real-world applications.

(=) Go online |[Link]

Gat A
© PRACTICE Practice what
you've learned.

198 TOPIC5 Relationships in Triangles

 .T7 > oe
- Lay
ri 2
= 40 2 Gili

In rural areas, county planners often work with local officials from a
number of small towns to establish a regional medical center to serve all
of the nearby communities.
Te)
County planners might also establish regional medical evacuation centers =Au
to transport patients with serious trauma to larger medical centers. The O
=
locations of these regional centers are carefully planned. Think about this
during the Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts lesson.

ete 2 a ee

‘on » Watch clips to support GLOSSARY Read and listen to

i y Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts Lessons English and Spanish definitions.
and enVision™ STEM Projects.
© TUTORIALS Get help from
Review Virtual Nerd, right when you need it.
key lesson content through
multiple representations. MATH TOOLS Explore math
with digital tools and manipulatives.
© ASSESSMENT Show what
you've learned.

TOPIC 5 Relationships in Triangles

 3 ee ee . . O*
TOPIC5 PROJECT -envision Saad

An object's cen is If the

the single point at which its ; is too far
mass is evenly dispersed and forward, drag
the object is in balance. increases and the
airplane uses more
When an object is moving ey
within Earth's gravitational 5:
field, the object's center of hs If the
mass is sometimes called its Sie per s is too far
center of gravity. pe SS 8 ‘ back, the airplane
Ww, : loses stability.

Athletes adjust their

to maximize performance.

In this project, you and your classmates will find the center of mass for
a triangular object using mathematics. You will also find the center of
mass for an irregular object through experimentation.

200 TOPICS enVision STEM Project -

 o-1
& © Activity © Assess

ORO saeaces
Perpendicular A new high school will be built for Brighton and Springfield. The location of
a ee the school must be the same distance from each middle school. The distance
an heLh between the two middle schools is 18 miles.
Bisectors

: Micdle :
(=) [Link] ;
|ee

a
j
coo |
| CAN... use perpendicular
and angle bisectors to solve
problems.

VOCABULARY
* equidistant A. Trace the points for the schools on a piece of paper. Locate a new point
that is 12 mi from each school. Compare your point with the points
of other students. Is there more than one location for the new high
school? Explain.
B. Reason Can you find locations for the new high school that are the same
distance from each middle school for any given distance? Explain.

oa ceri What is the relationship between a segment and the points on its
perpendicular bisector? Between an angle and the points on its bisector?

-_ CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING
\qusnennmenmnsssmmecenmmeninnnnaemesnan>>
QR ¢NUigaD Find Equidistant Points
How can you find points that are equidistant from the endpoints of AB?
What do you notice about these points and their relationship with AB?

A point that is the same distance from two points is from the points.

"Use a compass to draw £ | The points where

~ _ intersecting pairs of arcs ~ - . _ the arcs intersect are
COMMON ERROR centered at A and B. equidistant from A and B.
Be sure not to change the
compass setting when drawing B
each pair of intersecting arcs
: from each endpoint. The four points appear to be collinear.
Draw line € through the points.

The points that are equidistant from A and B appear to lie on line 7. Line 7
appears to be perpendicular to and bisect AB in the same plane as AB. You
can use a ruler and a protractor to support this hypothesis.

© Try It! 1. Draw a pair of fixed points, and find points that are equidistant
from the two fixed points. Draw a line through the set of
equidistant points. Repeat this process for several pairs of fixed
points. What conjecture can you make about points that are the
same distance from a given pair of points?

LESSON 5-1 Perpendicular and Angle Bisectors 201

 ;

=) © Activity © Assess

7
THEOREM 5-1 Perpendicular Bisector Theorem
4
If a point is on the perpendicular If... e
bisector of a segment, then it is iP
equidistant from the endpoints of
the segment.
Xx

PROOF: SEE EXAMPLE 2. Then... PX = PY

THEOREM 5-2 Converse of the Perpendicular Bisector Theorem

If a point is equidistant from the If... e

endpoints of a segment, then it is E
on the perpendicular bisector of
the segment.
x QO YX

PROOF: SEE EXAMPLE 2 TRY IT. Then... XQ = YQ and PO LX

PROOF Ce >. I282~4ey Prove the Perpendicular Bisector Theorem

es

Prove the Perpendicular Bisector Theorem. e

Given: 7 is the perpendicular bisector of XY. e
Prove: PX = PY
x Yj
Proof: Q

All right angles are

congruent, so ¢

eerie if a line is a eet E Bye Clever

perpendicular bisector of a Cone eee
segment, you can conclude two
things: the line is perpendicular A Q
to the segment, and it bisects
the segment. ; vw
Since € is the perpendicular bisector of XY,
Q is the midpoint of XY, and XQ = YQ.

By SAS, AXQP = AYQP. Therefore, PX ~ PY by CPCTC, so PX = PY.

© Try It! 2. Prove the Converse of the Perpendicular Bisector Theorem.

e
i
ge

202 TOPIC5 Relationships in Triangles [=] Go Online |[Link]

 fo] © Activity © Assess

APPLICATION Co >.ONVI2RK MD Use a Perpendicular Bisector

\cunen

Le
Mr. Lee wants to park his ice cream cart on Main Street so that he is
=
_- equidistant from the entrances of the amusement park and the zoo.
Where should Mr. Lee park? How can he determine where to park?

Mr. Lee can use the perpendicular bisector of the segment that connects the
two entrances to find the location.

| Step1 Label the ©

entrances of the
_ amusement park
and zoo as points >»,
=o
_AandZ, and |
STUDY TIP drawlinemfor
_ Main Street. |
You may need to extend a line to ———

find the point where it intersects

with another line. 7 Step3 Mark
|Step 2 Draw AZ, | ~ point 7 where
the perpendicular |
_ and construct the ~ _ bisector and
) PS c line m intersect.
_ bisector. .

| Mr. Lee should park his cart at point T, because it is equidistant from
both entrances.

© Try It! 3. The entrances are 40 feet apart. Mr. Lee decides to move his
cart off the street to the area between Main Street and the
entrances to the amusement park and the zoo. How can you
find where Mr. Lee should park if he must be 30 feet from
both entrances?

LESSON 5-1 Perpendicular and Angle Bisectors 203

 Le) © Activity © Assess

O >E\i2h-- a Apply the Perpendicular Bisector Theorem

What is the value of AD? oe

STUDY TIP
Look for relationships in the 6x — 10 3x +2 By definition,
AC
diagram to help you solve a is the perpendicular
problem. For example, a right eC 11 G 11
D bisector of BD.
angle marker tells you that two
line segments are perpendicular. AB = AD
x
6x — 10 =3x+2
The lengths
;
are ;equal by the
Perpendicular Bisector Theorem.
Skea 2
are

AD = 3(4) +2 Evaluate the expression forAD.

AD = 14

© Try It! 4.a. What is the value of WY? b. What is the value of OL?
x 5n—-2 W 2n+7 y

Ce >.ON 2H Find Equidistant Points from the Sides of an Angle

An airport baggage inspector needs to stand equidistant from two conveyor
belts. How can the inspector determine where he should stand?
Use pairs of corresponding points on each conveyor belt that are the same
distance away from the vertex of the angle. To be equidistant from the
conveyor belts, a point must have the same distance from corresponding points.

Draw the lines

perpendicular from
each pair of
USE APPROPRIATE TOOLS [ ;
corresponding points.
Think about the tools you can use
to make sure that segments are
perpendicular. What tool would The distance between The points of
you use? a point and a line is intersection are
the length of the equidistant from
segment perpendicular each belt and
from the line to appear to be
the point. collinear.

Ray q appears to be the angle bisector. You can use a protractor to support this.
The inspector can determine where to stand by choosing a point on the
angle bisector.

© Try It! 5. Consider two triangles that result from drawing perpendicular
segments from where the inspector stands to the conveyor
belts. How are the triangles related? Explain.

204 TOPIC5 Relationships in Triangles [=] Go Online |[Link]

 (=) © Activity © Assess

THEOREM 5-3 Angle Bisector Theorem

If a point is on the bisector of an If... B

angle, then it is equidistant from
the two sides of the angle. A 5

PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 9. Then... BD = CD

THEOREM 5-4 Converse of the Angle Bisector Theorem

If a point is equidistant from two ite B

sides of an angle, then it is on the
angle bisector. A ,

PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 10. Then... mZBAD = mzCAD

Co D>
ONUI2He Apply the Angle Bisector Theorem

What is the value of KL?

STUDY TIP ; K IL is the angle bisector of ZKJM
To apply the Angle Bisector ims sincemZKIL =m2ZMIL.
Theorem, be sure a diagram L
reflects the necessary J
conditions—angles are marked 4x — 11
as congruent and right angles are M
marked to indicate that segments
are perpendicular to the sides. KL=ML The lengths are equal by the
2x+3=4x-11 Angle Bisector Theorem.
2x= 14
x=/7
KL = 2(7) +3 Evaluate the expression for KL.
KL=17

© Try It! [Link] the figure shown. H

at he? = 7 and mZHol = 25, !
what is mz/GJ?
b. If mzHGJ = 57, mzIGJ=28.5,and © ;
HI = 12.2, what is the value of //?

LESSON 5-1 Perpendicular and Angle Bisectors 205

 --

LE) Sitiniry Bases

Concept

© CONCEPT SUMMARY Perpendicular and Angle Bisectors

THEOREM 5-1 Perpendicular Bisector THEOREM 5-2 Converse of Perpendicular

Theorem Bisector Theorem
Then... Then...

on AN
XM = YM and PX = PY PX RY XM = YM and
PM 1 XY PM 1 XY

11:12°);(9\)s—es» Angle Bisector Theorem las a aoe Converse of Angle Bisector

Theorem

ae
Then... Then...

ZABP = ZCBP AP CP. AP = CP ZABP = ZCBP

© Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

1. 4 ESSENTIAL QUESTION AAWirlacmears 5 JL =AlaeKL = 10,.and
relationship between a segment and the ML = 7, what is JK? ae
points on its perpendicular bisector? J M L
Between an angle and the points on its
Use the figure shown for Exercises 6 and 7.
bisector?
X
2. Vocabulary How can you determine if a point
is equidistant from the sides of an angle?

3. Error Analysis River says that KM is the

bisector of ZLKJ because LM = MJ. Explain 2
the error in River's reasoning.
6. If ZXWY= ZZWY and XY = 4, what is YZ?
L
3 7. If XY = ZY and mMzZZWY
= 18, what is
mZXWZ?
3
J 8. What is an algebraic
expression for the area
4. Construct Arguments You know that AB of the square picture
is the perpendicular bisector of XY, and and frame?
XY is the perpendicular bisector of AB. What
can you conclude about the side lengths of
quadrilateral AXBY? Explain.

206 TOPICS Relationships in Triangles [=] GoOnline| PearsonRealizecom —

©) PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Scan for b =) © Practice © Tutorial
Multimedia | @
Additional Exercises Available Online

UNS) PRACTICE

9. Construct Arguments Write a two-column Use the figure shown for Exercises 14 and 15.
proof for the Angle Bisector Theorem. SEE EXAMPLES 1-3
B
ef ee
10. Construct Arguments Write a paragraph
proof for the Converse of the Angle Bisector
Theorem.
A
11. Reason In the diagram below, AB = BC,
DF = EF, and mzBDF = mZBEF = 90°. Is 14. If AD = 3, AC = 8, and BD = 3, what is the
AADF = ACEF? Justify your answer. perimeter of AABC?

B 15. If BC = 10, AB = 7, and the perimeter of AABC

is 27, what is the value of BD?

Use the figure shown for Exercises 16 and 17.

A F C SEE EXAMPLE 4
B
12. Error Analysis A student analyzed the diagram
and incorrectly concluded that AB = 2BC.
Explain the student's error.

E D

16. If AD = 21, BF= 8, and DF = 8, what is the value

of AB?

17. If EB = 6.2, CD = 3.3, and ED = 6.2, what is the

value of BD?

Use the figure shown for Exercises 18 and 19.

SEE EXAMPLES 5 AND 6
EB is the perpendicular bisector of AD, ¥
so AB = BD. W.
ZBEC = ZDEC, so xX
BC = CD.
Z
BC + CD = BD = AB, and
BC + CD = BC + BC = 2BC, x 18. If MZYXW= 21, YW=5, and WZ =S5, what is
so AB = 2BC. mzZZXY?

19. If MZYXZ= 38, MZWXZ= 19, and WZ = 8.1,

what is the value of YW?
A
13. Higher Order Thinking Describe the process of 20. If CD = 4 and the
constructing the bisector of an angle. Draw a perimeter of AABC is 23,
diagram and explain how this construction can what is the perimeter
be related to the Angle Bisector Theorem. of AABE? eee Ee
21. Given that ZACF = ZECF and C
mZABF = mZEDF = 90, write
a two-column proof to
show that AABF = AEDF.

LESSON 5-1 Perpendicular and Angle Bisectors 207

@) PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING
& © Practice ) Tutorial

Mixed Review Available Online 3

© Mas aiaay anes a

22. Make Sense and Persevere A gardener wants 25. AB is the perpendicular
to replace the fence along the perimeter of bisector of XY. Point P
her garden. How much new fencing will be is the midpoint of XY. | AP =XP |
required? Is each statement
always true? Select Yes AB
= XY |
or No.
| AP = BP.|

| XB =YB |
| AY=XB |

XP
=YP —

26. SAT/ACT Points G, J, and K are not collinear,

and GJ = GK. If Pis a point on JK, which of
23. Look for Relationships An artist uses colored
the following conditions is sufficient to prove
tape to divide sections of a mural. She needs to
that GP is the perpendicular bisector of JK?
cut a piece of paper to cover AFFC while she
works on other sections. What angles should @® JG =PG © Z2GJK = ZGKJ
she cut so she only covers the triangle? mzZGPJ = 90 © PK = PG

27. Performance Task A manufacturer makes

roofing trusses in a variety of sizes. All of
the trusses have the same shape with three
supports, as shown, with ED 1 AB and FD 1 BC.

24. Mathematical Connections A surveyor took

some measurements of a piece of land. The
owner needs to know the area of the land to
determine the value. What is the area of the
piece of land?

Part A One builder needs ZABD and ZCBD to be

congruent for a project. You need to check that 7
a truss meets the builder’s requirement. The only .
tools you have are a measuring tape and asteel |
ee. : \q
square, which is a carpentry tool for measuring
right angles. How can you use these tools to
verify the angles are congruent?

Part B In addition to the requirement of the

first builder, another builder also needs AB and
BC to be congruent as well as AD and DC.
Using the same tools, how can you efficiently
verify that all three pairs are congruent?
Explain.

208 TOPIC5 Relationships in Triangles (=) Go Online |[Link]

oe —
 ey
1?) © Activity © Assess

(») MODEL & DISCUSS

Bisectors in A sporting goods company has three stores in three different towns. They
want to build a distribution center so that the distance from each store to
Triangles the distribution center is as close to equal as possible.

(=) [Link]
el

1 CAN... use triangle

bisectors to solve problems.

VOCABULARY
© circumcenter
e circumscribed
© concurrent
A. Points A, B, and C represent the locations of the three stores. Trace the
e incenter
points on a piece of paper. Locate a point D that appears to be the same
e inscribed
distance from A, B, and C by sight only.
e point of concurrency
B. Communicate Precisely Measure the length from points A, B, and C to
point D on your diagram. Are the lengths equal? If not, can you find a
better location for point D? Explain.
C. What do you think is the quickest way to find the best point D in
similar situations?

What are the properties of the perpendicular bisectors in a triangle?

H ESSENTIAL QUESTION
What are the properties of the angle bisectors in a triangle?

The Concurrency of the Perpendicular Bisectors Theorem explains the

relationship between the perpendicular bisectors of a triangle.

THEOREM 5-5 Concurrency of Perpendicular Bisectors

The perpendicular bisectors of the If...

sides of a triangle are concurrent
at a point equidistant from the
vertices.

PROOF: SEE EXAMPLE 1.

Then... d, f, and g intersect at P
and PA = PB = PC

LESSON 5-2 Bisectorsin Triangles 209

 os
© Activity © Assess

_
aE ORTEERD Prove theorem 5-5 Z
When three or more lines intersect at one point,
the lines are concurrent. The soll ee the Chey Kip
lines intersect is called the point rt
How do you prove the Coneneney etPercendiclitn
Bisectors Theorem?
A op C
Given: AABC with midpoints J, K, and L, and S
perpendicular bisectors q, r, and s.
Prove: Lines g, r, and s are concurrent at a point
that is equidistant from A, B, and C.
B B
COMMON ERROR
Make sure that you prove
everything required to complete
the proof. For this proof, you
need to show both that the lines
are concurrent and that they are
equidistant from the vertices. A ic Cc UA Cc
s

Let P be the point of By the Converse of the _—Pis the point of

intersection of gandr. Perpendicular Bisector concurrency of q, F,
By the Perpendicular Theorem, Palso lies and s. Since PA = PB = PC,
Bisector Theorem, on the perpendicular point P is equidistant
PA = PB, and PB=PC. bisector of AC. from A, B, and C. |
Therefore PA = PC. 3
4
© Try It! 1. Verify the Concurrency of Perpendicular Bisectors Theorem
on acute, right, and obtuse triangles using a straightedge and
compass or geometry software.

CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING tb) eG Nisha Investigate Circumscribed Circles
“ough onesnace

How can you construct a circle that contains the three vertices of a
given triangle?

The circle that contains all three vertices of a triangle is the circumscribed
circle of the triangle.

All points on a circle The vertices of the

are equidistant from triangle must be
the center of the circle. equidistant from the
center of the circle.

By the Concurrency of Perpendicular Bisectors Theorem, the perpendicular

bisectors intersect at a point that is equidistant from the vertices.

CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE

210 TOPIC5 Relationships in Triangles [=] Go Online |[Link]

 (=) © Activity 7)Assess

EXAMPLE 2 CONTINUED

The point of concurrency of the perpendicular bisectors of a triangle is the

circumcenter, so the circumcenter is the center of the circumscribed circle
of the triangle.
COMMUNICATE PRECISELY
When you are learning a new
concept, think about how to Circumcenter

A
explain it in your own words.
How would you explain the
circumcenter of a triangle to fl
another student?
Circumscribed aes
circle
First, construct two
perpendicular bisectors Then construct the
to find the circumcenter. circle centered on the
circumcenter passing
through any vertex.

© Try It! 2. What conjecture can you make about the location of the
circumcenter for acute, right, and obtuse triangles?

APPLICATION ) >.OVtaaoem Use a Circumcenter

\neeencneecencst>

A city manager wants to place a new emergency siren so that it is the same
distance from the school, hospital, and recreation center. Where should the
emergency siren be placed?

Step 1 Label S for Step 2

_ the school, H for the Construct the
_ hospital, and R for perpendicular
_ the recreation center. bisectors of
Connect the points to two of the
form a triangle. sides.

Step 3 Label point F where the

perpendicular bisectors intersect.

The city manager should place the emergency siren at point E, because it is
equidistant to the three locations.

© Try It! 3. If the city manager decided to place the siren so that it is the
same distance from the hospital, school, and grocery store, how
can she find the location?

LESSON 5-2 Bisectors in Triangles 211

 Kay © Activity ) Assess

Another kind of special segment in a triangle is the angle bisector. Like the
perpendicular bisectors of a triangle, the angle bisectors of a triangle also
have a point of concurrency.

THEOREM 5-6 Concurrency of Angle Bisectors

The angle bisectors of the angles of If... Y

a triangle are concurrent at a point “aN
equidistant from the sides of the M N
triangle.

Ny
ye A 2
O

PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 10. Then... j, k, and / intersect at Q and

QM = QN= QO

Co >ON Investigate Inscribed Circles

How can you construct a circle that intersects each side of a given triangle in
exactly one point?
The circle that intersects each side of a triangle at exactly one point and has
no points outside of the triangle is the iinscribed circle of the triangle.

None of the points The sides of the

on thecircle ae l) triangle must be
outside the triangle. oe equidistant from the
center of the circle.
fc]

STUDY TIP By the Concurrency of Angle Bisectors Theorem, the angle bisectors of a
The parts of the word incenter triangle intersect at a point that is equidistant from the sides of the triangle.
can help you remember what it The point of concurrency of the angle bisectors of a triangle is the incenter,
means: it is the center of the circle so the incenter is the center of the inscribed circle of the triangle.
that is inside the triangle.
| Inscribed
Incenter Radius of the circle

inscribed circle

First, construct two Next, construct a Finally, construct the

angle bisectors to perpendicular segment circle centered on the
find the incenter. from the incenter to incenter and passing
any side. through the point of
intersection of the
perpendicular segment
and the side.

© Try It! 4. Do you think the incenter of a triangle can ever be located on
a side of the triangle? Explain.

212 TOPIC 5 Relationships in Triangles (=) GoOnline |[Link]

 (=) © Activity © Assess

bb) >. NUI28-D Identify and Use the Incenter of a Triangle

If QP = 3(x + 1) and RP = 5x — 3, what is the radius of the inscribed
circle of AJKL?
Since KP and LP are angle bisectors of AJKL,
Pis the incenter of AJKL. Therefore, QP = RP.

K
A
Q R

L AY

Step 1 Solve for x.

QP
= RP
3(x +1) =5x-3
3x+3=5x-3
6 =2x
STUDY TIP
Remember that QP = RP, so Xie
evaluating either expression for
Step 2 Find the radius.
X = 3 gives the value of the
radius. Select the expression that RP = 5x —3 The radius of the incircle
is easier to evaluate. mE (3\ 3 is equal to RP.

= 12

The radius of the inscribed circle is 12.

© Try It! 5. Use the figure shown.

A

D
B

a. If mZBAF = 15 and mZCBF= 52, what is mZACF?

b. If EF = 3y — 5 and DF = 2y + 4, what is the distance from F

to AB?

LESSON 5-2 Bisectors in Triangles 213

 Concept
& @ Summary © A
@ CONCEPT SUMMARY Bisectors in Triangles

¥i@dattiye» Perpendicular Bisectors die) sitiiaye» Angle Bisectors

Perpendicular bisectors intersect at the Angle bisectors intersect at the incenter.

circumcenter.

A
B A
The incenter is equidistant
The circumcenter is equidistant from the sides.
from the vertices.

© Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

1. What are the The perpendicular
properties of the perpendicular bisectors in bisectors of AABC are
a triangle? What are the properties of the PT, QT, and RT. Find each
angle bisectors in a triangle? value.
5. AT 6. RC
2. Error Analysis Terrence constructed the
circumscribed circle for AXYZ. Explain
Terrence’s error. Two of the angle B
bisectors of AABC J5
are AP and BP. 12 CoG
Find each value. ah \
7. PK A is
L G
8. Perimeter of AAPL

9. An artist will place a circular piece of stained

glass inside the triangular frame so that the
glass touches each side of the frame. What
is the diameter of the stained glass? Round
to the nearest tenth.
3. Vocabulary What parts of the triangle is the
circumcenter equidistant from? What parts
of the triangle is the incenter equidistant
from?

4. Reason Is it possible for the circumscribed

circle and the inscribed circle of a triangle to
be the same? Explain your reasoning.

214 TOPIC5 Relationships in Triangles (=) Go Online |[Link]

©) PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Scan for
Multimedia
(=) © Practice i) Tutorial

Additional Exercises Available Online

UNDERSTAND PRACTICE

10. Construct Arguments Write a two-column 15. The perpendicular bisectors Q

proof of Theorem 5-6. of AJKL are PT, QT, and RT.
Name three isosceles
11. Higher Order Thinking A right triangle has triangles. SEE EXAMPLE1
vertices X(0, 0), Y(0, 2a), Z(2b, 0). What is
the circumcenter of the triangle? Make a L
conjecture about the diameter of a circle that is Use the diagram below for Exercises 16-18.
circumscribed about a right triangle. Points D, E, and F are the midpoints of the sides
of AABC. SEE EXAMPLES 2 AND 4
12. Error Analysis What is the error that a student
made in finding the perimeter of ADTM?
Correct the error.

16. Which point is the center of a circle that

contains A, B, and C?
17. Which point is the center of a circle that
intersects each side of AABC at exactly
one point?
DT = 34.5, TM = 17, DM = 34.5.
18. The perpendicular bisector of AB is m and the
The perimeter of ADTM is ¢
perpendicular bisector of BC is n. Lines m and
34.5 +17 + 34.5 = 86. x y r
n intersect at T. If TA = 8.2, what is TC?
SEE EXAMPLE 3
Find the values. SEE EXAMPLE 5
13. Mathematical Connections A triangle with
incenter P has side lengths x, y, and z. The
distance from Pto each side is a. Write an
expression for the area of the triangle. Use the
distributive property to factor your expression.

14. Reason Ina right triangle with side lengths of

3, 4, and 5, what is the radius of the inscribed
circle? Show your work. (Hint: Let r be the radius. 19°EG 20. GF
Label the lengths of each segment formed by If XY = 24, XZ = 22, and JQ = 5, find the values.
the perpendiculars to the sides.) Round to the nearest tenth.

21. The radius of the circumscribed circle of AXYZ

22. QK

LESSON 5-2 Bisectors in Triangles 215

@ PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING
© ASSESSMENT PRACTICE
23. Model With Mathematics A maintenance crew 26. In AABC, AB has midpoint M, and 7 is the
wants to build a shed at a location that is the perpendicular bisector of AB and the angle
same distance from each path. Where should bisector of ZACB. Which of the following must
the shed be located? Justify your answer with a be true? Select all that apply.
diagram. ® The radius of the inscribed circle of AABC
is AM.
AC = CB "

© Both the circumcenter and incenter of AABC

are on ?@.
© The circumcenter of AABC is inside the
triangle.

27. SAT/ACT Circle

O intersects AB only at F, BC
only at G, and AC only at H. Which equation
is true?

® AH = AC © OF=OC

24. Reason What is the area of the patio not mZOFB = 90 © zBAO = ZABO
covered by the sunshade? Round to the © OB=OC
nearest tenth, and explain how you found
your answer. 28. Performance Task Edison High School is
designing a new triangular pennant. The school
mascot will be inside a circle, and the circle
must touch each side of the pennant. The circle —
should fill as much of the pennant as possible.

Part A Using a straightedge and compass,

25. Make Sense and Persevere A ball manufacturer draw at least 4 different types of triangles for
wants to stack three balls, each with an the pennant. Construct an inscribed circle in
8-centimeter diameter, in a box that is an each triangle.
equilateral triangular prism. The diagram
Part B Make a table about your pennants.
shows the dimensions of the bases. Will
Include side lengths, type of triangle, circle
the balls fit in the box? Explain how
radius and area, triangle area, and ratio of
you know.
circle area to triangle area.

Part C What type of triangle do you

7.8cm
recommend that they use? Justify your answer.

oe

216 TOPIC5 Relationships in Triangles (=) Go Online |[Link]

MATHEMATICAL
MODELING
IN 3 ACTS

(=) [Link]
Seas

© Making It Fair
In rural areas, county planners often work with local officials from a number
of small towns to establish a regional medical center to serve all of the
nearby communities.
County planners might also establish regional medical evacuation centers
to transport patients with serious trauma to larger medical centers. The
locations of these regional centers are carefully planned. Think about this
during the Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts lesson.

Scan for
Multimedia Identify the Problem

1. What is the first question that comes to mind after watching the video?
2. Write down the main question you will answer about what you saw in
the video.
3. Make an initial conjecture that answers this main question.
4. Explain how you arrived at your conjecture.
5. What information will be useful to know to answer the main question?
How can you get it? How will you use that information?

i\esuyem Develop a Model

6. Use the math that you have learned in this Topic to refine your
conjecture.

\esuKe Interpret the Results

7. Did your refined conjecture match the actual answer exactly? If not,
what might explain the difference?

TOPIC 5 Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts 217

 oer.
Medians and
Ee CRITIQUE & EXPLAIN

Aisha wrote the following explanation of the relationships

in the triangle.
Altitudes +

I can see that ZTVY = ZYVU, ZVUX = ZXUT,

(=) [Link] and ZUTZ = ZZTV because TZ, VY, and UX Y
bisect the sides opposite each vertex. -
By the Concurrency of Angle Bisectors U
| CAN... find the points of a nin i 7 : a 7
concurrency for the medians SO ea rb aot V
of a triangle and the altitudes
of a triangle.
aa te ; 5
VOCABULARY A. Why is Aisha’s explanation not correct?
e altitude B. Communicate Precisely What can you do in the future to avoid Aisha’s
e centroid mistake?

e¢ median
e orthocenter .

¢ g lmtes . “
>) reer tmeticretnt What are the properties of themedians in a triangle? What are the
% properties of the altitudes in a triangle?

Co ON i2h-eeD Identify Special Segments in Triangles

What are the a/titude and median that are shown in AADC?
An altitude is a perpendicular segment from a vertex of a triangle to the
line containing the side opposite the vertex. A median of a triangle is
a segment that has endpoints at a vertex and the midpoint of the side
opposite the vertex.

STUDY TIP _AE is the altitude

Recall that if congruence marks perpendicular to DC.
are not on a diagram, you cannot BD is the median
assume congruence. that bisects side AC.
------sy>
E D G

© Try It! 1. Use the figure shown. C

a. What are the altitude and median
that are shown in AABC? D
b. Copy the triangle and draw
the other altitudes and medians A
of the triangle.

218 TOPIC5 Relationships in Triangles (=) Go Online |[Link]

 Le) © Activity © Assess

THEOREM 5-7 Concurrency of Medians

The medians of a triangle are a G

concurrent at a point that is
two-thirds the distance from each
vertex to the midpoint of the
opposite side. A B

PROOF: SEE LESSON 9-2. Then...

AG = SAD BG 2BE 6G 2CF

( ) EXAMPLE 2} Find the Length of a Median

What is the length of JN in the figure?

L Sierra
The medians of AJKL are JN, KP, and LM. Point Q is the point of concurrency
of the medians. The point of concurrency of the medians of a triangle
COMMON ERROR is called the
Be careful not to confuse which
2
part is 5of the length of the B/N =JQ Use the Concurrency of Medians Theorem.
median and which part is 5 of
2jN
3/N == 13
the length.
JING?

© Try It! 2. Find AD for each triangle.

a. A C

LESSON 5-3 Medians and Altitudes 219

 20 © ~
@ eink Locate the Centroid
An artist wants to balance a triangular piece of wood at a single point
so that the triangle is parallel to the ground. Where should he balance
the triangle?

A triangle is balanced at its center of gravity, which is at the centroid of

the triangle.

USE APPROPRIATE TOOLS : Skat

Think about what tools you can Step 1 Find the midpoint
use to find the midpoint. What of each side. Step 2 Draw a median
tool would you use? — from each midpoint.

Step 3 Label the

centroid point Q.

The artist should balance the triangle at point Q. |

-
j

) Try It! 3. Copy the triangle shown. |

a. Use the medians of the triangle to
locate its centroid.
b. Use a ruler to verify the centroid is
two-thirds the distance from each
vertex to the midpoint of the
opposite side.

220 TOPICS Relationships in Triangles (=) Go Online | [Link]

 A>) © Activity © Assess

THEOREM 5-8 Concurrency of Altitudes

The lines that contain the altitudes iets

of a triangle are concurrent.

PROOF: SEE LESSON 9-2. ees Pee

Then... KQ, LN, and MP are
concurrent at X.

CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING Co >. OV 28-7 a» Locate the Orthocenter
\eigenen

iter is the point of concurrency of the lines containing the

bineoot a triangle. How does the type of triangle (obtuse, acute, right)
relate to the location of its orthocenter?
Draw at least two of each type of triangle. Describe any relationship you
notice between the type of triangle and the location of its orthocenter.

Obtuse triangles Acute triangles Right triangles

' |

STUDY TIP
Recall that when you make a
conjecture by observing a few
examples, you are not actually
proving the conjecture.

The orthocenter is outside an obtuse triangle and inside an acute triangle.

For a right triangle, the orthocenter is at the vertex of the right angle.

© Try It! 4. What is the relationship between an isosceles triangle and the
location of its orthocenter? Explain your answer.

LESSON 5-3 Medians and Altitudes 221

 Orthocenters can be found using 1211
constructions or coordinate geometry.
Where is the orthocenter of AKLM? 10
Since the orthocenter is the point of
concurrency of the altitudes, find the
equations for two altitudes, and solve 6 L(10, 5)
for the point of intersection.
4
Step 1 Find the slopes of two sides of 2
the triangle.
zw. 5-0_1
slope of KL ==> =5
0 OF 2° YE4)| 625.8 2 510mne

slope of m7
LM 12-5_
=3*— 5 = _1

Step 2 Use the point slope form,

STUDY TIP y—-y,=m(x — x,), to write the equations
Remember that since an altitude of the altitudes perpendicular to KL and LM.
is perpendicular to a side of ee
the triangle, you must find the Equation of the altitude perpendicular to KL:
reciprocal and reverse the sign
of the slope of a side to find the Yo 12 -2(%— 3) Point M is the vertex opposite
slope of an altitude. y=-2x+6412 KL, and the slope ofa line
oath perpendicular to KL is —2.
y=-2x +18
Equation of the altitude perpendicular to LM:

y—0=1(x —- 0) PointK is the vertex opposite

Bee IM, and the slope of a line
y= perpendiculartoLM is 1.

Step 3 Solve the system of equations to determine the coordinates of the

point of intersection.
y=-2x+ 18
y = —2(y) + 18 Sincey = x, substitutey in
coos the equationy = —2x + 18.
ey Then solve for y.
3y= 18

a= 6
since y=x, x= 0.

Since all three altitudes intersect at the orthocenter, the intersection of

two altitudes is sufficient to determine the orthocenter. The orthocenter
of AKLM is (6, 6).

© Try It! 5. Find the orthocenter of a triangle with vertices at each of the
following sets of coordinates.
a. (0, 0), (10, 4), (8, 9) b. (0, 0), (6, 3), (8, 9)

222 TOPICS eiationships

in Triangles (=)Go Online |[Link]
s
 Concept
{=) Summary Assess

©) CONCEPT SUMMARY Medians and Altitudes

ALTITUDES

=AB

The orthocenter
is the point of
concurrency of the
lines containing the
altitudes of a triangle.
The centroid is the point of
concurrency of the medians
of a triangle.

© Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

1 E <? ASIA BEE eLeyeCe\em» What are the 7. Find the length of each of the medians of
properties of the medians in a triangle? the triangle.
What are the properties of the altitudes in

Sa”
a triangle?

. Vocabulary The prefix ortho- means

“upright” or “right.” How can this meaning OSLe
help you remember which segments of a
G
triangle have a point of concurrency at the
orthocenter? . Where is the orthocenter of AABC?
. Error Analysis A student labeled P as the
centroid of the triangle. What error did the
student make? Explain.

SEs CB
CD

. Reason Why is an orthocenter sometimes

outside a triangle but a centroid is always
inside? . Acrane operator needs to lift a large
. Look for Relationships Consider the three triangular piece of plywood. Copy the
types of triangles: acute, obtuse, and right. triangle and use its medians to locate
What is the relationship between the type of the centroid.
triangle and the location of the orthocenter?
Does the type of triangle tell you anything
about the location of the centroid?

. Generalize For any right triangle, where is

the orthocenter located?

LESSON 5-3 Medians and Altitudes 223

@) PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Multimedia
can tor )
o@ | Practice
©: utorial
i

Additional Exercises Available Online ’

UNDERSTAND PRACTICE

10. Make Sense and Persevere Describe the 15. Identify whether each segment is an altitude,
process for finding the orthocenter of a an angle bisector, a median, or a perpendicular
triangle that is on a coordinate plane. bisector. SEE EXAMPLE 1

11. Look for Relationships Given the midpoints of C

a triangle, which two points of concurrency can H
you locate? Which point of concurrency can you B K
locate if you only know the angle bisectors? D J
Which two points of concurrency can you locate E :
by only drawing perpendicular segments? A L G

12. Error Analysis A student uses the

a. BD b. FJ
following explanation to eal _
identify the triangle’s point cy GE d. KL
of concurrency. Explain the =o,
student's error. 16. What is the value of KL? SEE EXAMPLE 2

A perpendicular segment bisects each ‘ P

side of the triangle. According to the
Concurrency of Altitudes Theorem,
K
the segments are concurrent. The point
of concurrency is the orthocenter. x 17. Copy the triangle and use its medians to locate
the centroid. SEE EXAMPLE 3

13. Reason Draw several different types of hs

triangles and compare the locations of the |
centroid and the circumcenter of each triangle.
18. State whether the orthocenter of each
What conjecture can you make about the type
triangle is inside the triangle, outside the
of triangle that has a common centroid and
triangle, or on the triangle. Explain your
circumcenter? Explain.
reasoning. SEE EXAMPLE 4
14. Mathematical Connections Where is the E 2
centroid of AABC? : .
mere

e Locate the . L
midpoints of any
A | Fl
two sides.
e Find the equations
of two medians
using the vertex
and the opposite 19. Find the coordinates of the orthocenter of a
midpoint. triangle with vertices at each set of points on
e Solve the system a coordinate plane. SEE EXAMPLE 5
of the two equations
to find the coordinates of the centroid. a. (0, 0), (8, 4), (4, 22)
: D. (3,21) 2010,8))a(oaks )
How can you verify that the coordinates you Seo
found are correct?

224 TOPICS Relationships in Triangles (=) Go Online |[Link]

 eS © Practice © Tutorial
—) PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING
Mixed Review Available Online

© Mostiiainay aie:
20. Model With Mathematics A large triangular- 23. Identify the segments C F X
shaped table is supported by a single pole at and point in AABC.
the center of gravity. How far is vertex C from The segment AD is a(n) D A
the center of gravity? ? of the triangle. The F
segment BE is a(n) __? B
A
of the triangle. The point X
isthe __? __ of the triangle.
24. SAT/ACT A triangle with vertices at (3, 4) and
(9, 17) has a centroid at (8, 16). What are the
coordinates of the third vertex?
“Sitesi
® (10, 4) © (12, 14)
21. Reason To support a triangular kite, Hana (10, 7) © (12, 27)
attaches thin strips of wood from each vertex
25. Performance Task Steve is designing a mobile
perpendicular to the opposite edge. She
with triangular pieces of wood, where each
then attaches the kite’s string at the point
piece attaches to a wire at the center of gravity
of concurrency. To calculate the point of
and hangs parallel to the ground. The side
concurrency, she determines the coordinates
lengths of the triangles will be between 4 cm
of each vertex on a coordinate plane. What
and 8 cm.
are the coordinates where the wood strips
cross? Round your answer to the nearest
hundredth.

(0, 58) (36, 44)

VW

(0, 0)
Nr
Part A Describe how Steve can find the center
22. Higher Order Thinking A designer wants to
of gravity for any triangular piece. Then model
place a fountain at the intersection of the
this process by finding the center of gravity of a
shortest paths from each side to the opposite
triangle with side lengths 5 cm, 5 cm, and 6 cm.
vertex. What mistake is made on her model?
At what point of concurrency should the Part B Is it possible for a triangle attached at
fountain be located? the orthocenter to hang so that it is parallel
to the ground? If it is possible, describe the
triangle. What are possible side lengths for
such a triangle? If it is not possible, explain
why not.

gt nt cat nants

LESSON 5-3 Medians and Altitudes 225

 ae): © Activity © Assess |

re
Inequalities in
() EXPLORE & REASON
Cut several drinking straws to the sizes shown.

One Triangle

(=) [Link]
SSS

| CAN... use theorems to

compare the sides and angles
of a triangle.
A. Take your two shortest straws and your longest straw. Can they form
a triangle? Explain.
B. Try different combinations of three straws to form triangles. Which side
length combinations work? Which combinations do not work?
C. Look for Relationships What do you notice about the relationship
between the combined lengths of the two shorter sides and the length
of the longest side?

4 ESSENTIAL QUESTION What are some relationships between the sides and angles of any triangle?

CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING bb) ON i2h-eey Investigate Side and Angle Relationships
“neuen neat

Draw a right triangle and a non-right triangle. How is the largest angle
measure of each triangle related to the side lengths?
STUDY TIP
Recall that the non-right angles “Inthe right triangle, 2A | Angle P appears to be obtuse, while 2 Q and
in a right triangle are acute. This _ is
the largest angle and ZR appear to be acute. The largest angle 2 P
means the right angle is the BC is the longest side. is across from longest side QR.
largest angle.
A P
5m 12m 6 in 6 in

G 13m B R 10 in. Q

The largest angle appears to be opposite the longest side.

© Try It! [Link] angle measure appears to be the smallest in AMNP?

How is it related to the side lengths?
M

iP 26 ft N

226 TOPICS “<lationships in Triangles [=] Go Online |[Link]

“T
 THEOREM 5-9

If two sides of a triangle are not If...b >a b A

congruent, then the larger angle C
lies opposite the longer side. a ¢

PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 13. Then... mZB > mZA B

© > ONVian2w~am Use Theorem 5-9

To support a triangular piece of a float, a brace is placed at the largest angle

and a guide wire is placed at the smallest angle. Which angle is the largest?
Which angle is the smallest?
REASON
Compare side lengths to find vA
Think about the relationships
between pairs of numbers. How larger angle measures.
V¥ OE
can you use the relationships Since
12 > 10, mZA\> m2B.°gaaiGiae
between pairs of numbers to
order all the numbers?
te
SWIM TEAM

Combining the inequalities of the angle measures, MZC > MZA > mzZB.
Thus, the largest angle is ZC and the smallest angle is 2B.

© Try It! 2. Lucas sketched a diagram for a garden box.

14 in. P

a. Which angle is the largest?

b. Which angle is the smallest?

LESSON 5-4 Inequalities in One Triangle 227

 THEOREM 5-10 Converse of Theorem 5-9

If two angles of a triangle are not If... MmZB >MZA b A

congruent, then the longer side lies C
opposite the larger angle. a c
PROOF: SEE EXAMPLE 3. Then... b>a B

PROOF (») EXAMPLE 3 } Prove Theorem 5-10

wa

Use indirect reasoning to prove G

STUDY TIP Theorem 5-10; assume that GH < HJ. H
Recall that in an indirect proof, This means that GH = HJ or GH < HJ.
you assume the opposite of
what you are trying to prove and Se
then show that this leads to a Prove: GH > HJ J
contradiction. First show that assuming GH = HJ leads to a contradiction of the given
condition that mZJ > mzG.

GH = HJ GH = HJ AGH1J is isosceles. LI= LG |

Assumption Def. of Def. of isosceles Isosceles
congruent Triangle Thm.
7

By the definition of congruence mZJ = mZG, which contradicts mZJ > mzG.
So the assumption is false.

:
© Try It! 3. To complete the proof of Theorem 5-10, show that assuming
GH < HJ leads to a contradiction of the given condition that
mZzJ>mZG.

by) >On em Use Theorem 5-10 L

K 50°
Which side of AKLM is the longest?
By Theorem 5-10, the longest side of the
k E 627
STUDY TIP triangle is across from the largest angle.
When headed information ic Find the unknown angle measure. M
missing from a diagram, you mzK +mzL +mZzM = 180
may need to apply properties
and theorems to find the needed mZK + 50 + 62 = 180 SOP SINS ole
ionnaton: Angle-Sum Theorem.
mzZK = 68

The largest angle in the triangle is 2K, so the longest side is the side
opposite ZK. The longest side is LM.

© Try It! 4. Identify the sides of ANOP. a O

a. Which side is the longest?
b. Which side is the shortest? oe
p

228 TOPICS Relationships in Triangles [=] Go Online |[Link] j

 (=) © Activity © Assess

THEOREM 5-11 Triangle Inequality Theorem

The sum of the lengths of any two If... b

sides of a triangle is greater than
the length of the third side. a c

PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 14. Then... a+b>c

a+c>b
b+c>a

© oO NYGARD Use the Triangle Inequality Theorem

A. Which of the following sets of segments could be the sides of a triangle?
33m

se

ey 66 m

COMMON ERROR
You may compare any two sides Set 1 Set 2
to a third side, but you must
Determine if the sum of the two shorter side lengths is longer than the
compare the shorter two sides
longest side length.
to the longest side to determine
whether a triangle is possible. 18+ 19 =37 33 +37=70
Since 37 < 40, the segments in Since 70 > 66, the segments in
Set 1 cannot form a triangle. Set 2 can form a triangle.
18 in. 33m

B. A triangle has sides that measure 11 cm and 16 cm. What are the
possible lengths of the third side?
Apply the Triangle Inequality Theorem.
x+11> 16 xX+16>11 11+16>x
e If x+11> 16, then x > 5. So, x is greater than 5.
¢ The inequality x + 16 > 11 is true for all positive
values of x, so this inequality only tells you that x > 0.
e If 11+ 16>-x, then 27 > x, sox is less than 27.
Therefore, 5 < x < 27.

The third side of the triangle could be between 5 cm and [Link] long.

© Try It! 5.a. Coulda triangle have side lengths 16 m, 39 m, and 28 m?

b. A triangle has side lengths that are 30 in. and 50 in. What are
the possible lengths of the third side?

LESSON 5-4 Inequalities in One Triangle 229

 (=) Sepa © Assess

© CONCEPT SUMMARY Inequalities in One Triangle

’
THEOREMS 5-9 AND 5-10 if

The longest side is The shortest side is opposite

xX
opposite the largest angle. 8 4 the smallest angle.

LN eX LY
mMZX < MZY < mzZ

1i:120)\4\)eraue Triangle Inequality Theorem

The sum of the lengths of any two sides is greater 5+8 >11
than the length of the third side. 5+11>8
8+11>5

© Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

1. What are some Identify the sides of APQR.
relationships between the sides and angles Q
of any triangle?
83°
2. Reason If a triangle has three different side
lengths, what does that tell you about the |
measures of its angles? 48° |
P R
3. Error Analysis Richard says that ZX must be SE Soic.
the largest angle in AXYZ. Explain his 6. Which side is the longest?
me 7. Which side is the shortest?
i
a 13 in. Determine whether each set of lengths could
in. . form a triangle.
X Se on2, ang
4. Use Structure An isosceles triangle has base 9.°65'76° and 142
angles that each measure 50. How could you
determine whether b or s is greater? 10. 102, 95, and 157

. Tle ie,
.) 40nd. 35

50™ =50° 12. Kelsey is welding 3 metal rods to make a

b triangle. If the lengths of two of the rods
are 15 in. and 22 in., what are the possible
5. Generalize In AABC, a <c< b. List the lengths of a third rod?
angles in order from smallest to largest.

b A
ao

230 TOPICS Relationships in Triangles [SJ Go Online| [Link]

f) PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Scan for &) © Practice © Tutorial
Multimedia
Additional Exercises Available Online

UNDERSTAND

13. Construct Arguments Fill in the missing 17. Which angle measure appears to be the
reasons in the proof of Theorem 5-9. (Hint: The smallest in AJKL? What can you conclude about
Comparison Property of Inequality states that if the side opposite that angle? SEE EXAMPLE 1.
a=b+candc>0,thena>b.)
K
Given: AB > AC AC z= AM
Prove: mMZACB > mzB [ :

J
B
Identify the angles of AFGH. SEE EXAMPLE 2.
M
G 37 cm

A H
33 cm
c
39 cm
Statements Reasons
F

1) AC =AM 1) Given
2)imzZ1 =mz2 2) Isosc. Triangle 18. Which angle is the smallest?
Thm.
19. Which angle is the largest?
3) MZACB = mz2 +mzZ3 | 3)
4) MZACB > mz2 4) Identify the sides of ANOP. SEE EXAMPLES 3 AND 4.

5) mzZACB > mz1 5) O

6) mZz1 =mzB+m2Z3 6) Ext. Angles Thm. N <66°

7)mz1>mzB 7)
60°
8) MZACB > mzB 8)
P

14. Construct Arguments Write a paragraph proof

for Theorem 5-11. Use the figure shown and 20. Which side is the longest?
prove that AB + CB > AC.
21. Which side is the shortest?

Determine whether the side lengths could form a

triangle. SEE EXAMPLE 5.
22a loniope

2349;15, 7
15. Error Analysis A student said that a triangle
24035720,
with side lengths of 3 ft and 4 ft could have a
third side with a length of 7 ft. Explain why the 25. 65, 32, 40
student is incorrect. What is a correct statement
about the third side of the triangle? Given two sides of a triangle, determine the range
of possible lengths of the third side. SEE EXAMPLE 5.
16. Error Analysis Tia says that 2Q must be
26. 10 in. and 12 in.
the largest angle in AQRS because
150 > 70 > 1.7. Explain Tia’s error. 27. 5 ft and 10 ft
R 28. 200 m and 300 m
70 cm 150 cm
29. 90 km and 150 km

1.7m

LESSON 5-4 Inequalities in One Triangle 231

© PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Mixed Review Available Online

© ASSESSMENT PRACTICE
30. Make Sense and Persevere It took Ines 2 hours 34. The lengths of two sides of a triangle are 13

HSI
to bicycle the perimeter shown at a constant and 20. What is the range of values for the
speed of 10 miles per hour. Which two roads length x of the third side?
form the largest angle?
35: SAT/ACT Look at ARST.

520

R
64°
Si
a1: Reason A jewelry designer
Which statement is false?
plans to make a triangular
pendant out of gold wire. 10.5 cm 2cm @TS=TR
The wire costs $31.65 per MZSTR < MZTRS
centimeter. What is the 2.5 cm ©TR>SR
possible range of costs for
the wire? ©7S<SR
©7S+TR>SR
32. Use Structure A stage
manager must use tape to 36. Performance Task Teo designed a skateboard
outline a triangular platform ramp.
on the set. Order the sides
of the platform from longest
to shortest. 5 R

33: Make Sense and Persevere A dog running

an agility course has difficulty making turns.
The sharper the angle, the more difficult
the turn. Which corner is most difficult for Part A List the sides of ramp A in order from
her to turn? shortest to longest.

Part B List the angles of ramp B from smallest

to largest, and explain how you know.

Part C Ramp B cannot be steeper than 45°.

Is it possible to build ramp B so that SR is
shorter than 6 ft? Explain.

232 TOPIC5 Relationships in Triangles (=) Go Online |[Link]

 wore
(=) © Activity © Assess

Ee EXPLORE & REASON

Inequalities in A woodworker uses a caliper

to measure the widths of a
Two Triangles OC .— <aliper
bat to help him determine
the widths for a new bat.
The woodworker places
)[Link] the open tips of the caliper
on the bat. The distance
between the tips is a width
| CAN... compare a pair of of the bat.
sides of two triangles when
the remaining pairs of sides
are congruent.

A. Suppose a caliper opens to an angle of 25° for one width of a bat and
opens to an angle of 35° for another. What can you conclude about
the widths of the bat?
B. Look for Relationships Next, suppose you use a caliper to measure
the width of a narrow part of a bat and a wider part of the bat.
What can you predict about the angle to which the caliper opens
each time?

When two triangles have two pairs of congruent sides, how are the third
punmseerabilrdeoeetecse (4: pair of sides and the pair of angles opposite the third pair of sides related?

CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING © 9.7 I28:e Investigate Side Lengths in Triangles
\qq

As a rider pedals a unicycle, how do the measure of 2A and length b

change? What does this suggest about the change in the triangle?

seat
LOOK FOR RELATIONSHIPS post —>]\ , r b Side b increases.
Consider how multiple diagrams Pe
are used to show the relationship \ os >
between moving parts. What A A
changes and what remains the z
same between diagrams? crank arm
The measure of 7A increases.

If two sides of a triangle stay the same, but the measure of the angle
between them increases, the length of the third side also increases.

© Try It! 1. Compare the measure of Z/ and side length k for the triangles.
acute obtuse right

LESSON 5-5 Inequalities in Two Triangles 233

 THEOREM 5-12 Hinge Theorem

If two sides of one triangle If... MZYWX > mzZCAB

are congruent to two sides Y
of another triangle, and C
the included angles are not Se Pa
congruent, then the longer Ww xX A B
third side is opposite the larger
included angle.
PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 9. Then... XY > BC

APPLICATION Ce >ONVI2R=~eD Apply the Hinge Theorem

Nexans EASED

The tension in the exercise band varies

proportionally with the stretch distance.
The tension T is described by the function
T(x) = kx, where k is a constant that
depends on the elasticity of the band and
x is the stretch distance. Which position
shown in the figures has a greater tension
in the band?
Formulate <= = Model each figure with a triangle.

7 J
M
50 P. L 80°

K K

Compute < 7(LK) is the tension when the angle is 50°, and T(Mk) is the tension when the
angle is 80°. Since mZMJK > mZLJK, apply the Hinge Theorem.
MK>LK
T(MK) _ T(LK) Since the tension T is equal to the product of k and the —
oe Te stretch distance, we can substitute ifor each distance.
T(Mk) > T(Lk)
Interpret < A larger angle corresponds to a larger distance from the man’s hands to his
feet. The larger distance corresponds to a higher tension.
The tension is greater when the man pulls higher on the tension band.

© Try It! [Link] man keeps his arms extended and J

the length of the tension band the same.
If he wants to make the measure of ZL L
smaller, how would JK change?

Do not
K change

234
2]
TOPICS Relationships in Triangles [J GoOnline | [Link] |
 a>) © Activity © Assess

THEOREM 5-13 Converse of the Hinge Theorem

If two sides of one triangle are EE ne

congruent to two sides of another
triangle, and the third sides are
not congruent, then the larger
included angle is opposite the
longer third side. :
PROOF: SEE EXAMPLE 3. Then... mzD > mzT

tb) i>.ONi2R Ke Prove the Converse of the Hinge Theorem

Use indirect reasoning to prove the Converse of the Hinge Theorem.

Given: DF = TV: DE = TU; EF > UV F V

: Prove: mZFDE > mzVTU RN a \

STUDY TIP . D ef orp y
If you get stuck when writing Assume that mZFDE is not greater
a proof, make a list of things than mzZVTU, that is, that mZFDE = mzVTU, or MZFDE < mZVTU.
you know and what you want Assuming that mZFDE = mzVTU, ZFDE = ZVTU. Applying SAS, ADEF = ATUV,
zeprove. so by CPCTC, EF = UV and EF = UV. But, this contradicts EF > UV.

© Try It! 3. To complete the proof of the Hinge Theorem, show that
assuming mZFDE < mZVTU leads to a contradiction of the
given statement, EF > UV.

© > ON IIR a> Apply the Converse of the Hinge Theorem

What are the possible values of x?

Since FG < CD and CD < AB, A

COMMON ERROR apply the Converse of the
Be careful to use the correct Hinge Theorem.
inequality sign when comparing
triangles. After you write the mZFEG < mZCED < mZACB
inequality, check a second time to 36 x-4 <60
be sure it indicates that the larger Use the Converse of the Hinge Theorem.
angle is opposite the longer side. 71Oe Xa <A
20 < Xx < 32

The possible values for x are between 20 and 32.

© Try It! [Link] are the possible values of x for each diagram?
a. b. 32° 16

12
(4x — 18)°
(3X4 5)’

LESSON 5-5 Inequalities in Two Triangles 235

 5
BD @ s2re8, | 05
@ CONCEPT SUMMARY Inequalities in Two Triangles -

ae)ia\ievae» Hinge Theorem 0) Converse of the Hinge Theorem

If... WX
=AB, WY
=AC, andmzW>mZzA if... DF= TV, DE= TU, and EF> UV
Y i V

Wwa aA Deh
5 eie FsKeck oa ZN ‘
ee Then... mzZD > mzT

© Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

1. When two 5. Order AB, BC, and CD from least to greatest.
triangles have two pairs of congruent sides, A D
how are the third pair of sides and the
pair of angles opposite the third pair of
sides related? €
P B
2. Error Analysis Venetta applies the Converse
of the Hinge Theorem to conclude that 6. Order the measures of ZPTU, ZSQT, and
mZEKF > mZHKG for the triangles shown. Is ZQSR from least to greatest.
Venetta correct? Explain your answer.

; H

G 7. Kayak A and kayak B leave a dock as shown.

F Which kayak is closer to the dock?
3. Reason Why must the angles described
in the Hinge Theorem be between the
congruent pairs of sides?

4. Communicate Precisely The Hinge Theorem

is also known as the Side-Angle-Side
Inequality Theorem or SAS Inequality
Theorem. How are the requirements for
applying the Hinge Theorem similar to
the requirements for applying SAS? How
are the requirements different?

236 TOPICS Relationships in Triangles [=] GoOnline |[Link]

) PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Scan for
Multimedia
(=) © Practice © Tutorial

Additional Exercises Available Online

UNDERSTAND PRACTICE

8. Error Analysis Tonya has the scissors shown. 10. Write an inequality describing the range of x
for each pair of triangles. SEE EXAMPLES 1 AND 2.
\< cm | j< 5m >|
a. K 2Gchas Fe eG 15 S

Tonya writes the following description of

how she will use the Hinge Theorem with the
scissors. F
30 ;

If you open the right pair of scissors to

an angle of 30° and open the left pair of a Beaee Gx = tee =
scissors to an angle of 45°, then by the 11. Write an inequality describing the possible
Hinge Theorem, the distance between values of x for each pair of triangles.
the blade tips of the left pair of SEE EXAMPLES 3 AND 4.
scissors will be larger. x
a. L
p
(4x — 25)°

What is the mistake in her use of the Hinge 39 32

Theorem?
4 M
K N
9. Construct Arguments Write a paragraph proof
of the Hinge Theorem. b G
E (3x + 17)°
Given: WX = AB, WY ZAG mzW>mZzA
A
Prove: XY > BC 41
F 32 2 B

i 12. Write an inequality describing the possible

values of x for each diagram.

= ieeeSer a. G

Use the following outline.

° Find a point D outside AABC so AD = WY H K
and ZDAB =~ zYWX.
25 29
e Show that AWXY = AABD.
¢ Construct the angle bisector of ZCAD. J
Let point E be the point where the angle b A
bisector intersects BD.
2x +17
D 25
E
B D
A B yh
39
C
e Show that AACE =~ AADE so CE = DE.
e Show that DB = CE + EB.
e Use the Triangle Inequality Theorem on ABCE.

LESSON 5-5 Inequalities in Two Triangles 237

 eS
(@ PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING
© Practice © Tutorial

Mixed Review Available Online

© RGsss aaa ales e

13. Reason Airplane A flies 300 miles due east of 17. Which of the following can you conclude from
an airport and then flies 200 miles at 15° north the diagram? Select all that apply.
of east. Airplane B flies 200 miles due north (2x — 6)° (x + 12)°
and then flies 300 miles at 20° west of north.
Which airplane is closer to the airport? Explain
how you know.

(3y
— 8)°
® x <24 © y<12
® x>18 Oy>4
18. SAT/ACT Which of the following can you
conclude from the diagram?

E 32 H
14. Model With Mathematics
According to the Hinge 32
Theorem, is the distance
between the tips of the hands G
E 57
greater at 4:00 or at 7:00?
Explain how the distance ® mZEFG = mzZGHE © mzGEF > mZEGH
changes throughout a day.
mZFGE = mZHEG © mzFGE > mzEGH
15. Mathematical Connections Determine the
os Performance Task Abby, Danielle, and Jacy
shortest path from start to finish on the
walk from their campsite to get to the lake.
obstacle course.
The lake is located 3 miles away in the direction
of 40° north of west.

16. Higher Order Thinking When mz1 = 75, Part A Abby walks along a straight path in
d = 43 in., and when mz1 = 100, d = 54 in. the direction of 27° east of north for 1 mile to
Neil wants to know how wide a sofa he can point A. Using the Hinge Theorem, if Danielle
buy if he can open the door at most 85°. walks along a straight path in the direction of ;
‘

Using the Hinge Theorem 35° south of west for 1 mile to point B, who is
or the Converse of the closer to the lake?
Hinge Theorem, can you
determine the exact value Part B Jacy also walks for 1 mile from the
of d when mz1 = 85? campsite along a different straight path than
If you can, explain the Abby. Her straight-line distance to the lake is
method. If not, explain shorter than Abby’s distance. What directions
what you can determine could Jacy have taken?
about the distance.

238 TOPIC5 Relationships in Triangles (=) Go Online |[Link]

 Topic Review
°? TOPIC ESSENTIAL QUESTION

1. How are the sides, segments, and angles of triangles related?

Vocabulary Review
Choose the correct term to complete each sentence.
altitude
2. The is the point of concurrency of the angle
bisectors of a triangle. centroid

3. Three or more lines that intersect at one point are circumcenter

concurrent
4. The point of concurrency of the altitudes of a triangle is
the equidistant
5. A perpendicular segment from a vertex to the line containing the incenter
side opposite the vertex is a(n) of a triangle. median
6. A point that is the same distance from two points is orthocenter
from the points.
7. A(n) of a triangle has endpoints at a vertex and at the
midpoint of the side opposite the vertex.
SS
=>
ea
Concepts & Skills Review a
in
So
any
LESSON 5-1 Perpendicular and Angle Bisectors ie)
i

Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving

Perpendicular bisectors and angle bisectors are Use the given values to find each unknown.
related to the segments or angles they bisect:
8. If PS
= 36, PQ=3x+5,
e Any point on the perpendicular bisector of a QR = 6x — 10, and R
segment is equidistant from the endpoints of RS = 36, then PR =
the segment.
PRS =4x-- 8,PO = 29;
e Any point on the bisector of an angle is
RS = 5x — 3, and P S
equidistant from the two sides of the angle.
QR = 29, then PS =

10.
Example and mZJMK = 25, rf L
Find AB. A then MZKML =
10
D B 11. lf mMZJML = 49,
10 mZJMK = 24.5, and
C 36 JK = 17, then KL=@. M

DB is the perpendicular bisector of AC, 12s Reason A point on a perpendicular bisector

so AB = CB. AB = 36. is 7 cm from each endpoint of the bisected
segment and 5 cm from the point of
intersection. To the nearest tenth, what is
the length of the segment?

TOPIC 5 Topic Review 239

 LESSON 5-2 Bisectors in Triangles

Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving

The perpendicular bisectors of a triangle are Identify each point of concurrency.
concurrent at the point equidistant from the
vertices of the triangle. This point is called the
circumcenter.
The angle bisectors of a triangle are concurrent
at a point equidistant from the sides of the
triangle. This point is called the incenter.

Example
13. incenter 14. circumcenter
For AABC, what is the radius of the inscribed
circle? Use the diagram to find each unknown quantity.

DF= EF 15. If MZGFL = 34, E

3x = 2x + 16 and mZGEL = 36, i>
X= 16 what is mZFGL? J

16. If JL =5, what is the

measure of KL? F + G
The radius is DF = 3x = 3(16) = 48.

17. Reason The circumcenter of a triangle is on one

side of the triangle. Explain how to find the area
of the circumscribed circle of the triangle given
the lengths of the sides.

LESSON 5-3 Medians and Altitudes

Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving

A median of a triangle is a line segment from Identify each segment type.
the midpoint of one side to the opposite vertex.
The medians of a triangle are concurrent at E
the centroid. The distance from a vertex to the
centroid is two-thirds the distance of the median
from that vertex.
D X
An altitude of a triangle is a line segment
perpendicular to one side and ending at the 18. median 19. altitude
opposite vertex. The lines containing the Find the orthocenter of each triangle with the
altitudes of a triangle are concurrent at the given set of vertices.
orthocenter.
20.52; O) (2212) (6.6) 21. (7, 8), (9, 6), (5,4)
Example 22. Reason The orthocenter of AABC is point B.
Q is the centroid of AXYZ. If DZ = 24, what is QZ? What is the measure of zABC?
23. A plastic triangle is
suspended parallel
to the ground by a
string attached at the
centroid. Copy the triangle and show where
the string should be attached.
240 TOPICS Relationships in Triangles (=) Go Online |[Link]
—
 LESSON 5-4 Inequalities in One Triangle

Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving

In a triangle, if two sides are not congruent, then Determine if the lengths can form a triangle.
the larger angle is opposite the longer side. If
24. 14, 32, 18 25. 14, 25, 29
two angles are not congruent, then the longer
side is opposite the larger angle. 2623) 722, 56 ZIT, S984 |
XY > XZ> YZ - Y Use the figure for Exercises 28 and 29.
mzZ>mzZY > mMZX x 28. Which angle has the p 12.3m
?
The sum of the lengths of 5 ease as ure: ae Q
any two sides of a triangle is Zz 29. Which angle has the ‘ai,
greater than the length of the third side. greatest measure? ;
R
4+5>7 4+7>5 5+7>4
30. Use Structure Why must the sum of two
ides of a triangle be greater than the
Example -
; P: ; third side?
Which side of ATUV is the longest? V
31. Reason Two sides of a triangular garden
mzT+mzU + mzV= 180
are 6.4 m and 8.2 m. The gardener buys
52+71+ mzV= 180 fencing for $29.25 per meter. What is the
mzV =57 T U range of total cost of the fencing?

The largest angle is 2U, so the longest side is VT.

LESSON 5-5 Inequalities in Two Triangles

TOPI
REV
5
Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving
The Hinge Theorem states that if two triangles 32; Write an inequality for the possible values of x.

oe
have two congruent sides, and the included
angles are not congruent, then the longer third
side is opposite the larger included angle.

Example 33. Write an inequality for the possible values of x.

Order AC, DF, and GJ from greatest to least. (3x + 6)°
A
eee: DG eee

i a»
(x + 5)° B D 7.41 E
A C E (x - 5)°
34. Construct Arguments Cameron incorrectly
The triangles have two congruent sides. says the Converse of the Hinge Theorem
proves that mzS < mzW. Explain his error.
AB = DE = GH and BC = EF HJ
S
The included angles are not congruent. U " V
X+5>x>x-5 ena \ =
12 _ W
Therefore, DF > AC > GJ.

TOPIC 5 Topic Review 241

 Quadrilaterals and
Other Polygons
? TOPIC ESSENTIAL QUESTION

How are properties of parallelograms used to solve problems

and to classify quadrilaterals?

Topic Overview Topic Vocabulary

enVision™ STEM Project: ¢ midsegment of a trapezoid
Design a Quadrilateral Lift
6-1 The Polygon Angle-Sum Theorems
Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts:
The Mystery Sides
6-2 Kites and Trapezoids
6-3 Properties of Parallelograms
6-4 Proving a Quadrilateral Is a
Parallelogram _
_—

6-5 Properties of Special Parallelograms

6-6 Conditions of Special Parallelograms

Digital Experience
LESSON ESSENTIAL QUESTION

oo)
LESSON VOCABULARY

t" COMMON CORE STATE STANDARDS

INTERACTIVE STUDENT EDITION
Access online or offline.

o
te LESSON OVERVIEW D4
Ay
Critique & Explain > ACTIVITIES Complete Explore & Reason,
Example 1 >
Explore Polygon Interior Angle Sums
|
Model & Discuss, and Critique & Explain
activities. Interact with Examples and Try Its.

© ANIMATION View and interact with

real-world applications.

nline |[Link] © PRACTICE Practice what

you've learned.

242 TOPIC 6 Quadrilaterals and Other Polygons

 MATHEMATICAL MODELING IN -ACTS BoC

© The Mystery Sides

Have you ever looked closely at honeycombs? What shape are they? How
do you know? Most often the cells in the honeycombs look like hexagons,
but they might also look like circles. Scientists now believe that the bees
make circular cells that become hexagonal due to the bees’ body heat and
natural physical forces.

What are some strategies you use to identify shapes? Think about this
during the Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts lesson.

VIDEOS Watch clips to support GLOSSARY Read and listen to

Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts Lessons English and Spanish definitions.
and enVision™ STEM Projects.
© TUTORIALS Get help from
CONCEPT SUMMARY Review Virtual Nerd, right when you need it.
key lesson content through
multiple representations. MATH TOOLS Explore math
with digital tools and manipulatives.
T Show what
cg }
we you ‘ve aed

TOPIC 6 Quadrilaterals and Other Polygons 243

 pe eee
Did You Know?
The rhinoceros beetle of Central and South America
can lift up to 850 times its own weight. That's
equivalent to a 150-pound human lifting some
120,000 pounds, or 30 cars.

BEE EEE
Gam Ge Cay
Ga any

om

The world’s largest cargo plane can carry more than

. The cargo bay is 142 feet long, which is
longer than the length of the first airplane flight by the
Wright brothers, in 1903.

Your Task: Design a Quadrilateral Lift

A 50,000-pound bus needs to be lifted 6 feet off the ground for engine
repairs. You and your classmates will analyze quadrilaterals and design
a hydraulic lift for a mechanic to use for those repairs.

TOPIC 6 =oVision STEM Project (=)Go Online |[Link]

 (=) © Activity © Assess
——TaS

5 i i| () EXPLORE & REASON

The Polygon Start by drawing a pentagon. Then,
Naolcisan for each side of the pentagon, draw
2) the line that includes the side. An
Ufo) cu example is shown.
A. Choose one pair of lines that
(=) [Link]
intersect at a vertex of the
sss
pentagon. Is each of the four
angles formed at the vertex an
1 CAN... find the sums of interior angle or an exterior
the measures of the exterior angle of the pentagon?
angles and interior angles , f
of polygons. B. Are the relationships the same
for the angles formed by the other pairs of intersecting lines?
C. Make Sense and Persevere If you drew a hexagon and the lines that
included the sides of the hexagon, would the relationships between
the angles at each vertex be the same as those in the pentagon?

ESSENTIAL QUESTION How does the number of sides in convex polygons relate to the sums of the
measures of the exterior and interior angles?

CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING Co >. O42: m Explore Polygon Interior Angle Sums
—————

How does the number of sides of a convex polygon, n, relate to the sum of
measures of its interior angles?

You know that the sum of the interior angle measures of a triangle is 180°.
Decompose polygons into triangles and look for a pattern.

To decompose a convex polygon into triangles,

construct all diagonals from one vertex.

/ COMMON ERROR
_ Remember that n represents the
_ number of sides of the polygon,
not the number of triangles.
n=4 n=5 n=6 n=7 n sides
2 triangles 3 triangles 4 triangles 5 triangles n — 2 triangles

There are n — 2 triangles in every n-sided polygon.

Each triangle has an angle sum of 180.
Interior angle sum of an n-sided polygon = 180 « (n — 2)

© Try It! 1.a. How many triangles are formed by drawing diagonals from a
vertex in a convex octagon?
b. What is the interior angle sum for a convex octagon?

LESSON 6-1 The Polygon Angle-Sum Theorems 245

 &) © Activity © Assess

THEOREM 6-1 Polygon Interior Angle-Sum Theorem

The sum of the measures of the ee

interior angles of a convex n-gon is
180 « (n — 2).

PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 11. Then... M21 +mz2+m2z3 +

mZz4+mz5+mz6+mz7 =
180 « (7 — 2) = 900

COROLLARY to Theorem 6-1 4

The measure of an interior angle of lis

-_ 180+ (n — 2)
a regular n-gon is ——,——.
n=5

Then... m21 = eee = 108

APPLICATION b) >.@NI2h-ay» Apply the Polygon Interior Angle-Sum Theorem

Senet eS

Jenna is building a corner cabinet to 90° aes 90°

fit in a rectangular room. If she builds e
it with the angles shown, how can she
determine whether the cabinet will fit?

Formulate <= Draw a pentagon to represent the

cabinet. Find the sum of interior angle
measures of the pentagon and then
subtract the known angle measures to
determine whether the corner angle is a
right angle.

To fit in the corner, this

angle must be 90°.

Compute < Step 1 Find the sum of the interior angles.

(n — 2) « 180 = (5 — 2) « 180
ER ERS
= 3-180
= 540

Step 2 Find the missing angle measure.

540 — (90 + 135 + 135 + 90) = 90

Interpret <= = The angle is 90°, so the cabinet will fit in the corner.

CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE

246 iC 6 Quadrilaterals and Other Polygons (=) Go Online |[Link]

}
 (=) © Activity © Assess

EXAMPLE 2 CONTINUED

© Try It! 2.a. What is the interior angle sum of a 17-gon?

b. Each angle of a regular n-gon measures 172.8. How many
sides does the n-gon have?

bb) oO NUI2RK ED Understand Exterior Angle Measures of a Polygon

What is the sum of the exterior angle measures of a convex polygon?

You can use what you know about the sum of the interior angle measures
of convex polygons to find the sum of the exterior angle measures.

Remember, one side of the polygon

and the extension of an adjacent
side form an exterior angle.

Each interior and exterior angle

pair forms a linear pair, which
measures 180°.
_ GENERALIZE
How do you know that a
The sum of the measures of n interior and exterior angle pairs is 180 « n.
_ polygon with n sides has
_ nangle pairs? sum of exterior rm sum of interior and __ sum of interior
angle measures "exterior angle measures angle measures
= 180n - 180(n — 2)
= 180n — 180n + 360
= 360
The sum of the exterior angle measures of any convex polygon is 360.

© Try It! 3. What is the sum of exterior angle measures of a convex 17-gon?

THEOREM 6-2 Polygon Exterior Angle-Sum Theorem

The sum of the measures of the lf:

exterior angles of a convex polygon,
one at each vertex, is 360.

PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 15. Then... M21 +Mm2zZ2 + m2Z3 +

mz4+mz5 = 360

LESSON 6-1 The Polygon Angle-Sum Theorems 247

 ‘cal © Activity © Assess :

® >.ONIA a> Find an Exterior Angle Measure

Suppose 21 = 23, M21 = 3x, and m2Z2 = 2x. What
is the measure of each exterior angle?

Step 1 Find x.
m2z1+mz2+mz3+mz4+mz5 = 360

mz1+mz2+mz1 +90 + 90 = 360

3x + 2x + 3x + 180 = 360 The exterior angle sum |
of apolygonis 360.
8x = 180
X=2255
MAKE SENSE AND PERSEVERE
Think about how to verify Step 2 Use the value of x to determine the measure of each exterior angle.
your answers. What must be mZ1 = 3x mzZ2 = 2x mzZ3=m2Z1 mz4 = 90
true if your answers are
correct? mZ4 = 3(225) M22 Al22t5) mZ3 = 67.5 mZ5 =390
yal) Mees) mzZ2=45

© Try It! [Link] 21 = 23 = 242 26, 22 = 45,

and mz3 = mZ2 + 30. What is mz4?

bb) OI 20-9» Find the Measures of Interior Angles

What are the measures of the interior (3x + 4)° (7x — 3)°
angles of the pentagon shown?
(6x + 12)°
Step 1 Apply the Polygon Interior
Angle-Sum Theorem and (6x = 3)?
solve for x.
90 + (6x — 3) + (3x + 4) + (7x — 3) + (6x + 12) = 180 « (5 — 2)

90 + 22x + 10 = 540

22x
= 440

x= 20

Step 2 Substitute the value of x to find each angle measure.

6x — 3 = 6(20) - 3 3x + 4 = 3(20)+4
=31 WA = 64
7x — 3 = 7(20) - 3 6x + 12 = 6(20)
+ 12
= 137 = 132
The measures of the interior angles are 90, 117, 64, 137, and 132.

(7) Try It! 5. The measure of each interior angle of a regular 100-gon is
(3x + 26.4). What is the value of x?

248 TOPIC 6 Quadrilaterals and Other Polygons (=) Go Online |[Link]

 f=) Sone © Assess

a CONCEPT SUMMARY Polygon Angle Sums

Miata tet Polygon Interior Angle-Sum lata te Polygon Exterior Angle-Sum

Theorem Theorem
The sum of the measures of the interior angles The sum of the measures of the exterior angles
of a convex polygon is 180 « (n — 2), where rn is of a convex polygon, one at each vertex, is 360.
the number of sides of the polygon.
B
iG

E D
mz1+mz2+mz3+mz4 = 360
mZA+mzB+mzC+mzD + mZE = 180(5 — 2)
= 540

© Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

1. How does the Use polygon Afor Exercises 5 and 6.
number of sides in convex polygons relate 5. What is the sum of the measures
to the sums of the measures of the exterior of the interior angles?
and interior angles?
6. What is the sum of the measures
2. Error Analysis In the calculation shown, of the exterior angles? Polygon A
what is Danielle’s error?
Use polygon B for Exercises 7 and 8.
The sum of the measures 7. What is the value of y?
of the exterior angles 8. What is the value of x?
ofa 25-gon is
180 + (25 - 2) = 4,140. oi
Polygon B

9. What are the measures of the exterior

3. Make Sense and Persevere What is the angles of the polygon shown?
minimum amount of information needed
to find the sum of the interior angles of a
regular polygon?

10. The sum of the interior angles of a regular

4. Reason A convex polygon can be
n-gon is 6,120°. What is the measure of each
decomposed into 47 triangles. How many
interior angle?
sides does the polygon have? Explain.

LESSON 6-1 The Polygon Angle-Sum Theorems 249

( PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Scan for (=) © Practice © Tutorial
Multimedia
Additional Exercises Available Online

UNDERSTAND

11. Construct Arguments Write a proof of the For Exercises 17 and 18, find the sum of the
Polygon Interior Angle-Sum Theorem. interior angles and the measure of each angle for
the given regular polygon. SEE EXAMPLES 1 AND 2
12. Make Sense and Persevere What are the 17. 18.
measures of the angles in the right
triangles formed by the two regular pentagons
shown?

. How many sides does a regular polygon have if

the measure of each interior angle is 160°?
SEE EXAMPLES 1 AND 2

20 . What is the measure of each exterior angle of a

regular polygon with 72 sides? SEE EXAMPLE 3

13. Reason Explain why a regular polygon cannot 21. How many sides does a regular polygon with
have an interior angle that is 40°. an exterior angle measure of 60° have?
SEE EXAMPLE 3
14. Error Analysis Jayesh makes the calculation
shown to find the measure of each interior 22. What is the value of x? What is the measure of
angle of a regular nonagon. What is each exterior angle? SEE EXAMPLE 4
his error?

(2x — 24)° w+ 14)°

Sum of measure of
exterior angles:
180°9 = 1,620
Sum of measure of
interior angles:
1,620 + 7 = 231

15. Construct Arguments Write a proof of the

Polygon Exterior Angle-Sum Theorem. For Exercises 23 and 24, find the value of x and the
measure of each interior angle. SEE EXAMPLE 5
16. Higher Order Thinking The star shown is
constructed by extending each side of a regular
pentagon. Explain why the surrounding
triangles are isosceles and congruent.

250 TOPIC6 Quadrilaterals and Other Polygons (©) Go Online |[Link]

See
© PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING
(=) © Practice © Tutorial
Sars

Mixed Review Available Online

© Mosc aiasy alles

25: Model With Mathematics An airplane is 28. Match the number of sides of a regular polygon
navigating a polygon-shaped course. Each turn with the measure of each interior angle.
is labeled with the measure of the external l 4 A. 120
angle at the striped post. What is mz1?
Heo Bis to?.
ll. 16 C. 160
Vi. 18 D. 90

. SAT/ACT Suppose the figure below is a regular

polygon. What is the value of n? Round to the
nearest whole number.

n°

26. Use Structure A music producer needs to

soundproof a wall with nonoverlapping foam
panels consisting of regular polygons. When @ 45 ®51 ©129 ©4135
placed, there cannot be any space between the . Performance Task The tables of a conference
figures. Which of the regular polygons can she room are the same size, and all have the shape
use? Explain. of a trapezoid. The conference coordinator
wants to arrange the tables so they form a
a 5 G
regular polygon.
2 ; tts Seq
Bi me) Bis) of
Gorrie) Mi
AUrieeiia sas r
irriye isiass)
~AURETESIRR
REeeee es ie
%

a Mathematical Connections Ricardo wants to

install two security cameras at point A so the
parking lot from side AE to side AB of the
building can be monitored. Can he use two
cameras, both with a field of view of 110°,
installed at point A? Explain. If not, what is
the minimum field of view that each camera
should have?
Part A Can the tables be arranged to form a
regular polygon? Explain.

Part B If they can be arranged to form a

regular polygon, how many tables are needed?
If not, what should the measure of the 120°
angle be changed to so that the tables can be
arranged to form a regular polygon?

Part C What should the measures of the angles

of the tables be if they can be arranged to form
a regular pentagon?

LESSON 6-1 The Polygon Angle-Sum Theorems 251

PVeNustAULWUCeNe
MODELING
IN 3 ACTS

(=) [Link]
=a

© The Mystery Sides

Have you ever looked closely at honeycombs? What shape are they? How
do you know? Most often the cells in the honeycombs look like hexagons,
but they might also look like circles. Scientists now believe that bees make
circular cells that become hexagonal due to the bees’ body heat and natural
physical forces.
What are some strategies you use to identify shapes? Think about this during
the Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts lesson.

Scan for
Multimedia
Identify the Problem

1. What is the first question that comes to mind after watching the video?
2. Write down the main question you will answer about what you saw in
the video.
3. Make an initial conjecture that answers this main question.
4. Explain how you arrived at your conjecture.
5. What information will be useful to know to answer the main question?
How can you get it? How will you use that information?

\e3uye> Develop a Model

6. Use the math that you have learned in this Topic to refine your conjecture.

ee. uke> Interpret the Results

7. Did your refined conjecture match the actual answer exactly? If not, how
is it different? What might explain the difference?

252 TOPIC 3 Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts

 t=) © Activity ) Assess

[Link]) ee CRITIQUE & EXPLAIN

Kites and Manuel draws a diagram of kite PQRS

with QS as the line of symmetry over
Trapezoids a design of a kite-shaped key fob. He
makes a list of conclusions based on

(=) [Link]
a

| CAN... use triangle

congruence to understand
kites and trapezoids.
- PR bisects QS.
VOCABULARY * APQR is an equilateral
e midsegment of a trapezoid
* APSR ts an isosceles

A. Which of Manuel’s conclusions do you agree with? Which do you

disagree with? Explain.
B. Use Structure What other conclusions are supported by the

ESSENTIAL QUESTION How are diagonals and angle measures related in kites and trapezoids?

CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING bb) > ONI28-eep Investigate the Diagonals of a Kite
\qossccnmnanmseunemnmnenasmacasnewnsnsansp

How are the diagonals of a kite related?

_ Akite has two pairs of

_ congruent adjacent sides. (|

STUDY TIP D
Remember that you must show
that both B and D are on the
perpendicular bisector in order
to show that one diagonal is
the perpendicular bisector of
the other. It is not sufficient to Point B is equidistant from the endpoints ofAC, as is D,
show that only one is on the so they lie on the perpendicular bisector of AC.
perpendicular bisector.
The diagonals of a kite are perpendicular to each other. Exactly one diagonal
bisects the other.

© Try It! 1.a. What is the measure of ZAXB?

b. If AX = 3.8, what is AC?

c. If BD = 10, does BX = 5? Explain.

LESSON 6-2 Kites and Trapezoids

 i=) © Activity 7)Assess

THEOREM 6-3

The diagonals of a kite are

perpendicular.

PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 12. Then... WY 1 XZ

Co >.9:N\t28:a> Use the Diagonals of a Kite

Quadrilateral PQRS is a kite with diagonals QS and PR. |
R

A. What is m21?

The diagonals of a kite are perpendicular, so mz1 = 90.

COMMON ERROR B. What is mz2?
You may incorrectly assume angles
are congruent just from their The sum of the angles of APQT is 180.
appearance. Always check that you
mz2 + 35 + 90= 180
can prove congruence first.
MZ2-—= 55

Cc. What is mz3?

Since APQR is an isosceles triangle, 23 = ZQPT.

So, MZ3 = 35.

© Try It! 2. Quadrilateral WXYZ is a kite.

a. What is mz1?

b. What is mz2?

254 fOPIC 6 Quadrilaterals and Other Polygons (=) Go Online |[Link]

 1) © Activity 7)Assess

APPLICATION bb) ON 028m Explore Parts of an Isosceles Trapezoid

Kiyo is designing a
trapezoid-shaped
roof. In order for the
roof to be symmetric,
the overlapping
triangles ADAB
and AADC must be
congruent. Will the
roof be symmetric?

Step 1 Show AABE ~ ADCF.

BE =CF, because BE
and CF are altitudes.

GENERALIZE
How do the lengths of the Ta © The roof is an isosceles_
RRR EI since DC ABS
diagonals and the way they
intersect relate to the sides of ny are .
a quadrilateral?
|

_ ZXABE and ADCF are right triangles, so |

_ they are congruent by the HL Theorem.

Step 2 Show ADAB = AADC.

By CPCTC, 2DAB = ZADC. By the Reflexive Property of Congruency,
AD = DA. So, ADAB = AADC by SAS.

The overlapping triangles are congruent, so the roof is symmetric.

© Try It! 3.a. Given isosceles trapezoid PQRS, Q R

what are mZP, mMZQ,
and mzS?

I S

b. Given ST || RU, what is the 5 fi

measure of ZTUR?
47 aes
R U

LESSON 6-2 Kites and Trapezoids 255

 (=) © Activity © Assess
=

THEOREM 6-4

In an isosceles trapezoid, each pair If... B G

of base angles is congruent.

A D
PROOF: SEE LESSON 6-3, EXERCISE 17. Then... ZBAD = ZCDA,
ZABC = ZDCB

THEOREM 6-5

The diagonals of an isosceles If B G

trapezoid are congruent.

A D
PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 18. Then... AC = DB

ee PONUI2R oe» Solve Problems Involving Isosceles Trapezoids

All horizontal beams of the high-voltage transmission tower are parallel to
the ground.

The top section is an —

_ The center section | isosceles trapezoid.
is an isosceles
trapezoid.

A. If mz1 = 138, what is mz2?

The sum of the interior angle measures of a quadrilateral is 360.

mZz1+m21+ m2Z2 + m2Z2 = 360
138 + 138 + 2(mzZ2) = 360 f~

276 + 2(mMZ2) = 360 The base angles |

2(m2Z2) = 84 are congruent.
MAKE SENSE AND PERSEVERE mZ2 = 42
What other strategy might you ———

use to solve this problem? The measure of 22 is 42.

CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE ©

256 TOPIC 6 Quadrilaterals and Other Polygons (=) Go Online |[Link]

“Se
 l=) © Activity ) Assess

EXAMPLE 4 CONTINUED
GENERALIZE B. One cross support in the center of the tower measures 4c + 3, and the
Why might this strategy work for other measures 6c — 5. What is the length of each cross support?
isosceles trapezoids but not for The cross supports are diagonals of
trapezoids with noncongruent an isosceles trapezoid, so they are
legs? congruent.

Step 1 Find the value of c. 14 ft 14 ft

4c+3=6c-5 Aa foe
i220

4=c

Step 2 Find the lengths of the diagonals.

4c+3=4(4)+3
amo

6c —-5=6(4) —5

ad.
Each cross support measures 19 ft in length.

© Try It! 4. Given isosceles trapezoid MNOP where the given expressions
represent the measures of the diagonals, what is the value of a?
N

2a -1

THEOREM 6-6 Trapezoid Midsegment Theorem

In a trapezoid, the segment lie B G

containing the midpoints of the
two legs is parallel to the bases, Xx
and its length is half the sum of
the lengths of the bases. A

Then... XY||AD, XY || BC
PROOF: SEE LESSON 9-2. and XY = ; (AD ae BO)

LESSON 6-2 Kites and Trapezoids 257

 © Activity © Assess

APPLICATION Ce >.¢N\t28: Apply the Trapezoid Midsegment Theorem

\couuanecteaaet eer DRRINE :

Paxton makes trapezoidal handbags for her friends. She stiches decorative
trim along the top, middle, and bottom on both sides of the handbags. How
much trim does she need for three handbags? Explain.

Pe
Formulate <= The top and bottom sides of the handbag are the bases of a trapezoid.
The left and right sides are the legs. Since the middle seamen Be both
legs in half, it is the midsegment of the trapezoid. The midsegme f a
tr oid is the segment that connects the midpoints of the legs.
Let x represent the length of the midsegment in inches.

Compute <q Step 1 Find the value of x.

alte 9) Apply the Trapezoid Midsegment Theorem
2 with the base lengths 6 and 9. |
eles

The length of the midsegment is 7.5 in.

Step 2 Find the amount of trim that she needs.

First, find the amount for one side.
64+94+7.5=22.5
Then, multiply by 2 for the number of sides per handbag and by
3 for the number of handbags.
22.5¢2+¢3=135
Interpret <= = Paxton needs 135 inches of trim.

(7) Try It! 5. Given trapezoid JKLM, what is KL?

K L

x 25m y

ii 4 M
5 XY

258 TOPIC6 Quadrilaterals and Other Polygons (=) GoOnline | [Link]

 Concept
2) @ Summary Assess

B CONCEPT SUMMARY Kites and Trapezoids

Trapezoids
A kite is a quadrilateral with two A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with exactly one pair
pairs of adjacent sides congruent of parallel sides. The length of the midsegment
and no pairs of opposite sides is the average of the lengths of the two bases.
congruent. Exactly one diagonal A trapezoid with congruent legs is an isosceles
is a perpendicular bisector of trapezoid that has congruent base angles and
the other. congruent diagonals.

DPE vA AS Quadrilateral ABCD is a kite. Quadrilateral RSTU is an isosceles trapezoid.

B

R U

SU~=TR AB || ST || RU
AC
[Link]
AB = HST + RU) mzS = mzT
BE=ED
mzR=mzU

2 Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

ft; 4 ESSENTIAL QUESTION Male\a-lc> For Exercises 5-7, use kite
diagonals and angle measures related in WXYZ to find the measures.
kites and trapezoids? 5. MZXQY

2. Error Analysis What is Reagan's error? 6. MZYZQ

LW,

*.
: .

'S For Exercises 8-10, use trapezoid DEFG

with EG = 21 ft and mZDGF = 77 to find
By Theorem 6-5, PR = QS x ; each measure.

SED

9305
3. Vocabulary If XY is the midsegment of a
trapezoid, what must be true about point X 10. mZDEF
and point Y?

4. Construct Arguments Emaan says every

kite is composed of 4 right triangles. Is he
11. What is the length B 34cm C
correct? Explain.
of PQ?

LESSON 6-2 Kites and Trapezoids 259

 Scan for By f=) © Practice © Tutorial
@ PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Multimedia | @
Additional Exercises Available Online

OLNTDStee) PRACTICE

12. Construct Arguments Write a two-column 16. Given kite ABCD, in which
proof to show that the diagonals of a kite AN = 4.6 m, what is AC?
are perpendicular. SEE EXAMPLE 1
xX

Z,

13. Prove that the perpendicular bisector of BC is 17. Given kite RSTU, what is mMZRUS? SEE EXAMPLE 2
also the perpendicular bisector of AD. (Hint:
Extend BA and CD to meet at point M, and
show that the perpendicular bisector of BC
contains M.)

A D

B 3 C
14. Error Analysis What is Emery’s error? 18. Write a two-column proof to show that
the diagonals of an isosceles trapezoid are
congruent. SEE EXAMPLES 3 AND 4
BD is the perpendicular B
bisector of AC,
so HC = 8 in. because
AC = 16 in.

A D

19. Given trapezoid MNPQ, what is mZMNP?

SEE EXAMPLE 4
= ro

M 78° 0

15. Higher Order Thinking K 20. Given trapezoid WXYZ, what is XY?
Given kite JKLM with SEE EXAMPLE 5
diagonal KM, JK < JM, and
KL < LM, prove that Z/MK is J
congruent to ZLMK.

260 TOPIC6 Quadrilaterals and Other Polygons (=) Go Online |[Link] ;

 (=) © Practice © Tutorial
z) PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING
Mixed Review Available Online

© Rasa aasy aie:

21. Model With Mathematics Gregory plans to 24. The of a kite are always Z
make a kite like the one shown. He has
1,700 square inches of plastic sheeting. 25. SAT/ACT Given trapezoid ABCD, what is the
Does Gregory have enough plastic to make length of XY?
the kite? Explain. B 6s + 1 G

i A D

® 33 ® 42 ©5 ©11 £x©18
26. Performance Task Cindy is a member of a
volunteer group that built the play
structure shown.

22. Reason Coach Murphy uses the map to plan a

2-mile run for the track team. How many times
will the team run the route shown?
ine VII
9 og 9
T/
Brazos Ave 5 ¥
we - Oe

pase = ee

pA
76 Part A Cindy wants to add three more boards
UD
"JS evenly spaced between and parallel to the
bottom and top boards of the triangular frame.
Auaqinw
"3S Based on the lengths of the top and bottom
boards shown, what will be the lengths of each
of the three additional boards? Explain.

Part B How can Cindy determine where along

to nail the new boards into the existing frame?

Part C What other measurements should

23. Use Structure Abby builds a bench with the Cindy find to be certain that the boards will fit
seat parallel to the ground. She bends pipe to exactly onto the triangular frame?
make the leg and seat supports. At what angles
should she bend the pipe? Explain.

LESSON 6-2 Kites and Trapezoids 261

 3 6 ae 3 OetClutascaet
Kennedy lists all the pairs of congruent triangles she finds in
Properties of
quadrilateral ABCD.
Parallelograms

AD || BC AB || CD
(=) [Link] ZABC = ZCDA
ZDAB = ZBCD

| CAN... use the properties Congruent triangles:

of parallel lines, diagonals, ADAB = ABCD by SAS
and triangles to investigate AABC © ACDA by SAS A
parallelograms. 3 y MA

A. Is Kennedy's justification for triangle congruence correct for each pair?

B. Look for Relationships Did Kennedy overlook any pairs of congruent
triangles? If not, explain how you know. If so, name them and explain
how you know they are congruent.

> ESSENTIAL QUESTION What are the relationships of the sides, the angles, and the diagonals of
& a parallelogram?

ONERC Rone © >. ONVGIR Mee Explore Opposite Sides of Parallelograms

©
How do the lengths of the opposite sides of a parallelogram compare to
each other?

Quadrilateral ABCD is a parallelogram.

Diagonal BD is a
Alternate interior transversal of both
angles are congruent, pairs of parallel sides.
so 21 = 24 and
42 = 23. a
BD = BD by the
Reflexive Property.

AXABD = ACDB
by ASA.
USE STRUCTURE
Can you use the same strategy
to show other relationships in a
By CPCTC, AD = CB and AB = CD, so the lengths of the opposite sides are
parallelogram? congruent to each other.

© Try It! 1. Given parallelogram WXYZ, what is YZ? 5.09

262 TOPICS Quadrilaterals and Other Polygons ([) GoOnline | [Link] |

 © Activity © Assess

THEOREM 6-7

If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, Liat Xx Y wx \| ZY

then its opposite sides are WZ || XY
congruent.
W Zs

Then... WX = YZ
PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 13. Wz = XY

Ce >. ONi3R-~ep Use Opposite Sides of a Parallelogram

Quadrilateral PQRS is a parallelogram.

1Xe—3
Q R

Lye
=&

STUDY TIP
Remember there is often more
than one way to solve a problem. 2x + 12
You could also find the value
of x by solving the equation_ A. What is the value of x?
4x = 5x — 3, since QP and RS QR = PS because they are opposite
7X —3=2x+4+ 12
are also opposite sides of the sides of a parallelogram.
parallelogram. 5 xe

B. What is the length of each side of PQRS?

PQ =4x QR = 7x - 3 RS=5x-3 PS = 2x + 12
= 4(3) = 7(3)-—3 = (3) 5 = 2(3)+ 12
= doe =21-3 =15-3 =6+ 12
sails = 12 = 18

© Try It! 2. The 600-meter fence around City Park forms a parallelogram.
The fence along Chaco Road is twice as long as the fence along
Grover Lane. What is the length of the fence along Jones Road?

Chaco Rd.

Village Dr.

LESSON 6-3 Properties of Parallelograms 263

 Kal © Activity © Assess

bb) >.¢:\\ 2h: eD Explore Angle Measures in Parallelograms

A. How are consecutive angles in a parallelogram related?

You can use what you know about angle relationships formed when
parallel lines are cut by a transversal.

STUDY TIP
A
You can visualize a parallelogram Because they share a
as parallel lines intersected by common side, 21 and 22
transversals that are also parallel. are consecutive angles.
This may help you determine how
the angles are related.
y
Since 21 and 22 are same-side
interior angles of parallel lines,
they are supplementary angles.

Consecutive angles 21 and 22 are supplementary.

B. How are opposite angles in a parallelogram related?

4
Consecutive angles eae
Z1 and 22
are supplementary.
Consecutive angles
22 and 23
g |_|
are supplementary.
os

In the figure, 21 and 23 are opposite angles. Both angles are

supplementary to 22, so opposite angles in a parallelogram
are congruent.

© Try It! 3.a. Given parallelogram ABCD, what are B C

mZA and mzC?

b. What is mzB?

i
'|
THEOREM 6-8

If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, lft ee C AB || DC

then its consecutive angles are ne AD || BC
supplementary. A D

Then... mMZA + mzB = 180

mzB+mzC= 180
mzC + mzD = 180
PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 15. mzD + mZA = 180

264 TOPIC6 Quadrilaterals and Other Polygons [=] Go Online |[Link]

 t=) © Activity © Assess

THEOREM 6-9

If a quadrilateral is parallelogram, If... 8B C AB|| DC

then opposite angles are congruent. ee: AD || BC
A D
Then... ZA = ZC
PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 23. ZB = zD

bb) 1.9 Nish-e- a> Use Angles of a Parallelogram

The green shape in the fabric design is a parallelogram. The measure of 22
is twice the measure of 21. What are m21, m22, and mz3?

As consecutive angles, ~

mZ2=2mZ1
is given.

~ As opposite
angles, 22 = 23.

COMMON ERROR Find m21. Find m22. Find m23.

You may incorrectly write mzZ1 + mz2 = 180 mZ2 =2mz1 mz3 =mz2
mz1=2mZ2, butmz1 = 2mz2
means that m1 is twice m2Z2. mz1+2mz1 = 180 mZ2 = 2(60) Me aheo
mz1 = 60 M2220

The measures of 21, 22, and 23 are 60, 120, and 120, respectively.

© Try It! 4. Use the parallelogram shown.

H
(a=. 5):

(8a — 5)°
G

a. Given parallelogram GHJK, what is the value of a?

b. What are MzG, mMZH, mZJ, and mZK?

LESSON 6-3 Properties of Parallelograms 265

 J) 0 Activity © Assess

THEOREM 6-10

If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, Ifece ey Y WX\|ZY

then its diagonals bisect each other. WZ ||XY
Ww Z
Then... AW= AY
PROOF: SEE EXAMPLE 5. AX=AZ

encom ee 2>.0:\\ 128 Explore the Diagonals of a Parallelogram

How are the diagonals of a parallelogram related?

AC and BD are the diagonals of parallelogram ABCD.

Given: ABCD is a parallelogram.

Prove: AQ = CQ, BQ =~ DO
Proof:

STUDY TIP
The given information is usually
the best statement to begin
a proof.
Tee heeInt. Zseth ae’
Det.
are Te inated
Alt. Int .Zs Thm.

Def. of segment bisector

© Try It! 5. Use parallelogram RSTU with SU = 35 and KT = 19.

T
S

R U

a. What is SK?

b. What is RT?

266 TOPIC6 Quadrilaterals and Other Polygons (=) Go Online |[Link]

 ie) © Activity © Assess

APPLICATION bb) 9.¢:4\ 2h: Find Unknown Lengths in a Parallelogram

\qensnseenennesanemenem >

Corey stamps the orange and purple pattern shown on the front of a
poster she is making. How many times will she need to stamp the design to
make a row 60 cm wide along the dashed line?
SOPUIDETITND TOPO NE ARONA INCITS cei
ee iy Pigs AX (15)BX 799 The stamped desig
era oy isa parallelogram.
"na dag 8 tie a” enB_,

Formulate < By Theorem 6-10, the diagonals AC and BD bisect each other. So BX = DX,
and AX = CX.

Compute < Step 1 Determine the length of the diagonal, AC.

{
|
BX = DX <——— Diagonals bisect
—, each other. .
BX =4 .. 7 ccannen ae imeem

AX = 1.5 BX =< Given |

AX = 1.5(4)

AX =6 are :
_ Diagonals bisect _
AC = 2(AX) ~~ each other.
AC = 2(6) . |
AG= a2

Step 2 Find the number of times Corey needs to stamp.

60+12=5

Interpret <= Corey will need to stamp the design 5 times to make a row 60 cm wide.

© Try It! 6. Given parallelogram GHJK, if PK = 4 H t

and HK = 2(GJ), what is GP? yea
G K

LESSON 6-3 Properties of Parallelograms 267

 GD QO Snr, © ase
Concept

© CONCEPT SUMMARY Properties of Parallelograms

Angles of Parallelograms Sides and Diagonals of Parallelograms

> Consecutive angles of a parallelogram Opposite sides of a parallelogram are

are supplementary. Opposite angles of congruent. Diagonals of a parallelogram
a parallelogram are congruent. bisect each other.

SYMBOLS If... B Cc AD|| CB B C ADI

A D A D Cte
Then... mZA + mzB = 180 Then... AB = CD
mzB + mzC = 180 AD = BC
mzC + mzD = 180 AX = CX
mzD +mZA = 180 BX = DX see
e
N
m
ial
O

mZA=mzC
mzB=mzD

© Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

1. 7 hele What are the For Exercises 5 and 6, use parallelogram ABCD t

relationships of the sides, the angles, and to find each length. The measure of DE is x + 2.
the diagonals of a parallelogram? 5. BC Be 3x — 2 C

2. Error Analysis What is Carla’s error?

i
ae
6. BD

For Exercises 7 and 8, use parallelogram WXYZ

to find each angle measure.
7. MZWXY Xx a

WwW Z
3. Make Sense and Persevere If you knew
For Exercises 9 and 10, use parallelogram EFGH
the length of DF in parallelogram DEFG,
to find each length.
how would you find the length of DK?
Explain. OES

10. FH

D G |
For Exercises 11 and 12, use parallelogram
4. Reason Given parallelogram JKLM, MNPQ to find each angle measure.
what could the expression 180 — (3x + 8) 11. mZNPQ
represent? Explain.
12. mZPQM
K L

J M

268 TOPIC6 Quadrilaterals and Other Polygons (=) Go Online |[Link]

E) PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Scan for
Multimedia
(=) © Practice © Tutorial

Additional Exercises Available Online

UNDERSTAND PRACTICE

13. Construct Arguments Write a proof of 18. What are the values of AB and DE in
Theorem 6-7. X 4 parallelogram ABCD? SEE EXAMPLES 1 AND 2
Given: WX ||ZY, WZ ||XY B 24 6

Prove: WX=ZY,WZ=XY wy Z
13
14. Error Analysis In the statements shown,
explain the student's error. What shape is the A 19 EarD
quadrilateral?
19. Quadrilateral EFGH is a parallelogram. What is
MZF? SEE EXAMPLES 3 AND 4
JK = KLand LM = Mj.
ZMJK = ZKLM
le G

Therefore, AMJK = AKLM by SAS. The triangular (y + 35)°

halves of JKLM are congruent, so JKLM must be a E H
parallelogram. xX
20. Quadrilateral MNPQ is a parallelogram. What is
NQ? SEE EXAMPLES 5 AND 6
N P
15. Construct Arguments Write a proof of
Theorem 6-8.
B G
Given: AB || DC, AD || BC Ppwiesorer/
A D M Q
Prove: mZA + mzB = 180
mzB + mzZC = 180 21. The figure below can be divided into two
mzC + mzD = 180 parallelograms. What is the angle measure of
mzD + mZA = 180 the point at the bottom?
16. Use Appropriate Tools In a parallelogram,
opposite sides are congruent, and opposite
angles are congruent. If all sides in a
parallelogram are congruent, are all angles
congruent also? Draw apicture to explain your
answer.

17. Prove that each pair of base angles of an

isosceles trapezoid are congruent. Hint: Use the 22. Find the perimeter of the parallelogram.
figure below and construct AE to be parallel
to DC.
A D 2a —4

23. Write a proof of Theorem 6-9.

B —_~ G
Given: AB || DG, AD || BC
Prove: ZA = zC, 2B z= zD A aes

LESSON 6-3 Properties of Parallelograms 269

 (=) © Practice © Tutorial
© PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING
Mixed Review Available Online

© Mascainay alles
24. Model With Mathematics All four arms of a 27. Find the values of a, b, and cin the
mechanical jack are the same length, and they parallelogram.
form a parallelogram. Turning the crank pulls
the arms together, raising the top of the jack.
How high is the top of the jack when the crank
is 5 inches off the ground? Explain.
|E
|

28. SAT/ACT In parallelogram ABCD, which angle

is congruent to ZABC? :
@ ZABD © ZBCD

ZCDA © ZDAB

25. Use Structure The handrails for a steel staircase 29. Performance Task A pipe at an amusement
form a parallelogram ABCD. Additional bars park sprays water onto visitors. A cross section
are needed one third and two thirds of the way of each pipe has the shape of a parallelogram.
up the stairs. Explain why the additional bars
must be the same length as the end bars.

Part A Pipe A makes a 120° angle with Pipe B.

What are the interior angles of parallelogram
26. Higher Order Thinking Reagan designs a B? What is x, the measure of the angle that
pattern consisting of large squares of the Pipe B makes with the horizontal? Explain.
same size, small squares of the same size, and |l
elwatt

some parallelograms. She wants to replicate Part B Park engineers fasten a circular cap onto
the pattern using tiles for her bathroom. Are the end of Pipe B. In the middle of the cap is a
the vertical and horizontal parallelograms nozzle to turn the spray of water into a mist. If
congruent? Explain. the diameter of Pipe A is 3 inches, what is the
diameter of the circular cap? Explain.

Part C What are y and z, the angle measures

that the cap makes with Pipe B? Explain.

270 TOPIC6 Quadrilaterals and Other Polygons (=) Go Online |[Link]

—_——==
 =) © Activity © Assess

oer Proving a Sketch the quadrilaterals as described in the table. Include the diagonals.

Quadrilateral Is
a Parallelogram ee eee
- Quadrilateral 1 0 pairs 2 consecutive pairs
Quadrilateral 2 | 1 pair exactly1 nonparallel pair
{&) [Link] Quadrilateral 3 2 pairs 2 opposite pairs

| CAN... use properties of A. Measure the angles of each quadrilateral. How are the angle measures
sides, angles, and diagonals in Quadrilateral 1 related to each other? In Quadrilateral 2?
to identify a parallelogram. In Quadrilateral 3?
B. Measure the diagonals of each quadrilateral. How are the diagonals
in Quadrilateral 1 related to each other? In Quadrilateral 2?
In Quadrilateral 3?
C. Communicate Precisely Compare the relationships among the angles and
diagonals of Quadrilateral 3 to those of the other two quadrilaterals.
Are there any relationships that make Quadrilateral 3 unique?

Ba wee QUESTION Which properties determine whether a quadrilateral is a parallelogram?

tb) oO NI2A-eep Investigate Sides to Confirm a Parallelogram

In quadrilateral ABCD, AC is a diagonal, AB ~ CD, and AD = BC. Is ABCD a
parallelogram? Explain.

STUDY TIP AABC = ACDA by SSS.

Recall that any segment is
congruent to itself by the Reflexive
Property of Congruence. A

By CPCTC, ZBAC = ZDCA and ZBCA = ZDAC.

By theConverse of the Alternate Interior Angles Theorem, AB || CD and

AD || BC. By definition, quadrilateral ABCD is a parallelogram.

© Try It! 1. Explain why you cannot conclude that ABCD is a parallelogram.
B

LESSON 6-4 Proving a Quadrilateral Is Parallelogram 271

 f=) © Activity © Assess

THEOREM 6-11 Converse of Theorem 6-7

If both pairs of opposite sides of a Pas B Ca

quadrilateral are congruent, then AB = CD
the quadrilateral is a parallelogram. AD =~ BC
A D

PROOF: SEE EXAMPLE 1. Then... ABCD is a parallelogram.

CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING bb) > ¢N\t282~4 Explore Angle Measures to Confirm a Parallelogram
\qa SR a SR

A. Teo sketches a design of a quadrilateral-shaped building. If 21 is

supplementary to 22 and 24, is his design a parallelogram?
ate ~ ‘ spasm AAO IT ATIC
peneassAnieinhes cameos rae 4
DG ge snares “,
pra saree ‘ “Oe
STUDY TIP =i: = Since 21 and 22 et it ©
By definition, opposite sides of Ae eanecida Ps
a parallelogram are parallel. Use interior angles and
theorems about parallel linesto ~ = supplementary, _—
show that a quadrilateral is a 4 oe ae f
peed ee are parallel. be Since 21 and 24 are same side interior angles and
maT et supplementary, the left and right sides are parallel.
VW u
BEANE LaaRi ee eee

The quadrilateral has two pairs of parallel sides, so it is a parallelogram.

The design is a parallelogram.

B. Teo sketches a second design in which 21 is congruent to 23, and 22 is

congruent to 24. Is that design a parallelogram?
The sum of interior angles is 360.
mz1+mz2 + mz3 + m2Z4 = 360
mz1+mz2+mz1+m2zZ2 = 360

2(mz1 + m2Z2) = 360 Since 21 = 23 and 22 = 24, |

Mee? = 180 substitute m1 for mz3 and
m22 for mz4.
Substitute mz4 for m22.
mz1+mz4= 180

Because the edges form a quadrilateral with one angle supplementary to

both consecutive angles and from the result in part A, the second design
is also a parallelogram.

© Try It! 2.a. Is DEFGa b. Is LMNO a

parallelogram? Explain. parallelogram? Explain.
E
L

[Se
G Ee he:
0 89 91 N

272 TOPIC 6 Quadrilaterals and Other Polygons [&) GoOnline |[Link]

 Le) © Activity © Assess

THEOREM 6-12 Converse of Theorem 6-8

If an angle of a quadrilateral If... B 6

is supplementary to both of its mZA + mzZB = 180
consecutive angles, then the
quadrilateral is a parallelogram. A D mZzA +mzD= 180

PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 12. Then... ABCD is a parallelogram.

THEOREM 6-13 Converse of Theorem 6-9

If both pairs of opposite angles of if B C

a quadrilateral are congruent, then LA ZC
the quadrilateral is a parallelogram. yR ep
A D

PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 14. Then... ABCD is a parallelogram.

Ce 19.¢:4\128: > Find Values to Make Parallelograms

A. For what values of r and s is WXYZ a parallelogram?
Quadrilateral WXYZ is a parallelogram if x s+5 y
both pairs of opposite sides are congruent.
7r+1=4r4+7 2s—2=s+5 4r+7 +1
GENERALIZE a2 Seay,
Think about the properties of a W Z
parallelogram. What do you know lf r=2 ands =7, then WX andZY are both ne
about a quadrilateral that is a 15, and XY and WZ are both 12. So WXYZ is a parallelogram.
parallelogram?
B. For what values of a and b is RSTU a parallelogram?
Quadrilateral RSTU is a parallelogram
if both pairs of opposite angles are
congruent.

5a = 3a+14 4b+1=3b+
37
2ae14 b = 36
a=/
If a= 7 and b = 36, then angles S and U are both 35° and angles 7 and R
are both 145°. So RSTU is a parallelogram.

© Try It! 3.a. If x =25 andy

= 30, b. lfg=14andh=5,
is PQRS a parallelogram? is ABCD a parallelogram?
R h+1
Q (5y
—10)? (x + 15) B C

(2x — 10) (3y + 50)° A D

2h = 3

LESSON 6-4 Proving a Quadrilateral Is Parallelogram 273

 ica} © Activity © Assess

THEOREM 6-14 Converse of Theorem 6-10

If the diagonals of a quadrilateral Ife B Cc 7

bisect each other, then the AX = CX
quadrilateral is a parallelogram. BX
= DX
A D

PROOF: SEE EXAMPLE 4. Then... ABCD is a parallelogram.

THEOREM 6-15

If one pair of opposite sides of a If... B CC)

quadrilateral is both congruent AD = BC
and parallel, then the quadrilateral AD || BC
is a parallelogram. A D

PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 20. Then... ABCD is a parallelogram.

PROOF tb) > ONUIZR > Investigate Diagonals to Confirm a Parallelogram

Given: AX~ CX and BX= DX B G

Prove: ABCD is a parallelogram

Proof: D
COMMON ERROR Statements Reasons
Remember, noncongruent
1) AX = CX and BX = DX 1) Given
diagonals may bisect each other,
just as congruent diagonals do. 2) ZAXD = ZCXB and 2) Vertical Angles Theorem
ZAXB = ZCXD
3) AAXD =~ ACXB and 3) SAS
AAXB = ACXD
4) AD =~ CB and AB = CD 4) CPCTC

5) ABCD is a parallelogram. 5) Theorem 6-11

© Try It! 4. For what values of p 7p+1 2q

+3
and qg is ABCD a
parallelogram?

tb) OV I2h-wD Identify a Parallelogram

A. Is PQRS a parallelogram? Explain.
48° 132°
Same-side interior anglesQ and R are
supplementary, so QP || RS.
5
PQRS is a parallelogram by Theorem 6-15.
CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE

274 TOPIC6 Quadrilaterals and Other Polygons (=) Go Online |[Link]

 (=) © Activity © Assess

STUDY TIP EXAMPLE 1 CONTINUED

After determining that there is B. Is WXYZa parallelogram? Explain. x Y
not enough information, it is
good practice to think about what Although diagonal WY bisects XZ, diagonal
additional information would XZ does not necessarily bisect WY.
be needed to show that the Quadrilateral WXYZ does not meet the
quadrilateral is a parallelogram conditions of Theorem 6-14, and so it is not W a
and why. necessarily a parallelogram.

© Try It! 5.a. Is ABCD a parallelogram? Explain.

b. Is EFGH a parallelogram? Explain.

APPLICATION
“eager
QS¢NISERD Verify a Parallelogram
A mechanic raises a truck using a lift. For safety, the floor must be
horizontal and the top of the lift must be parallel to the floor. Is the lift
shown in a safe position? Explain.

Formulate < The lift and the floor form a quadrilateral. If the quadrilateral is a
parallelogram, then the side holding the truck will be parallel to the floor
and the lift will be safe.

Compute < Find the sum of the given angles.

105 + 75 = 180
Since a pair of same-side alternate interior angles are supplementary, the
6-ft sides of the lift are parallel. The lift is a parallelogram by Theorem 6-15.

Interpret < Opposite sides of a parallelogram are parallel, so the side of the lift holding
the truck is parallel to the floor. The lift is in a safe position.

© Try It! 6.A carpenter builds the table shown.

If the floor is level, how likely is it eae
that a ball placed on the table will 20 in.
roll of f?

LESSON 6-4 Proving a Quadrilateral Is Parallelogram 275

 D Qa, @ ss
@ CONCEPT SUMMARY Identifying Quadrilaterals That Are Parallelograms ¥
d

SIDES AND DIAGONALS ANGLES

A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if

e two pairs of opposite sides are congruent * one angle is supplementary to both
consecutive angles

(180 — x)°

© one pair of opposite sides is congruent

and parallel ¢ two pairs of opposite angles are congruent

ae
e the diagonals bisect each other

Les
© Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?
1. Which What must each angle E F
properties determine whether a measure be in order for
quadrilateral is a parallelogram? quadrilateral DEFG to be a D G
parallelogram?
2. Error Analysis Explain why Rochelle is
incorrect. oe our

What must each length be K Te

Pee _C in order for quadrilateral 3
JKLM to be a parallelogram? 3, — > q
AC == BD
iven: AC
Given: 6. JK x+

ABCD isa al-____“Ip 7. JL J

parallelogram, because quadrilaterals with x ax 1
congruent diagonals are parallelograms. A Use the diagram for Exercises 8 and 9.

B
G
20
3. Make Sense and Persevere Is the 20
information in the diagram enough to show A
WXYZ is a parallelogram? Explain. D
X i e :
8. If AB || DC, is ABCD a parallelogram? Explain.

9. If ABCD is a parallelogram, how does AC

W 7 compare to BD? Explain.

276 TOPIC6 Quadrilaterals and Other Polygons (=) Go Online |[Link]

©) PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Scan for
Multimedia
(=) © Practice © Tutorial

Additional Exercises Available Online

UNDERSTAND PRACTICE

10. Use Appropriate Tools If you are given a 16. Is each quadrilateral a parallelogram? Explain.
drawing of a quadrilateral, how can you SEE EXAMPLES 1 AND 2
determine whether or not it is a parallelogram?
What tool or tools can you use? a 16 b. 52 2
14
11. Error Analysis Ahmed uses the following
explanation to prove that a figure is a
14 16 52° 118°
parallelogram. What is Ahmed's error?

17. In each figure, for what values of x and y is the

The quadrilateral has a figure a parallelogram? SEE EXAMPLE 3

of
pair of opposite sides
congruent and a pair of
3x +6 (4x — 12)° (5y — 6)°
opposite sides parallel.
(3y + 46)° (3x + 5)°
According to Theorem
6-15, the figure is a
parallelogram.

18. Given the lengths shown, for what values of w

= Ag
and z is the figure a parallelogram?
12. Construct Arguments Write a proof of SEE EXAMPLE 4
Theorem 6-12.

Given: mzF + mzG = 180

mzF+ mzJ = 180

Prove: FGHJisa hata

J H
parallelogram.

13. Mathematical Connections A rectangle is

defined as a quadrilateral with four right
angles. Which theorem or theorems from
the lesson explain why a rectangle is a 19. Is the figure below a parallelogram? Explain.
parallelogram? Explain how the theorem or SEE EXAMPLES 5 AND 6
theorems apply.

14. Construct Arguments Write a proof of

Theorem 6-13.
Given: zl = ZN, ZM = _zO ih M 20. Write a proof of Theorem 6-15.
Prove: LMNOisa Given: KL || JM, KL=JM
parallelogram. 0 N
Prove: JKLM is a parallelogram.

15. Higher Order Thinking Describe rigid motions ~

you can apply to APQR to construct three
different parallelograms by combining the TED
J M
preimage and image. Explain why the resulting
figures are parallelograms. Hint: Construct diagonal JL.

LESSON 6-4 Proving a Quadrilateral Is Parallelogram 277

 (=) © Practice © Tutorial
( PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING eS.

Mixed Review Available Online

© ASSESSMENT PRACTICE
21. Make Sense and Persevere A lamp on a wall 24. Copy the graph and plot all possible coordinate
is suspended from an extendable arm that pairs for point Q on the coordinate plane so
allows the lamp to slide up and down. When that points P, Q, R, and S form the vertices of a
it expands, does the shape shown remain a parallelogram.
parallelogram? Explain.

25; SAT/ACT In quadrilateral ABCD, ZA = ZC.

Which additional statement can be used to
show that ABCD is a parallelogram?

22. Model With Mathematics Simon wants @®mzA+mzC=180 OmzB+mzD= 180

to decorate a cake with a pattern of
BD bisects AC © 2B~zD
parallelograms. He first pipes two parallel lines
that are 3 inches apart. He then makes a mark 26. Performance Task Margaret helps her sister
every 5 inch along each line. He pipes a line build a baby gate that is built from dowels
from one mark to the next on the opposite hinged at the top and bottom, so the gate can
side. Does this ensure that the lines will be open up against the wall along the stairs. They
parallel? Explain your answer. call it the parallelogram gate.

23. Communicate Precisely In the game shown, the

arrangement of marbles on the board is called
a parallelogram formation. Why is that name “

appropriate? Explain. Part A Are they correct to call it a parallelogram | '

gate? Explain.

Part B What are the measurements of the sides

of the gate when the gate is open? Explain.

Part C Margaret's father suggests that they add

two diagonal slats at the front of the baby gate.
What would that do to the gate? Explain.

278 TOPIC6 Quadrilaterals and Other Polygons (=) Go Online |[Link]

 f&) © Activity © Assess

Er
Properties of Special Consider these three figures.

Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3

(=) [Link]
SE

A. What questions would you ask to determine whether each figure is a

parallelogram?
| CAN... use the properties
of rhombuses, rectangles, and B. Communicate Precisely What questions would you ask to determine
squares to solve problems. whether Figure 1 is a rectangle? What additional questions would you
ask to determine whether Figure 2 is a square?
C. If all three figures are parallelograms, what is the most descriptive name
for Figure 3? How do you know?

aber melt ruten What properties of rhombuses, rectangles, and squares differentiate them
E from other parallelograms?

CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING
Scone nT AURTEE Le
@))S¢NUIgSe8D Find the Diagonals of a Rhombus
A. Parallelogram ABCD is a rhombus. What are the measures of 21, 22, 23,
and 24?

All four sides of a

rhombus are congruent.
_ STUDY TIP A alos C
Recall that a rhombus is a ales
parallelogram, so it has all the
properties of parallelograms. D

By the Converse of the Perpendicular Bisector Theorem, B and D are on

the perpendicular bisector of AC, so AC 1 BD.
All four angles formed by the intersection of the diagonals are
right angles, so the measure of 21, 22, 23, and 24 is 90.
B. Parallelogram JKLM is a rhombus. L
How are 21, 22, 23, and 24 related? 3 rf
By SSS, AJKL = AJML, so ee & pie
V2 ON 23224. JL SJL J
The diagonals of a rhombus bisect the angles at each vertex.

© Try It! 1. a. What is WY? b. What is mZRPS?

x p
5

WwW ¥ 5 Q

z R

LESSON 6-5 Properties of Special Parallelograms 279

 THEOREM 6-16

If a parallelogram is a rhombus, If. x

=
then its diagonals are perpendicular
bisectors of each other. y
N
ss — :
PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 14. Then... WY and XZ are perpendicular —
bisectors of each other.

:
THEOREM 6-17
:

Lg
If a parallelogram is a rhombus, If...
then each diagonal bisects a pair of
opposite angles.

PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 17. Then lee ee

25 2276, and! 2/7. = 25:

tb) 12).¢:4\08 24 Find Lengths and Angle Measures in a Rhombus

A. Quadrilateral ABCD is a rhombus. What is mZADE?

AC bisects ZBAD, so mZDAC = 53.

COMMON ERROR
mZDAE + mZAED + mZADE = 180 A a
You may incorrectly state that
mZADE = mZDAE. Remember 53 + 90 + mZADE = 180 AC 1 BD,
so
that consecutive angles are not ee mZAED= 90.
necessarily congruent.
B. Quadrilateral GHJK is a rhombus. What is GH? <>.

=
Step 1 Find x.
3x +1
2x+3=4x-7
~

2X =a
X15)
q
Step 2 Use the value of x to find GH.
HJ = 3(5)
+ 1 = 16
~
GH = HJ
GH = 16

© Try It! 2. Each quadrilateral is a rhombus.

a. What is mZMNO? b. What is QT?

> v

3y -1 2y +3

D
n

280 TOPIC6 Quadrilaterals and Other Polygons [EJ GoOnline | [Link]

 Le) © Activity © Assess

THEOREM 6-18

If a parallelogram is a rectangle, If... A B

then its diagonals are congruent.

D C

PROOF: SEE EXAMPLE 3. Then... AC = BD

PROOF Co PAIRED Prove Diagonals of a Rectangle Are Congruent

Write a proof for Theorem 6-18.
Given: PQRS is a rectangle.
a Q

S R

Prove: PR = Qs

Plan: To show that the diagonals are congruent, find a pair of congruent
triangles that each diagonal is a part of. Both APSR and AQRS appear to be
congruent. Think about how to use properties of rectangles to show they are
congruent. Draw each triangle separately and label the congruent sides.
P Q

ios woutnel

Proof:
Statements Reasons
STUDY TIP 1) PQRS is a rectangle. 1) Given
When you see triangles in a 2) PQRS is a parallelogram. 2) Def. of rectangle
diagram for a proof, you can 3) PS=QR 3) Opposite sides of a
often use congruent triangles and parallelogram are congruent.
CPCTC to complete the proof. 4) ZPSR and ZQRS are right angles. | 4) Def. of rectangle

5) ZPSR = ZQRS 5) All right angles are congruent.

6) SR=RS 6) Reflexive Prop. of Congruence
7) APSR = AQRS 7) SAS Triangle Congruence Thm.
8) PR ~ QS 8) CPCTC

© Try It! 3.A carpenter needs to check the gate his apprentice built to be
sure it is rectangular. The diagonals measure 52 inches and
53 inches. Is the gate rectangular? Explain.

LESSON 6-5 Properties of Special Parallelograms 281

 (=) © Activity © Assess

APPLICATION
\connec RNR
QQBS¢NTISEAD Find Diagonal Lengths of a Rectangle
Paul is training his horse to run the
course at a pace of 4 meters per
second or faster. Paul rides his horse
from D to C to E to B in 1 minute
30 seconds. The figure ABCD is a
rectangle. Did he make his goal?
Formulate < Use the Pythagorean Theorem to
find BD. Then use properties of
rectangles to find each segment
length and the total distance. Finally, determine his speed.
Compute < (BD)2 = 802 + 1922
Apply the Pythagorean
(BD)2 = 43,264 Theorem.
BD = 208
Use the properties of rectangles to find the total distance.
CE = EB = 104 — a . Diagonals are congruent ,
DC + CE + EB = 192 + 104 + 104 = 400 pleat ni tS
Determine the pace.
400 +=90 x 4.4

Interpret < Paul’s horse ran at a pace of about 4.4 m/s, so he made his goal.

© Try It! 4. A rectangle with area 1,600 m2 is 4 times as long as it is wide.

What is the sum of the diagonals?

Co 9.9:W\ 28» Diagonals and Angle Measures of a Square

Figure WXYZ is a square. If WY + XZ = 92, what is the area of AWPZ?
Since the figure is also a rhombus, WYL XZ and WP and zP W 7 x
are the base and height of AWPZ.
Step 1 Find the lengths of the diagonals. ‘
WY + XZ = 92 a Y
USE STRUCTURE WY = XZ = 46 WXYZ isa rectangle, sOWY = NZ
Consider the four triangles formed
by the diagonals of a square. Step 2 Find WP and ZP.
What observations do you make WP = Jiwy) = WXYZ is a parallelogram,
about these triangles? ie so WY and XZ bisect each other.
Ze (XZ) = 23
Step 3 Find the area of AWPZ.
area(AWPZ) = $(23)(23) = 264.5
The area of AWPZ is 264.5 square units.

© Try It! 5. Square ABCD has diagonals AC and BD. What is mZABD? Explain.

282 TOPIC6 Quadrilaterals and Other Polygons [=] GoOnline |[Link]

 (= ) Concept
<a @ Summary Assess
@ CONCEPT SUMMARY Properties of Special Parallelograms

Rectangle Rhombus Square

:
a» If a parallelogram is If a parallelogram is If a parallelogram is a
a rectangle, then the a rhombus, then the square, the properties of
| diagonals are congruent. diagonals are perpendicular both a rectangle and a
and bisect each pair of rhombus apply.
opposite angles.

Dey km 4 B Q W X

| : P

5 | De
D G Z Y

SYMBOLS AC
= BD PR 1 QS WY = Xz
WY1 XZ

© Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

)
1 What
properties of rhombuses, rectangles, and
Find each length and angle measure for
rhombus DEFG. Round to the nearest tenth.
; squares differentiate them from other 4. DF E
parallelograms?

2. Error Analysis Figure QRST R sy

5. m2DFG D Pee F
is a rectangle. Ramona See
wants to show that the a G
four interior triangles Q T
are congruent. What is Find each length for rectangle MNPQ. Round to
Ramona’s error? the nearest tenth. N p

Diagonals ofa rectangle are congruent and 8. MQ M Q

bisect each other, so RP = TP = OP =SP.
Find each length and angle measure for
Because the diagonals are perpendicular
square WXYZ.
bisectors, ZRPS, 7SPT, ZTPQ, andZQPR
are right angles. Therefore, by SAS, 9. mZYPZ iNSZ, .
10. MZXWP
ARPS = ASPT = ATPQ = APQR. x
11. XZ zYa y
12. What is the (4x + 5)°
3. Construct Arguments Is any quadrilateral value of x?
with four congruent sides a rhombus? Explain. (8x — 6)°

LESSON 6-5 Properties of Special Parallelograms 283

© PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Scan for | © Practice © Tutorial
Multimedia
Additional Exercises Available Online

UIT)
tsey AN LB) PRACTICE

13. Construct Arguments Write a proof of For Exercises 18-20, find each angle measure for
Theorem 6-16. X rhombus ABCD. SEE EXAMPLES 1 AND 2
Given: WXYZ isa 18. mZACD peel
rhombus. Ww
rae y é
19. mMZABC
Prove: WY and XZ are
perpendicular bisectors 20. mMZBEA
of each other. Z A
D
(4x — 3)°

For Exercises 21-23, find each length for

14. Error Analysis Figure ABCD is a rhombus. What
rhombus PQRS. Round to the nearest tenth.
is Malcolm's error?
SEE EXAMPLES 1 AND 2
2 lee Q
Since ABCD Its a rhombus, B 4x —7
22. QS “PX
AB = CD. Since the diagonals
ofa rhombus bisect each A Cc P Ne R
23509
other, AE = BE = CE = DE. E
So, by SSS, AABE = ACDE.

For Exercises 24-27, find each length and angle

measure for rectangle GHJK. Round to the nearest
tenth. SEE EXAMPLES 3 AND 4
15. Mathematical Connections The area of
rectangle WXYZ is 115.5 in.2. What is the 24. mZzGHK
perimeter of AXYZ? Explain your work. 25. mZHU Neh
26. GJ <
27. HL - lee ”
For Exercises 28-30, find each length and value
for square QRST. Round to the nearest tenth.

xX]
SEE EXAMPLE 5
16. Construct Arguments Write a proof of
Theorem 6-17. 28. SV R
Given: ABCD isa B 29. RT P
rhombus.
30. perimeter of ARVS T
Provew4=72, 23) 24: Casi
A C
ZEA eae
31. If ABCD is a square, what is GC?

D
17. Higher Order Thinking A square is cut apart

4
and reassembled into a rectangle as shown.
Which figure has a greater perimeter? Explain.

284 TOPIC6 Quadrilaterals and Other Polygons (=) Go Online |[Link]

© PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING & © Practice © Tutorial

Mixed Review Available Online

Trak © ASSESSMENT PRACTICE

32. Model With Mathematics Jordan wants a 35. Which statements are true about all rectangles?
collapsible puppy pen that gives his puppy at Select all that apply.
least 35 square feet of area and at least 10 feet ® Diagonals bisect each other.
of diagonal length. Should Jordan buy the pen
shown? Explain.
Adjacent sides are perpendicular.
© Diagonals are perpendicular.
® Consecutive angles are supplementary.

36. SAT/ACT Which expression gives mzDBC?

B

Seana
Cit
LtMY a A G

33. Make Sense and Persevere Luis is using _ 3x) 180 — 3x\°
different types of wood to make a ® (180 2 ) © ( 2 )
rectangular inlay top for a chest with the (180 — 3x)" © e = 180)
pattern shown. 2
37. Performance Task At a carnival, the goal is
to toss a disc into one of three zones to win a
prize. Zone 1 is a square, zone 2 is a rhombus,
and zone 3 is a rectangle. Some measurements
have been provided.

a. What angle should he cut for 2CDG? Explain.

b. If he makes the table top correctly, what will
the length of the completed top be?

34. Look for Relationships A carpenter is building

a support for a stage. What should be the
measures of 21, 22, 23, and 24? Explain Part A What are the lengths of the sides of
your answers. each zone?

Part B What are the angle measures of

each zone?

Part C What is the area of each zone?

LESSON 6-5 Properties of Special Parallelograms 285

 {ey © Activity © Assess

ie aio gg MODEL & DISCUSS

The sides of the lantern are
Conditions
identical quadrilaterals.
of Special
Parallelograms A. Construct Arguments
How could you check to
see whether a side is a
parallelogram? Justify your
(=) [Link]
aoa answer.

: B. Does the side appear to be

I ane ee eee rectangular? How could
rectangles, and squares by >
the characteristics of their you check:
diagonals. C. Do you think that diagonals
of a quadrilateral can be
used to determine whether
the quadrilateral is a
rectangle? Explain.

>) TIA war Teli tse CO) Which properties of the diagonals of a parallelogram help you to classify
Co a parallelogram?

CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING
Scone er
)}R¢NUiSR2D Use Diagonals to Identify Rnombuses
Information about diagonals can help to classify A B
a parallelogram. In parallelogram ABCD, AC is
perpendicular to BD. What else can you conclude
about the parallelogram?
D C
STUDY TIP A
Parallelograms have several The diagonals of Any angle at E either
properties, and some properties a parallelogram forms a linear pair or
may not help you solve a bisect each other, is a vertical angle with
particular problem. Here, the fact so AE = CE and ZAEB, so all four angles
that diagonals bisect each other DE = BE. D are right angles.
allows the use of SAS.

The four triangles are congruent by SAS, so AB = CB = CD = AD.

Since ABCD is a parallelogram with four congruent sides, ABCD is a rhombus.

© Try It! 1.1f zJHK and ZJGK are complementary,

what else can you conclude about
GHJK? Explain.

286 TOPIC6 Quadrilaterals and Other Polygons [=] Go Online |[Link]

aa
 Ee) © Activity © Assess

THEOREM 6-19 Converse of Theorem 6-16

If the diagonals of a parallelogram lf: J

are perpendicular, then the
parallelogram is a rhombus.

PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 9. Then... JK = KL = LM = MJ

THEOREM 6-20 Converse of Theorem 6-17

If a diagonal of a parallelogram Ife B

bisects two angles of the
parallelogram, then the
parallelogram is a rhombus.
A D

PROOF: SEE EXAMPLE 2. Then... AB= BC2= CD= DA

PROOF Co Peake Prove Theorem 6-20

Write a proof of Theorem 6-20.

Given: Parallelogram FGHJ with

Z1&Z2and 23 ~ 24 a r~
; [AH
Prove: FGHJ is a rhombus.

Proof: J

G G

Feceta
s per eras ect =
STUDY TIP
Drawing diagonals in
parallelograms can help you see
additional information that is ee ew
useful in solving problems.
J J

By ASA, AFHJ NATE. By the Alternate By the Converse of

Thus, FJ = FG. Interior Angles the Isosceles Triangle
Theorem, 21 = 24, so Theorem, FG ~HG
412222232 £4. and FJ = HJ.
Using the Transitive Property of Congruence, FG = HG = FJ = HJ. Since FGHJ
is a parallelogram with congruent sides, it is a rhombus.

© Try It! [Link] to the figure FGHJ in Example 2. Use properties of

parallelograms to show that if 21 = 22 and 23 = 24, then the
four angles are congruent.

LESSON 6-6 Conditions of Special Parallelograms 287

 Ley © Activity © Assess

=a
Qe >.7:N\VI28:Ke Use Diagonals to Identify Rectangles

Ashton measures the diagonals

for his deck frame and finds
that they are congruent. Will
the deck be rectangular?

Since opposite sides are

congruent, the supports form
a parallelogram. To show that
the structure is rectangular,
show that the angles are
right angles.

a afi A B
_ Opposite sides and the diagonals
| are congruent, so AACD = ABDC °
_ by SSS. Therefore, ZADC = ZBCD. | ; Z

In a parallelogram, consecutive angles are supplementary. Angles that are

congruent and supplementary are right angles. Similarly, ZDAB and ZCBA
are also right angles.
The frame forms a parallelogram with four right angles, which is a rectangle.

© Try It! 3.1f the diagonals of any quadrilateral are congruent, is the
quadrilateral a rectangle? Justify your answer.

THEOREM 6-21 Converse of Theorem 6-18

If the diagonals of a parallelogram fax Y

Prides. etance ewe

W fe

PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 11. Then... 2zXWZ, zWZY, ZXYZ, and

ZWXY are right angles

e eG Nigh e> Identify Special Parallelograms

Can you conclude whether each parallelogram is a rhombus, a square,
or a rectangle? Explain.
A. Parallelogram ABCD B
CONSTRUCT ARGUMENTS
There are often multiple ways
to prove something. How
By SAS, AABD = ACBD.
could you use properties of
A C
parallelograms to show the figure
is a rhombus without the congruent
ZADB = ZCDB by CPCTC. |
D - -

angles shown?
Diagonal BD bisects ZABC and ZADC, so parallelogram ABCD is a rhombus.
CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE

288 TOPIC6 Quadrilaterals and Other Polygons [= Go Online | [Link]

 (=) © Activity © Assess
aaa
EXAMPLE 4 CONTINUED
B. Parallelogram PQRS

Q
Diagonals are perpendicular,
So PQRS is a rhombus.

Pp R
Ve Diagonals are congruent,
So PQRS is a rectangle.
5

Since the parallelogram is a rhombus and a rectangle, it is a square.

© Try It! 4. 1s each parallelogram a rhombus, a square, or a rectangle?

Explain.

Lea | 3

tb) 9.O.4\t3h:mp Use Properties of Special Parallelograms

Quadrilateral STUV is a rhombus.

;
GP65 — ey)y)* (Sy + 5)°5)
5y +
What are the values of x and y?
_ MAKE SENSE AND PERSEVERE
Consider the information given
_ in the diagram. How can you 3 2
_ determine whether TV bisects
| the angles? (4x + 3)° V (5x — 10)°

If a parallelogram is a rhombus then each diagonal bisects opposite angles.

So, TV bisects ZSVU and ZSTU.

Solve for x. Solve for y.

MZSVT= MZUVT TV bisects ZSVU MZSTV= MZUTV
and ZSTU.
4x +3 =5x-10 65-y=5y+5

-x=-13 —6y
= -60
as y= 10

© Try It! 5. In parallelogram ABCD, AC = 3w — 1 and BD = 2(w + 6). What

must be true for ABCD to be a rectangle?

LESSON 6-6 Conditions of Special Parallelograms 289

 |
=) © Activity © Assess
. a
APPLICATION bb) >.ONi2R-c@» Apply Properties of Special Parallelograms
Aguact) sate EERE

A group of friends set up a kickball field with bases 60 ft apart. How can
COMMON ERROR | they verify that the field is a square?
The order in which the —
quadrilateral is identified matters.
Opposite sides are congruent,
Be sure to first show that the so the field is a parallelogram.
quadrilateral is a parallelogram
before applying the theorems
to identify the quadrilateral as a
rhombus or a rectangle.

All sides are congruent,

_ so the parallelogram is a rhombus.

The field is a rhombus. To show that the rhombus is a square, show that it is
also a rectangle.

A parallelogram is a rectangle if the diagonals are congruent.

Second Base

a
[Measure the distances
| from first to third base eer
| Third Base First Base
and from home plate to
i one

we
| second base. — meh
eee
we
meena
mw
_ ee
Home Plate

The group of friends can verify the field is a square if they find that the
distances from first base to third base and from second base to home plate
are equal.

© Try It! [Link] MNPQ a rhombus? Explain. N

. M

290 TOPIC6 Quadrilaterals and Other Polygons (=) GoOnline |[Link]

 Concept
i=) @ Summary © Assess

y CONCEPT SUMMARY Conditions of Special Parallelograms

RHOMBUS RECTANGLE

A parallelogram is a rhombus if A parallelogram is a rectangle if A parallelogram is a square if

¢ diagonals are perpendicular ¢ diagonals are congruent ¢ diagonals are perpendicular

ee
Gens
and congruent

EGS
° a diagonal bisects angles
e a diagonal bisects angles
and diagonals are congruent

} Do You UNDERSTAND?
=:
Do You KNOW HOW?
1. 1 ESSENTIAL QUESTION JAuMal(aa For Exercises 5-8, is the parallelogram a
properties of the diagonals of a rhombus, a square, or a rectangle?
parallelogram help you to classify 5. ee a 6. 45°
a parallelogram?
45°
2. Error Analysis Sage
was asked to classify
E
ie 45°
a5"
DEFG. What was
Sage’s error? D F Te 8.

DX Vesa

ts
9. What value of x will make the
Since DF = EG, DEFG is a rectangle. parallelogram a rhombus?
Since EG1 DF, DEFG is also a rhombus.
Therefore, DEFG is a square.

A 36°

10. If mz1 = 36 and m2Z2 = 54, is PORS a

3. Construct Arguments Write a biconditional rhombus, a square, a rectangle, or none of
statement about the diagonals of rectangles. these? Explain.
What theorems justify your statement?
Q R
4. Use Appropriate Tools Make a concept
map showing the relationships among
quadrilaterals, parallelograms, trapezoids,
isosceles trapezoids, kites, rectangles, vu nH
squares, and rhombuses.

LESSON 6-6 Conditions of Special Parallelograms 291

©) PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING niaay
scan for (( ) L) © Practice a) Tutorial

Additional Exercises Available Online

ONT Sey ALD) PRACTICE

11. Construct Arguments Write a proof for For Exercises 17 and 18, determine whether each
Theorem 6-19 using the following figure is a rhombus. Explain your answer.
diagram. SEE EXAMPLES 1 AND 2

B 17. 18.
100°

A G 40°

D
P

12. Error Analysis Becky is ae Q

19. What is the perimeter of parallelogram
asked to classify PQRS. ae
WXYZ? SEE EXAMPLE 3
What is her error?
434

Pet
5 48°
R

PR bisects opposite angles 24

ZSPQ and ZQRS, so
For Exercises 20 and 21, determine the name
PQRS must be a rhombus. x
that best describes each figure: parallelogram,
rectangle, square, or rhombus. SEE EXAMPLE 4

13. Construct Arguments Write a proof

for Theorem 6-21 using the following
diagram.

For Exercises 22-24, give the condition required

for each figure to be the specified shape.
SEE EXAMPLES 5 AND 6
22. rectangle
14. Construct Arguments Write a proof to show that
if ABCD is a parallelogram and ZABE =~ ZBAE, we
Neal
then ABCD is a rectangle.

Seago ee
KON
23. rhombus

A B

15. Mathematical Connections If WXYZ is a

col
chiro aS|
rhombus with W(-1, 3) and Y(9, 11), what must
be an equation of XZ in order for WXYZ to be a
rhombus? Explain how you found your answer.
24. rhombus
16. Higher Order Thinking The longer diagonal (3x +12)? (5x — 24)°
of a rhombus is three times the length of
the shorter diagonal. If the shorter diagonal
is x, what expression gives the perimeter of
the rhombus?

292 TOPIC6 Quadrilaterals and Other Polygons (=) Go Online |[Link]

Same
 (=) © Practice © Tutorial
ED PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING [a

Mixed Review Available Online

© Asc aaa alles

25. Look for Relationships Melissa charges 28. Are the terms below
$1.50 per square meter for laying sod. She valid classifications
says she can compute the amount to charge for the figure? Select
for the pentagonal lawn by evaluating Yes or No.
1.50(122 + 0.25(122)). Do you agree?
Explain. Yes | No

Square Q) | QO

mone a Q)

parallelogram | OQ O

|pectanole - |QO) O

aitierae | Date

. SAT/ACT Parallelogram ABCD has diagonals

26. Make Sense and Persevere Jeffery is making with lengths AC = 7x + 6 and BD = 9x — 2. For
a wall design with tape. How much tape does
which value of x is ABCD a rectangle?
he need to put the design shown on his wall?
Explain how you used the information in the @2 ®4 C7 @9 ® 34
diagram to find your answer.
. Performance Task Zachary is using the two
segments shown as diagonals of quadrilaterals
he is making for a decal design for the cover of
his smart phone.

27. Use Structure After knitting a blanket, Monisha

washes and stretches it out to the correct size
and shape. Opposite sides line up with the
edges of a rectangular table. She plans to sew
a ribbon around the edge of the blanket. How Part A Make a table showing at least four types
much ribbon will she need? of different quadrilaterals that Zachary can
make using the segments as diagonals. For each
42 in. type of quadrilateral, draw a diagram showing
an example. Label angle measures where the
diagonals intersect, and label segment lengths
of the diagonals.
Part B Are some types of quadrilaterals not
possible using these diagonals? Explain.
Part C Which has the greater area, a square or
a rectangle? Explain.

LESSON 6-6 Conditions of Special Parallelograms 293

 Topic Review
? TOPIC ESSENTIAL QUESTION

1. How are properties of parallelograms used to solve problems and to

classify quadrilaterals?

Vocabulary Review
Choose the correct term to complete each sentence.
é Meet i, e exterior
2. A parallelogram is a(n) ____ if its diagonals are ; ;
perpendicular and congruent. F pups
3. A(n) ________ is a quadrilateral with two pairs of adjacent sides * kite
congruent and no pairs of opposite sides congruent. M7 midsegment ofa
4. The sum of the measures of the ______ angles of a convex trapezoid
polygon is 180° « (n — 2), where rn is the number of sides of * rectangle
the polygon. e¢ rhombus
5. The length of the ____is the average of its two bases. ° square

Concepts & Skills Review

LESSON 6-1 The Polygon Angle-Sum Theorems

Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving

The sum of the measures of the exterior angles Find the sum of the measures of the interior
of a convex polygon, one at each vertex, is 360°. angles and the exterior angles of each figure.
The sum of the measures of the interior angles of Gi 7
a convex polygon is 180° « (n — 2), where n is the
number of sides of the polygon.

Example
What is the sum of the measures of the interior
angles of the regular hexagon? 8. Make Sense and Persevere Is there enough
information to determine the measures of the
interior angles of the polygon shown? If so,
find the measures. If not, explain.

180° « (6 — 2) = 720°
Ce

294 TOPIC6 Quadrilaterals and Other Polygons (=) GoOnline | [Link]

 Kites and Trapezoids

Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving

A kite is a quadrilateral with two pairs of Find each measure.
adjacent sides congruent and no pairs of 9. mzZ1 10. BC
opposite sides congruent.
A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with exactly one pair
of parallel sides. The length of the midsegment of
a trapezoid is the average of the two bases.

Example 3SCD

Given trapezoid ABCD, what is EF?

B 24 C 11. Use Structure Shannon wants to hang
curtains using a tension rod across the
top of the trapezoid-shaped window that
E iE is shown. Is a 36-inch tension rod long
enough to go across the top of the window?
A D Explain.
32

The midsegment of trapezoid ABCD is EF, so

EF = 5(24 + 32) = 28.
=
12 in. ==
fym4
©

oo
LESSON 6-3 Properties of Parallelograms a,
\e)
a

Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving

The sides, diagonals, and angles of Use the diagram to find each angle measure.
parallelograms have special relationships. x y
¢ Opposite sides are congruent. ere
¢ Diagonals bisect each other. Ww am
e Consecutive angles are supplementary.
12. mZW 13. MZX
¢ Opposite angles are congruent.
14. Construct Arguments The outline of a
planned parking lot in the shape of a
Example parallelogram is shown. Elijah says the
Given parallelogram ABCD, if ED = 3 and north side of the lot is 130 ft and the west
BD = 2 (AQ), what is AC? side of the lot is 240 ft. What is Elijah’s
B G mistake?
north

A D
130 ft
Since ED = BE, BD = 6. Substitute into BD = 3 (AQ
240 ft
to get 6 = ; (AC), and then solve to get AC = 8.
south

TOPIC 6 Topic Review 295

 LESSON 6-4 Proving a Quadrilateral is a Parallelogram

Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving

A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if any of the For what value of x is each quadrilateral a
following conditions is true. parallelogram?
e Both pairs of opposite sides are congruent. 15. x+3

e One pair of opposite sides is congruent

and parallel.
3x +4 x + 28
(2x + 6)°
e An angle is supplementary to both of its
consecutive angles.
¢ Both pairs of opposite angles are congruent. Xa

e The diagonals bisect each other. 17. Communicate Precisely All the black lines
in the pattern shown are vertical. What
Example measurements can be used to show that
each gray quadrilateral is a parallelogram?
Explain why the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
Explain.

Two pairs of opposite angles are congruent, so

the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.

LESSON 6-5 Properties of Special Parallelograms

Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving

The diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular 18. Given that ABCD is a rhombus, what is BD?
bisectors of each other. The diagonals of a

[Link]
rectangle are congruent. The diagonals of a
square are perpendicular bisectors of each other
and congruent. Paap

XK
Example
Given that WXYZ is a rhombus, show that 19. Given that PQRS is a rectangle, what is QS?
PW = PY.
Q R

P. 5

20. Construct Arguments Is any quadrilateral with

Quadrilateral WXYZ is a rhombus, so it is a four congruent sides a square? Explain.
parallelogram. Diagonals of parallelograms
bisect each other, so PW = PY by definition
of bisect.

296 TOPIC6 Quadrilaterals and Other Polygons (=) Go Online |[Link]

LESSON 6-6 Conditions of Special Parallelograms

Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving

Suppose a figure is a parallelogram. Is the parallelogram a rhombus, a rectangle,
or a square?
e If the diagonals are perpendicular, then the
parallelogram is a rhombus. 21 22.
e If the diagonals are congruent, then the
parallelogram is a rectangle.
e If the diagonals are perpendicular and
congruent, then the parallelogram is a square.

23. Make Sense and Persevere For what value of

Example
x is GHJK a rhombus? Explain.
Show that the parallelogram is a square.
Ne"
Nox]

Le
aN, 24. Construct Arguments Can Nora construct a
kite with diagonals that bisect each other?
since XP = ZP= WP= YP, XZ = WY, the
Explain.
diagonals are congruent. Since the diagonals are
congruent, the parallelogram is a rectangle. The =
diagonals are also given to be perpendicular to
=5
aa
each other, so the rectangle is a square. ms
i<e)

iS
an
fe)
al

TOPIC 6 Topic Review 297

 Similarity

°? TOPIC ESSENTIAL QUESTION

How are properties of similar figures used to solve problems?

Topic Overview Topic Vocabulary

enVision™ STEM Project: e center of dilation

7-1 Dilations e similarity transformation

7-2 Similarity Transformations
7-3 Proving Triangles Similar
7-4 Similarity in Right Triangles
Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts:
Make It Right
7-5 Proportions in Triangles

POUR eMC eae tthe) DDE

AteV odgela(-sela=
Aree 7 se aE Sy ele te LESSON
> ESSENTIAL
- iQUESTION
it

@
Dilations LESSON VOCABULARY.
, ike enna ins
INTERACTIVE STUDENT EDITION
Access online or offline.

o
LESSON OVERVIEW bo
Explore & Reason > | ACTIVITIES Complete Explore & Reason,
Example 1 >
Dilate a Figure
|
|
Model & Discuss, and Critique & Explain
activities. Interact with Examples and Try Its.
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© ANIMATION View and interact with

}

real-world applications.

[=] Go online |[Link] © PRACTICE

you've learned.
Practice what

298 TOPIC7 Similarity

 MATHEMATICAL MODELING IN i} ACTS
a
a

© Make It Right
Architects often make a scale physical model of a new building project. The
scale model is usually a miniature version of the project it is representing.

When making a model, architects need to make sure that all of the parts
of the model are the right size. Think about this during the Mathematical
Modeling in 3 Acts lesson.
TOPIC
7

VIDEOS Watch clips to support GLOSSARY Read and listen to

Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts Lessons English and Spanish definitions.
and enVision™ STEM Projects.

6 CONCEPT SUMMARY Review

key lesson content through
© TUTORIALS Get help from
Virtual Nerd, right when you need it.

multiple representations. MATH TOOLS Explore math

with digital tools and manipulatives.

@ ASSESSMENT Show what

you've learned.

TOPIC7 Similarity 299

 =) vie
roric7 provECT) -SNVISION SIEN

The was See

invented in by Colorado engineer —
Chuck Hull. Hull’s idea was to “print”
extremely thin layers of plastic, one atop
the other, building up a 3-dimensional
object.

3D printers make

. They also make

Grecia, a toucan, eats

and sings using a

upper beak.

The was invented by Johannes

Gutenberg around the year . TO print a page,
Gutenberg made individual letters from metal and
arranged the letters . Then he inked the letters
and on paper.

An engineer has built a scale model of a part for a rocket engine.

Full-size, the part will be mass-produced using 3D printing. You and
your classmates will use similarity to scale up the dimensions of the part.
Then you'll describe and draw steps for the production of the part.

300 TOPIC 7 enVision STEM Project Sa (©) Go Online |[Link]

 &) © Activity © Assess

eSi| () EXPLORE & REASON

Dilations Roosevelt High School sells a
sticker and a larger car decal Roosevelt High School
with the school logo. Z
A. Look for Relationships How %Ee

(=) [Link]
are the sticker and the car =

ROOSEVELT | |
——
decal alike? How are they a f

different?
aSeer
ICAN... dilate figures B. Suppose the sticker and
OOOO,
DA
aN
Pediat

and identify characteristics decal are shown next to

of dilations. each other on a computer
VOCABULARY screen. If you zoom in to
Bot dilation 125%, what would stay the
same on the figures? What
would be different?

ESSENTIAL QUESTION How does a dilation affect the side lengths and angle measures of a figure?

CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING
\eerasesses ecssememamanmnsseonrnmenssssscacs >
QS 4NTiSA®
;
Dilate a Figure
How can you drawa dilated image?
A dilation produces an image that is a different size than the preimage.

Method 1 The Ratio Method

Dilate AABC by a scale factor of ; with fixed center P. This fixed center is
called the cen ilatiaion
Pe! ae . Step 1 Draw rays from P
Step 2 Mark point A’ at a point
_ that is half the distance from P to A. OU a
STUDY TIP _ Repeat forB’ and C’.
Recall that in a dilation, the
preimage is enlarged or reduced p
in size by a given scale factor.

Step 3 Draw segments

to form AA’B’C’.

Triangle A’B’C’ is a copy of AABC with side lengths that are 5 the lengths of
the corresponding sides of AABC.
CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE

LESSON 7-1 Dilations 301

 &) © Activity © i
i
-
EXAMPLE 1 CONTINUED
Method 2 The Parallel Method

Dilate WXYZ by 2 with center of dilation Q.

h
Step 1 Draw rays from \ Step 2 Mark point W’ such
Q passing through each that QW’ =2- QW.
vertex of WXYZ.

ce x’
““* — Step 3 Drawa line
Step 4 DrawZ'W’. through W’ parallel
to WX. Mark the
intersection with QX —
; , as point X’. Repeat
ie vex to oie Y’ and Z’.
MAKE SENSE AND PERSEVERE
Consider the two methods for Segment WZ’ is parallel to WZ.
dilating figures. How are they Quadrilateral W’X'Y’Z’ is a copy of WXYZ with side lengths that are twice
alike? How are they different?
the lengths of the corresponding sides of WXYZ.

© Try It! 1.a. Trace AJKL and point R. Use K

Method 1 to dilate AJKL by a
scale factor of 3 with center L
of dilation R. J

b. Trace APQR and point M. Use °M

Method 2 to dilate APQR by a
scale factor of 3 with center of
dilation M. P

CONCEPT Dilations

A dilation D(, g is a transformation that has center of dilation C and scale

factor n, where rn > 0, with the following properties:
e Point R maps to R’ in such a way that R’ is on X'
CR and CR’ =ne CR. Xe
e Each length in the image is n times the C a
corresponding length in the preimage R “phe
(i.e., X’R’ = ne XR).

e The image of the center of dilation is the center itself (i.e., C = C).
¢ Ifn > 1, the dilation is an enlargement.
¢ If 0 </n <1, the dilation is a reduction.
e Every angle is congruent to its image under the dilation.
On a coordinate plane, the notation D,, describes the dilation with the origin
as center of dilation.

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 (=) © Activity © Assess

Co OWI: Analyze Dilations

Rectangle A’B’C’D’ is a dilation with

center P of ABCD. How are the side B' Gi

lengths and angle measures of ABCD

related to those of A’B’C’D’?
Step 1 Compare the angles.
All angles of rectangles are B
right angles, so each angle in
image A’B’C’D’ is congruent
to the corresponding angle e ry
in ABCD. Pia DA’ D'

Step 2 Compare the side lengths.

Find the side lengths in the preimage and image.
AB = 3 BE 2 CD ae DA =2
A B= 9 Bia 6 CD: a9 D'A' =6
Find the ratios of the corresponding side le ngths.
MT Comet C’D’ yor DARE Ore
AB 3 Bem? CD [ae : DAZ 2
The ratios are equal, so the lengths of corresponding sides of the two figures
are proportional.

© Try It! [Link] WXYZ’ isa

dilation with center P Xx Y
of WXYZ. How are the Xe y' 5;

side lengths and angle

measures of the two Ww Zw liz
figures related?

© >OV\iae-aceM Find a Scale Factor

he

Quadrilateral J’K’L’M’ is a dilation of JKLM.

What is the scale factor?
COMMON ERROR
Be careful to find the scale factor The scale factor is the ratio of side lengths in the image
and not its reciprocal. Think to the corresponding side lengths in the preimage.
about whether the dilation is
M'

le Oe. K'

an enlargement or reduction KL 2a 2

The scale factor is =3

18
to see whether the scale factor jh

makes sense.

© Try It! 3. Consider the dilation shown.

C
a. Is the dilation an
enlargement or a reduction? -
b. What is the scale factor?
Bl 1A B4
Ace
IA’

LESSON 7-1 Dilations 303

 Le) © Activity @ Assess

OR WEED dilate a Figure with Center at the Origin

What are the vertices of D3(AABC)?

The notation D3(AABC) means

the image of AABC after a
dilation centered at the origin,
with scale factor 3.

For a dilation with scale factor 3 centered at the origin, each image point is
3 times farther away from the origin than the corresponding preimage point.
REASON
Think about distances on a Multiply each coordinate of each preimage point by 3 to find the
coordinate plane. How could coordinates of the image points.
ou show algebraically that
each a eae by A(2, -1) > A’ +2,3+-1)=A'6, -3)
the scale factorn produces a B(—-1, 2) > B’(3 - —1, 3° 2) = B(-3,.6)
point that is n times the distance
from the origin? C(3, 0) > C3 + 3,3 + 0) = C9, 0)

The vertices of D3(AABC) are A’(6, —3), B’(—3, 6), and C’(9, 0).

© Try It! 4. use Arar.

a. What are the vertices of D.(APQR)?

b. How are the distances to the origin from each image point
related to the distance to the origin from each corresponding
preimage point?

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 a=) © Activity © Assess

be) EXAMPLE 5 WOIEVCE Figure With Center Not at the Origin

What are the vertices of Dis, r)(QRST)?
The dilation is centered at R(—2, 7) with
a scale factor of ;. So each image point is
half the distance from R as the corresponding
preimage point is. For each preimage point,
multiply the horizontal and vertical changes
from R by ;. Then add the horizontal and
vertical half-changes to the coordinates
of the center of dilation.

Change From Half of the Change

; R(—2, 7) From R(—2, 7)
Preimage Image
Py horiz. vert. horiz. vert. PT
Cease 0 -8 0 -4 (—2 + 0, 7 —-4) | Q"(-2, 3)
S(4, 7) 6 0 3 0 (2+ 3,7+0) S‘(1,7)
T(4, —1) 6 —8 3 =A 2/433, Ae tila)
Graph the preimage and image on the same coordinate plane.

Since the center is R,

STUDY TIP points R and R’ have
Remember to check your the same coordinates.
answers by measuring the
distances between the center
of dilation and the image and
preimage vertices.

The vertices ofDi 21 r)(QRST) are Q’(—2, 3), R’(—2, 7), S'(1, 7), and T’(1, 3).

© Try It! 5. A dilation of AABC is shown.

a. What is the center of dilation?

b. What is the scale factor?

LESSON 7-1 Dilations 305

 7
a
f=) © Activity © Assess

%
APPLICATION tb) >. ON\i28-¢em Use a Scale Factor to Find Length and Area
\ecgaenrs amaeaeeT ETE

A blueprint for a new

library uses a scale factor
of 50" Mr. Ayer measures © [seataeel comme. Be
the reading space on eee
the blueprint to find the a) oe”
actual dimensions and
area so he can order
furniiture. eading S Space
Reading

A. What are the actual dimensions of the reading space?

Let x represent the length and y represent the width.
doe, Ret Zee
Kees The ratio of image y 50
side length to actual
SOR, | sidelength is Vea
x = 700 y = 600
The reading space is 700 cm, or 7 m, long and 600 cm, or 6 m, wide.

B. What is the actual area of the reading space? How does the actual area
LOOK FOR RELATIONSHIPS relate to the area on the blueprint?
Think about equivalent
expressions to understand Find the area of the reading space. ~ The actual area is |
how quantities are related.
How does writing 700 x 600 as
7 +6 = 42, or 700 + 600 = 420,000 _.
more UsefulinSqeaeay
meters, but the
(50 x 14) x (50 x 12) help you The area is 420,000 cm2, or 42 m2. actual area in square )
to understand the relationship centimeters is needed |

between the areas? Then find the area of the reading space on to compare to the |
the blueprint. area on the blueprint.
14+ 12 = 168
Th e area on the
he bl int iis 168 cm 4
blueprint In general the rata;
Since oe = 2,500, the area of the the area of the image
actual reading space is 2,500 times the to the area oe r
4 preimage is the square
Se a blueprint. Notice that ofthe ecale ace

© Try It! 6.A blueprint for a house uses a scale factor of xy

a. If the dimensions of the actual kitchen are 3.1 m by 3.4 m,
what are the dimensions of the kitchen on the blueprint?
b. What is the relationship between the area of the actual
kitchen and the area of the kitchen on the blueprint?

306 TOPIC7 Similarity (=) Go Online |[Link]

Se
 Concept
[=] @ Summary © Assess

a CONCEPT SUMMARY Dilations

TO) db) A> dilation

ee is a transformation that maps point X to point X’ such that X’
lies on CX and CX’ = ke CX for a center of dilation C and a scale factor k.
Dilations preserve angle measures.

DIAGRAM mZzx =m2ZX'

center of dilation

NOWNELe > Dilation centered at the origin: D,(X)

Dilation centered at point C: Dk, o®)

J Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

1. 4 ESSENTIAL QUESTION igle\ie(ey=ce- 5. Trace AJKL and point P. K
dilation affect the side lengths and angle Draw the dilation of AJKL ate
measures of a figure? using scale factor 3 and P De

J
as the center of dilation.
2. Error Analysis Emilia was asked to find the
coordinates of D>(AABC) for A(2, 4), B(0, 5), 6. What is the scale factor for the dilation?
and C(—2, 1). What is Emilia’s error?

A(2, 4) > A’(4, 6) B D | Ic

B(0, 5) > B’(2, 7) ani D’
P
C(-2, 1) > c’(0, 3)x ' E’ @

A A E A’

Give the coordinates of the dilation.

3. Vocabulary In the definition of a dilation
The D<(APQR) for P(1, —3), Q(—5, —4), R(6, 2)
D,, why can’t n be equal to 0? What would
a transformation like Dg look like? 8. Diz, g)(AABC) for A(0, 4), B(0, 2), C(—3, 2)

4. Construct Arguments Compare the vertices 9. Dia, p(FGHJ) for F(0, -1), G(4, -1),
of D,(AABC) for any points A, B, and C. H(4, —3), J(0, —3)

Justify your answer.

LESSON 7-1 Dilations 307

 -

© Practice © Tutorial
Scanfor | © [kal
© PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Multimedia | @
Additional Exercises Available Online 1

UNDERSTAND

10. Error Analysis Kendall was asked to find 16. Trace ABCD and point P. C
the scale factor for the dilation. What is Draw the dilation of
Kendall’s error? ABCD using P as the
center of dilation and
B 6 C B D
sides that are two times
2 ae as long. SEE EXAMPLE 1
[ane]
A

A D A’ D’ 17. How are the side lengths

of the preimage and
TL
dilated image related?
S=3
Ge SEE EXAMPLE 2 PLS
Coo
’

The scale factor is 3.

x Le 18. What is the scale factor of the dilation shown?

‘ A
SEE EXAMPLE 3

11. Higher Order Thinking Points M(a, b) and

N(c, d) are dilated by scale factor k, with Cc.

the origin as the center of dilation. Show

> ce
algebraically that MN || M’N’.

12. Communicate Precisely Suppose you want to a e

dilate a figure on the coordinate plane with a A A’ rata ob IP
center of dilation at point (a, b) that is not the
19; What are the coordinates of D, «(ABCD) for
origin and with a scale factor k. Describe how
A(2, 0), B(8, —4), C(4, —6), and D(—5, —10)?
you can use a composition of translations and
SEE EXAMPLE 4
a dilation centered at the origin to dilate the
figure. Then write the transformation rule. 20. What are the coordinates of Di. x)(AXYZ) for
X(1, 1), ¥(2, 2), and Z(3, 0)? SEE EXAMPLE 5
13. Reason Rectangle J’K’L’M’ is a dilation of JKLM
with scale factor k. What are the perimeter and 21. A figure is dilated using a scale factor of 8. If
area of JKLM? the area of the image is 832 square units, what
is the area of the preimage? SEE EXAMPLE 6

2m If AF’G’H’ is : G
a dilation of G x- a.
AFGH witha scale F 203 Hi
factor of 3, what y
14. Mathematical Connections Carolina says that are the values
when a figure is dilated using a scale factor of of x and y? F eG H’
2, the angle measures in the image are twice
the angle measures in the preimage. How could Ze What are the coordinates of the center of
you use the Triangle Angle Sum Theorem to dilation for the dilation shown?
explain why this cannot be true?

15. Generalize Is it always true that

(Dm ° Dp)(X) = Dp (X)? Explain.

308 TOPIC7 Similarity [=] Go Online |[Link]

=
 e
©} PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING
© Practice © Tutorial

Mixed Review Available Online

(¥) ASSESSMENT PRACTICE

24. Reason The images on Henry's digital camera ZT: Copy and complete the table to show
have a width-to-length ratio of 2 : 3. He wants information about dilations centered at
to make an 8in.-by-10 in. print of one of the origin.
his photographs.
a. Is this possible? Explain.
Coordinates | Factor | Coordinates
b. How can Henry crop an image so that an (5, -2) 4
8 in.-by-10 in. print can be made? (9, 3) (3.1)

25. Model With Mathematics Alex draws the scale

15 (6,0)
model shown as a plan for a large wall mosaic. (1, 2) (+5, 10)

28. SAT/ACT A dilation maps AABC to AA’B’C’.

The area of AABC is 13 square units, and the

rw U4 *
area of AA’B’C’ is 52 square units. What is the
scale factor?
10 cm
@2 ©4
® 13 © 26
29: Performance Task Alberto wants to make a
scale model of the Wright brothers’ glider.
12 cm

a. The wall is 10 m wide and 7 m high. What

are the dimensions of the largest mosaic he
can make on that wall? Explain.
b. He will use 2-cm square tiles to make his
mosaic. How many tiles will he need? Explain
how you found your answer.

26. Look for Relationships How far from the

screen should the light be placed in order for
the shadow of the puppet to be 30 in. tall?
Explain how you found your answer.
Part A The wingspan of the scale model must
be between 15 cm and 18 cm. What scale factor
should he use? Explain.

Part B Use your scale factor from Part A. What

will be the length, wingspan, and height of the
model glider?

Part C What will be the wing area of the

model glider? If both wing sections are the
same size, what will be the dimensions of each
wing section?

LESSON 7-1 Dilations 309

 DO waivity | assess j

/, 7. © uel nstcoat
Helena and Edwin were asked to apply a composition of transformations
imilarit
u to ABCD.
Transformations
Helena Edwin
W H
(=) [Link] C c
D
D x B J
| CAN... determine whether B Z 4
figures are similar. . A
F

VOCABULARY Y
e similarity transformation

A. Use Appropriate Tools Is there a composition of transformations

that maps ABCD to the second figure in each student's work?
If so, what is it?
B. For each student whose work shows a composition of transformations,
describe the relationship between the figures.

What makes a transformation a similarity transformation? What is the

2 ESSENTIAL QUESTION relationship between a preimage and the image resulting from a similarity
v transformation? |

bb) >.¢:4\I28:@ Graph a Composition of a Rigid Motion and a Dilation

COMMON ERROR If line m is represented by the equation x = —3, what is a graph of the
Be careful to use the correct image (Rp ° Do 5 (AABC)?
center of dilation. When the ;
notation does not specify the xXx= +3)
center of dilation, the center of
dilation is at the origin.
B42.

First use the scale

factor 0.5 to
Then, reflect dilate the figure.
L\A'B’C’ across
the linex = —3.
—6

The graph of the image (Rj, ° Do.5)(AABC) is AA”B’C’.

© Try It! 1. The vertices of AXYZ are X(3, 5), Y(—1, 4), and Z(1, 7).
a. What is the graph of the image (D2 T,4, _2))(AXYZ)?
b. What is the graph of the image (D3 © riage, gy (AXYZ)?

310 TOPIC7 Similarity (=) Go Online |[Link]

 Le) © Activity © Assess

© EXAMPLE 2 Weleda Composition of a Rigid Motion and

a Dilation

Is there a composition of transformations that maps AXYZ to AJKL? Explain.

_ MAKE SENSE AND PERSEVERE

Think about how you could use
_ reflection, translation, or rotation
- to create an image of AXYZ
with the orientation opposite of
~ [Link] rigid motion would The two triangles appear
_ you use? to be the same shape but
~6 different sizes. They are also
positioned differently.

Notice that Y in AXYZ is in the upper left of the first quadrant, but its
corresponding vertex K in AJKL is in the lower right of the third quadrant,
so it appears that AXYZ is rotated. Since AJKL is larger than AXYZ, it is
also dilated.

Rotate AXYZ 180° about the origin

to produce the image X’Y'Z’.

The origin is the center

Then Gilate PN of dilation because the
Since a es2, lines connecting the
the scale factor is 2. corresponding vertices
are concurrent there.

So, the composition of transformations Do © r(4go°, 9) Maps AXYZ to AJKL.

© Try It! 2.1f the transformations in Example 2 are performed in the

reverse order, are the results the same? Do you think your
answer holds for all compositions of transformations? Explain.

LESSON 7-2 Similarity Transformations 311

 ;

(=) © Activity © Assess

el

CONCEPTUAL ;
UNDERSTANDING
igre rae career
QBS ¢NUt3EED Find similarity Transformations
Why is PQRS similar to GKJH?
STUDY TIP " |
A similarity transformation is A similarity transformation is a composition of one or more rigid motions
more precisely a rigid motion, and a dilation. A similarity transformation results in an image that is similar
a dilation, or a composition of to the preimage.
a rigid motion and a dilation.
Furthermore, the phrase “one
Measure the angles of the figures to determine that 2S corresponds to 2H
or more rigid motions” is not and ZR corresponds to ZJ. The orientation is reversed in GHJK, so the rigid

Reflect PQRS across

Na F m to get P’Q’R’S’.

S a

Translate P’Q’R’S’ so that

5” is aligned with H.
R
Q

Dilate P’Q”R’S””
to get GKJH.

A composition of a reflection, a translation, and a dilation maps PQRS to

GKJH, so PQRS and GKJH are similar, or PQRS ~ GKJH.

The symbol ~ is used to

indicate similarity.

For any figures A, B, and C, the following properties hold.

Reflexive Property of Similarity: A~ A
Symmetric Property of Similarity: If A ~ B, then B~ A.
Transitive Property of Similarity: If A~ B and B ~ C, then A ~ C.

© Try It! 3. Describe a possible similarity transformation for each pair of

similar figures shown, and then write a similarity statement.
a: 6B b. re

A’ B Ww"
A Mm
C Z'
‘es

Zz
Y
W

i‘

312 TOPIC 7 Similarity [&) Go Online |[Link]

 (=) © Activity © Assess

APPLICATION Ce ON i2h- a> Determine Similarity

“enemeneremncerniee de

Can the artist copy her

sketch to cover an entire
wall measuring 15 ft high
by 20 ft wide so her wall
mural is similar to her
sketch? Explain.
20 ft

15 ft

| If the artist can map her sketch onto the wall, then she can
place her sketch at the bottom left corner and dilate it.
MAKE SENSE AND PERSEVERE Tod : h ie Heed 0 €th ti inch
Suppose you eee
aerial oO determine
the scale factor, convert the dimensions
of the wall into inches.

factor needed to map the width 15 +12 = 180 20 + 12 = 240

of the sketch to the width of
The dimensions of the wall are 180 in. high by 240 in. wide.
the wall. Would the results be
the same? Divide the height of the wall by the height of the sketch to determine the
scale factor needed to map the sketch to the height of the wall.
180+ 11 = 16.36
Calculate to see whether the width of the sketch maps to the width of the wall.
16.36 « 14 = 229

Since 229 < 240, the sketch cannot be copied to cover the entire wall.

© Try It! 4. Suppose the artist cuts 2 inches from the width of her sketch
in Example 4. How much should she cut from the height so she
can copy a similar image to cover the wall?

PROOF () EXAMPLE 5 } Identify Similar Circles

Write a proof that any two circles are similar.

Given: ©P with radius r, ©Q with radius s

Prove: OP ~ ©Q

Proof: Translate P to Q, so P’ coincides with Q.

Then find a scale factor that dilates ©P’ to the
circle with radius s.

Let k= . Then the translation followed by a dilation centered at Q with

scale factor k maps ©P onto OQ. Since a similarity transformation exists,
OP ~ OQ.

© Try It! [Link] a proof that any two squares are similar.

LESSON 7-2 Similarity Transformations 313

 (=) @ Concept
Summary Assess

@ coNncEPT SUMMARY Similarity

| WORDS } e A similarity transformation is a composition of one or more

rigid motions and a dilation.
¢ Two figures are similar if there is a similarity transformation
that maps one to the other.
e All circles are similar to each other.

DIAGRAMS

LABC ~ AXYZ ©P
~ OQ

© Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

13 What makes a For Exercises 5 and 6, what are the vertices of
transformation a similarity transformation? each image?
What is the relationship between a 5. 90°, o)° Do 5(ABCD) for A(5, uD} B(-3, 4),
preimage and the image resulting from a C(0, 2), D(4, 6)
similarity transformation?
6. (D3 °Ry axis)(AGHJ) for G(3, 5), H(1, —2),
2. Error Analysis Reese Z J(-1, 6)
described the similarity
transformation that maps ¢ 7. Describe a similarity transformation that
AABC to AXZY. What is maps ASQR to ADFF.
Reese’s error? B A
D S
PETE F
:
ABC ts dilated and then rotated
to produce the image AXZY.

8. Do the two figures appear to be similar?

3. Vocabulary How are similarity
Use transformations to explain.
transformations and congruence
transformations alike? How are
Cc H
they different?

4. Construct Arguments Asimilarity

transformation consisting of a reflection
and a dilation is performed on a figure,
and one point maps to itself. Describe one
neA |
B
way this could happen.
f E

314 TOPIC7 Similarity

. . {
(=) Go Online |[Link]
= sss a
©) PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Scan for 6 (=) © Practice © Tutorial
Multimedia | @
Additional Exercises Available Online

UNDERSTAND VAG

9. Construct Arguments Is it possible to use only What are the vertices of each image? SEE EXAMPLE 1
translations and dilations to map one circle to
another? Explain.
15. (Ts, -4) ° Dy.5)(AXYZ) for X(6, —2), (4, 1),
Z(-2, 3)
10. Error Analysis Keegan was asked to graph 16. (Ry-axis ° Do.5)(LMNP) for L(2, 4), M(4, 4),
(r9q° e D2) (AABC). Explain Keegan's error. N(4, —4), P(2, —4)

We (Ry-axis ° D> ° 279°) (APQR) for P(1, 3), Q(-4, 2),

R(0, 5)

18. (Do.25 ° Ry-axis)(ABCD) for A(2, 6), B(0, 0),

For each black pre-image and red image describe

the similarity transformation, and write a similarity
statement. SEE EXAMPLES 2 AND 3

11. Mathematical Connections In the diagram,

ABCD ~ A’B’'C’D’. What are the angle measures
of A’B’C’D'?

12. Construct Arguments Are all squares similar?

Use transformations to explain.

13. Generalize Show whether a composition of a

dilation and a translation can be performed
in either order and result in the same
image. (Hint: Test whether the equation
(Pk °Ta, by)% Y) = (Ta, by ° Dk)% Y)
is true.)

14. Higher Order Thinking Given isosceles triangle Do the figures appear to be similar? Explain.
ABC with AB = BC. Point D is the midpoint SEE EXAMPLE 4
of AB, E is the midpoint of BC, and Fis the
midpoint of CA. Use a similarity transformation
and triangle congruence to show that

one a
AABC = AFEC.

LESSON 7-2 Similarity Transformations 315

© PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING
(=) © Practice © Tutorial

Mixed Review Available Online

© Mast alma anles

24. Reason Can Ahmed use the larger sheets of 27. Graph the image of (T(4, 3) » D2)(AABC).
paper shown to make paper cutouts similar to
his original hummingbird cutout? If not, how
can he trim the sheets of paper so he can use
them? Justify your answer.

Yin.

28. SAT/ACT What are the SESS of

(Dg hia 7-9 ee 22

® (-32, 8)
(32, 8)
25. Make Sense and Persevere Rachel makes a
sketch for a stage set design on a grid. She © (-32, -8)
plans to have a gauze fabric called a scrim © (32, -8)
drop down from a beam that is 5.5 m wide.
Assuming that her sketch is similar to the actual 29. Performance Task Lourdes makes sketches for
set, how much scrim is needed? Explain. her graphic novel using a repeating similar
shape as a motif.

tut
aoe3

me
begsE

Aa OAA
my

mer
&
26. Look for Relationships Juanita wants to make
a dollhouse following the pattern shown Part A On a separate sheet of paper, draw a
but with a reduced size so that the floor has small simple figure. Label it A.
an area of 25 in.2. Make a sketch showing Part B Use transformations, including similarity
the dimensions of the pieces for the smaller transformations, to create at least five images
dollhouse. that are similar to figure A. Label the images B,
Dollhouse Pattern Cel. evand 6
6 in. Part C Is it possible to select any two of your
13.5 in. 13.5 in. figures and find a similarity transformation that
in. in.| roo maps one to the other? Explain.

6 in.

13.5 in.
9 in. | front

6in in.

316 TOPIC7 Similarity (=) Go Online |[Link]

=
 (=) © Activity ) Assess

ye 3 (y) EXPLORE & REASON

The measurements of two triangles are shown.
Proving Triangles
STL s B le

32 mm
: carm 40 mm 30 mm
(=) [Link]

a a 36 mm = S
| CAN... use dilation and ise 60 F
rigid motion to establish 45 mm
triangle similarity theorems. : es J
2 : A. Are the triangles similar? Explain.
B. Construct Arguments Would any triangle with 40°- and 60°-angles be
similar to AABC? Explain.

Papert cretent How can you use the angles and sides of two triangles to determine
whether they are similar?

CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING
msn eecnmecennannets
tb) PeNtRE Establish the Angle-Angle Similarity (AA ~) Theorem
If ZA = zRand ZB = ZS, is AABC ~ ARST? Explain.

To show that the triangles are similar, determine whether there is a similarity
transformation that maps AABC to ARST.
'
A
Le

B R S

Determine the center of dilation and the scale factor that map AABC to
image AA’B’C’ such that A’B’ = RS.

Let the scale factor k be Use vertex A as the center

of dilation, so A = A’ and
Then, A’B’ = k«AB=RS. La Aaa ene

Dilations preserve
angle measure, so G

Zhe bee
REASON B'
Think about what it means
for figures to be similar. Are The dilation D(x 4) maps AABC to AA’B’C’, and AA’B'C’ = ARST by ASA, so
congruent triangles similar to there is a rigid motion that maps AA’B’C’ to ARST. Thus, the composition is
the same triangle? a similarity transformation that maps AABC to ARST. So, AABC ~ ARST.

© Try It! 1.1f zA is congruent to 2R, and ZC is congruent to 27, how would
you prove the triangles are similar?

LESSON 7-3 Proving Triangles Similar 317

 © Activity © Assess

7
THEOREM 7-1 Angle-Angle Similarity (AA ~) Theorem

If two angles of one triangle A Sx

are congruent to two angles
of another triangle, then the
E
triangles are similar.
B ae
ZA
= ZD and ZB 2ZE

PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 10. Then... AABC ~ ADEF

Ce eVisit Establish the Side -Side-Side Similarity (SSS ~) Theorem

qe
LM = =MN _=m is there a similarity transformation that maps APQR to
~ QR
ALMN? Explain.
M
=f e/a £8
N aes

Dilate APQR by scale factor k = ae ees

QR
oe to map APQR to AP’Q’R’.

=kePR=—=~ePR=LN QR’ =k + QR= 0% + QR = MN

R’

P =p!

PQ! =k+PQ=55*PQ=LM

Because P’R’ = LN, P’Q’ = LM, and Q’R’ = MN, AP’Q’R’ = ALMN by SSS.
By the definition of congruence, there is a rigid motion that maps AP’Q’R’
STUDY TIP to ALMN.
Remember, two figures are
So, APQR was mapped to ALMN by a similarity transformation and APQR is
similar if there is a similarity
similar to ALMN.
transformation between them.

© Try It! 2.1f=

a= er and ZF = ZJ, is there a similarity transformation
that Bue ADEF to AGHJ? Explain.

318 TOPIC7 Similarity (=) Go Online |[Link]

=o
 & © Activity © Assess

THEOREM 7-2 Side-Side-Side Similarity (SSS ~) Theorem

If the corresponding sides of two he BED

triangles are proportional, then ‘ F
the triangles are similar. A G
E
AB _ BC _ AC
DE. EF ~ DF

PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 20. Then... AABC ~ ADEF

THEOREM 7-3 Side-Angle-Side Similarity (SAS ~) Theorem

If an angle of one triangle is life BaD

congruent to an angle of a second Re> Sa
triangle, and the sides that include A C
the two angles are proportional,
then the triangles are similar.
ZB = ZE and 48
DE
= BC
EF

PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 13. Then... AABC ~ ADEF

© ON A KMD Verify Triangle Similarity

A. Are AABC and ADFF similar? A D

Determine whether the ratios of 3 3

, ? 7.5 4.5
the corresponding side lengths B c
are equal. 4
i F E
COMMON ERROR
(Abpea
—2 ofBGan doe ne AGcn
5 _2
When setting up ratios to check if DEaw4 ~~ 3 jap ey DES /25 aS
triangles are similar, be sure you The ratios are equal, so the corresponding side lengths are proportional.
place sides from the same triangle AABC ~ ADEF by SSS ~.
in the same position in each ratio.
B. Are APQS and ARQP similar? P
The two triangles share an included is
angle, 2Q. Separate the triangles x Q
and see whether the lengths of the 15 R 12
corresponding sides are in proportion. i / \
ince 22) = 22=3 EC 18 ees 18
the lengths of the sides that include 5 qQ PH—\Q
ZQ are proportional. By SAS ~,
APQS ~ ARQP.

© Try It! 3. a. ls AADE ~ AABD? Explain.

b. Is AADE ~ ABDC? Explain.

LESSON 7-3 Proving Triangles Similar 319

 eo 2.0289) Find Lengths in Similar Triangles
What is MN? J

M
10
N

STUDY TIP K By the Vertical Angles Theorem, ZJLK = ZMLN. |

The measures of the two pairs of
corresponding legs of any two The sides that include ZJLK and ZMLN are proportional.
isosceles triangles will always
be proportional, even if the By SAS ~, AJLK ~ AMLN.
triangles are not similar.
Write a proportion using corresponding sides, and solve for MN.
MN
_ 1.
10 +75
MN
= -2-
15

© Try It! 4. a. In Example 4, if the measure of JL were 150 instead of 75,

how would the value of MN be different?

b. In Example 4, if the measure of JK were 20 instead of 10,

how would the value of MN be different?

APPLICATION tb) ON i9heD Solve Problems Involving Similar Triangles

Avery puts up a radio
antenna tower in his yard.
Ella tells him that their
city has a law limiting 4 sun hits Avery and the ent to be equa
on eee IR SER DEL Er
towers to 50 ft in height.
How can Avery use the
lengths of his shadow and on i
j
the shadow of the tower
MODEL WITH MATHEMATICS to show that his tower is
Think about how the situation within the limit without
is modeled with triangles. What directly measuring it? Art not drawn to scale.
information do you need to
be able to applya similarity Since ZBAC = ZSRT and ZACB = ZRTS, you can apply the AA ~ Theorem.
theorem? STORE
BC AC Corresponding sides of AABC
Sf = 2 and ARST are proportional.

ST = 48

The antenna tower is 48 ft high. Avery's tower is within the 50-ft limit.

7) Try It! 5. If the tower were 50 ft tall, how long would the shadow of
the tower be?

320 TOPIC7 Similarity (=) Go Online |[Link]

 Concept
{>} Summary Assess

a) CONCEPT SUMMARY Triangle Similarity Theorems

lean THEOREM 7-2 THEOREM 7-3

Angle-Angle Similarity Side-Side-Side Similarity Side-Angle-Side Similarity

DSi wi
If...A if Beep: lfz B OD

B DP NO
he nen NGS E
4 a
BIN as fiE

ZA = ZDiand
ZB = ZE
ABN BG TAG DE =— BC
ZB =ss ZE and AB EF
DE” EF ODF

Then... AABC ~ ADEF Then... AABC ~ ADEF Then... AABC ~ ADEF

© Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

ie 4 ESSENTIAL QUESTION alo \Ke-lamvele For Exercises 5 and 6, explain whether the two
use the angles and sides of two triangles to triangles are similar.
determine whether they are similar? 5. H K
3.6 9
2. Error Analysis Allie says AJKL ~ AXYZ.
What is Allie’s error? G 2.84 8 L 5.6
2.24 a
J 1M
6. B
Q
6 Z
J
10 L
AJKL ~ AXYZ by the SAS ~ Theorem. x p
ET nT A

3. Make Sense and Persevere Is any additional For Exercises 7 and 8, find the value of each
information needed to show ADEF ~ ARST? variable such that the triangles are similar.
Explain. 73 20 42
»/
E T 8.b 24 35 21

85° 40° > R

5°
85° 9. When Esteban looks at the puddle, he sees a
D : i 5 reflection of the top of the cactus. How tall
is the cactus?
4. Construct Arguments Explain how you
can use triangle similarity to show that
ABCD ~ WXYZ.

SAYA
15
B 10 C xX

A D
y 12 L

LESSON 7-3 Proving Triangles Similar 321

 © Tutorial
©) PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Scan for | @
Multimedia | @
(=) © Practice
Additional Exercises Available Online

UNDERSTAND PRACTICE

10. Construct Arguments Write a proof of the For Exercise 16-18, explain whether each pair of
Angle-Angle Similarity Theorem. triangles is similar. SEE EXAMPLES 1-3
Given: ZT = 2X U 16. B , 11.25 E
JAG) 2 V2N6

Prove: ATUV ~ AXYZ

A’3.8 ‘
17. K p
11. Use Structure For each B
triangle, name the triangle
. 605,
similar to AABC and explain 15x
why it is similar.
F/G SANS ey
Q
1.5z
A 18. ae
a. M b. sf

a ee R T
12. Construct Arguments If two triangles are
congruent by ASA, are the triangles similar?
Explain.
19. What is FG? SEE EXAMPLES 4 AND 5
13. Error Analysis What is Russel’s error? M
F br
180 - 80 - 60 = 40,
A eS base 35
> H
F so the unlabeled anole in
L each triangle is 40°. So, pe G N
80° M
mZM = 60, and thus
20. What is the value of x? SEE EXAMPLES 4 AND 5
~ AFGH ~AKLM byAA ~. ¢
Xx 67°
46°
14. Construct Arguments Write a proof of the 26 26

Side-Angle-Side Similarity Theorem.

67° 67
Given: LM
OR =_ OS
LN N 20
M
LAO)
21. Write a proof of the Side-Side-Side Similarity
Prove: ALMN ~ AQRS ~~
Theorem.

Q i Ab 2s BC AG B
Given: FF =F6= AG Cc
15. Higher Order Thinking Explain why there is no Prove: AABC ~ AEFG
Side-Side-Angle Similarity Theorem. A
F

iB

322 TOPIC7 Similarity (=) Go Online |[Link]

=a
aa
 a © Practice © Tutorial
E) PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING
Mixed Review Available Online

© ASSESSMENT PRACTICE
22. Communicate Precisely A building manager 25. Which condition is 10
needs to order 9 replacement panes that are sufficient to show that 63°
all the same size, each similar to the window AABC ~ AQPR? Select 6 2
itself. At what angles should each pane be cut all that apply. 81°
in order to fit in the window? What are the @ RP=4.5 G
dimensions of each pane? Explain.
mzZQ = 63 R
© mzP=81 s/s
© mZzR=81 Q : p

. SAT/ACT For which value of F/ must AFGJ be

similar to AFHG?

G
18
PATA,
Aiz2F

@6 ®s ©9 © 12
23. Use Structure The
screen of a surveying . Performance Task A rescue helicopter hovering
device is 0.0026 m at an altitude of 3.5 km sights a campsite just
wide and is 0.1 m over the peak of a mountain.
away from the lens.
If the surveyor wants
the image of the 2-m
target to fit on the
screen, what distance
d should the lens
be from the target?
Explain.

24. Mathematical Connections If a light beam Part A The horizontal distance of the
strikes the inside of a fiber optic cable, it helicopter from the mountain is 2.4 km. If the
bounces off at the same angle. In a cable height of the mountain is 2.8 km, what is the
1,200 micrometers (um) long, if the beam horizontal distance d of the helicopter from
strikes the wall after 720 um what distance the campsite? Explain.
x + y does the beam travel? Explain.
Part B The groundspeed (horizontal speed)
of the helicopter is 1.6 km/min. When will the

ean ite 720 pm

helicopter reach the campsite? Explain.

Part C The radio at the campsite can only

transmit to a distance of 5 km. If the helicopter
begins immediately to descend toward the
campsite (along the diagonal line), how far will
the pilot be, horizontally, when he contacts
the campsite?

LESSON 7-3 Proving Triangles Similar 323

 (=) © Activity © Assess

/ | 4 © EXPLORE & REASON

Suppose you cut a rectangular sheet of paper to create three right triangles.
TT Ele aA ana)
Right Triangles

(=) [Link]
ee

| CAN... use similarity and

the geometric mean to
solve problems involving
right triangles.

VOCABULARY
* geometric mean
A. Use Appropriate Tools How can you compare leg lengths and angle
measures among the triangles?
B. Are any of the triangles similar to each other? Explain.

>) aa permet creel In aright triangle, what isthe relationship between the altitude to the
6 hypotenuse, triangle similarity, and the geometric mean?

CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING Ce OV 28-ee Identify Similar Triangles Formed by an Altitude
\esuneeudadencunamnemmmestendauinmnerasmnt- :

When you draw an altitude to the hypotenuse of a right triangle, you create
three right triangles. How are the triangles related?
USE STRUCTURE
Think about an altitude of a The altitude CD divides AABC into two right triangles, AACD and ACBD.
triangle. What type of angle does Compare each triangle to AABC.
it form with the base?

Recall that all right angles

C are congruent.

Because ZADC = ZACB

and 2A = ZA, Because ZCDB = ZACB
LAACD ~ LABC by AA ~. and 2B = ZB,
ACBD ~ L\ABC by AA ~.

A D D B

AAACD and ACBD are each similar to AABC.

© Try It! 1.1n Example 1, how is AACD related to ACBD? Explain.

324 TOPIC7 Similarity (=) Go Online |[Link]

 &) © Activity © Assess

THEOREM 7-4

The altitude to the hypotenuse of If... A

a right triangle divides the triangle
into two triangles that are similar
to the original triangle and to
each other.

G B

PROOF: SEE EXAMPLE 1 Then... ACAB ~ ADAC ~ ADCB

OB TEEED Find Missing Lengths within Right Triangles

Given that APQR ~ AQSR, what is QS? Q

Draw APQR and AQSR. 20 15

P

B. 53.9 R
Gen”
20 Because AQSR
~ APQR, QS
15 corresponds
to PQ, SR corresponds
to QR, and QR corresponds to PR.
5 cms Q is R

To find QS, write a proportion using corresponding legs of AQSR and APQR.
QS _ sR
PQ” QR
OSES:
20°71
QS=Bie 15Er 20
STUDY TIP OS=12
With right triangles, you can apply ten

verify your results.

© Try It! 2. Refer to APQR in Example 2.

a. Write a proportion that you can use to solve for PS.
b. What is PS?

DEFINITION

The geometric mean is the number x such that é = a where a, b, and x are
positive numbers.

LESSON 7-4 Similarity in Right Triangles 325

 Le): © Activity © Assess

;
© IaeNVinaKM Relate Altitude and Geometric Mean

Given AACB, what is CD?

A 6.4 DM 2316 B

Notice that CD is the length

of the longer leg of ACDB
and is also the length of
the shorter leg of AADC.

By Theorem 7-4, AADC ~ ACDB. Use the properties of similar triangles to

STUDY TIP write a proportion.
You can think about the geometric AD _ CD
mean in another way. Ifx2 = ab, CD” BD CD is the geometric
then x is the geometric mean of a 6.4_ CD mean of AD and BD.
and b. CDG
(CD)? = 23.04
CD=4.8
The length of altitude CD is 4.8.

© Try It! [Link] AABC.

a. What is CD?

b. Describe how you can use the value you found for CD to find
AC and CB.

COROLLARY 1 TO THEOREM 7-4

The length of the altitude to the if A

hypotenuse of a right triangle
is the geometric mean of the
lengths of the segments of the
hypotenuse.

PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 14. Then... AD

5 =_ CD
5p

326 TOPIC 7 Similarity [=] Go Online |[Link]

 (=) © Activity © Assess

tb) >. OWiah- a» Relate Side Lengths and Geometric Mean

Given ARST, what is RT?

STUDY TIP R E
If you have difficulty identifying
the similar triangles, remember By Theorem 7-4, ARST ~ ARTU. Use the properties of similar triangles to
that you can draw them separately write a proportion.
as was done in Example 1.
RSE SRE
om
RT 9.6
ereace
(RT=)?
144
RT =12
The length ofRT is 12.

© Try It! [Link] AJKL.

J 4M 20 K

a. What is JL?

b. What is KL?

COROLLARY 2 TO THEOREM 7-4

The altitude to the hypotenuse If... A

of a right triangle divides the D
hypotenuse so that the length of
a given leg is the geometric mean
of the length of the hypotenuse
and the length of the segment of
the hypotenuse that is adjacent C B
he leg.
Then AB _ AC ong AB . 8
eaunier 9
PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 14. AC AD Gia DB

LESSON 7-4 Similarity in Right Triangles 327

 ‘EAE © Activity © Assess

7
CG > ONI2h-em Use the Geometric Mean to Solve Problems

What is the value of x? as

STUDY TIP ;
The length of the shared leg of the Use the formula for the geometric mean. z y
two smaller triangles (thealtitude ASG
of the larger triangle) is the Grae,
geometric mean of the lengths of x(x +5) = 36 +5 i
the two triangles’ non-shared legs. : The geometric mean : ‘——
x + 5x — 36=0 of x and x + 5is 6.
(x + 9)(x
— 4) =0

x=-9orx=4
Thea GOoRe: Length is always positive.

© Try It! [Link] the geometric mean and Example 5 to find each unknown.

a. Find the value of y. b. Find the value of z.

APPLICATION Ce iO Ni2h-eD Apply Geometric Mean to Find a Distance

*\umaseaccma >

Zhang is constructing a 4-ft

high loading ramp. The length
of the back of the base must
be 12.8 ft. How long must the
entire base be?

Formulate <= = The ramp and the base

form the long leg and the
hypotenuse of a right triangle.
The height of the ramp is the
altitude of the triangle. The
base of the ramp is composed
of the front base x and the
back base 12.8.

Compute <€ Step 1 Find the length of the front base x. Use the fact that the height is the
geometric mean of the lengths of the front base and the back base.
eA
4 12.8 The geometric mean
12.8x = 16 of x and 12.8 is 4.
x= 1.25
Step 2 Find the length of the base.
12.8 + 1.25 = 14.05

Interpret € The base of the ramp should be 14.05 feet long.

© Try It! 6.1n Example 6, how long should Zhang make the ramp?

328 TOPIC7 Similarity [=] Go Online |[Link]

 (=) Concept heeece
oe Summary

y CONCEPT SUMMARY Similarity in Right Triangles

a> e The altitude to the hypotenuse of a right triangle divides the triangle into two
triangles that are similar to the original triangle and to each other.
e The length of the altitude is the geometric mean of the lengths of the segments
of the hypotenuse.
e The length of each leg is the geometric mean of the length of the hypotenuse and
the length of the segment adjacent to the leg.

DIAGRAMS A
D
A

D ReG G

SYMBOLS #Av:Yep) ~ AABC ~ ACBD

AB _AC AD_ CD AB _
AC = AD'-CD ~ DB’ 2" GB =

2 Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

1. 4 ESSENTIAL QUESTION ilae-watelas For Exercises 4-6, use ADFF to find the lengths.
triangle, what is the relationship between 4. ER
the altitude to the hypotenuse, triangle
similarity, and the geometric mean? SOF

2. Error Analysis Chris K 6. DE

is asked to find a M
For Exercises 7-9, use APQR to find the lengths.
geometric mean in
AJKL. What is his TROA Q
error?
8. PQ

9. QR
3 2A 8 :
AJKL ~ AMK]

om Xd
KL JK 10. Deshawn installs a shelf wali
bracket. What is the widest shelf\,
shelf that will fit without
overhang? Explain.
3. Vocabulary Do the altitudes to the legs of
a right triangle also create similar triangles?
Explain.

bracket

LESSON 7-4 Similarity in Right Triangles 329

 a) Tutorial
@) PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Scan for | © (=) © Practice
Multimedia | @
Additional Exercises Available Online 1

UNDERSTAND PRACTICE

11. Mathematical Connections Consider AXYZ 16. In the figure, what two smaller triangles are
with altitude to the hypotenuse ZW. similar to AABC? Explain. SEE EXAMPLE 1

mince
X

aN
Z Y

a. Describe a sequence of transformations that 17. What are the values of h and x in the right
maps AXYZ to AXZW. triangle? Explain. SEE EXAMPLE 2
xX 144
b. Describe a sequence of transformations that
maps AXYZ to AZYW.

12. Error Analysis Amaya was asked to find DC. 2 7 |156

What is Amaya’s error?

B
18. What is the value ofy in the right triangle?
Explain. SEE EXAMPLE 3
AABC ~ AACD by Theorem 7-4.
: 10 AC AC 73 2 13 UA
D BC DC 10 bc
12
7.5 X DC =7.5 X 10,
ARTO so DC = 10. x 6
19. What are the values of a and b in each right
13. Make Sense and Persevere Is CD the geometric triangle? Explain. SEE EXAMPLES 4 AND 6
mean of AD and BD? Explain. b-rrssyiee 2) neem oer |
b 1

F B 625

o>
A
20. What are the values of m and n in each right
14. Construct Arguments Write proofs of triangle? Explain. SEE EXAMPLE 5
Theorem 7-4 and its corollaries. a. m-4 2m

a. Given: mZJLK = 90 and LM 1 JK

K
Prove: AJKL ~ AJLM ~ ALKM

b. Given: AJLM ~ ALKM

Prove: . JIM
LM =_ LM
KM M +
J L
c. Given: AJKL ~ AJLM ~ ALKM

Prove: ee
a a1S and a1K =eee Le
MK
21. What is the value of w in the right triangle?
15. Higher Order Thinking Suppose the altitude to Explain.
the hypotenuse of a right triangle also bisects
the hypotenuse. What type of right triangle
is it? Use the similarity of right triangles to
explain your answer.

330 TOPIC7 Similarity (=) Go Online |[Link]

——
 (=) © Practice © Tutorial
2 PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING
Mixed Review Available Online

© ASSESSMENT PRACTICE
22. Reason Jake wants the profile of a hotel he 25. For each figure, write an equation that you
is planning to be a right triangle with the could use to find the value of x.
dimensions shown. The city prohibits structures a. b. k——— 21> |
over 100 ft at the location where he would
like to build. Can the hotel be located there?
18
Explain.

. SAT/ACT Which triangle is similar to AABC?

B

ea
, Z
D

23. Look for Relationships Kiyo is repairing a @ ACBA © ACDB

wooden climbing tower.
AABD ® ABDC

. Performance Task To estimate the height

of a tree, Tia and Felix walk away from the
tree until the angle of sight with the top
and bottom of the tree is a right angle. Let
h represent the height of a person's eyes and
d represent the distance away from the tree.

a. He needs to cut two crossbars. What should

the lengths of the two crossbars be? Explain.

b. Kiyo will make a notch in each crossbar in

order to fit them together. Where should
he make the notch on each crossbar?
Explain.

24. Higher Order Thinking Write a proof for

Theorem 2-14.

Given: Right AWXY with altitude XZ to Part A If the height of Tia’s eyes is 1.6 m and
hypotenuse WY her distance away from the tree is 2.5 m, what
is the height of the tree? Round to the nearest
Prove: The product of the slopes of hundredth of a meter.
perpendicular lines is —1.
Part B If the height of Felix’s eyes is 1.7 m,
about how far from the tree is Felix if his angle
of sight is a right angle? Round to the nearest
hundredth of a meter.

Part C Suppose Tia and Felix stand the same

distance away from another tree and their
angles of sight are right angles, what is the
height of the tree? Explain.

LESSON 7-4 Similarity in Right Triangles 331

MATHEMATICAL
MODELING
IN 3 ACTS

OO
LYCVYES

(=) [Link]
aise

© Make It Right
Architects often make a scale physical model of a new building project. The
scale model is Usually a miniature version of the project it is representing.
When making a model, architects need to make sure that all of the parts
of the model are the right size. Think about this during the Mathematical
Modeling in 3 Acts lesson.

Scan for
Multimedia
i\eyue em Identify the Problem

1. What is the first question that comes to mind after watching the video?
2. Write down the main question you will answer about what you saw in
the video.
3. Make an initial conjecture that answers this main question.
4. Explain how you arrived at your conjecture.
5. What information will be useful to know to answer the main question?
How can you get it? How will you use that information?

I\eiuye> Develop a Model

6. Use the math that you have learned in this Topic to refine your conjecture.

i\eexe Interpret the Results

7. Did your refined conjecture match the actual answer exactly? If not,
what might explain the difference?

332 TOPIC 7 Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts

 (=) © Activity © Assess

(or
Proportions in
(») EXPLORE & REASON
Draw a triangle, like the one shown, by dividing
one side into four congruent segments and
Triangles drawing lines parallel to one of the other sides.
A. How many similar triangles are in the figure?
(=) [Link] Explain.
[=

B. Look for Relationships How are the lengths of the parallel segments
related to each other?
| CAN... find the lengths of
segments using proportional
relationships in triangles
resulting from parallel lines.

When parallel lines intersect two transversals, what are the relationships
i ESSENTIAL QUESTION
among the lengths of the segments formed?

CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING Co >. ONVI28-e@ Explore Proportions from Parallel Lines
‘tag
saeenUNR
RE ERC

In AJLN, if LN = 9.6, what are LM and MN? Are the sides divided
proportionally? Explain.

_Step 1 Determine how AJLN and

AKLM are related.

The triangles share ZL,

and ZLJN = ZLKM by the
Corresponding Angles
Theorem. Therefore,
AJLN ~ AKLM by AA ~. J
Step 2 Write a proportion to relate the corresponding sides.
LK __LM
LIEGE EN

Step 3 Use the proportion to find LM and MN.

cru fe
ERG= Se i Kee Kg 5 Oe
aoe
LM = 3.6 = 9.6
and LN

Then MN =LN —-LM = 9.6 —- 3.6=6.

LOOK FOR RELATIONSHIPS
The length of the shorter Step 4 Find the ratios between the segments of each side divided by KM.
segments, LK and LM, are each Pees
= 5 = 0-6 and LM
UN _ 3.6
GC _=Q6
the same fraction of the lengths
of the corresponding longer Since x = ae KM divides LJ and LN proportionally.
segments, KJ and MN.

© Try It! 1. BD bisects sides AC and CE.

Is AE || BD? Explain.

LESSON 7-5 Proportions in Triangles 333

 ae): © Activity © Assess

”
THEOREM 7-5 Side-Splitter Theorem
a
If a line is parallel to one side of a If... MN || AC
triangle and intersects the other B
two sides, then it divides those
sides prop
proportionally.
yy, M N

A G

PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 14. Then... AM

VB _= CN
NB

THEOREM 7-6 Triangle Midsegment Theorem 7

If a segment joins the midpoints If... DG ~ GE and FH = HE

of two sides of a triangle, then the
segment is parallel to the third side
and is half as long.
G H

D E

PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 24. Then... GH || DF and GH = 3DF

Ce GV ime Use the Side-Splitter Theorem

What is the value of x in APQR?

MAKE SENSE AND PERSEVERE

Consider other strategies you c . oa : : : ae
Eo weD Since ST || PR, = = a by the Side-Splitter Theorem. Write a proportion in
use. Can you use proportions of iSO et
similar triangles? terms of x and solve.
ay ue SQ =4412=16 and
ee 1Q=34+9=12
16a. 12

48(%6°) = 4845)
X+2)\_ Xe

3x +6=4x
x =6

© Try It! 2. Refer to APQR in Example 2.

a. What is the value of y? Explain.
b. What is the value of z? Explain.

334 TOPIC 7 Similarity (=) GoOnline |[Link]

 c=) © Activity © Assess

COROLLARY TO THE SIDE-SPLITTER THEOREM

If three parallel lines intersect two If... 2 || m || n

transversals, then the segments
intercepted on the transversals are
proportional.

PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 25. Then... AB

BC _ DE
EF

APPLICATION G}settigaaep Find a Length

A reflecting pool is separated by walkways parallel to Lincoln St. and
Jefferson St., which are parallel to each other. The city wants to add
additional tiling around the pool. How much tiling does x ft represent?

Formulate <= Walnut St. and Spruce St. are transversals of Jefferson St., Lincoln St.,
and the walkways that separate the pool.

Compute < Write an equation with x.

XG 24 Apply the Corollary to the
60 72 a Side-Splitter Theorem.
x= 60(75)
x20

Interpret € = The amount of tiling represented byx ft is 20 ft.

© Try It! 3.1n Example 3, how much tiling does y ft represent?

LESSON 7-5 Proportions in Triangles 335

 '
-4

[fe] © Activity © Assess

"
@ >On ey Investigate Proportionality with an Angle Bisector
In AKLM, NL bisects ZKLM. Compare the ratios ny and noe
Is ALKN ~ ALMN? Explain.
Compute the ratios of the corresponding sides
for the given measures.
KN _ 10.5 _ (Kee ae
MNT S ae Mim {00S
The ratios nad and < are equal. However, the third pair is NL and NL, and
that ratio is 1. So, the two triangles are not similar.

© Try It! 4. Draw ML and a line through Kparallel

to NL. Let P be the point of intersection.
a. Is AMNL ~ AMKP? Explain.
b. Is ZLKP =~ ZLPK? Explain. ies
M (SJ

/
THEOREM 7-7 Triangle-Angle-Bisector Theorem |

If a ray bisects an angle of a triangle, If... ZUVX = ZWVX

then it divides the opposite side into
é V, W
two segments such that the ratio
between the segments is the same as
the ratio between the sides adjacent xX
to each segment. U

PROOF: : SEE EXERCISE 16. Then... DG

Wx = OAM
WV

i
ee >: @N\tJ8- Use the Triangle-Angle-Bisector Theorem

What are the values of AD and DC? ae A

COMMON ERROR Since BD bisects ZABC, use the Triangle-Angle- -.
You may incorrectly use 13 as Bisector Theorem to write a proportion. 13 D 10

the length of one of the shorter AD _ AB ve

segments. Remember to CD ra
area identify the lengths of all CD) = AC_AD or Ton ee C c B
ofthe segments. COS oe 1532 Eee

26x = 130
xi=t5
In the figure, AD = 5 and CD = 13-5 =8.

© Try It! 5.a. What is the value of x? H

b. What are the values of GH 3x +3 18
and GK?

a 3x-7 K 12 i

336 TOPIC 7 Similarity (=) Go Online |[Link]

 Concept
Ea} @ Summary Assess

y CONCEPT SUMMARY Proportions in Triangles

THEOREM 7-5 THEOREM 7-6 Ue) ee,

Side-Splitter Theorem Triangle Midsegment Triangle-Angle-Bisector
Theorem Theorem
If... MN ||AC If... DG GE and FH ~ HE If... ZUVX = ZWVX
B E ’ "7

; Z > ig D ae F U 2
Then... AM =_ CN
‘VB NB Then... GH || DF and Then... We = ae
GH = SDF

2 Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

1; .? ESSENTIAL QUESTION ZA/atse parallel For Exercises 6-11, find each value of x.
lines intersect two transversals, what are
the relationships among the lengths of the
segments formed?

2. Error Analysis Carmen thinks that AD = BD.

What is Carmen's error?

A D
8.

fi

C
Ss
3. Make Sense and Persevere What information
is needed to determine if x is half of y? 13 =
£ m n

9.
x+1 x-1

12 8
n
y

4. Look forRelationships p Q
10 30 20
If RS = QS, what type
of triangle is APQR?
24 x
Use the Triangle-Angle-
Bisector Theorem to
explain your reasoning. 11. 3743 16
. Construct Arguments
ul L
Explain why LP must be x+6 12
less than LM.

LESSON 7-5 Proportions in Triangles 337

© PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING
Scan for (=) © Practice © Tutorial
a
Multimedia
Additional Exercises Available Online

UNDERSTAND

12. Error Analysis What is Benson's error? For Exercises 17-19, find each value.
SEE EXAMPLES 1 AND 2

eeeX
1027
10x
= 35
x=3.5

13. Mathematical Connections What percent of 17. x 18. y 19:2

the area of APQR is the area of AQRS? Explain.
20. What is the value of x? SEE EXAMPLE 3
Q
ie

ip R
6 S$

14. Construct Arguments Write a proof of the .

Side-Splitter Theorem.
For Exercises 21-23, find each value of x for the
Given: MN || AC given value of y. Round to the nearest tenth.
Prove: . AM
MB _= CN
NB SEE EXAMPLES 4 AND 5

A
7
D
15. Higher Order Thinking 15
Suppose O, P and Qare Xx

midpoints of the sides of

ALMN. Show that ALOQ, 0 P C B
Ve
AOMP, AQPN, and APQO are
congruent to each other. L é N 21. y= 16 22. y = 20 23. y= 18

16. Construct Arguments Write a C 24. Write a proof of the Triangle Midsegment
proof for the Triangle-Angle- Theorem.
Bisector Theorem. Given: DG ~ GE, FH ~ HE E
Given: AD bisects ZA. Prove: GH || DF GH = 5DF F
. ——> .

Prove: CA _CD
AB’ DB
D Fi
Use the following outline.
— 25. Write a proof of the Corollary to the
e Extend CA and
Side-Splitter Theorem.
draw a line through
ye eae ie
point B parallel to AD Given: 7 ||m || n
that intersects CA at
Prove: . AB
BC _ DE
EF
point E. A

e Show that CAr

AE = cD
DB’ Jf _ Hint: Draw AF.
Label the
e Then show that AAEB - sore eB intersection ofAF
is isosceles. eas He and BE point G.

338 TOPIC7 Similarity (=) Go Online |[Link]

 SB © rrvcice @ wort
) PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Mixed Review Available Online

APPLY © ASSESSMENT PRACTICE

26. Use Structure A building in the shape of a 29. What is the value of x?
pyramid needs to have supports repaired, and
two parallel sections need to be reinforced. The
face of the building is an equilateral triangle. x 4
What are the lengths of KO and LN? 15 12

30. SAT/ACT What is the measure of side CB?

@ 4.57 6.4 © 8.96 O94

31. Performance Task Emma is determining

27. Higher Order Thinking Use the figure to prove measurements needed to simulate the distances
Theorem 2-13: Two non-vertical lines are parallel in a shuffleboard computer game that she is
if and only if they have the same slope. programming.

a. Assume the slopes of lines m and n are equal.

Use proportions in AACE and ABCD to show
that m||n. Part A The horizontal lines must be parallel
and in proportion so that each zone of the
b. Now assume that m||n. Show that the slopes shuffleboard appears to be the same length.
of m and n are equal. What are the lengths w, x, and y?

28. Use Structure Aisha is building a roof and Part B What is the length of each
needs to determine the lengths of CG and CF horizontal segment?
from the design shown. How can she determine
Part C Which horizontal segment is closest to
CG and CF? What are CG and CF?
the midsegment of the triangle that extends
off of the screen? How do you know?

LESSON 7-5 Proportions in Triangles 339

 Topic Review Ce
»

¥4 TOPIC ESSENTIAL QUESTION

1. How are properties of similar figures used to solve problems?

ta
9Te
aha

Vocabulary Review
Choose the correct term to complete each sentence. ae
; ¢ center of dilation
2. Two triangles that are ____ have two pairs of corresponding
congruent angles. * dilation
3. A_______ is acomposition of a dilation and one or more * geometric mean
rigid motions. e scale factor ae
ee
e

4. A point that is its own image ina dilation is the Pe ¢ similar

5. Asa result of a dilation, if A’B’ = n+ AB, then nis the : ¢ similarity
transformation

Concepts & Skills Review

ANON WS m-weyee Dilations and Similarity Transformations

Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving

A dilation is a transformation that maps a point Give the coordinates of each image.
X to X’ such that X’ lies on CX and CX’ = ke CX, 6. D.(AFGH) for F(5, -2), G(-2, -4), H(0, 6)
with center of dilation C and scale factor k.
Two figures are similar if there is a similarity 7. Dos, K(AKLM) for K(O, 4), L(3, 0), M(-2, 4)
transformation that maps one figure onto 8. What is a similarity
the other. transformation from
PQRS to WXYZ?
Example
Are AABC and ADFF similar? Explain.

9. Construct Arguments Isabel says that the

scale factor in the similarity transformation j
that maps AABC to APQR is 2. Is she correct?
Explain. a

The reflection [Link]; maps AABC toa triangle

3 .
R 3
with vertices A’(2, 0), B’(1, 2) and C’(1, 0). The 10 8 ;
dilation D> maps the image to ADEF. Since the ] 4
composition Do e Ryaxi, maps AABC to ADEF, p 0 :
the triangles are similar. 5 a 14 ‘

340 TOPIC 7 Similarity (=) Go Online |[Link]

LESSON 7-3 Proving Triangles Similar

Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving

A pair of triangles can be shown to be similar For Exercises 10 and 11, explain whether each
by using the following criteria. triangle similarity is true.
¢ Two pairs of corresponding angles are
10. AFGJ ~ AJGH 11. AKLN ~ ANLM
congruent.
e All corresponding sides are proportional. H L
Ge 2 :
¢ Two pairs of corresponding sides are 9 K
proportional and the included angles are
congruent. F J :
N aeSG M
12. Communicate Precisely Explain what
Example additional information is needed to use
Explain whether AABE and ADBC are similar. AA ~ to show that ATUV ~ AXZY.
By the Alternate Interior 6 D x Y
Angles Theorem, 2A ~ 2D B
and ZE = ZC. Since two U
pairs of corresponding A E
angles are congruent,
AABE ~ ADBC.

=
=i
a
a
LESSONS 7-4 & 7-5 Similarity in Right Triangles and Proportions in Triangles ™
4er
O
Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving
For right triangle AABC, A For Exercises 13-15, use ARST to find each
AABC ~ AACD ~ ACBD, D length. 5
Also, CD is the geometric 13.0h9
mean of AD and BD, AC
is the geometric mean of C B 14. ST
R Is
AB and AD, and CB is the 1555U 4 U 12
geometric mean of AB G
For Exercises 16-19, find the value of x.
and DB.
FJ _ FG
For AFGH, Hi HG 16. 32 20 17.
18 20
x 30
x 16

Example
For ALMN, what is x? 18. 19;

\5

oan
5 S

x 2.5

20. Use Structure Given right triangle AGHJ

By the Side-Splitter Theorem, 5G = aay
with JK the altitude to hypotenuse GH, what
SO 56 =4
= x: Solve for x to get x =
= 2(4)
£(4) == 6. is GJ the geometric mean of? Explain.

TOPIC 7 Topic Review 341

 Right Triangles
and Trigonometry
Be TOPIC ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How are the Pythagorean Theorem and trigonometry useful?

Topic Overview Topic Vocabulary

enVision™ STEM Project: e angle of depression
Measure a Distance ° angle of elevation
8-1 Right Triangles and the Pythagorean ¢ cosine
Theorem e Law of Cosines
8-2 Trigonometric Ratios e Law of Sines
8-3 The Law of Sines ¢ Pythagorean triple
e sine
8-4 The Law of Cosines
e tangent
Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts:
The Impossible Measurement BLU NEINELG La tos
8-5 Problem Solving With Trigonometry

la
a
il
il
aaa,

Mia
iN
i
cip

enVision Geometry > Topic & > Lesson 8-2 Dita te. cd.4el-va
lrelel=
SSON ES! u \

Uae
© INTERACTIVE STUDENT
Access online or offline.
EDITION

6 ACTIVITIES Complete Explore & Reason,

LESSON OVERVIEW x
itique & Explain >

Model & Discuss, and Critique & Explain

E

activities. Interact with Examples and Try Its.

© ANIMATION View and interact with

real-world applications.

[=] Go online |[Link] © PRACTICE Practice what

you've learned.

342 TOPIC 8 Right Triangles and Trigonometry

 ©) The Impossible M
roy nO e7

Tall buildings are often some of the most recognizable structures of cities.
The Empire State Building in New York City, the Transamerica Pyramid in
San Francisco, and the JPMorgan Chase Tower in Houston are all famous
landmarks in those cities.

Cities around the world compete for the tallest building bragging rights.
TOP
8
Which city currently has the tallest building? This Mathematical Modeling
in 3 Acts lesson will get you thinking about the height of structures,
including tall buildings such as these.

VIDEOS Watch clips to support GLOSSARY Read and listen to

y Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts Lessons English and Spanish definitions.
and enVision™ STEM Projects.
© TUTORIALS Get help from
( EP) Review Virtual Nerd, right when you need it.
key lesson content through
multiple representations. MATH TOOLS Explore math
with digital tools and manipulatives.
ASSESSMENT Show what
you've learned.

TOPIC 8 Right Triangles and Trigonometry

 TOPIC8 PROJECT -Envision STEM

A Sar aye (lam antes

0[aoe maaac)
distance to an object indirectly.
The instrument measures the
time it takes a laser pulse to
travel to the object and return,
at a speed of approximately

SONAR is used to measure distances underwater. The speed of

sound in the ocean depends on the temperature, pressure, and
salt content of the water. Once you know the speed of sound, you
can bounce SONAR waves off an underwater object, measure the
time it takes to return, and calculate the distance to the object.

In the 3rd Century B.C., the Greek

mathematician Eratosthenes calculated
the circumference of the Earth indirectly.
He couldn't actually measure the distance
foot by foot. So he used geometry
and the shadow of the sun to make a
determination of the circumference.

© Your Task: Measure a Distance

Trigonometry is a powerful tool for measuring lengths and distances
indirectly. You and your classmates will use trigonometry and indirect
measurement to find the height of an object that is too tall to
measure directly.

344 TOPIC8 enVision STEM Project [E) Goonline |[Link]

 (=) © Activity © Assess

$ a i| eo EXPLORE & REASON

el aaeht Coen: Consider AABC with altitude CD as shown.

the Pythagorean B
Theorem
D

. (=) [Link] rex

A Nc
5V2
1 CAN... prove the
Pythagorean Theorem using A. What is the area of AABC? Of AACD? Explain your answers.
similarity and establish the . LW a7
relationships in special right B. Find the lengths of AD and AB.
Brendes. C. Look for Relationships Divide the length of the hypotenuse of AABC
VOCABULARY by the length of one of its sides. Divide the length of the hypotenuse of
; AACD by the length of one of its sides. Make a conjecture that explains
e Pythagorean triple thetresuilte

ESSENTIAL QUESTION How are similarity in right triangles and the Pythagorean Theorem related?

Remember that the Pythagorean Theorem and its converse describe how the
side lengths of right triangles are related.

THEOREM 8-1 Pythagorean Theorem

If a triangle is a right triangle, If... AABC is a right triangle.

then the sum of the squares of the B
lengths of the legs is equal to
the square of the length of the
hypotenuse. c a

A G
b

PROOF: SEE EXAMPLE 1. Then... a2 + b* = c?

THEOREM 8-2 Converse of the Pythagorean Theorem

If the sum of the squares of the if... a2 + b2=c?

lengths of two sides of a triangle is B
equal to the square of the length
of the third side, then the triangle
is a right triangle. . a

A C
b

PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 17. Then... AABC is a right triangle.

LESSON 8-1 Right Triangles and the Pythagorean Theorem 345

 {>} © Activity © Assess

4
PROOF Qe O42: — Use Similarity to Prove the Pythagorean Theorem
eee

Use right triangle similarity to write a proof of the Pythagorean Theorem.

Given: AXYZ is a right triangle. %
Prove: a2 + b* =c?
Plan: To prove the Pythagorean Theorem, draw the
altitude to the hypotenuse. Then use the relationships in xX Z
the resulting similar right triangles.
Proof:

Step 1 Draw altitude XW.

Step 2 AXYZ ~ AWXZ ~ AWYX

LOOK FOR RELATIONSHIPS

Think about how you can apply
properties of similar triangles. Step 3 Because
What is the relationship between AXYZ ~ AWYX, ‘ = 2.
corresponding sides of similar So a2 = ce.
triangles? Step 4 Because AXYZ ~ AWXZ,
GenDF906 278)
B= = Gh.

Step 5 Write an equation that relates a2 and b2 to ce and cf.

a*+b*=ce+cf
a2 +b*=c(e+f)
a? + b* = c(o)
at + b*=c4

© Try It! 1. Find the unknown side length of each right triangle.
a. AB b. EF

E F
15
E
Va 10
D
A 12 C

346 TOPIC 8 Right Triangles and Trigonometry (=) Go Online |[Link]

 (=) © Activity © Assess
—==

APPLICATION eo =9.¢-¥\038:e» Use the Pythagorean Theorem and Its Converse

A. To satisfy safety regulations, the

distance from the wall to the base of
a ladder should be at least one-fourth
the length of the ladder. Did Drew set
up the ladder correctly?
The floor, the wall, and the ladder
form a right triangle.

Step 1 Find the length of the ladder.

Aauabhe ss e2

2 Sea ce
87.2567
9.34x~C Use the Pythagorean Theorem
with a = 2.5 andb = 9.
Step 2 Find 7the length of the ladder.
Lew 1
The length of the ladder is 9.34 ft.
= 2.335
Since 2.5 > 2.335, Drew set up the ladder correctly.

B. The length of each crosspiece of the fence is 10 ft. Why would a rancher
build this fence with the measurements shown?
The numbers 6, 8, and 10 form a
Pythagorean triple. A
STUDY TIP triple is a set of three nonzero whole
Learn and recognize common numbers that satisfy the equation 2
Pythagorean triples such as 3, 4, at +.b2 =c?, BH '
and 5; and 5, 12, and 13 to speed
calculations.
Since 62 + 82 = 102, the posts, the
ground, and the crosspieces form right triangles.
By using those measurements, the rancher knows that the fence posts
are perpendicular to the ground, which stabilizes the fence.

© Try It! 2.a.whatiski2 —K

9cm

J L
40 cm

b. Is AMNO a right triangle? N 37cm

Explain. 0
35 cm 12cm

LESSON 8-1 Right Triangles and the Pythagorean Theorem 347

 =) © Activity © Assess

CONCEPTUAL ; : ;
UNDERSTANDING QQ} 4NUtJR2ED Investigate Side Lengths in 45°-45°-90° Triangles
\qua pee

Is there a relationship between the lengths of AB A

and AC in AABC? Explain.

REASON Draw altitude CD to form similar right triangles D

Think about the properties of AABC, AACD, and ACBD.
a triangle with two congruent
angles. How do the properties of Notice that AABC is a vA
the triangle help you relate the G B
45°-45°-90° triangle,
side lengths? and that AC = BC.

Use right-triangle similarity to write an equation.

AB _ AC
AC AD Since AABC ~ AACD, AC is the
AB _ AC geometric mean of AB and AD.
AC 1 3B

1> AB? = AC? B

Because AABC isisi isosceles,
AB2 = 2AC2 CD bisects AB.

AB =\V2 «AC
The length of AB is V2 times the length of AC.

© Try It! 3. Find the side lengths of each 45°-45°-90° triangle.

a. What are XZ and YZ? b. What are JK and LK?

YX 6
X i

KV)
Y 45° 45° 7 12V/2.

45°

THEOREM 8-3 45°-45°-90° Triangle Theorem

In a 45°-45°-90° triangle, the legs lf. 8

are congruent and the length of
the hypotenuse is /2 times the 45°
length of a leg. s

Au Ss
a
PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 18. Then... BC = sV2

348 TOPIC 8 Right Triangles and Trigonometry (=) Go Online |[Link]

 ‘kaj © Activity © Assess

OPTED Explore the Side Lengths of a 30°-60°-90° Triangle

Using an equilateral triangle, show how the lengths of the short leg, the
long leg, and the hypotenuse of a 30°-60°-90° triangle are related.

ZAABC is an equilateral
: Altitude BD divides ABC into
triangle.
two congruent 30°-60°-90°
triangles, AADB and ACDB.

Look at AADB. Let the length of the short leg AD be s.

STUDY TIP
Recall that an altitude of a Find the relationship between AD and AB.
triangle is perpendicular to a side. a
Think about what properties of meal tert [ite BD bisects AC.
the triangle result in the altitude AC=AD+CD
also being a segment bisector. AC = 2s
os AABC is equilateral, so AB = AC = 2s.

Find the relationship between AD and BD.

AD? + BD2 = AB
Use the Pythagorean Theorem.
s* + BD? = (2s)?
BD* = 352
BD =sV3
In AADB, the length of hypotenuse AB is twice the length of the short leg
AD. The length of the long leg BD is /3 times the length of the short leg.

© Try It! 4.a. What are PQ and PR? b. What are UV and TV?
R 9V3
F
one 30 = a U
6
Seal f 9 60°
V

THEOREM 8-4 30°-60°-90° Triangle Theorem

In a 30°-60°-90° triangle, the length if A

of the hypotenuse is twice the
length of the short leg. The length
of the long leg is V3 times the a
length of the short leg.

cu Ee B
S

PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 19. Then... AC = sV3, AB = 2s

LESSON 8-1 Right Triangles and the Pythagorean Theorem 349

 Le) © Activity (7) Assess

ee >@ONVI2Haw Apply Special Right Triangle Relationships

A. Alejandro needs to make both the horizontal B

and vertical supports, AC and AB, for the ramp. ae
Is one 12-foot board long enough for both 10 ft
supports? Explain.
COMMON ERROR A a 30° C
Be careful not to mix up the The ramp and supports form a 30°-60°-90°
relationship of the shorter and triangle.
longer legs. Remember that the BC =2AB AC = ABY3
longer leg is V3 times as long
as the shorter leg, so the longer 10 = 2AB AC = 5V3 ft
leg is between 1= and 2 times as AB =5 tt
long as the short leg.
Find the total length of the supports.
AB+AC=5+
53
~ 13.66 ft
Since 13.66 > 12, the 12-foot board will not be long enough for
Alejandro to make both supports.

B. Olivia starts an origami paper crane by making

the 200-mm diagonal fold. What are the side
length and area of the paper square?
Step 1 Find the length of one side of the paper.
sv2 = 200
5 = 200
V2 “fold
sz 141.4mm

Step 2 Find the area of the paper square.

A=s?
A = (100V2)*
A = 20,000 mm?
The paper square has side length 141.4 mm and area 20,000 mm2.

© Try It! 5.a. What are AB and BC? b. What are AC and BC?
B B

60°
45°

A
30° | 14

A 45 Llc

350 TOPIC 8 Right Triangles and Trigonometry (©) Go Online |[Link]

 Concept
BH @ Summary © Assess

@ CONCEPT SUMMARY The Pythagorean Theorem and Special Right Triangles ~

0)a\/—:e» Pythagorean Theorem Converse of the

US Pythagorean Theorem
If... AABC is a right triangle
If... a%+b2=c2

Then... a2 + b2 = c2
Then... AABC is a right triangle.

ease 45°-45°-90° Triangle Theorem ise) ales > 30°-60°-90° Triangle Theorem
lfc eo lf3 7A

45°

aL Sc
Then... BC = sV2
Then... AC = s¥3, AB = 2s

Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

we OM ESSENTIAL QUESTION iale\Wee\c For Exercises 4 and 5, find the value of x.
SS
.aE
-——
similarity in right triangles and the . 6.4 ao Bi ES x r
Pythagorean Theorem related?

2. Error Analysis Casey was asked to find XY. x ae 18

What is Casey’s error?
a s.
A D

For Exercises 6-8, is ARSTa right triangle?

XY = YZ V3 Explain.
XY =4V3 a 6. RS= 20, Sh= 21; REL= 29

J, RS = 359,91 50,nh— 1

8. RS
= 40, ST= 41, RT= 11

9. Charles wants to hang the

pennant shown vertically
between two windows that 41 in
are 19 inches apart. Will the
3. Reason A right triangle has leg lengths
pennant fit? Explain.
4.5 and 4.5/3. What are the measures of the
angles? Explain.

LESSON 8-1 Right Triangles and the Pythagorean Theorem 351

© PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Scan for (=) © Practice i) Tutorial
os

Multimedia
Additional Exercises Available Online

NS
eyPAN By

10. Mathematical Connections Which rectangular For Exercises 15 and 16, find the unknown side
prism has the longer diagonal? Explain. length of each triangle. SEE EXAMPLE 1

Prism P Prism Q 15. RS 16. XY

T Y
5V10 3 10

R 5 A643 gee
17. Given AABC with B
a2 + b2=Cc2, writea
11. Error Analysis Dakotais p 21 E paragraph proof of c a
asked to find EF. What is
the Converse of the
her error?
Pythagorean Theorem. A ; CG
F SEE EXAMPLE 2

There is not enough information 18. Write a two-column proof K

to find EF because you need to of the 45°-45°-90° Triangle ©
know either the length of DF or Theorem. SEE EXAMPLE 3
one of the other angle measures. J 45° 45 L

x ee.
19. Write a paragraph proof
of the 30°-60°-90° Triangle
A

Es
Theorem. SEE EXAMPLE 4
30°

12. Make Sense and Persevere What are

expressions for MN and LN? Hint: Construct the
altitude from M to LN.
es
M
Xx
For Exercise 20 and 21, find the side lengths of
each triangle. SEE EXAMPLES 3 AND 4
45° 30°
L N 20. What are GJ and HJ? 21. What are XY and YZ?

13. Higher Order Thinking H Y

Triangle XYZ is a right Y. i
triangle. For what kind 124/48
of triangle would y L60" 30g
XZ* + XY > YZ?? For what 459) lI J :
kind of triangle would x me G
XZ* + XY? < YZ? Explain.
22. What is QS? SEE EXAMPLE 5
14. Look for Relationships Write an equation
R
that represents the relationship between JK

| |
and KL.

30°

352 TOPIC8 Right Triangles and Trigonometry [=] Go Online |[Link]

SS
 Ee)
@ PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING © Practice © Tutorial

Mixed Review Available Online

© ASSESSMENT PRACTICE
23. Reason Esteban wants marble bookends cut 26. Match each set of triangle side lengths with the
at a 60° angle, as shown. If Esteban wants his best description of the triangle.
bookends to be between 7.5 in. and 8in. tall, I. J2, V2, V3 A. right triangle
what length d should the marble cutter make
the base of the bookends? Explain. il. 5, 3V2, J43 B. 30°-60°-90° triangle
Ill. 8, 8, 8V2 C. 45°-45°-90° triangle
IV. 11, 11¥3, 22 D. not a right triangle
27. SAT/ACT What is GJ?

oe 37.4

24. Communicate Precisely Sarah finds an antique

dinner bell that appears to be in the shape fe ALLENS
of an isosceles right triangle, but the only
measurement given is the longest side. @® 18.7 © 18.7V3
Sarah wants to display the bell and wand
18.7/2 © 74.8
in a 5.5-in. by 7.5-in. picture frame. Assuming
that the bell is an isosceles right triangle, 28. Performance Task Emma designed two
can Sarah display the bell and wand within the triangular sails for a boat.
frame? Explain.

45°
30°
5.5 in. oD 8.7m

a 45° | 60°
Sc aa
Sail A Sail B

25. Construct Arguments When Carmen parks on Part A What is the area of Sail A?
a hill, she places chocks behind the wheels of
her car. The height of the chocks must be at Part B What is the area of Sail B?
least one-fourth of the height of the wheels to
hold the car securely in place. The chock shown Part C Is it possible for Emma to cut both sails
has the shape of a right triangle. Is it safe for from one square of sailcloth with sides that are
Carmen to use? Explain. 9 meters in length? Draw a diagram to explain.

LESSON 8-1 Right Triangles and the Pythagorean Theorem 353

 (cal © Activity © Assess

Ae © CRITIQUE & EXPLAIN

A teacher asked students to write a proportion using the lengths of the legs
Trigonometric
of the two right triangles.
Ratios
L

(=) [Link]
Sars

J K ce

1 CAN...
Two students’ responses are shown.
use trigonometric ratios
to find lengths and angle Diego Rebecca
measures of right triangles.

VOCABULARY
KOE JK _ MN
e cosine MN MO . JL MO
e sine
e tangent
¢ trigonometric ratios
A. Do you think that the proportion that Diego wrote is correct? Explain.
B. Do you think that the proportion that Rebecca wrote is correct? Explain.
C. Use Structure If i.= a how can you get an equivalent equation such
that the left side of the equation is 2?

How do trigonometric ratios relate angle measures to side lengths of

°? ESSENTIAL QUESTION
right triangles?

CONCEPT Trigonometric Ratios

The trigonometric ratios, or functions, relate the side lengths of a right

triangle to its acute angles.
sine of ZA B
length of leg opposite 2A
sia length of hypotenuse hypotenuse leg opposite
ZA
— BC
AB
leg adjacent
sine of 2A to ZA
__ length of leg adjacent to 2A
cos A =
length of hypot
enuse
aoAeB

tangent of 2A
length of leg opposite 2A
tanA=
length of leg adjacent to ZA
— BC
AC

354 TOPIC 8 Right Triangles and Trigonometry (=) Go Online |[Link]

 (=) © Activity © Assess
—=_

CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING
*egeesecree EEE
Qs ¢N0tSA— Understand Trigonometric Ratios Using Similarity
How are the sines of two different angles with the same measure related?

Let AABC and ADFEF be right triangles with mzB = mZE.

A
D Since ZC = ZF and ZB = ZE,
L\ABC ~ ADEF by AA.

C B E EB

You can use properties of similarity to determine the relationship between

sin B and sin E.

MAKE SENSE AND PERSEVERE C and sin E es= DE.

By the definition of the sine ratio, sin B= as DE"
There are many proportional Because A\ABC~ ADEF, you know that corresponding side lengths are
relationships in similar triangles. proportional. In particular, at = ag. Rewrite this equation to compare the
Look for one that uses all the side
_ lengths in the expressions for sides in Z\ABC to the sides in AADEF.
sin B and sin E. AC, DF _ AB
, DF
DF’ AB DE~ AB Substitute sin B for AC
x
AG
AB _ DE
DE DF
and sin E for
=
DE’

sinB=sinE

Any two acute angles with the same measure have the same sine.
=
<<

© Try It! 1. Show that any two acute angles with the same measure have
the same cosine.

bb) .ONI2R~ep Write Trigonometric Ratios

a
ee

What are the sine, cosine, and tangent ratios for 2H?
COMMON ERROR
~ You may incorrectly assume the Use the definitions of the trigonometric ratios.
horizontal leg and vertical leg inte length of leg opposite 2H afaZ H
(> to be the adjacent and opposite length of hypotenuse 15
- legs. Remember that adjacent and
Cont j
length of leg adjacent 2H _9 9 15
- opposite are relative to the angle.
length of hypotenuse 15
G F
ran i 2H _ 42
length of leg opposite 12
length of leg adjacent zH 9

© Try It! [Link] Example 2, what are the sine, cosine, and tangent
ratios of ZF?

LESSON 8-2 Trigonometric Ratios 355

 te) © Activity )Assess

Qe PENVi2aKMD Trigonometric Ratios of Special Angles

A. What are the sine, cosine, and tangent ratios for 30°, 45°, and
60° angles?
You can use what you know about 45°-45°-90° and 30°-60°-90° right
triangles to find the ratios.

se 1 es :
i 45° || 30°
1 V3
sin 45° =1-¥2 sin 30° =1 sin 60° = 3
cos 45° = a = oe cos 30° =se cos 60° = 4

tan 45° =1=1 tan 30°= 1-3 tan 60° = ¥3= V3

VOCABULARY
Recall that two angles are . How are the sine and cosine of complementary angles related?
complementary if the sum of their By the Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem, the two acute angles in any right
measures is 90. If an angle has triangle are complementary.
measure x, its complement has
measure 90 — x. A mZzA +mzB +mzZC = 180

; c mZA + m2zB + 90 = 180

mzA + mzZB = 90
C 7 B
Find the sine and cosine of the complementary angles ZA and ZB.
sinA = 2 sin B = B
cos A = : cos B= 2
So sin A = cos B and sin B = cos A. The sine of an angle is equal to the
cosine of its complement, and vice versa.

© Try It! 3.a. In AFGH, what is the value of y?

b. How can you write an equivalent expression for cos 70° using
sine? An equivalent expression for sin 34° using cosine?

356 TOPIC 8 Right Triangles and Trigonometry (=) Go Online |[Link]

 (=) © Activity © Assess

APPLICATION tb) >. VIs8-e- ep Use Trigonometric Ratios to Find Distances

A plane takes off and

climbs at a 12° angle. Is that
Draw a right triangle to
angle sufficient enough
represent the situation.
to fly over an 11,088-foot
mountain that is 12.5 miles
from the runway or does
the plane need to increase
STUDY TIP 3
To choose the right trigonometric eon ascciit,
ratio, consider which side of the Step 1 You know the length of the side adjacent to the 12° angle, so use the
triangle you know and which side tangent ratio to find the altitude of the plane as it passes the mountain.
you need to find. Opt eX.
tan 12 Oe

X= 12.5¢tan 12° Use a calculator.

0.66 12.5 12 Ga
The altitude of the plane is about 2.66 miles.
Step 2 Compare the altitude of the plane to the height of the mountain.

11,088 ft «1 Mi__ 24 mi Write the height of

5,280 ft the mountain in miles.

A 12° angle is sufficient because 2.1 mi < 2.66 mi.

© Try It! 4.1f a plane climbs at 5° and flies 20 miles through the air as it
climbs, what is the altitude of the airplane, to the nearest foot?

Co 29.7:W\ 0202» Use Trigonometric Inverses to Find Angle Measures

What are mZA and mzB? A
If you know the sine, cosine, or tangent of an OSieee ea
angle, you can use a trigonometric inverse C B
(sin-', cos—', or tan—') to find the angle measure.
1 1
Since you know that cos A = qr use Since you know that sin B = qr use
USE APPROPRIATE TOOLS cos! to find mZA. sin-' to find mzB.
On many graphing calculators, ; es
you can use theord key and mZA = cos~! (4) mzZB = sin (4)
the sin, cos, and tan keys to use
the trigonometric inverses. 215.5 w 14.5

© Try It! 5.a. What is mzP? Q

b. What is mzQ? ;

i R

LESSON 8-2 Trigonometric Ratios 357

 Concept
& @ Summary © Assess
@ coNncEPT SUMMARY Trigonometric Ratios
| WORDS } For a right triangle, the trigonometric ratios sine, cosine, and tangent relate
the measure of an acute angle of the triangle to the lengths of the sides.

DI PXe VW Triangle ABC is a right triangle. SYMBOLS

__ length of leg opposite 2A
B SIN Aa length of hypotenuse
hypotenuse leg opposite
__ length of leg adjacent to 2A
ZA
Oa length of hypotenuse
leg adjacent
to ZA EantAe length of leg opposite ZA
length of leg adjacent to ZA

© Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

1. M4 ESSENTIAL QUESTION Maleyimele) For Exercises 7-12, use AABC to find each
trigonometric ratios relate angle measures trigonometric ratio or angle measure.
to side lengths of right triangles? A

2. Error Analysis What is the error in this

equation for a trigonometric ratio?

G 5 a B
SiInAt=—.n=
A
2S Ww wel 7. tan B 8. cos B
2
9. sinA 10. tanA
Cc B
11. mzZB 12. MZA

13. What are the sine and cosine of the smallest

angle in the right triangle shown?

3. Vocabulary How are finding the inverses of

trigonometric ratios similar to using inverse oe
operations? 4

4. Communicate Precisely How is the sine 14. What is the measure of the largest acute
ratio similar to the cosine ratio? How is angle in the right triangle shown?
it different?
13iz 5
5. Look for Relationships If sin A = 2, how
could you use a and cto find cos A? Nae

6. Reason What is an expression for d using x°, 15. In the figure shown, what are mZS and mzT?
y°, and h? T

nH &

358 TOPIC 8 Right Triangles and Trigonometry (=) Go Online |[Link]

©) PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Scan for | 6
Multimedia | @
(=) © Practice © Tutorial
Additional Exercises Available Online

UNDERSTAND PRACTICE

16. Error Analysis Jacinta’s teacher asks her to find For Exercises 21-23, write each ratio. SEE EXAMPLE 1
the tangent of ZY. What is her error?

Z
a
|pe 2V10 SEXY
2 tan Y= \5
pact
x, Y Y ==6
tan b
6
taniw=3 21. sin x° 22. COs x° 23. tan x°

For Exercises 24—29, find each value. SEE EXAMPLE 2

2V17
17. Make Sense and Persevere If sin B = 0.5 in es
the triangle shown, what is an expression m
for AB? 8
C 24. sin x° 25. cos x° 26. tan x°

27 FSi 28. cos y° 29. tan y°

For Exercises 30-35, find each value. SEE EXAMPLE 3

A B
30. sin 30° 31. cos 60° 32. sin 45°
18. Reason Every tread of a staircase is 8 in. deep,
33. tan 45° 34. cos 30° 35. tan 60°
and every riser is 6 in. high. How would you
find the angle the staircase makes with the 36. Write an expression for cos 68° using sine.
floor? Explain.

|
37. Write an expression for sin 44° using cosine.

For Exercises 38 and 39, find each length.

SEE EXAMPLE 4
C
19. Mathematical Connections Find the values.

A
Ae B
\V2x2 + 20x + 50 38. AC 39. BC
x+5
For Exercises 40-43, find the angle measures in
each triangle. SEE EXAMPLE 5
C B
40. mzB C
a. sinB b. mzB
41. mzC 3
20. Higher Order Thinking Why are the sine and
cosine ratios of x° never greater than one?
A ; B
Use the triangle below to explain your
reasoning. 42. mZK L
43. mZL 5 2
a
J K
ee
b

LESSON 8-2 Trigonometric Ratios 359

(© PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING
(=) © Practice © Tutorial
[SS

Mixed Review Available Online

san © ASSESSMENT PRACTICE

44. Make Sense and Persevere Workers need to 47. Match each expression to a trigonometric ratio.
make repairs on a building. A boom lift has
maximum height of 60 ft at an angle of 48°. -
If the bottom of the boom is 60 ft from the 4
building, can the boom reach the top of D
the building? Explain. 3 B
a 12

Il. cos ZACD A. 13

ll. tan ZABC B. 2

Il. sin ZBAC c2
IV. cos ZCAD D. 3
48. SAT/ACT What is the value of cos x°?

12 WZ

45. Model With Mathematics A coach draws up a

play so a quarterback throws the football at the | 16
same time a receiver runs straight down the field. @ 5 3 © 5 ©2
Suppose the quarterback throws the football at a 21 2 632 3
speed of 20 ft/s and the receiver runs ata speed 49. Performance Task Jacy anchors a retractable
of 12 ft/s. At what angle x° to the horizontal line leash to a tree and attaches the leash to her
must the quarterback throw the football in order dog's collar. When the dog fully extends the
for the receiver to catch it? Explain. leash, the angle between the leash and the
ona BESET ENTIAN ITT tree is 84°.

vA
receiver VE aca le

46. Use Structure Kelsey puts up an inflatable

gorilla to advertise a sale. She realizes that
she needs to secure the figure with rope. She
estimates she needs to attach three pieces at
the angles shown. How much rope does
Kelsey need? Round to the nearest foot. Part A If her neighbor's yard is 18 feet away
from the tree, can Jacy’s dog get into her
neighbor's yard? If so, how far into the yard can
the dog go? Round to nearest tenth of a foot.

Part B If Jacy wants to make sure her dog

cannot get within 1 foot of her neighbor's
yard, how high up the tree must she anchor the
leash? Round to the nearest tenth of a foot.

360 TOPIC8 Right Triangles and Trigonometry (©) Go Online |[Link]

 8-3
(=) © Activity © Assess

© EXPLORE & REASON

The Law Consider the 30°-60°-90° triangle shown.

of Sines A
60 10
5
(=) [Link]
30°
z = 5V3 ¢
| CAN... use the Law of
Sines to solve problems. aa ane
A. Calculate the values of the ratios ar and ae How are the values of
VOCABULARY the ratios related?
* Law of Sines B. Make Sense and Persevere Do you think the ratios would have the
same relationship in any 30°-60°-90° right triangle? Explain your
answer.

» EScENTIAL QUESTION How can the Law of Sines be used to determine side lengths and angle
measures in acute and obtuse triangles?

CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING
esesaresiessenernen eer
Q}petuigaei Explore the Sine Ratio
How can you use the sine ratio to relate the lengths and angle
measures in AABC?

Construct the altitude AD The altitude intersects BC at

from vertex A. point D, forming right triangles
c b A\ADB and AADC.

B D ic
Saeed
Write equations for sin B and sin C using the right triangles.
j h . h
ae as cm ae ae
———
noreepb Ge =
Solve each
ecall that the sine ratio relates aan reed equation for h.
the length of the opposite side to SU Bein Gee :
the length of the hypotenuse. Set the two expressions for h equal to each other.

csinB=bsinC The definition of the sine ratio only includes

sinB _ RS acute angles. For triangles with right and
B obtuse angles, you can extend the definition
of sine and cosine to include these angles.

© Try It! 1. For Example 1, show that one = sn8 = Ue

LESSON 8-3 The Law of Sines 361

 ae]. © Activity © Assess

CONCEPT Law of Sines

For any AABC with side lengths a, b, and c A

PEP ose anoles A B, and C, respectively,
w of Sines relates the sine of each angle b c
to ie ent of the opposite side.
Si Auaes| onesie a
aa ae a pee

Co >. I28:3> Use the Law of Sines to Find a Side Length

For AXYZ, what is YZ to the nearest tenth? 7 Y
X
Identify pairs of known sides and angles.
e The measure of 2Z and the length of its opposite
side XY are known. 7
° The measure of 2X is known. The length of YZ is
the unknown quantity.
COMMON ERROR
Be careful to correctly write the Use the Law of Sines to write and solve an equation for YZ.
ratio of the sine of an angle and
sin oor sin 51°
its opposite side length. It may sinZ _ sinX
be helpful to draw an arrow wenord2): ae Vee
7 sin 51°
from each angle that points to
2 = Fin
sin 77°
its opposite side. Use a calculator.
ated (BE:
8 By

© Try It! [Link] Example 2, what is XZ to the nearest tenth?

tb) >. ONIShK ED Use Law of Sines to Find the Measure of an Angle
What are mZR and mZS in ARST? 12.3 ft S
Step 1 Use the Law of Sines to write and solve i a
an equation to find sin S. 12.7 ft
sin S Aisin TE T
Rig eis You know mZT and
nS sin 74° the length of the side
oe eo Se opposite 27. You also
: know the length of
: Ze E : ‘
sin $= tefsn ie the side opposite 25.
sin S x 0.9925
Step 2 Use the inverse function sin~! to Step 3 Find mZR.
find mzsS.
mZR= 180 — 74 — 83
ee [Link] ee
sin” (‘(sin S$)) = sin—'(0.992
Sins ( 5) we
mzS = 83

CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE

362 TOPIC 8 Right Triangles and Trigonometry (=) Go Online |[Link]

E ie =) © Activity ) Assess
EXAMPLE 3 CONTINUED

© Try It! 3.a. What is mzN? M

b. What is mzO? 2m “f

;
i

. APPLICATION Q}RS¢WSED Apply the Law of Sines

; The map shows the
:
path a pilot flew
between Omaha and
Chicago in order to
avoid a thunderstorm.
How much longer is this co ae
route than the direct 413° ie
route to Chicago? ;
AC aaiie melt

Step 1 Let x represent the distance Step 2 Let y represent the distance
BceSENSE AND PERSEVERE | pak eo point to sats FRAP, to the turning
Think about what the problem is ; i , :
| asking for. Which distances are Use the Law of Sines. First determine the measure
you supposed to find? . sin 113° _ sin 22° of the angle opposite y.
ESSE ae 243, eae
_ 471 sin22° 180° — 113° — 22° = 45
sin 113° Then use the Law of Sines.
x 2 191.7 sin 113°
_ sin 45°
471 Ag
— 471 sin 45°
sin 113°

y = 361.8
Step 3 Find the total distance the pilot flew.
191.7 mi + 361.8 mi = 553.5 mi
The pilot flew 553.5 mi — 471 mi = 82.5 mi farther.

© Try It! 4. Suppose the pilot chose to fly north of the storm. How much
farther is that route than the direct route?

LESSON 8-3 The Law of Sines 363

 Concept
& @ Summary @ he
© CONCEPT SUMMARY Law of Sines

a» For any AABC with side lengths a, b, and c opposite angles A, B, and C,
respectively, the Law of Sines relates the sine of each angle to the length of
the opposite side.

TNC A A SYMBOLS

© Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

1. M4 ESSENTIAL QUESTION MBaleyiame-lamea>) For Exercises 5 and 6, list the parts of each
Law of Sines be used to determine side triangle you can determine using the Law
lengths and angle measures in acute and of Sines.
obtuse triangles? 5. D 6. H

2. Error Analysis Amelia is R 58°

asked to find a missing side
63°
length in ARST. What is her
error? 42° 42°
F

For Exercises 7 and 8, use AQRS. Q

sinR _ sinS
RI 9ST 7. What are mzQ and mZzR?
sin 63° — sin 42°
RT 9
8. What is the perimeter 14 20
of AQRS?
_ 9sin 63°
R= sin 42°
= 12
is R

x For Exercises 9 and 10, use AXYZ.

9. What is XY?
X

3. Vocabulary What are the pairs of opposite 10. What is XZ?

angles and side lengths in ALMN? What
ia
does the Law of Sines help you find?
M
11. What are AB and BC?

NoOo &

I 32 108 N
12. What is the perimeter of ATUV?
4. Reason Can you find all the missing parts
of a triangle using the Law of Sines if
you know the lengths of all three sides?
Explain. ae
> 11

364 TOPICS Right Triangles and Trigonometry (=) Go Online |[Link]

nee
© PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Scan for
Multimedia
(=) © Practice ©

Additional Exercises Available Online

Tutorial

UNDERSTAND PRACTICE

13. Error Analysis Kimberly is asked to find mzM. For Exercises 18-23, find each length x. Round to
What is her error? the nearest tenth. SEE EXAMPLES 1 AND 2
N 18. 13 19.
<
16 10 sin
M _ sinL
16 10
L M ‘ M —= 16% sin 34° 70°
sin 10 33°
NS 21:
mZM = 0.8714 °
wo aa

x
x<
x< wo

31°

14. Construct Arguments Suppose you only

know the lengths and angle measures of two
triangles used to show they are congruent by
SAS. Can you find the missing angle measures 78°
and side lengths of the triangles using the Law
of Sines? Explain. For Exercises 24—29, find each angle measure x°.
B E Round to the nearest tenth. SEE EXAMPLE 3
24. oor ef
22 ‘'g 10
A CAUnD F
xe 68°
15. Communicate Precisely The measures of two
angles are given along with the measure of 26. : :; 27. 19 _
the side opposite the third angle of a triangle.
How can the Law of Sines be used to find
missing angle measures and side lengths of the
triangle? Explain. 28. 29.
16. Mathematical Connections What is AC? Use 14 15
both the Distance Formula and the Law of
Sines. How do the values compare? Explain. ite
For Exercises 30-33, find the perimeter of each
triangle. Round to the nearest tenth. SEE EXAMPLE 4
30 31. ‘
72° 38°
ase 65°
17. Reason Explain how to use the Law of Sines 26
to find the perimeter of APQR. Then write an
expression for the perimeter.
32. ws 33.
Q 41
—_Nm
9
p 66°

LESSON 8-3 The Law of Sines 365

 (=) © Practice © Tutorial

© PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING SS

Mixed Review Available Online

PN Ad © ASSESSMENT PRACTICE

34. Make Sense and Persevere To find the height 37. What is the value of x? Round to the
of a tree, a forester uses a clinometer to nearest tenth.
measure the angle to the top of the tree.
She then measures again at a distance 8 feet x
farther away. What is the height of the tree? 30° 50°
Round to the nearest foot. 9

38. SAT/ACT What is the measure of the angle

made by the roads at Bigville?
Alltown

Bigville

35. Model With Mathematics At point A, the pilot Centerburg

of a plane looks down at an angle of 7° at the
landing strip. After flying up to point B, the pilot @ 55.10° © 49.60°
looks down at an angle of 9° to see the landing 72.28° © 40.40°
strip. What is the distance from point B to the
landing strip if the distance from point A to 39. Performance Task An engineer is designing
point B is 1,100 ft? Round to the nearest foot. a walkway for an aquarium, but she only
emer > receives the partial information shown for the
x Se e au” supports of the walkway. She must determine
(<f ahs Sesh the lengths of the remaining supports to
ae sy complete the design.
soeTe on

36. Higher Order Thinking A boat is cruising due

east. At point X, the captain measures the
angle east of north to a pier. At point Y, he
again measures the angle east of north to the
pier. A restricted area with radius 2.5 miles is Part A What is AB to the nearest tenth of a
centered at the end of the pier. Does the boat foot?
enter the restricted area? Explain.
Part B The engineer decides she wants beams
from point A to the left end of the walkway
and from point D to the right end of the
walkway. Is there enough information given to
find the lengths? If so, find the lengths. If not,
explain what other information she needs.

366 TOPIC8 Right Triangles and Trigonometry [=] Go Online |[Link]

 (=) © Activity © Assess

$ ra 4 (») EXPLORE & REASON

The Law Use AABC to answer the questions.

of Cosines C

10 14
(=) [Link]

| CAN... use the Law of (cen 11 D

_ Cosines to solve problems.
E A. Write equations for the side lengths of AABC and ACBD using the
~ VOCABULARY Pythagorean Theorem.
_ © Law of Cosines B. Use a system of equations to solve for x.
C. Use Structure How can you use the information you found to determine
mzZA?

ESSENTIAL QUESTION How can the Law of Cosines be used to determine side lengths and angle
e measures of acute and obtuse triangles?

CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING
\ qemmeereseen remanence}
9s ¢Nviga® Develop the Law of Cosines with Trigonometry
Triangle ABC is not a right triangle. How can you use a cosine ratio to write
an equation relating the side lengths a, b, and c?
A

Construct the ae as
; altitude from A. c h b AD intersects BC at point D.
- USE STRUCTURE ; Let DC =x, so BD=a —x.
_ When constructing auxiliary
_ lines, look for ones that result B er piax C
in right angles, right triangles, el
_ parallel lines, or other convenient
_ geometric relationships. Use the Pythagorean Theorem with AABD. Then distribute and combine
like terms.
c* = (a —x)2 +h? ae Ne ibe
AACOD is a right triangle, so x* + h* =b*.
c* = a* — 2ax+x*+h? Substitute b2 for x2 + h2.
C7 = a4 42axtb*
c2 = a2 — 2ab(cos C) + b2 Since cos C = Bix = b(cos C).
Substitute b(cos C) for x.
c2 = a2 + b2— 2ab cos C ee
Thus, given side lengths a and b of a triangle and the included angle
measure, you can find the length c of the third side by taking the square
root of the expression on the right side of the equation.

© Try It! [Link] the same method as in Example 1 to write equations for
a2 using cos A and b2 using cos B.

LESSON 8-4 The Law of Cosines 367

 {=) © Activity © Assess

CONCEPT Law of Cosines

For any AABC, the Law of Cosines

of each angle to the side lengths of the triangle. ‘
c
a2 = b2 +c? -—2bccosA
b2 = a2 +c* — 2accosB B = G
c2 = a2 + b* — 2ab cos C

bb) 1>.¢:\t28:3 Use the Law of Cosines to Find a Side Length

What is BC to the nearest tenth? B

The side length opposite ZA is unknown. You know two .

side lengths and the measure of their included angle, 2A.
USE STRUCTURE A C
What information does the Law Use the Law of Cosines to write and solve 10
of Cosines provide that the Law an equation for BC.
of Sines does not? BC2 = AB2 + AC2 — 2(AB)(AO cos A

BC? ~ 82 + 102 — 2(8)(10)(0.5446)

BC? ~ 76.864
BC x 8.8

© Try It! 2.a. whatisDe? b. What is GH? H

6 ae
12
J

bb) >. 7NUI2R-K ED Use the Law of Cosines to Find an Angle Measure
The optimal tilt for Keenan's solar
panel is between 58° and 60° to the
horizontal. Has Keenan placed his
solar panel at an optimal angle?
Write an equation using the Law of
COMMON ERROR Cosines. Then use the inverse cosine
In applying the Law of Cosines, to find mzP.
be sure to correctly place the QR2 = PR2 + PQ2 — 2(PQ)(QR)cos P
included angle measure and the
length of the side opposite the 19% = 18? + 20? — 2(18)(20)cos P
include angle on opposite sides of =
the tok os ae 5
cos P x 0.5042

mZP = 59.72°
Keenan has placed his solar panel at an optimal angle.
CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE

368 TOPICS Right Triangles and Trigonometry (=) Go Online| [Link]

 (=) © Activity 7)Assess

EXAMPLE 3 CONTINUED

© Try It! 3.a. What is mzx? b. What is mzP?

x 7 P

APPLICATION bb) >. ON i282 Use the Law of Cosines to Solve a Problem
\qrameraemncuammmmmonmsissaist

The district ranger wants to build a new ranger station at the location
of the fire tower because it would be closer to Bald Mountain than the
old station is. Is the district ranger correct? Explain.

Formulate < The ranger station, Bald Mountain, and the fire tower form the vertices of a
triangle. Label the ranger station vertex A, Bald Mountain vertex B, and the
fire tower vertex C. Draw the triangle.
B

24 The triangle shows two sides

; and an included angle. The
distance from the fire tower to
A Bald Mountain is unknown.
1.4 C

Compute < Use the Law of Cosines to write an equation for the unknown.
BC2 = AC? + AB? — 2(AQ)(AB)cos A
Substitute the known
BC2 = 1.42 + 2.12 — 2(1.4)(2.1)(cos 49°)
values and solve.
BC? w 2.512
BC x 1.6
Interpret < The distance from the fire tower to Bald Mountain is about 1.6 miles, so the
district ranger is correct that a new station at the fire tower would be closer.

© Try It! 4.1n Example 4, what is the angle that the new path forms with
the old path at Bald Mountain?

LESSON 8-4 The Law of Cosines 369

 LE) Q Siti QBasses
Concept

© CONCEPT SUMMARY Law of Cosines

For any AABC, the Law of Cosines relates the cosine of each angle to the
side lengths of the triangle.

WANieam a2 = b2+c2-—2bccosA

aS
b2 = a2 +c — 2ac cos B
c2 = a2 + b* — 2abcosC B G
a

© Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

1. 7 ESSENTIAL QUESTION glo ae-lameal= For Exercises 6-9, list the parts of each triangle
Law of Cosines be used to determine side you can determine using the Law of Cosines.
lengths and angle measures of acute and 6. J 7. ig
obtuse triangles?
h 7 15 8

2. Error Analysis Cameron is a Q

asked to find DE. What is | 6 H N p
his error? 6
D F 8. M oS 28
7 T

DE? = DF? + EF* — 2(DF)(EF)cos F K eI L 26

6
DE* = 82 + 62 — 2(8)(6)cos 62° R

DE2 = 54.930...
10. What is PR to the nearest tenth? Q
DE = 7.411... x

3. Vocabulary How would you describe the

Law of Cosines in words? .
11. What is mZB to the nearest
4. Construct Arguments With the Law of Sines
tenth of a degree?
and the Law of Cosines, can you find the
missing side lengths and angle measures of
any triangle for which you know any three
parts? Explain.

5. Reason Use the Law of Cosines and the

Pythagorean Theorem with AABC to show
that cos 90° = 0. 12. Use the Law of Cosines to find the diagonal
of the parallelogram.
B

370 TOPIC8 Right Triangles and Trigonometry [=] Go Online |[Link]

ae
© PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Scan for (=) © Practice © Tutorial
Multimedia
Additional Exercises Available Online

UNDERSTAND PRACTICE

13. Construct Arguments How is the Law of For Exercises 18 and 19, use ADEF. Find an
Cosines used to find missing angle measures equation for each length. sEE EXAMPLE 1
if the side lengths of a triangle are given?
Explain.

14. Error Analysis Tavon is asked to p

find EF. What error does
Tavon make? 10

s
18. length e 19. length f

:
For Exercises 20—23, find x to the nearest tenth.
SEE EXAMPLE 2
EF? = DF? + DE? — 2(DF)(DE) cos D
EF? = 82 + 102 — 2(8)(10) cos 44°
20. 21.7 cays
EF* = 64 + 100 — 160° 0.7193 3
15
EF = 48.91 x 4
21

22. 23.
wo
NISo =<

15. Higher Order Thinking Use the diagram to show ;

a
that for acute angle x°, cos(180 — x)° = —2. 44
Hint: Apply the Law of Cosines to AABD and
write an equation involving cos(180 — x)°. Then, For Exercises 24—27, find x to the nearest tenth.
for AABC, use the relationship a2 + b? = c2. SEE EXAMPLE 3
24. 19 : 25.
—_

22 16
22
NWw

26. 22 2b.
: wo a

16. Generalize Suppose you know two of the side =>

lengths of a triangle and the measure of one of oo

the angles. How do you choose whether to find
the third side length using the Law of Sines or 28. A golfer hits from the tee for a 300-yard hole.
the Law of Cosines? Explain. Her drive carries 275 yards but is 13° off line
from the hole. How much farther must the
17. Look for Relationships Consider AABC. golfer now hit the ball to reach the hole?
B SEE EXAMPLE 4

A C
b
a. How would you find mZA if you were given
a, b, and c? Include an equation in your
explanation.
b. How would you find a if you were given
mZA, b, and c? Include an equation in your
explanation.
LESSON 8-4 The Law of Cosines 371
 (=) © Practice a) Tutorial
© PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Mixed Review Available Online

© ASSESSMENT PRACTICE
29. Model With Mathematics Alejandro, Camilla, 32. Which equation is true for the triangle shown?
and Damian are practicing for a game of Select all that apply.
ultimate, which is played on a field with a
flying disc. Alejandro has the disc and Camilla 4|6rm
is in the end zone, but Alejandro can only 30°
throw accurately for distances of 7.5 m or a

less. He throws the disc to Damian, because

@ a2= 16 + 49 — 28 cos 30°
Damian can throw with accuracy up to 9.5 m.
Is Camilla within Damian's range of accuracy? 16 = a2 + 49 — (14a)cos 30°
Explain. © 49 = a2 + 16 — (4a)cos 67°
© a* = 49 + 16 — 56 cos 67°
33. SAT/ACT Atriangle has sides with lengths
12 cm and 15 cm. The measure of the included
angle is 46°. What is the length of the third
side, to the nearest tenth of a centimeter?

@ 24.9 cm © 13.0 cm

10.5 cm © 10.9 cm

34. Performance Task A medical supply drone

30. Mathematical Connections leaves Port A traveling 40 degrees east of
Two rescue workers leave north. After flying 32 mi on that course to
at the same time to find an point C, the drone turns 50° to the right to fly
injured hiker. The first walks due east. It then flies another 8 mi, where it
25° west of north at 3.5 mi/h, makes a drop at Island Port.
and the second walks 36° east
of north at 2.5 mi/h.

After 2 hours, the second worker finds the hiker

and radios the first worker for help. If the first
worker jogs directly to the second worker at
6 mi/h, how long will it take for her to arrive?

Bi: Make Sense and Persevere An architect

proposes the plan shown for a new roof with
a 40° incline on one side. The owner of the
house thinks that 40° is not steep enough and
wants the incline to be 50°. If the length of
the adjacent side does not change, by how Part A The drone can fly a total distance of
much does the length, x ft, of the opposite side 75 miles before it needs to recharge. Can it
increase? What is the new angle of incline for fly directly back to Port A from Island Port?
the opposite side? Explain.
Part B Port B is 24 miles due north of Port A.
x ft 16 ft What is the distance from Island Port to Port B?
Can the drone fly to Port B?
20 ft Part C Port B appears to be directly west of
Island Port. Is it? If so, explain. If not, what
direction is it from Island Port?

2 *p Ce]
o f vs TOPIC 8 Right Triangles and Trigonometry (=) Go Online |[Link]
al
MATHEMATICAL
MODELING
IN 3 ACTS

(=) [Link]
ae

© The Impossible Measurement

Tall buildings are often some of the most recognizable structures of cities.
The Empire State Building in New York City, the Transamerica Pyramid in
San Francisco, and the JPMorgan Chase Tower in Houston are all famous
landmarks in those cities.
Cities around the world compete for the tallest building bragging rights.
Which city currently has the tallest building? This Mathematical Modeling in
3 Acts lesson will get you thinking about the height of structures, including
tall buildings such as these.

Scan for
Multimedia Identify the Problem

1. What is the first question that comes to mind after watching the video?
2. Write down the main question you will answer about what you saw in
the video.
3. Make an initial conjecture that answers this main question.
4. Explain how you arrived at your conjecture.
5. What information will be useful to know to answer the main question?
How can you get it? How will you use that information?

)Xeuuyem Develop a Model

6. Use the math that you have learned in the topic to refine your conjecture.

)Xeyuxe Interpret the Results

7. Did your refined conjecture match the actual answer exactly? If not,
what might explain the difference?

TOPIC 8 Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts 373

 (=) © Activity © Assess

8-9
Problem Solving
ONO aaa meus
A search-and-rescue
|

team is having a
With Trigonometry nighttime practice
drill. Two members
of the team are
(=) [Link] in a helicopter
that is hovering at PAU
Sa

2,000 feet above

| CAN... use trigonometry ground level.
to solve problems.
vith
VOCABULARY 3,200 ft
4,500 ft
e angle of depression
e angle of elevation
A. The team first tries to locate object A. At what angle from the horizontal
line even with the helicopter should they position the spotlight so that it
shines on object A?
B. Next, they shine the spotlight on object B. How does the angle of the
spotlight from the horizontal line change?
C. Use Structure In general, how does the angle of the spotlight from the
horizontal change as the light moves from object A to object B? From
object A to object C?

How can trigonometry be used to solve real-world and

a ESSENTIAL QUESTION
mathematical problems?

bb) >ONI2h-e aD Identify Angles of Elevation and Depression

Identify 22 as an angle of elevation or an angle of depression. Do the same
for 23. Explain your reasoning.

_ An angle of ¢ Sion is the angle formed ee

_ bya horizontal line and the line of sight to an ---------------2-22-0eee
eeneeences | | | | |
object below the horizontal line. [comma
TUGSTARUSRESERETED
FETE RTO Ne sete on See Oe ee AUGUUREREDREORAEDS

STUDY TIP An ani elevation

is the
When solving problems involving angle formed by a horizontal |
angle of elevation or angle of and the line of sight to an obj
depression, use a diagram and above the horizontal line.
look for right triangles. TECEUSULUEOADUEERDERESSEDEC
HOES
inn aR at ec ot [Link] ome ie

To see the person above, the person on the observation deck is looking up
from the horizontal, so 22 is an angle of elevation.
To see the person below, the person on the observation deck is looking
down from the horizontal, so 23 is an angle of depression.

© Try It! 1.1n Example 1, how does the angle of depression, 21, compare
with the angle of elevation, 22? Explain your reasoning.

TOPIC 8 Right Triangles and Trigonometry (=) Go Online |[Link]

 (=) © Activity © Assess

APPLICATION Co >. ¢NUiah-~e» Use Angles of Elevation and Depression

\esnremminmrmniesc >

For a reverse bungee ride, Reagan

stands halfway between two vertical
posts. Two bungee cords extend from
the top of the posts to Reagan's waist
at a height 1 m above the ground.
How tall are the vertical posts?
Write an equation to determine x m,
the vertical distance from the top
of a post to a point 1 meter above
the ground.
tan 70° =7 Jen PREC EPR Sane paseo gases on see Se he
xX =4tan 70° -———-
8m ——_—}
COMMON ERROR xX = 10.9899
Be careful not to forget the The unknown length and the 4-m length
Find the height of the vertical posts. are opposite and adjacent to a 70° angle.
distance between Reagan's
So use the tangent function.
waist and the ground. M4 1 = 12
The vertical posts are about 12 meters tall.

© Try It! [Link] sees the tour bus from the

top of the tower. To the nearest foot,
how far is the bus from the base of
the tower?

APPLICATION eo >ONUisa-em Use Trigonometry to Solve Problems

\ecsaesensrnanmmnonanmmananannaness>-

An instructor holds a safety rope at point C for

a student to rappel from the anchor point T. The
rope between them currently measures 61 ft. How
much more rope should the instructor let out so the
student can make it to a resting point at point R?
A side length and two angle measures are known
for ATRC. So, use the Law of Sines to solve for TR.
Step 1 Write the Law of Sines in terms of the
figure.
sin xe _ siny®
Che TR
Step 2 Find y and x.
y=79-75=4
mZCRH= 90 —-75= 15
COMMUNICATE PRECISELY We T8015 = 165
Think about how you could
check the reasonableness of Step 3 Use the proportion to solve for TR.
your answer. What theorems or sin 165° _ sin 4°
definitions could you use? 61 a
61(sin 4°
pees ain1654s
The instructor should let out about 16 ft of rope.
CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE

LESSON 8-5 Problem Solving With Trigonometry 375

 (=) © Activity © Assess

EXAMPLE 3 CONTINUED

(7) Try It! [Link] Example 3, how far is the student from the instructor at the
resting point?

CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING QBS ¢NUISED Use trigonometry to Find Triangle Area
nga nme rete TE

A. How can you use trigonometry to find the area of AABC?

Draw altitude BD
with length h.

To write a formula with side lengths b and c and included 2A, apply the
area formula for a triangle.
area = bh #
In AABD, sinA = =,
= 1b(c sin A) soh=csinA.

=eh>be sinA
j

You can apply the same reasoning to 2B and ZC to write the following
area formulas.
area = sac sin B area = 3ab sinc

B. What is the area of AFEG?

In the triangle, the lengths of sides g and f are 3 cm and 4cm,

STUDY TIP respectively, and the measure of the included angle is 116°.
In order to use the formula mi ys
area = ‘bc sin A, you must know area = >gf sin E F
two side lengths and the measure — 1(3)(4) sin 116°
of the included angle. ,
= 6sin 116° 9
~5.4

The area of the triangle is about 5.4 cm2.

© Try It! 4.a. What is the area of AJKL? 15 K

b. What is the area of APQR?
Hint: First apply the Law of 9
Cosines to find the measure of
the angle included between L
PQ and PR. Then apply the 10
: ; Ee
area formula with the sine of a
the angle measure. 8

376 TOPIC 8 Right Triangles and Trigonometry [=] GoOnline |[Link]

 Concept
&) Summary Assess

@ CONCEPT SUMMARY Using Trigonometry to Solve Problems

Angles of Elevation or Depression Area Formulas

object B
Sie) angle of elevation

Cc a

A D C

25ft a
angle of depression object

SAVER tan 37° = g area = 5be sinA

: 42 one?
sin ae25 area = ac sin B

area = jab sin C

© Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

1. "4 ESSENTIAL QUESTION iale\xe-19 5. A person rides a glass elevator in a hotel
trigonometry be used to solve real-world lobby. As the elevator goes up, how does
and mathematical problems? the angle of depression to a fixed point on
the lobby floor change?
2. Error Analysis What error does Jamie make
in finding the area? 6. A person observes the top of a radio
antenna at an angle of elevation of 5°.
21 in.
After getting 1 mile closer to the antenna,
10 in. A=+besinA the angle of elevation is 10°. How tall is the
antenna to the nearest tenth of a foot?
14 in. 1
A= nis 210 * 0.8480

Area is about 89 in.2

5,280 ft

7. Triangle ABC has AB = 13, AC = 15, and

mZA = 59. What is the area of the triangle
to the nearest tenth?
3. Vocabulary A person on a balcony and
a person on a street look at each other. 8. Triangle DEF has DE = 13, DF = 15, and
Draw a diagram to represent the situation EF = 14. What is the area of the triangle to
and label the angles of elevation and the nearest tenth?
depression.
9. A temporary pen for cattle is built using
4. Make Sense and Persevere How do you find 10-foot sections of fence arranged in a
the area of a triangle when given only the triangle. One side of the pen has 4 sections,
lengths of three sides? one has 5 sections, and the last has
6 sections. What is the area enclosed by
the pen?

LESSON 8-5 Problem Solving With Trigonometry 377

© PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Scan for (=) © Practice i) Tutorial
==

Multimedia
Additional Exercises Available Online

UNDERSTAND

10. Construct Arguments How is the area of a 15. What is the angle of elevation to a building
triangle determined if the lengths of two sides 1,000 m away that is 300 m high? SEE EXAMPLE 1
and the measure of the included angle are
given? 16. To what angle of depression should the security
camera be adjusted in order to have the lens
Bl: Error Analysis Leah is C aimed at point P on the ground? SEE EXAMPLE 2
asked to find AC. What
is her error?

18

AC? = AB? + BC? — 2(AB) (BC) sinA

AC? = 187 + 162 — 2(18)(16) sin 30°
AC2 = 292 17. The angle of elevation to the sun is 21.5°. What
is the length of the shadow cast by a person
AC = 17.1
5 ft 6 in. tall? SEE EXAMPLE 2

18. Libby's eyes are 5 ft above the ground, and the

angle of elevation of her line of sight to the
Ze Mathematical Connections top of the monument is 74°. How far is she
Find the length of the diagonal from the monument? SEE EXAMPLE 3
of the isosceles trapezoid.
Then find the length of the
fourth side.

13. Use Appropriate Tools For each triangle,

write an equation for x using a trigonometric
function.

a.

19. Triangle GHJ has GH = 13, GJ = 15, and

mZG = 74, What is the area of the triangle?
SEE EXAMPLE 4

20. What is the area of the

triangle? SEE EXAMPLE 4

14. Higher Order Thinking What is a formula for

the area of the parallelogram in the figure? 7
Explain. Ae Triangle KLM has KL = 22, KM = 27, and

Pew:
LM = 29. What is the area of the triangle?
SEE EXAMPLE 4

22. What is the area of the

b
triangle? SEE EXAMPLE 4 7

378 TOPIC 8 Right Triangles and Trigonometry (=) Go Online |[Link]

warae
©} PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING one
(=) © Practice © Tutorial

Mixed Review Available Online

Thy (4) ASSESSMENT PRACTICE

23. Model With Mathematics A research 26. What is the area of the triangle? Round to the
submarine dives at a speed of 100 ft/min nearest one hundredth of a square unit.
directly toward the research lab. How long will
it take the submarine to reach the lab from the
surface of the ocean to the nearest tenth
of a minute? 7
27. SAT/ACT Which of the following equations
is true?
A

ea D
I. tan B= ;
24. Make Sense and Persevere Benito aims for il. AD = 2V7
the center of the target from a distance of
70 meters. If Benito shoots an arrow at a 0.055° Ill. AB2 = BD2 + AD2 — 2 « (BD) e (AD)cos 30°
angle of depression below the center, will he ® | only © ill only
hit the yellow circle? Explain.
‘ EG Il only © II and Ill only
28. Performance Task An amateur astronomer sets
up his telescope in the center of a circular field.
The field is surrounded by trees 20 m tall. The
tripod holding the telescope pivots 1 m above
the ground.

25. Reason Ramona is climbing a hill with a 10°

incline and wants to know the height of the
rock formation. She walks 100 ft up the hill
and uses a clinometer to measure the angle
of elevation to the top of the formation.
She then walks another 229.4 ft to the top
of the hill. What is the height h of the rock
formation?
Part A What is the lowest angle of elevation at
which the astronomer can observe a star?

Part B If the astronomer wants to observe a

star 15° above the horizon to the east, how far
west must the astronomer move the telescope
to see the star?

Part C If the astronomer sets up the telescope

in the center of the field on the bed of a truck
1.5 meters above the ground, what is the
lowest angle at which he can observe?

LESSON 8-5 Problem Solving With Trigonometry 379

 Topic Review
4 TOPIC ESSENTIAL QUESTION

1. How are the Pythagorean Theorem and trigonometry useful?

Vocabulary Review
Choose the correct term to complete each sentence.
, é e angle of depression
2. The ratio of the length of the leg adjacent to an acute angle ina '
right triangle to the length of the hypotenuse is the ____ of e angle
: of elevation
the angle. * cosine
3. The ___ gives a relationship between the sine of each angle ¢ Law of Cosines
in a triangle and the length of the side opposite the angle. e Law of Sines
4. The angle formed by a horizontal line and a line of sight to an e Pythagorean triple
object above the line is a(n) eretite
5. A(n) _____ is a set of three nonzero whole numbers that * tangent
satisfies the equation a2 + b2 = c2. ge Pap}
¢ trigonometric ratio

Concepts & Skills Review

ee eee Right Triangles and The Pythagorean Theorem, and
Trigonometric Ratios

Quick Review A Practice & Problem Solving

Given AABC, the Pythagorean For Exercises 6-8, use AABC Ss A
Theorem states a2 + b2 = c2. ; c to find each value. ;
The trigonometric ratios are 3
; S b . 6. BG 7. cosB
sinA=@ cosA== tan A=—. j a B B
8. mZA to the nearest tenth
Example 9. Ines has 16 feet of rope to stake out the
Given ADEF, what is sin D? D front part of her tent. Does she have
enough rope? Explain.
Step 1 Use the Pythagorean e
Theorem to find x. 6
8? 462 = x*
TO i 8 i
Step 2 Use a trigonometric ratio to find sin D.
oy ee eA 10. Make Sense and Persevere Y
1 5 Given AXYZ, what additional
information do you need to
find YZ? Explain. xX Z
24

380 TOPIC 8 Right Triangles and Trigonometry (©) Go Online |[Link]

LESSONS 8-3 & 8-4 The Law of Sines and The Law of Cosines

Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving R

Given AABC, The Law A For Exercises 11 and 12, use 68°
of Sines states ARST to find each measure o7
(sin A) _
a (sin B) _s (sin ©) b c to the nearest tenth.
a b Co r
The Law of Cosines states C 3 B 11. mzT 12. RT 6.1 7
a? = b2 + c* — 2bc(cos A) For Exercises 13 and 14, J
b2 = a2 + c2 — 2ac(cos B) use AJKL to find
pe eh sb(cos C). each measure to the
nearest tenth. 21
Exariole 13. JK 14. mzJ NS k
Given ADEF, what mee D arm nonewidencahe
to the nearest tenth? gate shown,
‘ 7
By the Law of Sines, to the
(sin 35°) _ (sin 76°) fs E Rael
jae. EF inch?
_ (sin 76°) 16. Reason How can the Law B
(sin 35°) of Sines be applied to C
EF~ 11.8 show that the expression
; Z : A ee
is equivalent to the =
perimeter of AABC? >
ABsinA , BCsinB , BCsinc a
sin C sinA sinA a
so
iw
\e)
oa
LESSON 8-5 Problem Solving With Trigonometry

Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving

Many problems, such as those with angles For Exercises 17 and 18, find the area of each
of elevation or depression, can be modeled triangle.
with triangles. 17. [Link]
; 12 cm
angle of elevation x
ee 18m
14 cm
angle of depression
ne a 10 in. 15 in.
You can use trigonometric ratios, the Law of Sines,
or the Law of Cosines to solve those problems. ae
t
Example zie Communicate Precisely goto
f A hiker whose eyes are 74
The angle of depression from the top 51 feet above ground \
to the bottom of a well is 62°. If the 2
2 arte looks down at a kayaker
well is 4.5 feet in diameter, how .
ce on the far side of the river fs
deep is it? oy avealen
below. How could you find . Kay
tan 62° =7 4 the approximate width of ‘
rw Ss tt the river? width of river

TOPIC 8 Topic Review 381

 Coordinate Geometry
? TOPIC ESSENTIAL QUESTION

How can geometric relationships be proven by applying

algebraic properties to geometric figures represented in the
coordinate plane?

Topic Overview Topic Vocabulary

enVision™ STEM Project: e directrix
Design a Solar Collector e focus
9-1 Polygons in the Coordinate Plane e parabola
Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts:
You Be the Judge
9-2 Proofs Using Coordinate Geometry
9-3 Circles in the Coordinate Plane

9-4 Parabolas in the Coordinate Plane

DDtated > qely alee ;

eRe
De | INTERACTIVE STUDENT EDITION
Coolsinate Plane | Access online or offline.
th has ey |
}

LESSON OVERVIEW
xplore and Reason > ACTIVITIES Complete Explore & Reason,
Connect Algebra and
Model & Discuss, and Critique & Explain
Geometry Through Coordinates
activities. Interact with Examples and Try Its.

ANIMATION View and interact with

real-world applications.

(=)
ih ae
Go online |[Link] 6®e@
90 PRACTICE Practice what
you've learned.

382 TOPICS Coordinate Geometry

 © You Be the Judge
Have you ever been a judge in a contest or competition? What criteria did
you use to decide the winner? If you were one of many judges, did you all
agree on who should win?
o>)
Often there is a set of criteria that judges use to help them score the =ow
performances of the contestants. Having criteria helps all of the judges be O
B
consistent regardless of the person they are rating. Think of this during
the Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts lesson.

VIDEOS Watch clips to support GLOSSARY Read and listen to

Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts Lessons English and Spanish definitions.
and enVision™ STEM Projects.
© TUTORIALS Get help from
CONCEPT SUMMARY Review Virtual Nerd, right when you need it.
key lesson content through
multiple representations. MATH TOOLS Explore math
with digital tools and manipulatives.
© ASSESSMENT Show what
you've learned.

TOPIC 9 Coordinate Geometry 383

Sore cLame a) ()(0)0 Nollie
Did You Know?
Solar reflectors are made of mirrors or
pieces of glass in many shapes and sizes.
Parabolic reflectors collect the sun’s rays
from a wide area and focus them on a
small area, concentrating the energy.

nies 258,048 100 20,000

;
Sunlight : a mirrors megawatts homes
Yy :
The world’s largest power station, the SHAMS 1 in the
United Arab Emirates, uses 258,048 mirrors. That’s enough
to generate 100 megawatts of electricity per day and power
Parabolic 20,000 homes.
Reflector

In 2016, the United States produced more than

40 billion kilowatt-hours of solar energy, 40 times
more than it did a decade earlier.

et Lt Bs ta
S | te ry 2

Nt | PL

Your Task: Design a Solar Collector

Giant solar power plants are not the only place to see parabolic trough
collectors—you might find a water purifier made from a single 6 ft-x-4 ft
mirror in a neighbor's back yard! You and your classmates will analyze
parabolas and design a solar collector for use in your school
or communit

TOPIC 9 &*\"\sion STEM Project —

[=] GoOnline |[Link] 4
 BB O Activity © Assess

9-1
Polygons in the Players place game pieces
Coordinate Plane on the board shown and
earn points from the
attributes of the piece hooey
Too me
> ae Prin
amueua)
placed on the board. 3
(=) [Link] : Py ty
¢ 1 point for a right angle fo Bieafttbecuss
SS SS

Po
¢ 2 points for a pair of ‘ :
| CAN... use the coordinate
plane to analyze geometric parallel sides
figures. ¢ 3 points for the shortest
perimeter

A. Which game piece is worth the greatest total points? Explain.

B. Make Sense and Persevere Describe a way to determine the perimeters
that is different from the way you chose. Which method do you consider
better? Explain.

ESSENTIAL QUESTION How are properties of geometric figures represented in the coordinate plane?

CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING eo 9.¢-4\I28:@m Connect Algebra and Geometry Through Coordinates
“tyes

What formulas can you use to identify

properties of figures on the coordinate plane?

A. Which formula can you use to find AB?

Use the Distance Formula to find segment
length.
ABR le — 6). = v29.

B. What point bisects AB?

Use the Midpoint Formula to find a segment bisector.
Rate
midpoint sapere)
of AB = ( 423»
oa Betthy )wofg27
= (2, z)
COMMON ERROR al a
Recall that the slope ofa line is C. Why do slopes of AB and BC show that mZABC = 90°?

ue eo phe gifference i IG Use the slopes of the two segments to show that they are perpendicular.
y-coordinates to the difference in
the x-coordinates. Be careful not slope of AB= =i = >
to reverse the ratio. a-4
slope of BC=a-4 =52
The product of ch slopes is —1. So AB 1 BC, and mZABC = 90°.

© Try It! [Link] AABC in Example 1, what is the length of the line
segment connecting the midpoints of AC and BO?

LESSON 9-1 Polygons in the Coordinate Plane 385

 &) © Activity © Assess

bb) >@NtaR2way Classify a Triangle on the Coordinate Plane

A. Is AXYZ equilateral, isosceles, or scalene?
8
Find the length of each side.
XY = (5—1)2+(8 —2)2 = 52
YZ =\(8 — 5)* + (6 - 8)* =
XZ = \(8 — 1)? + (6 - 2)? =
No two sides are congruent. The triangle
is scalene.

B. Is AXYZ a right triangle?

lf AXYZ is a right triangle, then XZ is the hypotenuse because it is the
longest side, and XY, YZ, and XZ satisfy the Pythagorean Theorem.
(J52)? + (V73)? 2 (V65)?
65=— 657

Triangle XYZ is a right triangle.

© Try It! 2. The vertices of APQR are P(4, 1), Q(2, 7), and R(8, 5).
a. Is APQR equilateral, isosceles, or scalene? Explain.
b. Is APQR a right triangle? Explain.

tb) >ENVIZRAKMD Classify a Parallelogram on the Coordinate Plane

What type of parallelogram is RSTU?
Determine whether RSTU is a rhombus, a
rectangle, or a square. First calculate ST and SR:
ST= (2 —8)2+(8-—4)2=
RS = (2 — 1)2 + (8 — 5)2 =J10
Since not all side lengths are equal, RSTU is nota
MAKE SENSE AND PERSEVERE rhombus or a square.
Consider other formulas you use Check for right angles by finding the slopes.
on the coordinate plane. What
are some ways to show that a slope of ST=terre
55 = Re,
5
quadrilateral is not a rectangle or
Ber Oe
slope of RS =5—= =3
a rhombus?
The product of the slopes is not —1, so ST and RS are not perpendicular. At
least one angle is not a right angle, and RSTU is not a rectangle. Therefore,
quadrilateral RSTU is a parallelogram that is neither a square, nor a rhombus,
nor a rectangle.

© Try It! 3. The vertices of a parallelogram are A(—2, 2), B(4, 6), C(6, 3),
and D(0, —1).
a. ls ABCD a rhombus? Explain.
b. Is ABCD a rectangle? Explain.

386 TOPICS Coordinate Geometry [=] Go Online |[Link]

 Le) © Activity © Assess

eo >.ONISR-e ey» Classify Quadrilaterals as Trapezoids and

Kites on the Coordinate Plane

A. Is ABCD a trapezoid?
A trapezoid has exactly one pair of parallel
sides. Use the slope formula to determine if
only one pair of opposite sides is parallel.

~ COMMUNICATE PRECISELY slope of AB= 23 = -2

_ Think about the properties of
slope of BC= 71 = 4
a trapezoid. Why do you need
to find the slopes for all four slope of CD= ae =?
sides?
slope of AD = a3 = 4

Since only the slopes of BC and AD are equal, BC || AD, and only
one pair of opposite sides is parallel. Therefore, quadrilateral ABCD is
a trapezoid.

B. Is JKLM a kite?
A kite has two pairs of consecutive
congruent sides and no opposite sides
congruent. Use the Distance Formula to
find the lengths of the sides.
JK=\(0 - 4)? + (5 - 2)? =
KE=\(1=0)2
(8 =5)2=—/10
LM = (4 — 1)2 + (7 —8)2 =V10
MJ = (4 — 4)2 + (2 — 7)? =
Consecutive pair KL and LM and consecutive pair JK and MJ are
congruent. No opposite pair is congruent, so JKLM is a kite.

© Try It! 4. 1s each quadrilateral a kite, reper or neither?

8|” X(4, 7)

Vs5)

W(2, 2) S¥2(4, 1) —
2 6

LESSON 9-1 Polygons in the Coordinate Plane 387

 (=) © Activity © Assess

APPLICATION Q)RRANUISRAED Find Perimeter and Area

ear eesene Sera ,

Dylan draws up a plan to fence in a yard for his chickens. The distance
between grid lines is 1 foot.

A. Is 30 feet of fencing
enough to enclose
the yard?

Find the lengths of the sides.

AB = (2—10)?+ (6—12)? = 10 ft
BC = ¥(10 — 10)? + (12 — 2)* = 10 ft
AC = ¥(2 — 10)?
+ (6 =2)? =
Find the perimeter of the yard.
P=10+ 10+ 80
~ 28.9 ft
The perimeter is about 28.9 feet, which is less than 30 feet. Dylan has
enough fencing material.

B. For a healthy flock, each chicken needs at least 8 square feet of space.
CONSTRUCT ARGUMENTS What is the maximum number of chickens Dylan can put in the yard?
Consider the properties of an
isosceles triangle. What property
The yard is an isosceles triangle. To find the area, you need the height of
ofanisosceles triangle justifies the triangle. The height of AABC is BX, where X is the midpoint of AC.
that a is a height of the Find the midpoint of AC.
triangle?

Find the height of AABC.

BX = ¥(10 — 6)?+ (12 — 4)? =
Then find the area of the yard.
area of AABC = 3(v80)(v80) = 40 ft?
Divide 40 by 8 to find the number of chickens.
40+8=5
Dylan can keep as many as 5 chickens in the yard.

© Try It! 5. The vertices of WXYZ are W(5, 4), X(2, 9), ¥(9, 9), and Z(8, 4).
a. What is the perimeter of WXYZ?
b. What is the area of WXYZ?

388 TOPIC 9 Coordinate Geometry (=) Go Online| [Link]

 Concept
—= @ Summary © Asses
© CONCEPT SUMMARY Connecting Algebra and Geometry

You can use algebra to determine properties of and to classify geometric figures on the coordinate plane.

Use the Distance Formula Use the Slope Formula Use the Midpoint Formula
to find the lengths of to determine whether to determine if a point
segments to classify figures. two lines or segments are bisects a segment.
parallel or perpendicular.

| NUMBERS } DE = (5 — 1)2 + (6 — 4)2 slope of DE=Bos

5
midpoint of DF
= /20 Perl Peet aA,
awe = ( 2D )=@,3)

© Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

it How are Use JKLM for Exercises 4-6.
properties of geometric figures represented 4. What is the
in the coordinate plane? perimeter of
JKLM?
2. Error Analysis Chen 4Y) |
is asked to describe 6 i B(2, 6) 5. What is the
two methods to — a relationship
find BC. Why is “Ay Saul between JL and
Chen incorrect? KM? Explain.
6. What type of
quadrilateral is
JKLM? Explain.

The only possible method is to use Use APQR for Exercises 7 and 8.
the Distance Formula because 7. What kind of
you only know the endpoints ofBC. triangle is PQR? Q(3, 7)
x Explain.

a 8. What is the area

of PQR? RY, 2)

3. Communicate Precisely Describe three ways

you can determine whether a quadrilateral
is a parallelogram given the coordinates of
the vertices.

LESSON 9-1 Polygons in the Coordinate Plane 389

 © Tutorial
(© PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING
Scan for =) © Practice
Multimedia
Additional Exercises Available Online

UNDERSTAND PRACTICE

9. Error Analysis What Use the figure shown

error did Kelley make for Exercises 14-17.
in finding the area of SEE EXAMPLE 1
APQR?
14. Which lines are
parallel?

15. Which lines are

perpendicular?

16. What is the length of AB?

Area = 5 bh = 5 (PR)(PQ) = $V26V40 17. What is the midpoint of AB?

The area of APQOR is about
Use the figure shown for Exercises 18-23.
16.12 square units. x

10. Mathematical Connections Find the equation

of the line that passes through point R and is
perpendicular to line m.

18. Is AABC a scalene, isosceles, or equilateral

triangle? Is it a right triangle? Explain.
SEE EXAMPLE 2
19. Is AADC a scalene, isosceles, or equilateral
triangle? Is it a right triangle? Explain.
SEE EXAMPLE 2

20. What type of parallelogram is ACED?

Explain. SEE EXAMPLE 3

21. What type of quadrilateral is ABCD? How do

you know? SEE EXAMPLE 4

22. Find the area and perimeter of AABC.

SEE EXAMPLE 5

23. Find the area and perimeter of ABCD.

SEE EXAMPLE 6
12. Communicate Precisely Given the coordinates Three vertices of a quadrilateral are P(—2, 3),
of the vertices, how can you show that a Q(2, 4), and R(1, 0). SEE EXAMPLE 3
quadrilateral is a kite without using the
Distance Formula? 24. Suppose PQRS is a parallelogram. What are
the coordinates of vertex $? What type of
13. Higher Order Thinking Let line p be the parallelogram is PQRS?
perpendicular bisector of AB that has endpoints
and A(x,, y;) and B(x, yz). Describe the 25. Suppose PQSR is a parallelogram. What are
process for writing a general equation in the coordinates of vertex $? What type of
slope-intercept form for line p. parallelogram is PQSR?

390 TOPIC9 Coordinate Geometry (=) Go Online |[Link]

 Ee)
© PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING
© Practice © Tutorial

Mixed Review Available Online

© ASSESSMENT PRACTICE
26. Use Appropriate Tools An architect overlays Pde Triangle ABC has vertices A(2, 5), B(6, 8), and
a coordinate grid on her plans for attaching a C(5, 1). Determine whether each statement
greenhouse to the side of a house. She wants about AABC is true. Select Yes or No.

im
to locate point D so that ABCD is a trapezoid
and CD is perpendicular to the house. What are
the coordinates for point D?
AB=A Q

BC = AB V2. Q

The midpoint of BC is (5.5, 4). )

The perimeter is 12.5 units. ) Cet

Ciao

30. SAT/ACT Quadrilateral JKLM has vertices

J(1, —2), K(7, 1), L(8, —1), and M(2, —4). Which is
the most precise classification of JKLM?
Zi. Model With Mathematics Yuson thinks the @ rectangle
design she made is symmetric across the dashed
line she drew. How can she use coordinates to rhombus
show that her design is symmetric?
© trapezoid
© kite

31. Performance Task Dana draws the side view of

a TV stand that has slanted legs. Each unit in his
plan equals half of a foot.

$3999983993

28. Construct Arguments The map shows the

regions that Anna and Richard have explored.
Each claims to have explored the greater area. Part A Dana thinks his TV stand is in the shape
Who is correct? Explain. of isosceles trapezoid. Is he correct? Explain.

Part B Dana adds an additional support by

connecting the midpoints of the legs. How
long is the support?

Part C Dana decides he wants to make the TV

stand a half foot higher by placing B at
(2, 5) and C at (6, 5). How much longer will the
legs and support connecting the midpoints be?

LESSON 9-1 Polygons in the Coordinate Plane 391

MATHEMATICAL
MODELING
IN 3 ACTS

(=) [Link]
eas as

© You Be the Judge

Have you ever been a judge in a contest or competition? What criteria did
you use to decide the winner? If you were one of many judges, did you all
agree on who should win?
Often there is a set of criteria that judges use to help them score the
performances of the contestants. Having criteria helps all of the judges be
consistent regardless of the person they are rating. Think of this during the
Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts lesson.

Scan for
Multimedia i\eye Identify the Problem

1. What is the first question that comes to mind after watching the video?
2. Write down the main question you will answer about what you saw in
the video.
3. Make an initial conjecture that answers this main question.
4. Explain how you arrived at your conjecture.
5. What information will be useful to know to answer the main question?
How can you get it? How will you use that information?

\e)uye> Develop a Model

6. Use the math that you have learned in this Topic to refine your conjecture.

y\@eKe Interpret the Results

7. Did your refined conjecture match the actual answer exactly? If not,
what might explain the difference?

392 TOPIC9 Mathe;: cal Modeling in 3 Acts

 9-2
&) © Activity © Assess

Ee CRITIQUE & EXPLAIN

Proofs Using Dakota and Jung are trying to show that AABC
is a right triangle. Each student uses a
Coordinate different method.
CT=Telail=a
a,

(=) [Link]
Dakota Jung
SS SS

I CAN... prove geometric slope of AB = Z,slope of BC = -3 AB = BC = V13, AC = V26

theorems using algebra and
the coordinate plane. slope of AB + slope of BC = -1 (v13)2 +(v13)? = (v26)2
Triangle ABC is a right triangle. Triangle ABC is a right triangle.

A. Did Dakota and Jung both show AABC is a right triangle? Explain.
B. Reason If the coordinates of AABC were changed to (2, 3), (5, 5), and
(7, 2), how would each student’s method change? Explain.

6) TTA BEE MMeles toute) a How can geometric relationships be proven algebraically in the
BY coordinate plane?

CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING
asceceeneereeesemnenecmnanteecsnsacencr>
Q}#S¢NUtSRD Plan a Coordinate Proof
How can you use coordinates to prove geometric relationships
algebraically? Plan a proof for the Trapezoid Midsegment Theorem.
Draw and label a diagram that names all points to be used in the proof.

Set parallel lines

horizontally to simplify
computation with
coordinate pairs.

Restate the Trapezoid Midsegment Theorem so the statement can be proved

using algebra on the coordinate plane.
Theorem: The midsegment of a trapezoid is paralle! to each base and its
length is one half the sum of the lengths of the bases.
USE STRUCTURE 2.
Variables are used according Restatement: If EF is the midsegment of trapezoid ABCD, then
to the properties of trapezoids. slope EF = slope AD = slope BC and EF = Ab = BC
Why is the proof valid for all .
trapezoids? Plan: To show that the midsegment is parallel to the bases, show that their
slopes are equal. Then show that the mean of the base lengths is the length
of the midsegment.

© Try It! 1. Plan a proof to show that the diagonals of a square are
congruent and perpendicular.

LESSON 9-2 Proofs Using Coordinate Geometry 393

 &) © Activity © Assess

PROOF Qe eign Write a Coordinate Proof

\eusenmnesa

Write a coordinate proof of the Trapezoid Midsegment Theorem.

Use the conditional statement from Example 1 to decide what is given
and what is to be proved.

STUDY TIP Given: Trapezoid ABCD, with midpoints E and F

Placing one vertex at the origin Prove: EF ||AD || BC and EF=AB 3BC
makes calculations of slopes
and distances easier. If a figure Plan: Apply the plan and diagram
is symmetrical, align the line of from Example 1. Use the coordinates
symmetry along one of the axes in the diagram toshow that __
to simplify calculations. slope EF = slope AD = slope BC,
and EF = Ap Be

Proof:

c=(Op8.050) re (€48,8$9)
Step 1 Use the Midpoint Formula to find the coordinates of points E and F.

“(9 -(<$6.)
Step 2 The slopes of AD, BC, and EF all equal zero, because the segments
are horizontal.
Therefore,
EF ||AD||BC.
Step 3 Determine AD, BC, and EF.
Since the segments are horizontal lines, the lengths are differences of
the x-coordinates.
AD =d-0 BC=c-—a gp=Ste_a
==d =Seton
5 a

Step4 Use algebra to show that AP+BC— EF

AD+ BC 1 o#(C— 4) _ cod—a — pp
2 2 2 ay

The bases and the midsegment are parallel, and the length of the
midsegment is equal to the mean of the base lengths.
Therefore, EF || AD ||BC and EF = ADs Be

© Try It! 2. Use coordinate geometry to prove that the diagonals of a

rectangle are congruent.

394 TOPIC9 Coordinat Geometry (=) Go Online |[Link]

 (=) © Activity ) Assess
a

enOor. Ce >CVUiahse Plan and Write a Coordinate Proof

Write a coordinate proof of the Concurrency of Medians Theorem.

Given: AABC with medians AD, BE, and CF
Prove: The medians are concurrent at point P such that
AP = 2AD, BP = SBE, and CP = 2CF
Plan: Draw and label a triangle in the coordinate plane. Then use the
Midpoint Formula to locate the midpoints. Draw two medians and locate
the point of intersection P. Use algebra to determine that the medians are
concurrent at P. Finally, find the distance from P to each vertex.
Proof: Draw the triangle with the coordinates y
shown. B(2a, 2b)
COMMON ERROR
— Do not confuse the Midpoint Find the coordinates of D, E, and F using the
and Distance Formulas. The Midpoint Formula.
_ x-coordinate of a midpoint is
_ the average of the x-coordinates =(a+c, b) Ec, 0) F = (a, b)
_ of the endpoints and the Then find the slopes of the lines containing the
_ y-coordinate is the average of the medians AD and CF.
_ y-coordinates.
D0 ee
slope of AD = ape=0 akc
slope of CF = ee

Write equations for AD and CF using point-slope form.

—
: —
equation for CF: equation for AD:

brdaie WE b.z « — 2c) y-0=522(x- 0)

bx
enn Raae IS are
A(0, 0)
C(2c, 0)

: 2(a + Cc)
Set the expressions for y equal to each other. Solve for x to get x = es wae
Then substitute the expression for x into y = oisz to get y= 2.
Let point P be (2c a2b),

To show that point P is on BE, find an equation for the line containing BE.
Start by finding the slope of BE.

— 2b 2b
slope of BE=° 5557 ass

Then, using point-slope form, an equation for BE is y = — 20x eee

— > .

Substituting aed for x into the equation results in y = 2, so point P is

on BE. The three medians are concurrent at P.

To complete the proof in the Try It, use the Distance Formula to show that
AP = 2AD, BP = 2BE, and CP = 2CF
CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE

LESSON 9-2 Proofs Using Coordinate Geometry 395

 {=}: © Activity © Assess

EXAMPLE 3 CONTINUED

© Try It! 3. To complete the proof in Example 3, use the coordinates to

show that AP = 2AD, BP = 2BE, and CP = SCF.

APPLICATION i> ON tee»

tb) Use Coordinate Proofs to Solve Problems
en Le EEE

An interior designer wants the center of a circular fountain to be

equidistant from the corners of a triangular lobby. Where should he place
the center of the fountain?

Formulate <= = The center of the fountain must be at the circumcenter of the triangle.
Find the point of intersection of the perpendicular bisectors of two sides
of the triangle.

Compute < Determine the intersection of the perpendicular bisectors of AC and AB.

An equation of the perpendicular bisector of AC is x = o

The perpendicular bisector of AB contains the point (2, 4)and has slope SB
Its point-slope equation is y — 8 = i = aye which simplifies to
= ay, vase DS
OB TODB
Calculate the intersection of the two lines.
ea, ya tb ere
DETAR 35 aargyte
Mea She Substitute 7 for x,
ae) 2b and then solvefory.
at — ace be
LET
2 2
Interpret € The center of the fountain should be at the point oSas eeua),

© Try It! 4.A table has a top that is a right triangle and a single support
leg. Where should the center of the leg be placed so it
corresponds with the center of gravity of the table top? Plan a
coordinate geometry proof to find its location.

396 TOPICS Coordi: Geometry (=) Go Online | [Link]

 Concept
{e) Summary Assess

O CONCEPT SUMMARY Writing a Coordinate Proof

N02 © Determine which numerical relationships you must calculate to show the statement
is true.
e Draw and label a figure on a coordinate plane. Choose coordinates that
simplify computations.
¢ Calculate the numerical values needed to prove a statement or solve a problem.

DIAGRAMS Choose coordinates Choose coordinates so Choose coordinates so the

SO parallel lines are the line of symmetry is coordinates of midpoints
horizontal. the y-axis. are convenient.

y
B(2a, 2b)

x A(0, 0)
A(-a, 0) O D(2c, 0)

© Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

1. How can For Exercises 6-8, write a plan for a
geometric relationships be proven coordinate proof.
algebraically in the coordinate plane? 6. The diagonals of a rhombus are
2. Error Analysis Venetta tried to find the perpendicular.
slope of AB. What is her error? 7. The area of a triangle with vertices A(0, 0),
B(0, a) and C(b, c) is 22.
8. The lines that contain the altitudes of a
triangle are concurrent.

For Exercises 9-12, plan and write a coordinate

proof.
9. A point on the perpendicular bisector of a
segment is equidistant from the endpoints.
slope AB = ee
=O 10. The diagonals of a kite are perpendicular.
slope AB = 11. All squares are similar.
12. The area of a rhombus is half the product of
3. Communicate Precisely What is a the lengths of its diagonals.
coordinate geometry proof?
4. Reason Describe why it is important to plan
a coordinate proof.
5. Use Structure What coordinates would you
use to describe an isosceles triangle on a
coordinate plane? Explain.

LESSON 9-2 Proofs Using Coordinate Geometry 397

@) PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING
Scan for b =) © Practice © Tutorial
Multimedia | @
Additional Exercises Available Online

OTP) eA By aN
GHEG

13. Communicate Precisely What coordinates For Exercises 18-21, write a plan for a coordinate
would you use to describe an equilateral proof. SEE EXAMPLE1
triangle in the coordinate plane? Explain. 18. The diagonals of a parallelogram that is not a
14. Error Analysis Tonya drew a diagram to prove rectangle are not congruent.
the Perpendicular Bisector Theorem using 19. The length of a diameter of a circle is twice
coordinate geometry. What coordinates should that of its radius.
she use for point C?
20. The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect
each other.

21. The area of AXYZ is twice the area of AXWZ,

where W is the midpoint of YZ.

For Exercises 22-25, plan and write a coordinate

proof. SEE EXAMPLES 2 AND 3
22. The length of a diagonal of a rectangle is the
square root of the sum of the squares of the
AC = BC =a x
lengths of two adjacent sides.

23. All right triangles with one acute angle

For Exercises 15 and 16, use the graph. measuring 30° are similar.

24. One and only one diagonal of a kite bisects

the other.

25. The length of the median to the hypotenuse

of a right triangle is half the length of the
hypotenuse.

26. Find the centroid of the triangle by finding the

point two thirds of the distance from the vertex
15. Make Sense and Persevere How would you On one median. SEE EXAMPLE 4
plan a proof to show that AABC is a right
triangle?

16. Make Sense and Persevere Describe how you

would prove points B, D, and E are collinear.

17. Mathematical Connections What is

the equation of the line containing the
perpendicular bisector of AB? 27. Show that the centroid and circumcenter of an
equilateral triangle are the same point.
ie

B(a, a)
C(b, V'3b)

~“O/ A(0, 0)
O}A(0,0) — B(2b, 0)

398 TOPIC9 Coordinate Geometry (=) Go Online |[Link]

© PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING
(&) (2) Practice © Tutorial
care

Mixed Review Available Online

© asians) alles
28. Model With Mathematics Each student ina 31. A coordinate proof requires a 2 and
woodworking class inlays brass wire along the then uses 2? onthe___? __ of the points
lines connecting the midpoints of adjacent in the diagram to complete the proof.
sides of a trivet. A trivet is six square inches. If
the wire costs $0.54 per inch, what is the cost of 32. SAT/ACT Which statements are true?
the wire for making 12 trivets?
C(a — b, b + a)

IZ AB 6G
0)
I. AB L BC
Ill. AC= 2a + 2b2
29. Make Sense and Persevere The owner of
an animal park wants a quadrilateral trail
@ | only ©1 and Il only
that connects the four sides of the iscosceles-
trapezoid-shaped park, with all sides of the
Il only © |, Il, and III
trail the same length. Deon says that if the 33. Performance Task Consider AABC on the
trail connects the midpoint of each side to the coordinate plane. Points D, E, and F are the
midpoints of the adjacent sides, the trail will be midpoints of the sides.
a rhombus. Write a coordinate proof to show
that Deon is correct. y
B(x2, y2)
QO A © Safari Park Say F

A(x1,¥1) £ Clits, ya)

x

Part A What are the coordinates of D, E, and F?

Part B Prove that the coordinates of the point

of concurrency of the medians is the average of
30. Higher Order Thinking The front of a sculpture the x and y coordinates of the vertices.
is symmetric about the y-axis. Point A is located
at (—3, 0), and AC is the longest side of AABC. (= pe Mick a VA V2 +Y¥3)
3 : 3
The perimeter of AABC is 16. What is the value
of a? Hint: Apply the Concurrency of Medians
Theorem and find the point of the way from
A to D.

Part C Explain why it does not make sense to

place one of the coordinates at the origin for
this proof.

LESSON 9-2 Proofs Using Coordinate Geometry 399

 =) © Activity © Assess

oe
Circles in the
Damian uses an app to find all pizza restaurants within a certain distance of
his current location.
Coordinate Plane
A. What is the shape of the region that the app uses to search for pizza
restaurants? Explain how you know.
&)[Link] B. What information do you think the app needs to determine the area
to search?

| CAN... use the equations C. Construct Arguments If Damian's friend is using the same app from a
and graphs of circles to solve different location, could the app find the same pizza restaurant for both
problems. boys? Explain.

4 ESSENTIAL QUESTION How is the equation of a circle determined in the coordinate plane?
®
CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING Co 19.¢:\\28: mm Derive the Equation of a Circle
\es rR ARATE

What equation defines a circle in the coordinate plane?

Draw a circle with point (h, k) as the center of
the circle. Then select any
point (x, y) on the circle. Use variables that can
Use the Distance Formula apply to any circle on the
to find the distance r coordinate plane.
GENERALIZE between the two points.
What other formula or formulas
compares the sum of two squares d = (x2 — x4)? + (Y2 - 1)?
to a third square? How do these (x —h)2 + (y—k)2 =r?
formulas relate?
Because the radius is the same from the center to any point (x, y) on the
circle, this equation satisfies all points of the circle.

© Try It! [Link] are the radius and center of the circle with the equation
(x= 2)7'+ (y— 3)*= 25?

THEOREM 9-1 Equation of a Circle

An equation of a circle with center ifs. y

(h, k) and radius ris

bi
(x — h)2 + (y—k)2
=r.

San4
PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 13.

Then... (x — h)? + (y—k)? =r?

fOPIC 9 Coordinate Geometry (=) Go Online |[Link]

 (=) © Activity © Assess
a

Oo ON i2h owe Write the Equation of a Circle

What is the equation for OA?

The notation @A means a circle with center at
point A.

Step 1 Find the radius r.

The radius is the distance from Pto A.

r= (-1 - 1)2
+ (2-5)? =V13
The radius of the circle is /13.

Step 2 Use the radius and center to write

the equation.
COMMON ERROR
Be careful with the signs of Use the equation of a circle.
coordinates. Coordinates of the & =(=1))? +y,— 2)* = W113)?
center are subtracted, so if a (x + 1)? + (y— 2)? = 13 Substitute values forh, k, and r.
coordinate is negative, the
expression will convert to addition. The equation for @A is (x + 1)? + (y — 2)? = 13.

© Try It! 2. What is the equation for each circle?

tb) > ONVi2h=Km Determine Whether a Point Lies on a Circle

Circle Q has radius 7 and is centered at the origin. Does the point
(—3V2, 5) lie on OQ?
Step 1 Write the equation for 0Q. Step 2 Test the point (—3V2, 5) in
(x —h)2 4 (y—k)2=r2 the equation.

STUDY TIP (x — 0)2 + (y — 0)2 =72 (-3V2)* + 52 249

Remember that to square an x2 4y2 = 49 18+ 25449
expression avb, you square both
43 £49
factors: (ab)? = a2(vb)2.
The point (—3V2, 5) does not lie on ©Q.

© Try It! 3. Determine whether each point lies on the given circle.
a. (—3, ¥11); circle with center at the origin and radius 2V5
b. (6, 3); circle with center at (2, 4) and radius 3V3

LESSON 9-3 Circles in the Coordinate Plane 401

 {=}. © Activity © Assess

tb) >:¢:\\t2h2 a» Complete the Square to Find the Center and Radius
of a Circle

The equation x2 + y? — 6x + 8y + 16 = 0 represents a circle. How can you

rewrite the equation to identify the center and radius of the circle? Graph
the circle.
Write the equation in the form (x — h)2 + (y — k)? = r? by using the method
of completing the square. Start by grouping terms by variable.

(x? — 6x) + (y? + 8y) = -16 Add

9and 16 to each side
(x2 — 6x +9) + (y2 + 8y+ 16) =-16 +9 + 16 to complete the squares.

(x— 3)? + (y+

4)? =9
(x — 3)? + Y — (-4))? = 3?
The center (h, k) is (3, —4). The radius r is 3.
Draw the circle. Plot the center at (3, —4). Then plots
points 3 units above, below, left, and
right of the center and use the points to
draw the circle.

© Try It! 4. What is the graph of each circle?

a.x24+4x+y2=21 b. x2 +2x+y2-4y=-4

APPLICATION oO .@:\\i2Rc~» Use the Graph and Equation of a Circle to

asenenmemeemnne Solve Problems
Doppler radar detects precipitation y
within a 90-mile radius. Doppler radar 360
gear in Grafton and Meyersville does 300 See f Davis ——
Grattons
@ ae e-
not extend to Clear Lake or Davis.
i @
" e@ e Maple Plain
Where can a third Doppler station be = _ Fairfield ae
placed so all towns are covered? 2 See diene tate! bidetsuttie
—@- 4

Draw circles with a 90-mile radius ee

REASON with centers at Grafton and 60 nee Minora West ie
Think about the parts of the Meyersville. 0
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
equation for a circle. How
A circle with a 90-mile radius has a Miles
could you write an inequality
diameter of 180 miles, so 180 miles
to determine whether a point is
within a circle? is the farthest distance between two
locations covered by the same radar.
Use the Distance Formula to find the distance between Clear Lake and Davis.

(300 — 180)2 + (300 — 120)2 ~ 216

The towns are more than 180 miles apart. Adding one more Doppler radar
will not cover all the towns.

© Try It! 5. If one or both of the existing radar stations could be moved to
another town, would three radar stations be sufficient to cover
all the towns? Explain.

TOPIC 9 Coordinate Geometry [=] Go Online | [Link]

 Concept
fe) Summary Assess

© CONCEPT SUMMARY Equations and Graphs of Circles

We)e> A circle is the set of points equidistant from a fixed point. The fixed point is
the center.

NRC 7m> (x — h)2 + (y — k)2 = r2 where (h, k) is the center and ris the radius.

Ta

center: (3, 1)

_ Distance from center

_ to any point is 4.

(x — 3)? + (y-1)?
=4?

© Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

1. W ESSENTIAL QUESTION Miale\Warmeals 5. What are the center and radius of the circle
equation of a circle determined in the with equation (x — 4)? + (y - 9)? =1?
coordinate plane?
6. What is the equation for the circle with
2. Error Analysis Leo says that the equation center (6, 2) and radius 8?
for the circle is (x — 1)? + (y — 2)2 = 3. What
7. What are the center and radius of the circle
is his error?
with equation (x + 7)2 + (y-1)2=9?

8. What is the equation for the circle with

center (—9, 5) and radius 4?

For Exercises 9 and 10, write an equation for

each circle shown.

Ww . Construct Arguments If you are given the

coordinates of the center and one point on
a circle, can you determine the equation of
the circle? Explain.

4. Make Sense and Persevere How could you

write the equation of a circle given only 11. Is point (5, —2) on the circle with radius
the coordinates of the endpoints of its 5 and center (8, 2)?
diameter?
12. What is the equation for the circle with
center (5, 11) that passes through (9, —2)?

LESSON 9-3 Circles in the Coordinate Plane 403

 © Tutorial
PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Scan for (=) © Practice
Multimedia
Additional Exercises Available Online

UNDERSTAND PRACTICE

13. Construct Arguments Write a proof of For Exercises 20-23, find the center and radius for
Theorem 9-1. each equation of a circle. SEE EXAMPLE 1

14. Mathematical Connections What are the

20. (x — 4)? + (y + 3)* = 64
point(s) of intersection of x? + y? = 25 and 21. (x+ 2)? + y2=13
y = 2x — 5? Graph both equations to check
your answer. 22. (x+5)? + (y+ 11)?
=32
15. Error Analysis LaTanya was asked to determine
23. (x — 8)?+ (y— 12)?
= 96
if (3V5, 4) lies on the circle with radius 7
centered at (0, —2). What is her error? For Exercises 24 and 25, write the equation for the
circle shown in each graph. SEE EXAMPLE 2
x? + (y—2)? = 49,
(3V5)2 + (4-2)? =49
45+4=49

The point (3V5, 4) lies on the circle

with radius 7 and center (0, EX

For Exercises 26-29, write the equation for each

circle with the given radius and center. SEE EXAMPLE 2
16. Communicate Precisely Describe the graph of
26. radius: 4, center: (5, 1)
(id) eee) a0,
27. radius: 9, center: (—3, 8)
17. Reason If the area of
square ABCD is 50, 28. radius: 5/5, center: (2, —4)
what is the equation
for OR? 29. radius: /13, center: (—5, —9)

For Exercises 30-32, determine whether each given

point lies on the circle with the given radius and
center. SEE EXAMPLE 3
18. Construct Arguments The points (a, b) and
(c, d) are the endpoints of a diameter of a 30. (2, 4); radius: 4, center: (—1, 1)
circle. What are the center and radius of
31. (V17, 8); radius: 9, center: (0, 0)
the circle?
32. (2, 0); radius: 10, center: (3, —9)
19. Higher Order Thinking Isabel says the graph
shows the circle with center (—2, 2) and radius 3. For Exercises 33-35, graph each equation.
Nicky says the graph shows all possible centers SEE EXAMPLES 4 AND 5
for a circle that passes through (—2, 2) with
radius 3. Which student is correct? Explain. 33. x*'— 10x + y* + 2y =—22
34, x2 + y* — 2y=15
35. x2 + 6x + y? + 8y = -16
36. The point (2, 6) lies on the circle with radius
5 and center (—1, —1). What are the possible
values of b?

37. Is (7, 2) inside, outside, or on the circle

(x — 4)? + y? = 25? Explain.
404 TOPICS ordinate Geometry (=) Go Online |[Link]
el
(© PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING SV © rvcice © tora
Mixed Review Available Online

hy @OLGEn wae:
38. Model With Mathematics After an earthquake, 41. A circle has center (0, 0) and passes through
a circle-shaped tsunami travels outward from the point (—5, 2). Which other points lie on the
the epicenter at an average speed of 420 miles circle? Select all that apply.
per hour. If the earthquake with the epicenter
shown occurred at 5:48 a.m., at what time will ® (0, 6) ore. ae)
the tsunami reach Port Charles? Justify your (/11, 3V2) ® (4, —J13)
answer. ©(2,5) © (35, 0)

42. SAT/ACT Which equation represents the circle

with center (—3, 7) and radius 9?
@ (x + 3)2 + (y— 7)? = 3?
® (x — 3)2 + (y+ 7)* =9?
© (x — 7)? + (y+ 3)* = 92
© (x + 3)? + (y—7)2
=92
39. Make Sense and Persevere A cell phone tower © (x + 7)2 + (y — 3)2 = 32
is attached to the ground as shown. A circular
security fence must be placed around the 43. Performance Task A farmer can use up to four
tower 10 feet from where the guy wires are rotating sprinklers for the field shown. He has
attached to the ground. Can a cell phone tower ten 50-meter sections that can be combined to
be placed in the region enclosed by the red form rotating arms with lengths from 50 m to
border? If so, what are possible coordinates of 500 m. The irrigation circles cannot overlap and
the tower? must not extend beyond the edges of the field.
The distance between grid lines is 50 m.

100 200
Dimensions in Feet

40. Reason Semitrailer trucks can be up to 14 feet

tall. Should they be allowed in the outer lanes
of the semicircular tunnel? Explain.
Part A Design an irrigation system for the field
that irrigates as much of the field as possible.
Draw a sketch of your system. For each
sprinkler, give the coordinates of the center of
the sprinkler, the radius, and the equation.

Part B What is the total area of the field? What

is the total area irrigated by your system? What
percent of the field does your system irrigate?

LESSON 9-3 Circles in the Coordinate Plane 405

 Le)! © Activity © Assess

Ee
Parabolas in the
() EXPLORE & REASON
Consider two points and two intersecting lines.

Coordinate Plane

(=) [Link]
A. Describe the set of points that is equidistant from two points. Draw a
SSS

diagram to support your answer.

| CAN... use the equations
and graphs of parabolas to B. Describe the set of points that is equidistant from each of two
solve problems. intersecting lines. Draw a diagram to support your answer.
C. Look for Relationships What do you think a set of points that is
VOCABULARY
equidistant from a line and a point would look like? Draw a diagram to
e directrix
support your answer.
e focus
¢ parabola 2

? ESSENTIAL QUESTION How does the geometric description of a parabola relate to its equation?

CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING bb) O82 mm Explore the Graph of a Parabola
Neca cee nia eee

What is the set of points that are equidistant from the graph of the
equation y = -2 and the point (0, 2)?
Step 2 Find a point on the perpendicular
Graph the line and the point. that is equidistant from (0, 2) andy = —2.

(-8, 8) (8,8)

Step 1 Draw a
line perpendicular
toy = —-2.

Step 3
MAKE SENSE AND PERSEVERE Repeat to find Step 4
Think about the relationship other equidistant Connect the
between the point and line. points. y=-2 points.
How would the shape of the
parabola change if the line and
point were closer together or The set of points equidistant from (0, 2) and y = —2 is a curve called
farther apart? a parabola.

© Try It! 1. The set of points equidistant from (3, 5) and the line y = 9is
also a parabola.
a. What is the vertex of the parabola?

b. Describe the graph of the parabola.

Coordinate Geometry [=] Go Online |[Link]

 (=) © Activity © Assess

bb) >.ONUI2h ye Derive the Equation of a Parabola

What is the aWaT ofa Bers ot

STUDY TIP vertex focus

The focus is p units above the
vertex, so the directrix must be
p units below the vertex. directrix:
y=-p (x, —p)

Every point on the parabola is equidistant from F and line d.

PF =PA
Vx = O)2ety = p= Vx =ex)2 (Ve (—D)))a Distance Formula

x2 + (vy— p)? = Vy +p)? Simplify.

ot (vi pay 4p)2 Square each side.

Kerevan 2py ps = you 2py -p- Simplify.

— 2py = 2py
= py
y= Aa xe Solve for
y.

The equation for a parabola with vertex

at the origin is y = age
If the vertex is at (h, k), then the parabola
is translated h units horizontally and F(h, k + p)
@
k units vertically, and the equation is V(h, k)
y~ k= a(x —h)?.

© Try It! 2. What expression represents the distance between the focus
and the directrix?

LESSON 9-4 Parabolas in the Coordinate Plane 407

 (=) © Activity © Assess
Ss

CONCEPT Equation of a Parabola

Vertex at origin: Vertex at (h, k):

palsse2
Vea y a k=oleae
75 h) Ve

The variable p represents the distance between the focus and the vertex.

Ce >ON ida Write the Equation of a Parabola

A. What equation represents the parabola with focus (5, 5) and
directrix y = 1?
Graph the focus and directrix to determine the vertex and p.

The vertex is the 6|” F(5, 5) The value ofp is the

midpoint of the ou Sieh distance between the
segment connecting id = v53) focus and the vertex.
the focus and the ule acted
directrix. yi=|1

Write the equation for the parabola with vertex (5, 3) and p = 2.
COMMON ERROR al 2
Ye ape) Write the formula for a
When substituting values into the parabola with vertex (h, k).
equation of a parabola, be sure to _ WIN) > Wey
y-3=7 5)
use the coordinates of the vertex,
not the coordinates of the focus. y =x - 5)? +3

B. Graph the parabola from part A.

Use the equation to make a table of values to help you sketch the graph.

1 g(-5)2+3 (1,5)
1-543 (3,34)
Tig-52+3 (43)

© Try It! 3.a. What equation represents the parabola with focus (—1, 4)
and directrix y = —2?
b. What equation represents the parabola with focus (3, 5) and
vertex (3, —1)?

oorcinate Geometry (=) Go Online |[Link]

=
APPLICATION eo ON\t2h-- a» Apply the Equation of a Parabola
reenact

The cross section of a satellite dish

is a parabola, with the feed horn at
the focus. How long do the braces
holding the feed horn need to be?

Formulate < Place the parabola on a coordinate plane. Parabolas are symmetric, so
computations are easier for a parabola with its vertex at the origin.

feed horn brace

(75 (0. | (75, h)

(—75, 0) (0,0) (75, 0) X

Write an equation for the parabola, and then use the equation to find
the height h of the dish. Finally, use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the
length of the brace.

Compute € Step 1 Write the equation. Write the equation for a parabola with
y= Bit y2 vertex at the origin, where p is the distance
4p between the focus and the vertex.
we ly 2
Y= 760) ~
1 Substitute 60 for p.
Y=55%"
240

Step 2 Evaluate for x = 75 to find the height h of the dish.

h ==)240(75)? ~ 23.4cm
Step 3 Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the length of the brace.
(70 — 23.4)2 + 752 = b2 (0, 70)

7,796.56 = b?
(75, 23.4)
Bones
Interpret <= The braces need to be 88.3 cm long.

© Try It! [Link] different satellite dish, the feed horn is 38 inches above
the vertex. If the height of the dish is 22 inches, what is
its width?

LESSON 9-4 Parabolas in the Coordinate Plane 409

 GQ Sirs, @ Asses
C t

© CONCEPT SUMMARY Parabolas

| WORDS } A parabola is the set of points equidistant from a focus and a directrix.

ALGEBRA Vie nly

an h)\ 2
where (h, k) is the vertex and p is the distance from the vertex to the focus

focus

vertex directrix

© Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

1. M% ESSENTIAL QUESTION Maloy me(el--mdar= For Exercises 6-9, write an equation of each
geometric description of a parabola relate parabola with the given focus and directrix.
to its equation? 6. focus: (0, 4); directrix: y= —4
2. Error Analysis Arthur says that an equation 7. focus: (5, 1); directrix: y= —5
of the parabola with directrix y = 0 and
focus = (0, 6) isy-3 = 4X. What is 8. focus: (4, 0); directrix: y= —4
his error?
9. focus: (2, —1); directrix: y = —4
3. Vocabulary How could the word direction
For Exercises 10-13, give the vertex, focus, and
help you remember that the directrix is
directrix of each parabola.
a line?
10.y= ox? W.y-2=1¢
4. Reason What are the coordinates of
point P? Show your work. 12. y bee 6=7 eeay2
1) 13. y+ 3 =a
= 55 (x (mG 9) \e

For Exercises 14-17, write an equation of each

parabola with the given focus and vertex.
14. focus: (6, 2); vertex: (6, —4)

15. focus: (—1, 8); vertex: (—1, 7)

16. focus: (4, 0); vertex: (4, —2)

17. focus: (—3, —1); vertex: (—3, —4)

directrix: 18. Consider the parabola y = 366 x2.

ea
a. What are the focus and directrix?
5. Communicate Precisely Given vertex (a, b) b. The parabola passes through (12, 4).
and focus (a, c), describe how you would Show that this point is equidistant from
ite an equation for the parabola. the focus and the directrix.

410 TOPICS Coordinate Geometry (=) Go Online |[Link]

©) PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING
Scan for | 6 © Practice © Tutorial
Multimedia | @
Additional Exercises Available Online

UNDERSTAND PRACTICE

19. Communicate Precisely Use the graph to For Exercises 24—27, find the vertex of each
answer the questions. Line m is the directrix of parabola. SEE EXAMPLE1
the parabola. 24. focus: (3, 7); directrix: y= —1

25. focus: (6, 2); directrix: y= —4

26. focus: (—4, 3); directrix: y= 0

27. focus: (—2, —1); directrix: y= —6

For Exercises 28-31, find the vertex, focus and

directrix of each parabola. sEE EXAMPLE 2
28.y— 7= 4(x- 3)
hee 29. y+ 4 =Ey (x -= 1)
a. How would you find the vertex of the
30.y- 3 = (x + 6) 31. y +5 =5(x - 10)
parabola? Explain. For Exercises 32-34, write an equation of each
b. How would you find the focus of the parabola with the given focus and directrix.
parabola? Explain. SEE EXAMPLE 3

c. How would you find an equation of the 32. focus: (0, 4); directrix: y = 0
parabola? Explain. 33. focus: (5, 1); directrix: y = —9

20. Communicate Precisely Define a parabola as 34. focus: (—4, 5); directrix: y = 2
a set of points. What is the relationship of the
For Exercises 35-37, write an equation of
points to the lines and points associated with
each parabola with the given focus and vertex.
the parabola?
SEE EXAMPLE 3
21. Mathematical Connections The general form 35. focus: (4, 5); vertex: (4, —1)
of the equation of a parabola is y = x* — 6x + 9.
36. focus: (—4, 9); vertex: (—4, 5)
What are the focus, vertex, and directrix of
the parabola? 37. focus: (2, 4); vertex: (2, 0)

22. Reason How does changing the distance For Exercises 38-40, use the graph of the parabola
from the focus to the directrix change shown to answer each question. SEE EXAMPLE 4
the shape of a parabola in the coordinate
plane? Explain.

23. Construct Arguments The parabola has its

focus at (0, ; and vertex at (0, 0). How would
you find the equation of the parabola?

38. What is the vertex of the parabola?

39. Using a point on the parabola and the equation

y-k= ap — h)*, what is p?
40. What is the focus of the parabola?

LESSON 9-4 Parabolas in the Coordinate Plane 411

@) PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING
© Practice © Tutorial
==

Mixed Review Available Online

) ASSESSMENT PRACTICE
41. Reason Henry is building a model of the Clifton 44. An equation of a parabola is y— 5 = ax — 4).
Suspension Bridge using a scale factor of Select all that apply.
100 ft : 1 in. The cables between the towers @ The vertex of the parabola is (5, 4).
are in the shape of a parabola. He writes
p=2
an equation of the parabola to describe the
model he is building and uses the equation to © The focus of the parabola is (4, 7).
determine the distances from the cable to the © The directrix of the parabola is y = 3.
deck of the bridge. Suppose the deck is the
x-axis and the vertex lies on the y-axis. What is 45. SAT/ACT Which is the vertex of the parabola
the equation that Henry writes? represented by the equation y + 5 = 6(x — 6)?
@ (6, 5) © (6, -5)
TARAS
(—6, —5) © (—6, 25)
46. Performance Task Some flashlights are
designed so that a parabolic mirror reflects
light forward from a light source.

42. Model With Mathematics Devin builds a solar.

hot dog cooker for the science fair. Suppose the
base of the cooker is the x-axis and the hot dog is
on the y-axis at the focus. What is the equation of
the parabola that models the cooker?

43. Higher Order Thinking For the flashlight to work best, the light source
An engineer is making an is placed at the focus of the parabola. Deon
impact analysis on a car designs a flashlight so d = 4 in. and h = 3in.
bumper. He graphs the
kinetic energy of a 2-kg steel Part A How could Deon model the mirror on
ball as a function of the the coordinate plane? What is an equation for
velocity of the ball. Kinetic the mirror?
energy is measured in joules
Part B At what point above the vertex would
(J) and velocity is measured
Deon place the light source?
in meters per second.
a. What are the vertex, focus, and directrix of Part C Suppose Deon wants to place the light
the parabola? source _
in. farther from the vertex with the
b. The car bumper has to withstand an impact same h = 3 in. Will the mirror be narrower or
of 25 J from the 2-kg steel ball without any wider? Explain.
Gamage. How fast is the ball moving when
it strikes the bumper with that amount of
energ

412 TOPIC 9 Coordinate Geometry (=) Go Online |[Link]

——_
 Topic Review
4 TOPIC ESSENTIAL QUESTION

1. How can geometric relationships be proven by applying algebraic

properties to geometric figures represented in the coordinate plane?

Vocabulary Review
Choose the correct term to complete each sentence.
e circl
2. All the points on a parabola are the same distance from a fixed aikt r 4
point, the ________ as they are from aline, the ° directrix
3. A________is a set of points equidistant from a point. * focus
4. A_________is the highest or lowest point on the graph of * parabola
a function. e radius
e vertex

Concepts & Skills Review

LESSON 9-1 Polygons in the Coordinate Plane

Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving

When a geometric figure is represented in a For Exercises 5-8, determine whether each figure
coordinate plane, you can use slope, distance, is the given type of figure.
TOP
REV
9
and midpoints to analyze properties of the figure. 5. F(-2, 4), G(0, 0), H(3, 1); right triangle

6. A(7, 2), B(3, —1), C(3, 4); equilateral triangle

Example
Is AABC an 7. J(—4, —4), K(—7, 0), L(—4, 4), M(-—1, 0); rhombus
isosceles triangle? 8. What are the area and perimeter of PQRS?
Explain.

A triangle is isosceles if two sides are congruent.

Use the Distance Formula to find the side
lengths.
AB = \(2 — (—1))2 + (3 — 1)? = V13 9. Make Sense and Persevere Parallelogram
3 5 WXYZ has coordinates W(a, b), X(c, a),
=y¥(1 — 2)* + (-2 —3)* = : ;
Y(f, g), and Z(h, /). What equation can

CA = y(1 — (-1))? + (-2 - 1)? = ¥13 you use to determine whether WXYZ is a
s? Explai
hombus‘
rhombu Explaln.
Since AB = CA, AABC is isosceles.

TOPIC 9 Topic Review 413

 LESSON 9-2 Proofs Using Coordinate Geometry

Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving

To prove theorems using coordinate geometry, For Exercises 10-12, give the coordinates of each
place the figure on the coordinate plane. Use slope, missing vertex.
midpoint, and distance to write an algebraic proof. 10. ABCD isa parallelogram; A(0, 0), B(p, q), D(t, 0)

11. JKLM is a kite; J(0, 0), K(a, 6), L(0, ¢)

Example
Prove that the diagonals of a rectangle 12. WXYZ is a rhombus; WO, 0), Y(0, h), 2(j, k)
are congruent. 13. Communicate Precisely If you are given the
Place a rectangle ona coordinates of a quadrilateral, how can you
coordinate plane with prove that the quadrilateral is an isosceles
one vertex at the origin trapezoid?
and two sides along 14. The diagram shows a
the axes. fenced garden area,
where PX = PY. The
gardener is dividing
en witha
wy= V(a — 0)? + (b - 0)? = Va? + b? fa eee P to the
XZ = Va — 0)2 + (0 — b)? = Va? + b? midpoint of XY.
Will the new fence
Since WY = XZ, the diagonals of a rectangle
be perpendicular to XY? Use coordinate
are congruent.
geometry to explain.

LESSON 9-3 Circles in the Coordinate Plane

Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving

The equation of a circle in the coordinate plane is For Exercises 15-17, write the equation for the
Cone hie B22 12 circle with the given center and radius.
15. center: (0, 0), radius: 9
where (h, k) is the center of the circle and r is (0, 0)
the radius. 16. center: (—2, 3), radius: 5

17. center: (—5, —8), radius: /13

Example : .
For Exercises 18 and 19, determine whether
What is the equation of OQ?
the given point lies on the circle with the given
center and radius.
18. (=3, 0); center: (—5, 2), radius: 2V2
19. (11, —1); center: (4, 4), radius: 6V2
20. Suppose that AB, with A(1, 15) and B(13, —1),
and CD, with C(15, 13) and D(—1, 1), are
diameters of OT. What is the equation of OT?
The center of the circle is (3, —1), and the radius
is QA. 21. Construct Arguments Is it possible to write
a
QA
i Sr ENT CE the equation of a circle given only two points
= le 5) + (1 = (—1))? ast V5 2 . ‘ g y P
on the circle? Explain.
+ (y+ 1)2=5.
So, the equationof OQ is (x— 3)?

414 TOPICS Coordinat: Geometry (=) Go Online | [Link]

LESSON 9-4 Parabolas in the Coordinate Plane

Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving

A parabola is the set of points that are For Exercises 22 and 23, write the equation for
equidistant from a fixed point, the focus, and a the parabola with the given focus and directrix.
line, the directrix. The equation for a parabola in 22. focus: (0, 0), directrix: y = —6
the coordinate plane is
23. focus: (—1, —3), directrix: y= —4
esa \2
24. Reason Point F is the focus and y = —p is the
where (h, k) is the vertex and p is the distance directrix of the parabola shown. What is AB?
between the vertex and focus. Explain how you found your answer.

Example
What is the equation of the parabola with focus
(4, 2) and directrix y = 0?
The vertex is the midpoint of the segment
connecting the focus and the directrix, so the
vertex is (4, 1). Since p is the distance between uP
the focus and the vertex, p = 1. So, the equation 25. The cables for a suspension bridge are
of the parabola is parabolic. The support towers are 40 m
Ve mel AY
A)<, tall and 100 m apart. At its lowest point,
the cable is 15 m above the bridge deck.
If the bridge deck represents the x-axis and
the vertex is on the y-axis, what equation
represents the bridge cables?

TOP
REV
9

TOPIC 9 Topic Review 415

 Circles

? TOPIC ESSENTIAL QUESTION

When aline or lines intersect a circle how are the figures formed
related to the radius, circumference, and area of the circle?

Topic Overview Topic Vocabulary

enVision™ STEM Project: ¢ arc length
Design Space Cities ° central angle
10-1 Arcs and Sectors e chord
10-2 Lines Tangent to a Circle ¢ inscribed angle
Mathematical
i Modeling
ing i 3 Acts:
in intercep ted arc
° int
Earth Watch ; ¢ major arc

Chords ¢ minor arc

10-3
e point of tangency
10-4 Inscribed Angles
e radian
10-5 Secant Lines and Segments ° secant
sector of a circle
segment of a circle
¢ tangent to a circle

enVinon Geometry iG) yee Ld eC aT Pyrat

EVMhatte ?
Ce a INTERACTIVE STUDENT EDITION
COMMON CORE STATE STANDARDS

Access online or offline.

FR LESSON OVERVIEW PS
ACTIVITIES Complete Explore & Reason,
xample 1 >
Relate Central Angles and Arc Measures
Model & Discuss, and Critique & Explain
€ Back =>
activities. Interact with Examples and Try Its.

ANIMATION View and interact with

real-world applications.

[>] Go online |[Link]

Oi
G®@
90 PRACTICE Practice what
you've learned.

416 TOPIC 10 Circles

 Scientists estimate that there are currently about 3,000 operational
man-made satellites orbiting Earth. These satellites serve different
purposes, from communication to navigation and global positioning.
Some are weather satellites that collect environmental information.

The International Space Station is the largest man-made satellite that

orbits Earth. It serves as a space environment research facility, and it also vey
a(R)
Be
offers amazing views of Earth. Think about this during the Mathematical
Modeling in 3 Acts lesson.

a ar ee

IS Watch clips to support GLOSSARY Read and listen to

Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts Lessons English and Spanish definitions.
and enVision™ STEM Projects.
TUTORIALS Get help from
Review Virtual Nerd, right when you need it.
key lesson content through
multiple representations. MATH TOOLS Explore math
with digital tools and manipulatives
ASSESSMENT Show what
you've learned.

TOPIC 10 Circles
TOPIC 10 nee, <EnVision Srtaies

Did You Know?

Astronauts, six at a time, have lived and
worked in the International Space Station
(ISS) since 2000. Residents of 17 countries
have visited the ISS.

The size of a football field, ISS circles the Earth

every 90 minutes at an and
a speed of about

At its closest, the planet Mars is

as the Moon is. Despite the distance, the United
States and Russia have been landing spacecraft and
scientific instruments on Mars for several decades.

=
»se it’s 500 years in the future. Space stations the size of small
cities are journeying through space. Use trigonometry and the geometry
of circles to calculate the measurements of two of these stations, then
design, measure, and describe a group of three “space cities.”

Pi 1@ enVision STEM Project

 (=) © Activity © Assess

i|0 <=i| (») EXPLORE & REASON

Arcs and Sectors Darren bends a piece of wire using a circular disc to make the shape as shown.

(=) [Link]
[Ss

| 100 cm ———> |
| CAN... find arc length and
sector area of a circle and use
them to solve problems. A. How long does the piece of wire need to be to make the shape? Explain.
VOCABULARY B. Construct Arguments What information do you think is needed to find
part of the circumference of a circle? Justify your answer.
e arc length
¢ central angle
intercepted arc
: arc
¢ major 6) oi How> are arc length and sector area
; related
», ) pdaeeriass sdecea to circumference and area of a circle?
e radian
e sector of a circle Ce >ONUI2A-ee Relate Central Angles and Arc Measures
¢ segment of a circle ae
What are mAB and mACB? A

Acentral angle of a circle is an angle formed by two > B

radii with the vertex at the center of the circle.
Angle APB is a central angle.
A central angle creates two intercepted arcs. An
intercepted
arc is the part of a circle that lies between ¢
two segments, rays, or lines that intersect the circle.
A central angle and its intercepted minor arc have equal measure.

STUDY TIP A Aminor arc of a circle is

A minor arc may be written with ZAPBptal
is a central angle, alt\\ (Bi an arc that eae
pene is smaller e than a
eae
just two letters, as in AB. Use the and AB is its corresponding ze semicircle. AB is a minor arc.
third point between the endpoints intercepted arc. ae
of an arc to name a major arc, as ate
in ACB : A majorarc of a circle is
) ; 360° f larger than a
an arc thatis
semicircle.
ACB is a major arc.
Find mAB.
mAB = mZAPB = 95 The degree measure ofAB is equal
to the measure of its corresponding
Find mACB. central angle ZAPB.

mACB = 360 — 95 = 265

© Try It! [Link] oW. ¥

a. What is mXZ?

b. What is mXYZ? Z

LESSON 10-1 Arcs and Sectors 419

 (=) © Activity © Assess
=

CONCEPT Arc Measure

The measure of an arc is equal to the measure of its

corresponding central angle.
mJM = mzJPM
Congruent central angles intercept congruent arcs,
and congruent arcs are intercepted by congruent
central angles.
ZIPK = ZKPL JK
=KL

CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING eo >~NUI2R ey Relate Arc Length to Circumference
————

A. How do you find the length s of an arc measured in degrees?

n°

The measure of an arc is a fraction of 360°

z ngth is a fraction of the circumference.

arclength —_ arc measure Use a proportion to represent the

circumference _ 360 relationship between arc length s,
Sey ene radius r, and arc measure n.
2ar 360
Ssaoe
360 2ar

The formula to find the length of an arc is s = SE ° 2ar.

B. How do you find the length s of an arc measured in radians?
Besides degrees, angle measures can be expressed in radians.
r

adian is equal to the measure of a

central angle that intercepts an arc with
1 radian length equal to the radius of the circle.

Circumference is 2zr, which is 2z arcs of length r. Since each arc of

length r corresponds to 1 radian, there are 2z radians in a circle.
So, 2z radians is equivalent to 360°.
; The variable
To find the arc length, use the theta (@) is
STUDY TIP following proportion. ? often used
Remember that the circumference
arc length arc measure (radians) eo a0
measures the distance around , = r measured in
circumference 2a :
all of the circle and the arc length radians.
is the distance around part of es =O)
the circle 2 clo TG
Arc length is proportional to
Se 2xr =O
radius, with @ as the constant
=e 0a. —

of proportionality.
To find the length of an arc measured in
radians, use the formula s = 6r. CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE

420 TOPIC 10 Circle: (=) Go Online |[Link]

 (=) © Activity © Assess

EXAMPLE 2 CONTINUED

© Try It! 2.a. Ina circle with radius 4, what is the length of an arc that has
a measure of 80? Round to the nearest tenth.
b. In a circle with radius 6, what is the length of an arc that has
a measure of z radians? Round to the nearest tenth.

CONCEPT Arc Length

The length s of an arc of a circle is the product of the ratio relating the
measure of the central angle in degrees to 360 and the circumference of the
circle. The length of the arc is also the product of the radius and the central
angle measure in radians.
Central angle in degrees: Central angle in radians:
S= 365
— n e 2ar s ae Be

OBR ATEEED Apply Arc Length

What is the length of AD ? Express the answer
in terms of z. Cal
B
D
Step 1 Find the arc measure.
MAD = 360 — mAB — mBC — mCD
= 360 — 73 — 43 — 104
= 140 :
Each arc measure is equal to the measure of the
corresponding central angle.
_ MAKE SENSE AND PERSEVERE Step 2 Find the arc length.
- Think about when you should Sire S
express arc lengths in terms of scone. s Use the formula for arc length
a and when you should give = 140 (Aen eon for angles given in degrees.
approximate answers. How would 360 2
you decide? The length of AD is Br.

© Try It! 3. Use ©Q. Express answers ig radians

in terms of z.
1 radians
a. What is the length
of JK?
b. What is the length
of HK?

LESSON 10-1 Arcs and Sectors 421

 (=) © Activity © Assess

@ i> eine Relate the Area of a Circle to the Area of 4 Sector

A sector of a circle is the region bounded by two radii

and the intercepted arc. What is the area of sector MQN? 78°

To find the area of the sector, find BEd

2&8 of the
GENERALIZE
Compare the formulas for arc area of the circle.
length and sector area. What 78 2
relationships do you see between me oen
In general, the area of a sector is
A= x66 oar,
the arc length and sector area for 2
any given arc? = en m0) a= x where n° is the measure of the intercepted arc
2 and ris the radius of the circle.
The area of sector MQN is Bx cm

© Try It! 4. What is the area of each sector?

a. A b. G

&)

&

Co >ONI2R- Find the Area of a Segment of a Circle

J circle is the part of a circle bounded

by an arc and the segment joining its endpoints.
What is the area of the shaded region?

To find the area of the segment, subtract the Y ce

area of the triangle from the area of the sector. ~~
Step 1 Find the area of the sector. a
mee 22 Use the formula
360 s Jr for area of a sector.
STUDY TIP
To find areas of triangles in Step 2 Find the area of the triangle. R
circles, you may need to apply Since RX and RY are both radii and the angle
trigonometric ratios to find the between them is 60°, ARYX is equilateral. 60°
base and height.
Use the Pythagorean Find the area a ae ay
Theorem to find h. of the triangle.
424+ h2=82 A= bh Y 4cm 4cm a
h2 = 82 — 42 = 5(8)(4V3) = 16V3
h = V48 = 4/3
Step 3 Find the area of the segment.
area of segment = area of sector — area of triangle
= 27- 16/3 ~5.8
The area of the shaded region is about 5.8 cm2.
CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE

(=) Go Online |[Link]

inal
 (=) © Activity )Assess

EXAMPLE 5 CONTINUED

© Try It! 5. What is the area of each segment?

a. M b. B

Q
144°

APPLICATION bb) >.O:NUt2H-aeD Solve Problems Involving Circles

Chen uses circular
corkboards to make
18 watermelon coasters
to sell at a craft fair.

A. He paints one side

of each coaster
with special paint.
Each jar of paint
covers 200 in.?.
Will one jar of
COMMON ERROR
paint be enough to
Be careful not to confuse the paint all the coasters?
formula for the area of a sector Find the area of one watermelon coaster. Use 3.14 for z.
with the formula for arc length. eth 2
Remember that the area of a A= ae ear Use the formula for
sector is proportional to the area area of a sector.
_ of the circle, and the arc length is =i) + (4)?
_ proportional to the circumference. ~ 10.0

The area of one watermelon coaster is about 10 in.2.

Chen can paint 200 = 10 = 20 coasters with one jar of paint, so he has
enough paint for 18 coasters.
B. He puts decorative tape around the edge of each coaster. How much
tape does he need for each coaster?
The perimeter of the coaster consists of two radii and an arc.
bs tGH Es
R= Bee
cy 2ar in.
4in
o=4+4+ 72
360 27(4) 4 in.
= 13.0

Chen needs about 13 inches of tape for each coaster.

© Try It! 6. What is the area and Q

perimeter of sector
QNR? Round to 260°
the nearest tenth.

LESSON 10-1 Arcs and Sectors 423

 Concept
& @ Summary © nasess
© CONCEPT SUMMARY Arc Length and Sector Area

DIAGRAMS

Arc Length Degrees Radians

The arc length is a fraction of the

circumference.

s=06r

Sector

A sector of a circle is the region bounded by

two radii and the intercepted arc.

Segment
A segment of a circle is the part of a circle
bounded by an arc and the segment joining .
its endpoints. segment area =
sector area — triangle area

© Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

is 4 ESSENTIAL QUESTION Maloy a-)c3 For Exercises 5 and 6, find abe
arc length and sector area related to the measures and lengths A
circumference and area of a circle? of each arc. Express the
answers in terms of x.
ae 83°
2. Error Analysis Luke was asked to compute
5. BC
the length of AB. What is Luke's error?
1.5 radians B 6. ABC C
A n . Circle P has radius 8. Points Q and R lie on
SS 360 ¢ 2Ttr
circle P, and the length of QR is 4. What is
eer
= REO 211(3) mZQPR in radians?

= 0.0785 . What is the area of

sector EFG? Express the
answer in terms of z.

3. Vocabulary How can the word segment

help you remember what a segment of
a circle is?

4. Reason Mercedes says that she can find the . What is the area of
area of a quarter of a circle using the formula the segment? Express
Lee higas the answer in terms
A= q7. Using the formula for the area of
of x.
a sector, explain why Mercedes is correct.

24 TOPIC 10 Circles (=) Go Online |[Link]

© PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Scan for
Multimedia
(=) © Practice © Tutorial

Additional Exercises Available Online

UNDERSTAND PRACTICE

10. Generalize Is it always true that two arcs with For Exercises 16-19, find each arc measure.
the same length have the same measure? SEE EXAMPLE 1
Explain. 16. mMFE

11. Error Analysis Steve is asked 17. mBC

to compute the area of the
shaded region. What is his 18. mCE
error?
19. mCFE

For Exercises 20 and 21, find each arc length in

Segment area = sector
terms of z. SEE EXAMPLES 2 AND 3
area — triangle area
20. length of JK 21. length of XYZ
= 360
90
273) - + 2G)
K xX
= 0.21 x
Y

110° ANS

12. Mathematical Connections The equation # i,

(x — 2)? + (y — 3)? = 25 represents OT. Points
For Exercises 22 and 23, find the area of each sector.
X(—2, 6) and Y(—1, —1) lie on OT. What is
Round to the nearest tenth. SEE EXAMPLES 4 AND 6
mXY? Explain how you know.
22. sector DEF 23. sector GHJ
13. Reason Figure GHJKL is a regular pentagon.
Rounded to the nearest tenth, what percent
of the area of OT is not part of the area of
GHJKL? Explain.

For Exercises 24 and 25, find the area of each

segment. Round to the nearest tenth. SEE EXAMPLE 5
L K 24. W 25. V

14. Use Structure Explain why the length of an

arc with arc measure a° is proportional to the
radius of the circle.
120° Oe
iD. Higher Order Thinking The areas of sectors va
ACB and DEF are equal. What expression gives 26. The length of ABC is 110 ft. What is the radius
the value of x? Show your work. of ©D? Round to the nearest tenth.

eB F B

so) 5S
D4 C

LESSON 10-1 Arcs and Sectors 425

 .

© PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING

(=) © Practice © Tutorial
Ss I

’
Mixed Review Available Online é
4

© ASSESSMENT PRACTICE oo '

27. Make Sense and Persevere Aubrey and Fatima 30. What is the diameter of ©T?
will each run 150 m on the two inside lanes of
the track, so the end markers need to be placed
correctly. To the nearest hundredth, what are x
and y?

Sector Area = a

. SAT/ACT An arc has a central angle of

on radians and a length of 6z. What is the
circumference of the circle?
ia
el
tp
ee
es
es
ws
ee
9i
a
i
O
ia
@ 122 152 © 30z © 362

. Performance Task A carpenter is constructing

28. Reason Charlie is designing a dart board and the stage for a concert.
wants the red sections to be 25% of the total ns
area. What should be the radius of the inner eaeaeanen
circle? Round to the nearest tenth.

Raised Section

Part A What is the total amount of flooring

needed to cover the stage? Round to the
nearest square foot. Explain how you found
29. Look for Relationships Enrique is selling the your answer.
drop-leaf table and wants to include the area
of the table when the leaves are down in his Part B Astring of lights will be strung along
ad. What is the area of the center section the sides and front of the stage. What is the
when the leaves are down? Round to the total length of light string needed? Show
nearest square inch. Explain how you found your work.
your answer.
Part C One portion of the stage can be raised
drop-leaves during the concert. The lift mechanism can lift
a maximum area of 180 ft2, but the band
needs the width w of the raised area to be
at least 20 ft. What could be the value of x?
Justify your answer.

426 TOPIC 10 Circles [=] Go Online |[Link]

 10-2
(=) © Activity © Assess

o CRITIQUE & EXPLAIN

Lines Tangent Alicia and Renaldo made conjectures about the lines that intersect
a circle only once.
to a Circle
Alicia Renaldo

(=) [Link]
=a

| CAN... use properties

of tangent lines to solve
problems.
* Parallel lines intersect the circle
VOCABULARY * Many lines intersect the circle at opposite ends of the same
e point of tangency once at the same point. diameter.
e tangent to a circle * Two lines that intersect the * The lines intersecting the circle
circle once and the segment at one point are perpendicular
connecting the points form to a diameter ofthe circle.
an isosceles triangle.

A. Use Appropriate Tools Which of the four conjectures do you agree

with? Which do you disagree with? Draw sketches to support your
answers.
B. What other conjectures can you make about lines that intersect a circle
at one point?

BA weeue 0]OFye) How is a tangent line related to the radius of a circle at the point of tangency?

CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING bb) >.@\I288@ Understand Tangents to a Circle
\qqunenenmenenneeenen>

What is the relationship between a circle and a tangent to the circle?

A tangent
toa circle is a line in the plane of the citcle that intersects the
circle in exactly one point. That point is the p
Circle C has tangent line m with point of tangency X. Point Y is any other
point on m.
GENERALIZE
Point Y represents any point CX=F CY passes through Z on @C.
other than the point of tangency.
Would the result be true no
matter where point Y is located
CY =r+ZY,so
CX < CY
onm?

So, CX is the shortest segment from Cto line m. Since the shortest segment
from a point to a line is perpendicular to the line, CX 1 m.

© Try It! [Link] Example 1 support Renaldo’s conjecture that parallel

lines intersect the circle at opposite ends of the same
diameter? Explain.

LESSON 10-2 Lines Tangent toa Circle 427

 THEOREM 10-1 AND THE CONVERSE

Theorem If... A P B
Pe te
If AB is tangent to OC at P, then AB
is perpendicular to CP.

— —

Then... AB 1 CP

Converse If... A P B
ifAB is perpendicular to radius
CP at P, then AB is tangent to OC.

PROOF: SEE EXERCISES 12 AND 13. Then... AB is tangent to OC.

tb) 29.¢:1\128:a» Use Tangents to Solve Problems

A. Is KJ tangent to ©P at J? K
A segment or ray that intersects a circle
in one point is tangent to the circle if it is
part of a tangent line.
If KJ is part of a line that is tangent
to ©P at J, then PJ 1 JK and APJK is a
right triangle.

9° + 6° 2 (4 +.6)? Use the Converse of the Pythagorean Theorem

117 £100 to determine whether A\PJK is a right triangle.

So, PJ is not perpendicular to KJ.

Therefore, KJ is not tangent to ©P at J.

B. Segment ST is tangent to OR. What is the radius of OR?

Since ST is tangent to ©R, ARST is a right triangle.
S
oe)
ex 24

COMMON ERROR 18 T
You may incorrectly square just
the terms x and 18. Recall how 2 2 2 :
to square a binomial, It may be x* + 24¢ = (x + 18) Use the Pythagorean Theorem with length
helpful to first write (x + 18)2 as x2 +576 = x2 + 36x + 324 of the hypotenusex + 18.
(x + 18)(x + 18) and multiply.
Py BSH A6x
aX

The radius of OR is 7.

CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE

428 TOPIC 10 Circles [&) Go Online |[Link]

 f=) © Activity © Assess

EXAMPLE 2 CONTINUED

C. Line m is tangent to OT at B, and line n is tangent to OT at C. What is

the value of x?

Points B and C are points of

tangency, so mZABT = 90
and mZACT = 90.

STUDY TIP
Remember that for any convex Use the Polygon Angle-Sum Theorem to find x.
polygon, the sum of the interior
mZBAC + MZACT+ mMZCTB + MZTBA = 360
angles is (n — 2)180°, where n is
the number of sides. x + 90+ 135 + 90 = 360
x=45

© Try It! 2. Use ON.

—s
a. Is MP tangent to ON? Explain. =,

b. If LK is tangent to ONatL, **>

what is KN?

tb) OG
NI2R-KeD Find Lengths of Segments Tangent to a Circle
What is the relationship between YZ and XZ?
X

Since TX and TY are

TZ 212 us both radii of ©7, they
are congruent.
Y

By HL, ATXZ = ATYZ, so YZ = XZ by CPCTC.

© Try It! 3. 1f TX = 12 and TZ= 20, what are XZ and YZ?

THEOREM 10-2 Segments Tangent to a Circle Theorem

If two segments with a common ies: B

endpoint exterior to a circle are
tangent to the circle, then the A p
segments are congruent. oy)

PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 14. Then... AB = AC

LESSON 10-2 Lines Tangent toa Circle 429

 (=) © Activity © Assess
==

APPLICATION > > @N\ia8- a Find Measures Involving Tangent Lines

\ee

A satellite requires a line of sight for communication. Between the ground

stations farthest from the satellite, what is the amount of time needed for
a signal to go from one station up to the satellite, and then down to the
other station?

Satellite
Speed of a
radio waves:
ELK) ts Sal ee) aU

AA
ny
i
y
)

' Y
(CTcelU inte Mary : .@ Ground
Siecyileyn ; Station

Formulate < The lines from the satellite to the farthest ground stations are tangent to
Earth’s surface.

Use the Pythagorean Theorem to compute the distance to the ground

stations. Then compute the time for radio waves to travel twice this distance.

Compute < Step 1 Find the distance from the farthest ground stations to the satellite.
x2 + 6,3712 = (6,371 + 35,786)? Satellite
x? + 40,589,641 = 1,777,212,649 35,786 km
x2 = 1,736,623,008 ool
X » 41,673 Ground fy 6,371 km
Station
' Center of
* 6,371 km Earth
Step 2 Find the time for radio waves to travel this distance twice.
(41,673 x 2) km = 300,000 km/sec = 0.28 sec

Interpret < The amount of time for a signal to travel from one of the farthest ground
stations to the satellite and back to the other ground station is about
0.28 second.

7) Try It! 4. What is the perimeter of ABCD?

TOPIC 10 Circles [=] Go Online |[Link]

2
 Le) © Activity © Assess

bb) >. VI2h-eee Construct Tangent Lines

How do you construct a tangent to OP passing through point T?

Step 1 Use a straightedge to draw Step 2 Use a compass to construct

PT. Label point A where PT a circle with center P
intersects the circle. and passing through T.
COMMON ERROR Construct a perpendicular
You maythink that A is the to PT at A. Label point B
midpoint of PT. However, the where the perpendicular
construction of a perpendicular intersects the outer circle.
line here is different from
constructing the perpendicular
bisector of PT.

E A a
2

Step 3 Use a straightedge to Step 4 Use a straightedge to

construct BP. Label point C construct TC.
where BP intersects the
inner circle.

KZ
B

The tangent to ©P passing through Tis TC.

© Try It! 5. Prove that TC is tangent to OP.

Given: Two circles share center P,
points A and C on the smaller
circle, points T and B on the
larger circle, AB | PT
Prove: TC is tangent to OP at C.

LESSON 10-2 Lines Tangent toa Circle 431

 (=) Concept
Summary © Assess

© CONCEPT SUMMARY Tangents to a Circle

\\\(e):399> A tangent to a circle intersects the circle at exactly one point. The radius that
contains the point of tangency is perpendicular to the tangent.

ANCL YAY

CP im

tangent line

point of tangency

© Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

1. W% ESSENTIAL QUESTION Sl taGie Tell whether each line or segment is a tangent
tangent line related to the radius of a circle to OB.
at the point of tangency?

2. Error Analysis Kona looked at the figure

shown and said that AB is tangent to 0G at
A because it intersects OG only at A. What
was Kona’s error?

a.
ces ee
5. MN 6. QP
Segment AC is tangent to ©D at B.
Find each value.

3. Vocabulary Can any point on a circle be a

point of tangency? Explain.

4. Reason Lines m and n are tangent to

so, B
circles A and B. What are the relationships
7. mMZADB 8. BC
between ZPAS, zPQS, zRQS, and ZRBS?
Explain. Segment FG is tangent to OK at F and HG is
tangent to OK at H. Find each value.
F

17

95 FG 10. mZFGH

TOPIC 10 Circles cies (=) Go Online |[Link]

©) PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Scan for 6
Multimedia | @
(=) © Practice © Tutorial

Additional Exercises Available Online

UNDERSTAND PRACTICE

11. Error Analysis yee E The segments AB and CD are tangent to oT.
Segments DF, Find each value. SEE EXAMPLES 1 AND 2
DH, and GF are 16. AB B
tangent to the circle.
Andrew was asked H 6 aia DG

Noe
to find DF. Explain eae 8x + 2)°
Andrew’s error.
C (4x + 4)
DF = DE + EF For Exercises 18-20, the segments are tangent to
By Theorem 10-2, DE = EF. the circle. Find each value. SEE EXAMPLES 3 AND 4
So, DF = 6+ 6 = 12. x A 18. DG 19. Perimeter of JLNQ

12. Construct Arguments Use the following outline

to write an indirect proof of Theorem 10-1.
Given: Line m is tangent to O7 at G.
Prove: GT Lm
e Assume that GT is not
perpendicular to m.
e Draw HT such that
“Chey 20. AC
HT Lm.
e Use triangles to show that GT > HT.
e Show that this is a contradiction, since H is in
the exterior of OT.

13. Construct Arguments Prove the Converse of

Theorem 10-1. *;

Given: OR Te
21. Trace ©P and point A. Construct a tangent to
Prove: n is tangent to
n ©P that passes through A. SEE EXAMPLE 5
OQatR R

Hint: Select any other point S on line n. Show

that QS is the hypotenuse of AQRS, so QS > QR
and therefore S lies outside OQ.
14. Construct Arguments Prove Theorem 10-2.

Given: DE and DF are

tangent to oT. 22. The diameter of 8B
Prove: DE = DF ©F is 8; AB= 10;
and AB, BC, and
AC are tangent
15. Higher Order Thinking to ©F. What is
If AC = x, what is the the perimeter of
perimeter of ABCE? L\ABC?
Explain.

LESSON 10-2 Lines Tangent toa Circle 433

(© PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING
| © Practice i) Tutorial

Mixed Review Available Online

© ASSESSMENT PRACTICE
23. Make Sense and 26. Circle P is described by the equation
Persevere Yumiko is (x + 3)2 + (y — 2)2 = 25. Which of the following
shopping for a stand for a lines are tangent to ©P? Select all that apply.
decorative glass ball with
@y=x+3 Ox=2
an 8-inch diameter. She
is considering the stand @®y=5 ®y=-3
shown and wants to
know the height h of the ©y=x ®y=x-3
portion of the ball that
. SAT/ACT Line m is m
will be visible if the sides
tangent to @A at B. B
of the stand are tangent
What is the area of fam
to the sphere. What is the value of h?
AABC? G
5
24. Use Structure
Samantha is looking out
from the 103rd floor @ 10 © 2/65
of the Willis Tower on
a clear day. How far ® 18 © 5165
away is the horizon? . Performance Task The African art design
Earth’s radius is about below is based on circles that are tangent to
6,400 km. each other.

25. Mathematical Connections Rail planners

want to connect the two straight tracks with a
curved track as shown. Any curves must have a
Part A If the radius of the larger circles is r,
radius of at least 450 m.
what is the radius of the smaller circles?

Part B Choose a value for the larger radius

and draw the pattern. Measure the radii of the
small and large circles. Are the values related in
the way you described in Part A?

Part C In your diagram for Part B, mark the

points where the small and large circles are
tangent to each other. Add lines that are
tangent to the circles at these points. Describe
a. Explain how engineers can locate point P, how the tangent lines you drew illustrate
the center of the curved section of track. Theorems 10-1 and 10-2.
b. Once the curved track is constructed, what
distance will trains travel between Arvillle
and Bremen? Justify your answer.

TOPIC 10 Circles (=) Go Online |[Link]

Ol ed
MATHEMATICAL
MODELING
IN 3 ACTS

(=) [Link]
SSS

© Earth Watch
Scientists estimate that there are currently about 3,000 operational man-made
satellites orbiting Earth. These satellites serve different purposes, from
communication to navigation and global positioning. Some are weather
satellites that collect environmental information.
The International Space Station is the largest man-made satellite that orbits
Earth. It serves as a space environment research facility, and it also offers
amazing views of Earth. Think about this during the Mathematical Modeling
in 3 Acts lesson.

eee ‘Xam identify the Problem

1. What is the first question that comes to mind after watching the video?
2. Write down the main question you will answer about what you saw in
the video.
3. Make an initial conjecture that answers this main question.
4. Explain how you arrived at your conjecture.
5. What information will be useful to know to answer the main question?
How can you get it? How will you use that information?

)\eimyam Develop a Model

6. Use the math that you have learned in this Topic to refine your conjecture.

iXeuxm Interpret the Results

7. Did your refined conjecture match the actual answer exactly? If not,
what might explain the difference?

TOPIC 10 Mathematical Modeling in3 Acts 435

 (=) © Activity © Assess

i| CO— 3 gg Peake Ten

Use the diagram to answer the questions.
Chords

(=) [Link]
Sra

B
| CAN... relate the length
of a chord to its central angle
and the arc it intercepts.
A. What figures in the diagram are congruent? Explain.
VOCABULARY
e chord
B. Look for Relationships How can you find EF?

4 ESSENTIAL QUESTION How are chords related to their central angles and intercepted arcs?

CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING CO 2.¢:3t28:-e@ Relate Central Angles and Chords
Seg: epost

A is a segment whose endpoints are on a circle.

Why is RS = UT?

ZRQS = ZUQT
because they are
vertical angles.

STUDY TIP
Refer to the diagram as you read
the proof. Note which parts of the
triangles are congruent. SQ =TQ = UQ=RQ
because all radii of a
circle are =.

By the SAS Congruence Theorem, AQRS = AQUT. Therefore RS = UT because

they are corresponding parts of congruent triangles.

© Try It! 1. Why is zBAC ~ ZDAE?

(=) Go Online |[Link]

 (=) © Activity © Assess
eo

THEOREM 10-3 AND THE CONVERSE

Theorem If... MN = PQ
If two chords ina circle or in Then... ZMTN = ZPTQ
congruent circles are congruent, then
their central angles are congruent. =
Converse
S co)
If two central angles in a circle or
in congruent circles are congruent,
then their chords are congruent. oC
If... ZMTN = ZPTQ
PROOF: SEE EXERCISES 12 AND 13. Then... MN = PQ

THEOREM 10-4 AND THE CONVERSE

Theorem If... MN=PQ

If two arcs in a circle or in congruent Then... MN = PQ
circles are congruent, then their 3
chords are congruent. =

Converse
If two chords in a circle or in
congruent circles are congruent, then
D
their arcs are congruent. ©

If... MN = PQ
PROOF: SEE EXAMPLE 2 AND EXAMPLE 2 TRY IT. Then... MN = PQ

PROOF Qe > t2h-em Relate Arcs and Chords

Write a proof of Theorem 10-4.

Given: AB =~ CD
MAKE SENSE AND PERSEVERE Prove: AB ~ CD
Think about other strategies
you can use. How could you use Plan: Use the relationship between
congruent triangles to prove the central angles and arcs by drawing the
relationship? radii PA, PB, PC, and PD.

oo
Proof: Since AB = CD, you know that
mAB = mCD. And since the measure
of a central angle is equal to the
measure of its arc, mZAPB = MAB
and mzCPD = mCD. By substitution,
mZAPB = mZCPD and ZAPB = ZCPD.
So, by the Converse of Theorem 10-3,
AB = CD.

© Try It! 2. Write a flow proof of the Converse of Theorem 10-4.

LESSON 10-3 Chords 437

 © Activity © Assess

THEOREM 10-5 AND THE CONVERSE

Theorem A
If chords are equidistant from the
center of a circle or the centers S

of congruent circles, then they

are congruent.
Converse
If chords in a circle or in congruent
circles are congruent, then they If... SE = SF, Then... AB = CD
are equidistant from the center If... AB = CD, Then... SE & SF
or centers.

PROOF: SEE EXAMPLE 3 AND EXAMPLE 3 TRY IT.

PROOF | eo >ONVIZRKE Relate Chords Equidistant from the Center

Write a proof of Theorem 10-5. A

COMMON ERROR
Given: oP with AB 1 PE of 4 Od B
CD 1 PF,
Be sure to construct the triangles PE= PF
with corresponding parts that Rease
yield the desired conclusion. Prove: AB = CD CG
Plan: Construct triangles by drawing the radii A
PA, PB, PC, and PD. Then show that the triangles o\
are congruent in order to apply CPCTC D > Y B
Proof: \

SUBeItTOn Substitution Def. of = segments

i) Try It! 3. Write a flow proof of the Converse of Theorem 10-5.

TOPIC 18 Circles (=) Go Online |[Link]

 (=) © Activity © Assess

© oO Nish -e-ey Construct a Regular Hexagon Inscribed in a Circle

STUDY TIP
How do you draw a regular hexagon inscribed in ©P?
Remember, a regular polygon is Step 1 Mark point Q on the circle.
both equilateral and equiangular.
Step 2 Set the compass the radius of the circle. Place
the compass point at Q and draw an arc
through the circle.
Step 3 Keep the compass setting. Move the compass
point to the intersection of the arc and the
circle. Draw another arc through the circle. Each
point of intersection is a vertex of the hexagon.
Continue this way until you have five arcs.
Step 4 Draw chords connecting consecutive points
on the circle.
The side lengths of the resulting figure are all
congruent because they have the same length as
the radius of the circle.
Connecting the center of the circle with the six vertices of the inscribed
polygon forms six equilateral triangles, so each angle measures 120. The
figure is a regular hexagon.

© Try It! 4. Construct an equilateral triangle inscribed ina circle.

THEOREM 10-6 AND THE CONVERSE

Theorem
If a diameter is perpendicular to a
chord, then it bisects the chord.

Converse
If a diameter bisects a chord B
(that is not a diameter), then it is
perpendicular to the chord. If... CD is a diameter, AB | CD
Then... AE = BE
lf ateDisa diameter, AE = BE
PROOF: SEE EXERCISES 15 AND 16. Then... AB L CD

THEOREM 10-7

The perpendicular bisector of If...

a chord contains the center of
the circle.

PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 28. Then... S ison CD

LESSON 10-3 Chords 439

 (=) © Activity © Assess

APPLICATION by) i>@Ni282~ Solve Problems Involving Chords of Circles

“so

An engineer is designing a service

tunnel to accommodate two trucks
simultaneously. If the tunnel can
accommodate a width of 18 ft,
what is the greatest truck height
that the tunnel can accommodate?
Subtract 0.5 ft to account for
fluctuations in pavement.

Formulate < Draw and label a sketch to help

solve the problem.

Letx be the distance from the center to

the greatest height. The radius is 13.5 ft.

Compute < Write and solve an equation for x.

92a xe—a13-5- Use the Pythagorean Theorem.
RIENBSzAS 92
x = 113.52
—92
xX = 10.06

Add the distance from the ground to the center 13.5 — 6 = 7.5 to x and
subtract 0.5 ft to account for fluctuations in pavement.
7.5 + 10.06 — 0.5 = 17.06
Interpret < The greatest height that the tunnel can accommodate is about 17.06 ft.

© Try It! 5. Fresh cut flowers need to

be in at least 4 inches of wy
water. A spherical vase is
filled until the surface a)YA
of the water is a circle
5 inches in diameter. Is the {a= Sy.
water deep enough for 08
the flowers? Explain.

(=) Go Online |[Link]

 Concept
(=) Summary Assess

@) concert summary Chords

Chords and Central Angles Chords and Arcs

\')'(0)12> Two chords in a circle or in Two chords in a circle or in congruent

congruent circles are congruent if circles are congruent if and only if the
and only if the central angles of chords intercept congruent arcs.
the chords are congruent.

DIAGRAMS " P

Q
M
ZMTN = ZPTQ if and only if MN = PQ. MN ~ PO if and only if MN = PQ.

© Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

1. "4 ESSENTIAL QUESTION aleyia-las For Exercises 5-10, in @P, MAB = 43°, and
chords related to their central angles and AC = DF. Find each measure.
intercepted arcs?

2. Error Analysis Sasha writes a proof to show

that two chords are congruent. What is her
error?

ZAPB = ZCPD Vert. Zs =

—
AB = CD Intercepted by = Zs
AB = DC Chords intercept = arcs 5. DF 6. MAC
D
A
P,
7. FH 8. MDE

re x
9. AC 10. mDF

11. For the corporate headquarters, an

o
executive wants to place a company logo
that is six feet in diameter with the sides of
the H five feet tall on the front wall. What is
3. Vocabulary Explain why all diameters of
the width x of the crossbar for the H?
circles are also chords of the circles.

4. Reason Given RS ~ UT, how can you find

UT?
5
R ZX / T

oY?

LESSON 10-3 Chords 441

 (=) © Practice © Tutorial

PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING

Scan for SS

Multimedia
Additional Exercises Available Online

UNDERSTAND

12. Construct Arguments Write a paragraph proof For Exercises 18-21, in @B, MZVBT = mPR = 90,
of Theorem 10-3. and QR = TU. SEE EXAMPLES 1 AND 2
Oo
DY

Given: AB = CD 18. Find mZPBR.

Prove: ZAEB = ZCED S 19. Find mTV.

>

20. Which angle is congruent

to ZQBR?
13. Construct Arguments Write a two-column
proof of the Converse of Theorem 10-3. 21. Which segment is congruent
to TV?
Given: ZAEB = zZCED

Prove: AB = CD 22. Construct a square inscribed in a circle. How

is drawing an inscribed square different from
drawing an inscribed hexagon or triangle?
SEE EXAMPLE 4

14. Error Analysis What is Ashton’s error? 23. Find CD. SEE EXAMPLE 3

TS = VPR2 - PS?
V¥122-92 :

Ase vil79 x

Q
24. Find FG. SEE EXAMPLE 3
15. Construct Arguments Write a proof of
Theorem 10-6. F

Given: LN is a diameter
of ©Q; LN | KM
OF
Prove: KP = MP
—
A
G
16. Construct Arguments Write a proof of the
25. A chord is 12 cm long. It is 30 cm from the
Converse of Theorem 10-6.
center of the circle. What is the radius of the
Given: LN is a diameter circle? SEE EXAMPLE 5
of ©Q; KP = MP
26. The diameter of a circle is 39 inches. The circle
Prove: LN | KM has two chords of length 8 inches. What is
the distance from each chord to the center of
the circle?

li. Higher Order Thinking AABP ~ ACDE. 27. A chord is 4 units from the center of a circle.
How do you show that AB = CD? The radius of the circle is 5 units. What is the
length of the chord?

28. Write a proof of Theorem 10-7. ae

Given: QR is a chord in ©P;

AB is the perpendicular g
bisector of QR. WR
Prove: AB contains P. B R
fOPIC 10 Circles (=) Go Online |[Link]
SSS
 e
©) PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING © Practice © Tutorial

Mixed Review Available Online

© ASSESSMENT PRACTICE
29. Mathematical Connections Nadia designs a Be. Which must be true? Select all that apply.
water ride and wants to use a half-cylindrical
pipe in the construction. If she wants the
waterway to be 8 ft wide when the water is
2 ft deep, what is the diameter of the pipe?

® QR ~=TU © vw=As
® PR=TV ® PS=SR

33. SAT/ACT The radius of the semicircle is r, and

CD = 2 AB. What is the distance from the
chord to the diameter?
30. Model With Mathematics A bike trail has
holes up to 20 in. wide and 5 in. deep. If the
diameter of the wheels of Anna’s bike is
26 in., can she ride her bike without the wheels
hitting the bottom of the holes? Explain. ©Ver O3nr
34. Performance Task The radius of the range of a
radar is 50 miles. At 1:00 p.m., a plane enters the
radar screen flying due north. At 1:04 p.m. the
aircraft is due east of the radar. At 1:08 p.m., the
aircraft leaves the screen. The plane is moving at
8 miles per minute.

a1: Make Sense and Persevere The bottom of

a hemispherical cake has diameter 8 in.

Part A What distance does the plane fly on the

controller's screen?
a. If the cake is sliced horizontally in half so each Part B What is the distance of the plane from
piece has the same height, would the top half
the radar at 1:04 p.m.?
fit on a plate with diameter 6 in.? Explain.
Part C Another plane enters the screen at point
b. If the cake is sliced horizontally in thirds so
A at 1:12 p.m. and flies in a straight line at
each piece has the same height, would the
9 miles per minute. If it gets no closer than
top third fit on a plate with diameter 5 in.?
40 miles from the radar, at what time does it
Explain.
leave the screen? Explain.

LESSON 10-3 Chords 443

 f=) © Activity © Assess

i|0 -_ 4 @ Peake aTen

Consider OT.
Inscribed Angles

(=) [Link]
a

| CAN... use the

relationships between angles
and arcs in circles to find
hoi nensdres A. Make Sense and Persevere List at least seven things you can conclude
about the figure.
VOCABULARY B. How is ZACB related to ZATB? Explain.
e inscribed angle

6) ESSENTIAL QUESTION How is the measure of an inscribed angle related to its intercepted arc?
a
CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING bb) > ¢:N\i2h:ee Relate Inscribed Angles to Intercepted Arcs
Se

What is the relationship between AB and 2ACB?

igle has its vertex on a circle and its sides contain chords of
the circle.

AB is intercepted by ZC.
ZA\QCB is isosceles,
A so ZQBC = ZQCB.

ZC is inscribed in @Q.

Draw radius QB to form AQCB and central angle ZAQB.

mZQBC + MZQCB = x
Apply the Triangle Exterior Angle Theorem.
2(mzQCB) = x
1
mZQCB = 5x mZQBC = mZQCB since ZQBC = ZQCB.
STUDY TIP CP 2mAB
There are an infinite number of mZQCB = mZACB and x = mAB.
inscribed angles that intercept
the arc. These inscribed angles all
have the same angle measure. The measure of an inscribed angle ZACB is half the measure of the
intercepted arc AB.

7) Try It! 1. Given ©P with inscribed angle 2S, if mRT= 47, R

what is mz5?
<3 |
: T

TOPIC 10 Circles (=) Go Online |[Link]

 ‘Kal © Activity ) Assess

THEOREM 10-8 Inscribed Angles Theorem

The measure of an inscribed angle is half the measure of its intercepted arc.
Case 1 Case 2 Case 3

The center is on one The center is inside The center is outside

side of the angle. the angle. the angle.
If... Hf If... S
R 5 P
5
;
:
;

Then... mzS = smRT Then... mzS = 5mRT Then... mzS = smRT

PROOF: SEE EXERCISES 19, 32, AND 33.

tb) :O:N\2h:e Use the Inscribed Angles Theorem

A. If mDG = 45.6, what are mZE and mzF? E
ie 3mDG MZAr = 5mDG F

= 3(45.6) = 22.8 = 5(45.6) = 22.8

_ LOOK FOR RELATIONSHIPS B. If RT is a semicircle, what is mZRST? R KC
- The diameter of a circle is a rife G
_ straight angle. What is the mZS = >mRT
__ measure of the arc intercepted by 1 5
~ adiameter? = 5(180) = 90 \

C. If MABC = 184 and mBCD = 242, what are the measures A B

of the angles of quadrilateral ABCD?
mZA =I nBCH
= 3mBCD mZB —= IMADC
3MADC D

= 5(242) = 121 = $(360 — 184) = 88 C

mzD = mA BC mzC = 360 — (121 + 88 + 92)
= 5(184) = 92 =59

© Try It! 2. a. If mRST= 164, what is mZRVT?

b. If mzSPU = 79, what is mSTU?

LESSON 10-4 Inscribed Angles 445

 kay © Activity © Assess

COROLLARIES TO THE INSCRIBED ANGLES THEOREM

Corollary 1 Corollary 2 Corollary 3

Two inscribed angles An angle inscribed in The opposite angles
that intercept the a semicircle is a right of an inscribed
same arc are angle. quadrilateral are
congruent. supplementary.
i If... MRS = 180 If...
5
: T

U T

Then... 2S = ZT Then... mzT= 90 Then...

mzR+m2zT = 180

mzsS +mzU = 180

bb) > ONUiga-KeD Explore Angles Formed by a Tangent and a Chord

Given chord FH and HJ tangent to ©£ at point H,

what is the relationship between ZFHJ and FGH?

Consider the angles and arcs formed by the chord,

tangent line, and diameter.
Let mZFHJ = x, so MZFHD = 90 — x.

mZFHD = 5mDF
Use the Inscribed mZDHJ = 90
COMMON ERROR 90 — x = }mDF Angles Theorem.
Be careful not to assume arc
measure relationships such as mDF
= 180 — 2x
assuming mDF = mFH. Think
Since DH is a diameter, mMDFH = 180.
about concepts and theorems
you can apply when writing mDF + mFGH = mDFH
mathematical statements.
180 — 2x+ mFGH= 180
mFGH = 2x

mFGH = 2mzFHJ
tvA gn Bp 5mFGH

© Try It! 3. a. Given BD tangent to oP at

point C, if MAC = 88,
what is mZACB?

b. Given EG tangent to ©P at
point F, if mzGFC = 115,
what is mFAC?

(=) Go Online |[Link]

——
 THEOREM 10-9

The measure of an angle formed fee B D

by a tangent and a chord is half the E
measure of its intercepted arc. A

PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 34. Then... mZAED = SMABE

APPLICATION Co >.¢:Vt2h:a- em» Use Arc Measure to Solve a Problem

“uo gtasssttesmacneissanet

A director wants to position

two cameras to capture
an entire circular backdrop
behind two newscasters.
Where should he position
the cameras?

Formulate < Represent the set as a chord

AB of a circle that intercepts
an arc measuring 90°.
90°
A

: Any point on the major arc ABisthe vertex of

a a 45° angle that intercepts arc AB.

To find the size of the circle, find the radius of the circle.

Compute < Let P be the center of the circle. 90°

mZAPB = mAB = 90 CG

Find r.

Es k AAPB is a 45°-45°-90° triangle, and

r=—2
ir the length
g of the hypotenuse
yp is 16.

r= 8/2
Center P is on the perpendicular bisector of AB, A re eer
so P is 8 ft from the midpoint of AB.
8V2 ft 8V2 ft
Interpret < Position a camera on any point of circle with radius
8/2 ft and center 8 ft from the midpoint of the set. P

© Try It! 4.a. Given WY tangent to @C at point X,

what is mMXZ?

b. What is mzVXW?

LESSON 10-4 Inscribed Angles 447

 (=) Concept
Summary © Assess

© CONCEPT SUMMARY Inscribed Angles and Intercepted Arcs

Angles Formed by a Tangent

Inscribed Angles and a Chord

a> The measure of an inscribed angle is one-half the The measure of an angle formed by
measure of its intercepted arc. a tangent and a chord is one-half
the measure of its intercepted arc.

DIAGRAMS B y = B C D
a es
;

C a

SYMBOLS mZABC = mAC

©@ Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

1. M7 ESSENTIAL QUESTION Piate\Wataaat For Exercises 5-8, find each measure in OQ.
measure of an inscribed angle related to its 5. MJL 120° M
intercepted arc?
6. mMJ
N . Error Analysis Darren is asked to find mXZ. il
What is his error? 7. mzKIM 46°

8. MZKLM K ;

mXZ = + mZ XYZ For Exercises 9-12, DF is tangent to ©Q at

point E. Find each measure.
9. mEH Dewar F
= 25.5
10. mEJ

11. MZHEJ
WwW . Reason Can the measure of an inscribed 12. mZDEJ 106° H
angle be greater than the measure of the
intercepted arc? Explain.
For Exercises 13-16, find each measure in OM.
4. Make Sense and Persevere Is there enough 13. MZPRQ
information in the diagram to find mRST?
Explain. 14. mZPTR

15. MZRST \ 0

16. MZSRT
86°

(=) Go Online |[Link]

© PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Scan for &) © Practice © Tutorial
Multimedia
Additional Exercises Available Online

UNDERSTAND

17. Mathematical Connections Given MABC = x, For Exercises 22-25, find each measure in ©P.
what is an expression for mDAB in terms of x? SEE EXAMPLES 1 AND 2
Explain. 22. MAD

23. MBDC

24. MZADC

25. mZBAD

18. Error Analysis Casey is asked to find mWVZ. For Exercises 26-28, SU is tangent to OP at point T.
What is Casey’s error? Find each measure. SEE EXAMPLES 2 AND 3
26. mMTW
mWVZ = 360° — 71° 27. MZTWX
4Z = 289° x
28. MZTWV SSA
w<a y A
For Exercises 29-31, HK is tangent to ©C at point J.

©)
19. Higher Order Thinking Write — p Find each measure. SEE EXAMPLES 3 AND 4
a proof of the Inscribed Angles 29. MZKJIM
Theorem, Case 2.
30. mZMJIN
Given: Center C is inside ZRST.
31. MZHIN 126°
Prove: mZRST = 5mRT

p
20. Construct Arguments Margaret measures
ZHGK with a protractor and says that it is 98°. 32. Write a proof of the Inscribed
Is Margaret's answer reasonable? Explain. Angles Theorem, Case 1. Ee

Hf Given: Center Cis on ST.

Prove: mZRST = 5mRT -

‘y
33. Write a proof of the Inscribed
Angles Theorem, Case 3. S

Given: Center C is outside

21. Use Structure Given ©Q with diameter AC, if ZRSTz
point B is located on OQ, can ZABC ever be
less than 90°? Can it ever be greater than 90°? Prove: mZRST = smRT
Explain.
34. Write a two-column proof of
dD Theorem 10-9.

Given: AB tangent to ©P at
point B.
>
Prove: mZABD = 5mBCD

LESSON 10-4 Inscribed Angles 449

 (=) ractice oe %
© PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING a © Oe |

APPLY © oat aie: ee

35. Construct Arguments Deondra needs to 38. Write an expression that represents mZDGF.
know the angle measure for each notch in
the 16-notch socket wrench she is designing. G
The notches will be the same size. What is the FE
angle measure? xe

39. SAT/ACT Segment AB is tangent to OM at

Point A. What is mZzDAC?

C D

130°

36. Use Structure Cheyenne wants to make

a replica of an antique sundial using the B
fragment of the sundial she acquired. Is there A
enough information for her to determine the
diameter of the sundial? Explain. ®25

65
©50
© 90

© 100

40. Performance Task Triangle DEF is inscribed in

OG, and AB, BC, and AC are tangent to 0G.

37. Use Appropriate Tools Malcom sets up

chairs for a home theater showing on his
television. His optimal viewing angle is 50°.
Besides at chair A, where else could he sit with
the same viewing angle? Draw a diagram
and explain.

Part A Are there any isosceles triangles in the

diagram? If so, explain why the triangles are
isosceles. If not, explain why not.

Part B Are AABC and ADFF similar? Explain.

450 TOPIC 10 Circles (=) GoOnline |[Link]

 (=) © Activity © Assess

i| 0,ea 5 () EXPLORE & REASON

Secant Lines and Skyler made the design shown. Points A, B, C, and B
D are spaced evenly around the circle.
Segments
A. Using points A, B, C, and D as vertices, what
congruent angles can you find? How can you A C
(=) [Link] justify that they are congruent?
B. Make Sense and Persevere What strategy did
you use to make sure you found all congruent
| CAN... use angle measures
and segment lengths formed angles?
by intersecting lines and
circles to solve problems.
How are the measures of angles, arcs, and
VOCABULARY OD FCC ETTULUH TOR ED segments formed by intersecting secant
° secant - lines related?

CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING Ce >OVI2h:e Relate Secants and Angle Measures
noc sterner ian

A secant is a line,ray, or segment that intersects acircle at two points.

Secants AC and BD intersect to form 21. How can you use arc measures
to find mz1?

Draw AB to form AAEB. Since ZABD is an

inscribed angle,
mZABD = 5mAD.
Since ZBAC is an inscribed
angle, mZBAC = 5mBC.

MAKE SENSE AND PERSEVERE

Apply the Triangle Exterior Angle Theorem.
Consider other relationships in
the diagram. What is an alternate mZ1 =mZABD + mzBAC
plan you could use to solve the Btn
problem? = See B pe
So the measure of the angle is half the sum of the measures of the two
intercepted arcs.

© Try It! 1. 1f mAD = 155 and mBC= 61, what is mz1?

THEOREM 10-10

The measure of an angle formed ag

by two secant lines that intersect
inside a circle is half the sum of the
measures of the intercepted arcs.

ipa
Then... M21 = 5X + y)
PROOF: SEE EXERCISE 18.

LESSON 10-5 Secant Lines and Segments 451

 n=): © Activity © Assess

THEOREM 10-11

The measure of an angle formed by two lines that intersect outside a circle is
half the difference of the measures of the intercepted arcs.

Case 1 Case 2 Case 3

If... scat If... i

| <i b° a x

Then... Then... Then...

mZ1= 3(b ats) m2Z2 = 3(d = m23 = Af —e)
PROOF: SEE EXAMPLE 2, TRY IT 2, AND EXERCISE 19.

eG Satiaasae® Prove Theorem 10-11, Case 1

Write a proof for Theorem 10-11, Case 1.
=> —
Given: Secants PS and PT

Prove: mzP= 5(mST — mQR)

Proof:

Statement Reason
= — :
1) PS and PT are secants. 1) Given

STUDY TIP 2) Draw QT. 2) Two points determine a segment.

Remember to look for helpful te
relationships that you can 3) MZQTP = >MQR 3) Inscribed Angles Theorem
draw on the given figure when_ pied seers :
completing a proof. Drawing QT 4) mMZSQT = 5msT 4) Inscribed Angles Theorem
forms inscribed angles, which are 5) mZSQT=mzP+mMzZQTP | 5) Triangle Exterior Angle Theorem
needed for this proof.
6) MZP=MZSQT-—mMZQTP | 6) Subtraction Property of Equality

Tn ZP 5msT - 5mQrR 7) Substitution

8) mzP= 3(mST — mQR) 8) Distributive Property

) Try It! 2. Prove Theorem 10-11, Case 2.

X

452 TOPIC 10 Circles (=) Go Online | [Link]

 & © Activity © Assess

bb) >. ONtah-eD Use Secants and Tangents to Solve Problems

A. What is mZABD? D
Step 1 Find mAC. By
mAC = 360 — mAD — mCD Gs 151°

= 360 — 151 — 139 B

=70 2
Step 2 Find mZABD.
1 — — Since the angle is formed outside
mZABD = 5(mAD — mAC) the circle by a secant and a tangent,
= (451 — 70) apply Theorem 10-11, Case 2.
2
= 40.5

B. What is mLM?

COMMON ERROR
Remember to add the arc
measures when the vertex is Step 1 Find x. Since the angle is formed
inside the circle and to subtract mzLJIM = 1(mLM — mKN) outside the circle by two
them when it is outside the circle. 2 _ secants, apply Theorem
34 = 5((6x + 6) - (3x — 5) 10-11, Case 1.
34 = 3(3x + 11)
68 = 3x + 11
eh =o%

Step 2 Find mLM.

mLM = 6x + 6
= 6(19) + 6 Substitute the value
of x found in Step 1.
= 120

© Try It! 3.a. What is mWX? b. What is mzPSQ?

ane’ P
7 Ave 152

X 5 R 0

126°
W

LESSON 10-5 Secant Lines and Segments 453

 [=]. © Activity © Assess

ee 1>.¢:4\028: 9 Develop Chord Length Relationships

What is the value of x?

ZA and ZB are ZC and ZD are

inscribed angles inscribed angles
that intercept that intercept
the same arc. the same arc.

By the Angle-Angle Similarity Theorem, AAED ~ ABEC.

COMMON ERROR ED _ EA
Be careful to correctly identify EC EB The ratios of corresponding sides
corresponding sides in similar Kee © of similar triangles are equal.
triangles. The sides opposite oi
congruent angles are the AiciX 3052/5
corresponding sides. YTS

The value of x is 7.5.

© Try It! 4. What is the value of y?

THEOREM 10-12

For a given point and circle, the product of the lengths of the two
segments from the point to the circle is constant along any line through
the point and circle.
Case 1 Case 2 Case 3

fee If... BSS If...

p=

Vy <n
Then... Then... Then...
ab = cd (n+ m)n =(q+p)q x*=(z4+y)z
PROOF: SEE EXERCISES 11, 23, and 24.

ircies [=] Go Online |[Link]

—
=e
 (=) © Activity © Assess
SR

APPLICATION Co >. ¢:Vt2R-a Use Segment Relationships to Find Lengths

Archaeologists found part of the circular wall that surrounds an ancient
city. They measure the distances shown. The 272-m segment lies on a line
through the center of the circular wall. What was the diameter of the
circular wall?

— The line through AB

— continues to thecenter _
of the circle, so BE is
a diameter.
\
MAKE SENSE AND PERSEVERE ~
Are there other measurements
that archaeologists could have Write an equation to relate the segment lengths.
taken to help find the diameter
(AB + BE)AB=(AC+ CD)AC
using another method?
_ Apply Theorem 10-12 and substitute
(272 + BE)(272) = (310 + 805)(310) -
known segment lengths.
73,984 + 272 « BE = 345,650
272 « BE = 271,666
BE ~ 998.8
The diameter of the circular wall was about 998.8 meters.

© Try It! 5.a. What is the value of a? b. What is EC?

B
————
OO
-«
P

a G
A

D
S

LESSON 10-5 Secant Lines and Segments 455

 Concept
A=) Summary @ ae
© CONCEPT SUMMARY Angle and Segment Relationships in a Circle

Vertex Inside the Circle Vertex Outside the Circle

ae
mZ1 = 3(a + b) m22 = 5 - x)

WX = yz (a+ b)a = (c+

d)c
(t+ u)t= v2

© Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

A 7 ESSENTIAL QUESTION ialeoy\i-lcomda\- For Exercises 5 and 6, find each angle measure.
measures of angles, arcs, and segments Rays QP and QR are tangent to the circle in
formed by intersecting secant lines related? Exercise 6.
5. mZBEC 6. MZPQR
2. Error Analysis Derek is G
asked to find the value
: 86° . pe125
of x. What is his
Q
error? y H
A 5
60° R
GK*FK = HK: JK
D
12°9=8°x
x= 135 ox For Exercises 7 and 8, find each length. Ray HJ is
tangent to the circle in Exercise 7.
7. GF 8. LM

3. Vocabulary How are secants and tangents

to a circle alike and different?

4. Construct Arguments The rays shown are

tangent to the circle. Show that
mZ1 = (x — 180).
For Exercises 9 and 10,
AE is tangent to OP.
Find each length.
ao

10. EF

FOPIC 10 Circles (=) Go Online |[Link]

 Scan for | 6 (=) © Practice © Tutorial
e) PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Multimedia | @
Additional Exercises Available Online

UNDERSTAND a AGU

11. Construct Arguments Given ©X, write a For Exercises 16 and 17, find each measure.
two-column proof of Theorem 10-12, SEE EXERCISE 1
Case 2. 16. mz1

ey
1067

x°
E

12. Error Analysis Cindy is asked to find mzZVXZ. 18. Given @A and secants PR and R
What is her error? QS, write a paragraph proof of 2 Cc]
Theorem 10-10. SEE EXAMPLE1
x Y Z
s
24°" W
P

19. Given ©Q and tangents B

AB and AC, write a i
two-column proof of
Theorem 10-11, Case 3. a
mZVXZ = >(mwy + mvVZ) SEE EXAMPLE 2 G
= $(24 +96)
= 60 x 20. Given OC, inscribed 138°
angle ZRWV, and
Abeta T

A
i

«|
i. R ee)
me
e secants TR and TV, what
is the measure of ZRTV?
SEE EXAMPLE 3 8
[Link] Connections Given OP, secant
CA, and tangent CD, what is the area of ©P? For Exercises 21 and 22, find each ee

P
SEE EXERCISE 4
> 21. a
dD

Qo
i)
oDa
hb

23. Given ©T and secants JK and

14. Higher Order Thinking Given OT, and tangents LM intersecting at point N,
AD and CD, what is the measure of ZADC? write a paragraph proof of
Theorem 10-12, Case 1.
SEE EXAMPLE 4

24. Given OC, secant Os P

and tangent PQ, write =
/
a two-column proof of
G
Theorem 10-12, Case 3. eeae
SEE EXAMPLE 5 i
15. Communicate Precisely How would you
describe each case of Theorem 10-11?
LESSON 10-5 Secant Lines and Segments 457
@ PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING
(=) © Practice © Tutorial
SS

Mixed Review Available Online

© ASSESSMENT PRACTICE
25. Use Structure Chris stands in the position 28. For what measure of UW does mZTVX = 34?
shown to take a picture of a sculpture with a ATTY, V
mUW=
circular base.

112° xX

29. SAT/ACT Given ©P and secants FH and FK,

what is FG?

a. Chris is deciding on which lens to use. What

is the minimum view angle from where he
stands so he can get as much of the base as
possible in his picture?

b. If Chris uses a lens with a view angle of 40°,

what is the shortest distance he could stand
from the sculpture?
@3 ®4 ©9 © 27 © 36
26. Reason Asatellite orbits above the equator
of Mars as shown and transmits images back 30. Performance Task Alberto, Benson, Charles,
to a scientist in the control room. What percent and Deon sit at a round lunch table with
of the equator is the scientist able to see? diameter 54 inches. The salt shaker is 27 inches
Explain. from Charles, 18 inches from Benson, 20 inches
from Deon, and 30 inches from Alberto.

? Z

salt shaker

Part A In what order around the table are they

seated? Explain.
27. Use Structure Carolina wants to etch the design
shown onto a circular piece of glass. At what Part B Alberto, Benson, Charles, and Deon
measure should she cut 21? Explain. change the positions of their seats and sit
evenly spaced around the table. If the location
of the salt shaker does not change, what is the
closest that one of them could be from the salt
shaker? What is the farthest?

458 (=) Go Online |[Link]

 Topic Review
J TOPIC ESSENTIAL QUESTION

1. When a line or lines intersect a circle how are the figures formed related
to the radius, circumference, and area of the circle?

Vocabulary Review
Choose the correct term to complete each sentence.
e central angle
2s A(n) is a region of a circle with two radii and an arc of
the circle as bord ers. e chord

A(n) is an angle with its vertex on the circle. ¢ inscribed angle

4. A(n) and the corresponding circle have exactly one e intercepted arc
point in common. e secant
. When both rays of an angle intersect a circle, the e sector of a circle
is the portion of the circle between the rays. e segment of a circle
e tangent to a circle

=
Concepts & Skills Review =
ed
nal
fa
LESSON 10-1 Arcs and Sectors oO
a
aan
Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving \e)
B
Arc length and the area of a sector of a circle are Find each arc length in terms of z.
proportional to the corresponding central angle.
6. JK TA ABG
The length of an arc is =—
360
of the circumference,
where rn is the measure of the canal angle in
degrees, and the area of a sector is =— of the
area of the circle.

. on
Example 112°

Circle J has a radius of 6 cm. What is the area of

a sector with a central angle of 80°? Find the area of each sector in terms of z.

Write the formula for the area of a sector: 8. sector NRM 9. sector DSE

A= 2
360° 7" N

>a - x(6)* 63° ae D E

~ 25.1
M Reatentay

The area of the sector is about 25.1 cm2.

10. Reason If you know the circumference of a
circle and the area of a sector of the circle,
how could you determine the central angle
of the sector? Explain.

TOPIC 10 Topic Review 459

_LESSON 10-2 Lines Tangent to a Circle

Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving

A tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the For Exercises 11-12, QR and AB are tangent to
radius of the circle at the point of tangency. the circle. Find each value.
You can use properties of right triangles to solve 11. QR 12. mzCAB
problems involving tangents.

Example
Lines m and rn are tangent
to OT. What is mZATB?
Since lines m and n
are tangent lines, 13. Construct Arguments If GH is a diameter
MZSAT= MmZSBIn=90: of OT, is it possible to draw tangents to
Points A, T, B, and S G and H from the same point external
form a quadrilateral, so to OT? Explain.

/),
use the angle sum of a 14. Segment MN is tangent
quadrilateral to solve the problem. to © L. What is the
mZSAT+ mMZASB + mMZSBT + MZATB = 360 radius of the circle? 5cm
Explain. 8cm

vee
90 + 61 + 90 + MZATB = 360
mZATB= 119
So, MZATB = 119.

LESSON 10-3 Chords

Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving

Chords in a circle have the following properties: For Exercises 15-17, B C
¢ Two chords in the same circle with the same the radius of OT is 7. 44°
length have congruent central angles, have Find each value. Round H
congruent arcs, and are equidistant from the to the nearest tenth.
center of the circle. 15. FH 2 D
e Chords are bisected by the diameter of the
circle that is perpendicular to the chord.
16. CD
173 mzBTA
Example 18. Look for Relationships Circles T and S
What is the radius of ©7? B intersect at points A and B. What is the
relationship between AB and
Since CT L AB, CT bisects AB. TS? Explain.
So, CB = 7. Use the Pythagorean ey.
Theorem to find the radius. 19. A contractor cuts off part of _
a circular countertop so that
(CT)? + (CB)? = (BT)2 it fits against a wall. What
3¢ + 72 = (BT)? should be the length x of
BT ~ 7.6 the cut? Round to the
nearest tenth.
The radius of ©T is about 7.6. |<—— 120 cm ——>

TOPIC 10 Cir cles (=) Go Online |[Link]

a
LESSON 10-4 Inscribed Angles

Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving

The measure of an inscribed angle is half the Find each value.
measure of its intercepted arc. As a result: Ai aya 21. mzMNP
¢ Opposite angles of an inscribed quadrilateral E N
are supplementary. (5x + 14)°
e The measure of an angle formed by a F ne a
tangent and chord is half the measure of the (9x — 6)° P
intercepted arc. D G
M
Example
What are the angle B 22. mZzWZY 23. MZQPR
measures of AABC? M16, 84°
Use inscribed angles:
mzBAC = 3(84) = 42 A g
mZzBCA = 3(116) = 58
mZABC= 180 — 42 — 58 = 80
24. Generalize If a rectangle is inscribed in a
circle, what must be true about the diagonals
of the rectangle? Explain. 4
=
iy
m4
LESSON 10-5 Secant Lines and Segments
=
a
oy
\e)
Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving Be
Secant lines form angles with special For Exercises 25 and 26, find each value in the
relationships: figure shown. N

YRS
¢ The measure of an angle formed by secants 25. QR 81°
intersecting inside a circle is half the sum of the M
measures of the intercepted arcs. 26. mZNRP e
e The measure of an angle formed by secants i
intersecting outside a circle is half the difference Q
of the measures of the intercepted arcs.
For Exercises 27 and 28, find each value in the
figure shown. The segment WZ is tangent to
Example the circle. y
What is the value of x? C 27. wz
Use secant segment relationships. 28. mkZ f 187°
(AE)(AE + ED) = (AB)(AB + BC) 7 D X
6(6 + 12) = 4(4 + x) Wt of
108 = 16 + 4x A 6 a Zz;
92 = 4x 29. Construct Arguments A student said that
23 =x if ZA is formed by two secants intersecting
Teevalieorvis ls. outside of a circle, then mZA < 90. Do you
agree? Explain.

TOPIC 10 Topic Review 461

 Two- and Three-
Dimensional Models
°? TOPIC ESSENTIAL QUESTION

How is Cavalieri’s Principle helpful in understanding the

volume formulas for solids?

Topic Overview Topic Vocabulary

enVision™ STEM Project: ¢ Cavalieri’s Principle
Design a Rigid Package ¢ hemisphere
11-1 Three-Dimensional Figures and e oblique cylinder
Cross Sections © oblique prism
11-2 Volumes of Prisms and Cylinders
Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts:
Box ‘Em Up
11-3 Pyramids and Cones
11-4 Spheres

Digital Experience
LESSON ESSENTIAL QUESTION

PUSS
LoNiele Nsw Ng |
INTERACTIVE STUDENT EDITION
Access online or offline.

ACTIVITIES Complete Explore & Reason,

Model & Discuss, and Critique & Explain
activities. Interact with Examples and Try Its.

ANIMATION View and interact with

real-world applications.

L=_ <0 online| [Link]

emia
90
GO@e PRACTICE Practice what
you've learned.

462 TOP.C1° ‘wo- and Three-Dimensional Models

 © Box ’Em Up
With so many people and businesses shopping online, retailers, and
especially e-retailers, ship more and more packages every day. Some of
the products people order have unusual sizes and shapes and need custom
packaging. Imagine how you might package a surfboard, or a snow
blower, or even live crawfish to ship to someone’s house!

Think about this during the Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts lesson. TOP
11

» Watch clips to support GLOSSARY Read and listen to ‘

Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts Lessons English and Spanish definitions. é
and enVision™ STEM Projects.
TUTORIALS Get help from
Review Virtual Nerd, right when you need it.
key lesson content through
multiple representations. MATH TOOLS Explore math
with digital tools and manipulatives
ASSESSMENT Show what
you've learned.

TOPIC 11 Two- and Three-Dimensional Models

 =] O)we
‘TOPIC 11 PROJECT ‘envision SES,

Cardboard boxes look simple,

but the machines that make
them are not. This ca
is capable of making

Manufacturers consider many factors when

designing a package.

Marketing appeal

Cost of materials

iM Simplicity
Packages come in many shapes. The familiar milk lime, Safety
carton shape is called a ton because of its —
resemblance to a house gable. packaging is IM Recyclability
often used for sugar, tea and grains that don’t have
rigid shapes.

will design a rigid package for a product of your choice. Your

lesign wil! address factors such as attractiveness, protection for the
oduct, and cost. You will then draw two- and three-dimensional
representations
‘.
of your package and build a prototype.

TOPIC 11 enVision STEM Project ~A

 (=) © Activity © Assess

i| |ree i| (») EXPLORE & REASON

Three-Dimensional Consider a cube of cheese. If you slice
straight down through the midpoints
Figures and of four parallel edges of the cube, the
Cross Sections outline of the newly exposed surface is
a square.

(=) [Link] A. How would ‘ you slice the cube to

iene expose a triangular surface?
B. Communicate Precisely How would
| CAN... identify three- you slice the cube to expose a
dimensional figures and their
relationships with polygons triangular surface with the greatest
to solve problems. possible area?

ESSENTIAL QUESTION How are three-dimensional figures and polygons related?

CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING bb) >.@:4\t8: mm Develop Euler’s Formula
\ ceasecer ReSEIRNERSESSIS

How many faces, vertices, and edges does each prism contain? Do you

& Ol
notice any patterns in these quantities?

Make a table of the number of vertices, edges, and faces for each prism.
Look for patterns and relationships.

re of | Faces | Vertices | Edges

Prism (F) (V) (E)
triangular 5 6 9
rectangular 6 8 12 For each additional face on
the prism, the prism gains
pentagonal f ” je 2 vertices and 3 edges.
hexagonal 8 12 18

MODEL WITH MATHEMATICS Look at the sums of the faces and vertices. Compare it to the number of edges.
Look at the relationships between
the number of vertices, faces,
5+ 6= 9+2
(Onan, mhalchintotihetacceand
and edges. How might: you 6 ie rel Feel ys 2 more
oe
represent these relationships in fot 10 -= ogee sarihe nunaberofedues:
an equation? 8+12=18+2

© Try It! 1. How many faces, vertices, and edges do the pyramids have?
Name at least three patterns you notice.

L> £>& |!
LESSON 11-1 Three-Dimensional Figures and Cross Sections 465
 {=) © Activity © Assess

CONCEPT Euler’s Formula

The sum of the number of faces (F) F+V=E+2

and vertices (V) of a polyhedron is A 4D
2 more than the number of its F=6
edges (F).
F+V=E+2

APPLICATION
\onta wea
Q})S¢NUISRD Apply Euler's Formula
To make polyhedron-shaped game pieces using a
3D printer, Juanita enters the number of faces,
edges, and vertices into a program. If she wants a
COMMON ERROR game piece with 20 faces and 30 edges, how many
Remember to add the number vertices does the piece have?
of faces and vertices on one side
of the equation and to add the FtV=E+2
number of edges plus 2 on the 0 = 30tnD Apply Euler’s Formula.
other side of the equation.
V=12 . | ,
The game piece has 12 vertices.

© Try It! 2.a. A polyhedron has 12 faces and 30 edges. How many vertices
does it have?

b. Can a polyhedron have 4 faces, 5 vertices, and 8 edges? Explain.

@ i> ONVtaaaKem Describe a Cross Section

Plane M and plane N intersect the regular octahedron as shown.

What is the shape of each cross section?
STUDY TIP
Plane M slices the octahedron in half
Recall that a cross section is the
intersection of a solid and a plane. through the top and bottom vertices.
The cross section is a rhombus.

Plane N slices horizontally between

the bases of two square pyramids.
The cross section is a square.

© Try It! 3.a. What shape is the cross section shown?

b. What shape is the cross section if the
plane is perpendicular to the base
and passes through the vertex of the
pyramid?

TOPIC 11 two- and Three-Dimensional Models (=) Go Online | [Link]

 fe) be)Activity © Assess

bb) >. VUish ee Draw a Cross Section

A plane intersects a tetrahedron parallel to the base.

How do you draw the cross section?
Step 1 Visualize the plane intersecting
the tetrahedron.

Step 2 Draw lines where the plane cuts

the surface of the polyhedron.

STUDY TIP
It is not possible for a polyhedron
Step 3 Shade the cross section.
with n faces to have a cross
section with more than n sides.

© Try It! 4.a. Draw the cross section of a plane intersecting the tetrahedron
through the top vertex and perpendicular to the base.
b. Draw the cross section of a plane intersecting a hexagonal
prism perpendicular to the base.

eo 9.ONI20:a0@» Rotate a Polygon to Form a Three-Dimensional Figure

If you rotate an isosceles triangle about the altitude, what three-dimensional
figure does the triangle form?
As the triangle rotates, each point on the sides traces out a circle about the
axis of rotation.
A A A
= ey Smee

The line containing the altitude The rotation forms The three-dimensional
is the axis of rotation. a stack of circles. figure is a cone.

© Try It! 5.a. What three-dimensional figure is formed

by rotating equilateral triangle AABC
about BD?
b. What three-dimensional figure is formed
by rotating AABC about BC?

LESSON 11-1 Three-Dimensional Figures and Cross Sections 467

 {=} Sane © Assess

© CONCEPT SUMMARY Polyhedrons, Cross Sections, and Rotating a Polygon

[WORDS ENE
Euler's Formula The faces of a polyhedron are Fiat Vn eee
polygons. The sum of the number of faces F peg ous
and vertices V of a polyhedron is 2 more than ete
the number of its edges E. Be
F+V=E+2

Cross Sections A cross section is the intersection A cross section

of a plane and a solid. The cross section of a perpendicular to the
plane and a convex polyhedron is a polygon. base of the triangular
prism is a rectangle.

Rotation of Polygons Rotating a polygon about

The right triangle is
an axis forms a three-dimensional figure with at
rotated about the line
least one circular cross section.
containing a leg to
form a right cone.

© Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

1. -) eer ely Cee How are three- For Exercises 4-7, copy and complete the table.
dimensional figures and polygons related?
2. Error Analysis Nicholas drew a figure to eee
find a cross section of an icosahedron, a 4. 5 6
polyhedron with 20 faces. What is Nicholas’s 5 fee 18
error?? 6. 12 20

7. tee: 44
See

<a= Se 8. What polygon is

formed by the
=e
A ar
WA \ intersection of plane
N and the octagonal
prism shown?
Because the plane that intersects
the icosahedron is a rectangle, the
9. Describe the three-dimensional figure that
is formed from rotating the isosceles right
cross Section is a rectangle. x
triangle about the hypotenuse.

3. Reason Can a polyhedron have 3 faces,

A vertices, and 5 edges? Explain. os Set

468 TCL '* Two- and Three-Dimensional Models (=) GoOnline |[Link]
© PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Scan for
Multimedia
(=)
eho
© Practice © Tutorial

Additional Exercises Available Online

UNDERSTAND

10. Mathematical Connections If you rotate For Exercises 16-20, find the missing number for
rectangle ABCD about CD, what is the volume each polyhedron. SEE EXAMPLES 1 AND 2
of the resulting three-dimensional figure?
16.A polyhedron has 24 edges and 12 vertices.
A How many faces does it have?
B 12 cm We
17. A polyhedron has 20 faces and 12 vertices. How
many edges does it have?
5 cm

A :D 18. A polyhedron has 8 faces and 15 edges. How

many vertices does it have?
Y
io: A polyhedron has 16 edges and 10 vertices.
11. Error Analysis Philip was asked to find the How many faces does it have?
number of vertices of a polyhedron with
32 faces and 60 edges. What is his error? 20. Draw the cross section
formed by the intersection

hy
of plane A and the
F+E=V+2 polyhedron shown. What
32+ 60=V+2 type of polygon is the cross
90 =V x section? SEE EXAMPLE 3

For Exercises 20 and 21, use the square pyramid

2
12. Make Sense and Persevere shown. SEE EXAMPLE 4
A tetrahedron is a polyhedron 21. Visualize a plane intersecting the
with four triangular faces. square pyramid parallel to the
Can a plane intersect the base. Describe the cross section.
tetrahedron shown to form a
cross section with four sides? 22 . Visualize a plane intersecting
Explain. the square pyramid through the vertex and
perpendicular to opposite edges of the base.
13. Use Appropriate Tools Can Describe the cross section.
the intersection of a plane
and a triangular prism 23: Describe the three-dimensional figure
produce a rectangular cross that is formed from by rotating the
section? Draw a diagram to rectangle about the side.
explain. SEE EXAMPLE 5

14. Higher Order Thinking Is it

possible to rotate a polygon to
form a cube? Explain. 24. Describe the three-dimensional
figure that is formed by rotating
the pentagon about the line
15. Make Sense and Persevere Use the polyhedron shown. SEE EXAMPLE 5
shown.

a. Does the figure have a cross

section with five sides? Copy the 2). Describe the three-dimensional ie
figure and draw the cross section figure that is formed by rotating
or explain why not. the circle about a diameter.
b. What is the maximum number of sides that a
cross section of this figure can have?

LESSON 11-1 Three-Dimensional Figures and Cross Sections 469

( PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING
a] © Practice © Tutorial
==.

Mixed Review Available Online

© ASSESSMENT PRACTICE

moien ETB
26. Model With Mathematics Parker cuts 29. Complete the table for each polyhedron.
12 pentagons and 20 hexagons out of fabric
elas | Vertices | Edges
to make the pillow shown. The pillow has
60 vertices. If it takes 20 inches of thread per
seam to connect the edges of the polygons, regular 12 30
dodecahedron
how many inches
of thread does heptagonal
Parker need to pyramid
make the pillow? octahedron 8 12
rhombohedron , 8 12

30. SAT/ACT Which best describes the cross section

of plane X and the polyhedron shown?
27. Reason A gem cutter cuts a polyhedral crystal
from a garnet gemstone. The crystal has
10 fewer vertices than edges and twice as
many edges as faces. How many faces, vertices,
and edges does the crystal have?

@ hexagon
pentagon
© rectangle
© trapezoid
© triangle

31. Performance Task Draw a polyhedron with

the fewest possible faces, vertices, and edges.
Choose the faces from the polygons shown.
You may use a polygon more than once.

Saas clesagrbi
28. Communicate Precisely Rebecca wants to
install a safety mat under the path of a
revolving door. What shape should she make
the mat? Explain.
Part A Explain why the polygon or polygons
you chose minimize the number of vertices
and edges.

Part B How do you know that there is

no polyhedron with fewer faces, vertices,
or edges than the one you drew?

470 TOPIC 11 Two- and Three-Dimensional Models (=) Go Online |[Link]

= Ss
 11-2
© Activity © Assess

OR sae acess
Volumes of Prisms The Environmental Club has a
and Cylinders piece of wire mesh that they want
to form into an open-bottom and
open-top compost bin.

(=) [Link] A. Using one side as the height,

Ta describe how you can form a
compost bin in the shape of a
| CAN... use the properties rectangular prism using all of
of prisms and cylinders to the mesh with no overlap.
calculate their volumes.
B. Construct Arguments Which height would result in the largest
VOCABULARY volume? Explain.
e Cavalieri’s Principle
C. Suppose you formed a cylinder using the same height as a rectangular
¢ oblique cylinder
prism. How would the volumes compare?
e oblique prism

Paper aeliitee
ten be noernas volume of a prism or cylinder relate to a cross section parallel

MNES CARDIAC bb) >. ¢NIA ee Develop Cavalieri’s Principle

“ton ese
How are the volumes of the two different stacks of index cards related?

The first stack forms a right prism. The second stack forms an oblique prism.
An oblique prism is a prism such that some or all of the lateral faces are
nonrectangular.

VOCABULARY The heights of

Remember that in a right prism, the stacks are
the sides are perpendicular to the the same.
bases. In an oblique prism, one or
more sides are not perpendicular
to the bases. Each index card has the same area and represents
the rectangular cross section of the prisms.

The volumes of the two stacks are the same because the sums of the areas of
the cards are the same.

© Try It! 1. Do you think that right and oblique cylinders that have the same
height and cross-sectional area also have equal volume? Explain.

CONCEPT Cavalieri’s Principle

Cavalieri's Principle states that

if two three-dimensional figures
have the same height and the same
cross-sectional area at every level,
then they have the same volume. Then... the volumes are equal.

LESSON 11-2 Volumes of Prisms and Cylinders 471

 =) © Activity © Assess

CONCEPT Volumes of Prisms and Cylinders

The volume of a prism is the The volume of a cylinder is the

product of the area of the base product of the area of the base
and the height of the prism. and the height of the cylinder.
V=Bh V=Bh
V=areh

eo >.@Nt2R2~e» Find the Volumes of Prisms and Cylinders

A. Lonzell needs to store 20 ft? of
firewood. Could he use the storage
rack shown?
The rack is a triangular prism.
V=Bh

= |5(4)(6)|(2) = 24
The volume of the storage rack is
24 ft3, so Lonzell can store his
firewood in the rack.

B. Keisha is deciding between the two canisters shown. Which canister

holds more? What is the volume of the larger canister?
20 cm 20 cm P
This canister is an
_ oblique cylinder. An
_ oblique cylinder is
a cylinder such that
— the segment joining -

thecentersofthe
bases is not
perpendicular
to the | —
_ planes of the bases. |

COMMON ERROR
The height of an oblique
cylinder or prism is the length The canisters have the same cross-sectional area at every height. So, by
perpendicular to the bases, Cavalieri’s Principle, the canisters have the same volume.
not the length of the sides of
the figure. Use the volume formula to find the volume of the canister on the left.
V=areh ~ The diameter is 20 cm,
= 7(10)2(25) ~ 7,854 so the radius is 10 cm.

The volume of both canisters is about 7,854 cm?3.

©) Try It! 2.a. How would the volume of the storage shed change if the
length of the triangular base is reduced by half?
b. How would the volume of the canisters change if the
diameter is doubled?

472 TOPIC 11 Two- and Three-Dimensional Models (=) Go Online |[Link] '
 Le) © Activity i) Assess

APPLICATION Co > ONVI2H-K ED Apply the Volumes of Prisms to Solve Problems

“cpa en

Marta is repurposing a sandbox as a garden and is buying the soil from her
school’s fundraiser. Estimate the number of bags she should buy.

Step 1 Determine the volume of soil needed.

Compute the volume of the sandbox in cubic inches.
V=Bh

= (48;+:48)(10) Use
4ft=48 in.
= 23,040
Marta needs 23,040 in.? of soil.
Step 2 Estimate the volume of soil in each bag by modeling the bag of soil
as a rectangular prism.

The height of the bag is }—-__. 18 in. —_---+|

tapered on the ends, but
thicker in the middle, so
we still use 5 inches to
estimate the height.

V=Bh
= (10 « 18)(5) = 900
| MODEL WITH MATHEMATICS The volume of one bag of soil is about 900 in.?.
Think about other ways to model
_ the bag. Is a rectangular prism Step 3 Estimate the number of bags needed.
_ with the values used a reasonable 23,040 + 900 = 26
model?
Marta should buy 26 bags of soil to fill the sandbox.

© Try It! 3. Kathryn is using cans of juice to fill a cylindrical pitcher that is
11 in. tall and has a radius of 4 in. Each can of juice is6 in. tall
with a radius of 2 in. How many cans of juice will Kathryn need?

LESSON 11-2 Volumes of Prisms and Cylinders 473

 (=) © Activity © Assess

ee > i8378 Apply Volume of Cylinders to Solve Problems

Benito has 15 neon tetras

in his aquarium. Each
neon tetra requires at
least 2 gallons of water.
What is the maximum
number of neon tetras
that Benito should have
in his aquarium?
(Hint: 1 gal = 231 in.3)

Step 1 Compute the volume of water in cubic inches.

V=ar2h rn
The radius is half
= n(8)2(32) the diameter.
~ 6,434 |
The volume of the water in the aquarium is about 6,434 in.?.

Step 2 Find the volume of water in gallons.

Gaui aan ~ 27.85 gal

23
STUDY TIP The volume of the water in the aquarium is about 27.85 gal.
You can also think about this step
as finding the maximum number Step 3 Compute the number of neon tetras that Benito’s tank should hold.
of fish for the tank using a density
of 0.5 tetra per gallon. Use a proportion to find the maximum number x of neon tetras that
should be in 27.85 gal of water.
xfish_ _ 1 fish
27.85 gal 2 gal
a Xeauer
27.85 2

2X = 27.85

= 51925

Benito should have no more than 13 neon tetras in his aquarium.

(7) Try It! 4. Benito is considering rf

the aquarium
shown. What is the
maximum number 16 in.
of neon tetras
that this aquarium
can hold?

12 in.

474 TOPi< 11 iwo- and Three-Dimensional Models [=]Go Online | [Link] .

 (=) © Activity © Assess

APPLICATION bb) > @:VViaeem Determine Whether Volume or Surface Area Best
Describes Size

A forester surveys giant sequoias by gathering data about the heights and
circumference of the trees.

270ft 258 ft
Circumference
(measured at 4.5 ft) 101ft | 109 ft

A. Should the forester use surface area or volume to describe the sizes of
the sequoias? Explain.
The amount of wood in a tree is represented by its volume, so she should
MODEL WITH MATHEMATICS ‘ ; Z ;
Think about other shapes you use volume to determine the size of a giant sequoia.

could beenorepfesentthe wees B. What are the sizes of the sequoias shown? Rank them in order by size
What is another mathematical
from largest to smallest.
model you could use for this
problem? Although the sequoias have branches and the trunk tapers gradually
toward the top of the tree, each tree can be modeled as a cylinder. Find
the volume of each cylinder to estimate the volume of each tree.

a. Radius (ft). | Volume of Trunk (ft?)

Tree A
eames)

270 ft 2a ; = 7(16.1)2(270)
=~ 219,870

Tree B
ee)

258 ft 2a = 7(17.3)2(258)
=~ 242,584

Tree C

248 ft 27 = 7(16.9)*(248)
== 222,523

In order from largest to smallest, the three trees are: Tree B,

Tree C, Tree A.

© Try It! 5. Describe a situation when surface area might be a better

measure of size than volume.
LESSON 11-2 Volumes of Prisms and Cylinders 475
 Concept
& Summary © —
@ CONCEPT SUMMARY Volumes of Prisms and Cylinders

| woRDS Cavalieri’s Principle Figures with the same height and same cross-sectional
area at every level have the same volume.
As. a result, right and oblique prisms and cylinders with the same base area
and height have the same volume.

|_DIAGRAMS
a
14 in. 14 in.

: 5in
6in

V=Bh V=Bh
V=30- 14 V=ar2h

V = 420 cubic inches = 7052011

= 863.9 cubic meters

© Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

1. -? aaatteeeliiestem> How does the For Exercises 6-11, find the volume of each
volume of a prism or cylinder relate to a figure. Round to the nearest tenth.
cross section parallel to its base? 6. 15 in. ain 7.

2. Error Analysis Sawyer says that Cavalieri’s

Principle proves that the two prisms
shown have the same volume. Explain
Sawyer’s error.

11.
10 6

3. Vocabulary How are an oblique prism and

8 in.
an oblique cylinder alike and different?
1Tm-7b
4. Reason The circumference of the base of a 3m
cylinder is x, and the height of the cylinder
12. Which figures have the same volume? Explain.
is x. What expression gives the volume of
the cylinder? A

5. Construct Arguments Denzel kicks a

large dent into a trash can and says that
4ft
the volume does not change because of
Cavalieri’s Principle. Do you agree with
Denzel? Explain 2ft

477i UPIC 11 Two- and Three-Dimensional Models (=) Go Online |[Link]

=
© PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Scan for
Multimedia
(=) © Practice © Tutorial

Additional Exercises Available Online

UNDERSTAND

13. Error Analysis Dylan compares the volumes of 17. Katrina buys the two vases shown. How do
two bottles. What is Dylan's error? the volumes of the vases compare? Explain.
SEE EXAMPLE 1

18. Talisa plans a 6-foot deep pond. While digging,

she hits rock 5 feet down. How can Talisa
Kant 4in. 4 modify the radius to maintain the original
volume of the pond? SEE EXAMPLE 2
The volume of the rectangular
3 ft
prism is equal to the volume ofthe
cylinder because they have
the same dimensions. x

1-3
Original Plan Modified Pond
14. Higher Order Thinking Does Cavalieri’s
Principle apply to the volumes of the cones 19. The instructions for plant food say to use
shown? Explain. 0.25 gram per cubic inch of soil. How many
grams of plant food should Jordan use if the
planter box shown is full of soil? SEE EXAMPLE 3

| | | |
—
d d 12 in.
35 in.
15. Mathematical Connections Does rotating the
20. If a stack of 40 nickels fits snugly in the coin
rectangle about line m result in a cylinder with
wrapper shown, how thick is 1 nickel? Round to
the same volume as rotating the rectangle
the nearest hundredth. SEE EXAMPLE 4
about line n? Explain.
Am An O Gee")
nickel wrapper
d=21.21mm V= 27,560 mm?
y y. 21. Sections of two flood-control ditches are
shown. Which one holds the greater volume of
16. Use Appropriate Tools Do the prisms shown
water per foot? Explain. SEE EXAMPLE 5
have equivalent volumes? Explain.

€/ oy
40 in.

LESSON 11-2 Volumes of Prisms and Cylinders 47

( PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING
(=) © Practice © Tutorial
==.

Mixed Review Available Online

© MRascaiaay vale:
er Use Appropriate Tools How many 3-inch-thick 25. Cylinders A, B, and C have the same volume.
bags of mulch should Noemi buy to cover Cylinder A has diameter 12 cm and height 8 cm.
100 square feet at a depth of 4 inches?
a. If the diameter of cylinder B is 16 cm, what is
the height?
b. If the height of cylinder C is 32 cm, what is
the diameter?

26. SAT/ACT If the volume of the prism shown is

70 cubic yards, what is its length?

23. Reason Ines’s younger brother will be home in

a half hour. If her garden hose flows at a rate
24 gal/min, does she have enough time to fill
the pool before he gets home? Explain.
(Hint: 1 ft? = 7.48 gal) @4yd ®8 yd ©16yd WO28yd
27. Performance Task A candle company receives
an order for an overnight delivery of 8 short
candles and 6 tall candles. The overnight service
has a weight limit of 23 kg.

24. Model With Mathematics The ABC Cookie

Company wants to promise an average of
“12 chocolate chips per cookie.” Assuming
that the cookies fill about 80% of the box by
Part A The density of the wax used to make
volume, will 600 chocolate chips for each box
of cookies be sufficient to make the claim?
each candle is 0.0009 kg/cm?. What is the ia
ii
i

Explain. weight of the order? Can the order be filled

and shipped for delivery?
s Part B If no tall candles are included in the
Cookie 9:25 in, order, what is the greatest number of short
d = 3in. candles that can be delivered?
n= 05iint
Part C What combination of tall and short ,
erie ee candles can be delivered if the total number of —
Box candles delivered is 10?

478 TOPIC 11 Two- and Three-Dimensional Models [=] Go Online |[Link]

==
MATHEMATICAL
MODELING
IN 3 ACTS

(=) [Link]
wos

© Box ‘Em Up
With so many people and businesses shopping online, retailers, and
especially e-retailers, ship more and more packages every day. Some of
the products people order have unusual sizes and shapes and need custom
packaging. Imagine how you might package a surfboard, or a snow blower,
or even live crawfish to ship to someone's house!
Think about this during the Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts lesson.

ee ‘Xam identify the Problem

1. What is the first question that comes to mind after watching the video?
2. Write down the main question you will answer about what you saw in
the video.
3. Make an initial conjecture that answers this main question.
4. Explain how you arrived at your conjecture.
5. What information will be useful to know to answer the main question?
How can you get it? How will you use that information?

)\euyem Develop a Model

6. Use the math that you have learned in this Topic to refine your conjecture.

‘Xeux@m Interpret the Results

7. Did your refined conjecture match the actual answer exactly? If not,
what might explain the difference?

TOPIC 11 Mathematical Modeling in3 Acts 479

 [=] © Activity © Assess

11-3
Pyramids and Cones
tT Consider the cube and pyramid.

A. How many pyramids could you fit

inside the cube? Explain.
2cm2 cm
B. Write an equation that shows the 2cm 2cm
(=) [Link]
hee relationship between Cand P. Volume = C Volume=
C. Look for Relationships Make a conjecture about the volume of
| CAN... use the volumes of any pyramid. Explain your reasoning.
right and oblique pyramids
and cones to solve problems.

DJ ESSENTIAL QUESTION
& ‘
How are the formulas for volume of a pyramid and volume of a cone alike?

CONCEPTUAL ors ners

UNDERSTANDING ee ON 028m Apply Cavalieri’s Principle to Pyramids and Cones
\canoer REDRESS

How are the volumes of pyramids and cones with the same base area and
height related?

Imagine a set of cardboard discs, each with a slightly smaller radius than the
previous disc. You can stack the discs in different ways.
GENERALIZE
The heights of the stacks are the
Think about the shape formed by
same, and the area at each level
the stacks. What would happen
is the same. The total volume of
if the number of discs increases
while the difference in the radii cardboard in each stack is the same.
and the thickness of each disc
decreases?
The stacks approximate cones. You can apply Cavalieri’s Principle to cones
and pyramids.
If two figures have the same height
and equal area at every cross section, a
they have equal volumes. h = h

© Try It! 1. 1s it possible to use only Cavalieri’s Principle to show that a cone
and a cylinder have equal volumes? Explain.

CONCEPT Volumes of Pyramids and Cones

The volume of a pyramid is one-third The volume of a cone is one-third

the product of the area of the base the product of the area of the base
and the height of the pyramid. and the height of the cone.
y—2 rib3 Bh Vean3 Bh

V Lee
3 h

480 TOPIC 11 Two- and Three-Dimensional Models (©) Go Online| [Link]

 Lo) © Activity © Assess

tb) oO Nigh -we Find the Volumes of Pyramids and Cones

A. Kyle’s truck can haul 1.75 tons

of corn per load. One cubic
meter of corn weighs 0.8 ton.
How many loads will Kyle haul
to move this pile of corn?

V=tarh lies
3 The pile is shaped like a cone, so
= 1(2)(1 5) 6.3 m3 use the volume formula for cones.

Since 6.3 m3 « 0.8 ton/m? = 5.04 tons, Kyle will need to haul
5.04 = 1.75 = 2.88 or 3 loads.
3 in.
B. Jason is using the mold to make 12 candles.
| How many cubic inches of wax does he need?
STUDY TIP
_ The base of a pyramid can be Ven 3Bh Use the volume formula
any polygon, so the formula you 1 an for a pyramid.
use to determine the area of the = 3[5(40)| (6) = 12 in.
_ base B depends on the shape of
the base. Use the area formula for a triangle to find the base.

For 12 candles, Jason needs 12 in.3 + 12, or 144 in.3 of wax.

© Try It! 2.a. What is the volume of a cone with base diameter 14 and
height 16?
b. What is the volume of a pyramid with base area 10 and
height 7?

Co >. t2R-KE Apply the Volumes of Pyramids to Solve Problems

Dyani is 1.8 m tall and wants to be

able to stand inside her new tent. neces
Should she buy this tent? ae es sete
ema vs
Step 1 Draw and label a square g.4mperimeter
gers:
pyramid to represent the tent. $59.00

Since the perimeter of the square floor

is 8.4m,s =2.1 mM.
wn

Step 2 Find the height of the pyramid.

V=els38h
3.4 = (2.1)? h
hz2.3

The height of the pyramid is approximately 2.3 m.

Dyani will be able to stand in the tent, so she should buy this tent.
CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE
LESSON 11-3 Pyramids and Cones 481
 [=] © Activity © Assess

EXAMPLE 3 CONTINUED

© Try It! 3.A rectangular pyramid has a base that is three times as long as
it is wide. The volume of the pyramid is 75 ft? and the height is
3 ft. What is the perimeter of the base?

APPLICATION bb) >.@:N\028-9-9> Apply the Volumes of Cones to Solve Problems

\crane rE

A restaurant sells smoothies in two 10 cm

sizes. Which size is a better deal?

Formulate <= =Compare the prices by determining the

cost per cubic centimeter for each size.

The volume of fruit smoothie in each

glass can be approximated as the
volume of a cone.

Compute @ Step1 Calculate the height of each

cone using the Pythagorean
Theorem.
Large Small
52 4 h2 = 152 2 3.52 +h? = 122 a0
h* 24= 200 15\ Ih noaeVes 12\ |h
hw 14.1 hs 11.5
The height of the large cone is The height of the small cone is
approximately 14.1 cm. approximately 11.5 cm.

Step 2 Calculate the volume of each cone.

Large Small
V= ile
3m 2 h Vie 3 7 ereh
= ¥2(5)(14.1) = 52(3.5)2(11.5)
~ 369.1 ~ 147.5
The volume of the large cone is The volume of the small cone is
approximately 369.1 cm?. approximately 147.5 cm?.
Step 3 Calculate the cost per cubic centimeter for each size.
Large Small
—$5.89__ ~ $0.016 per cm? —$3.49.
369.1 cm 147.5 cm3 ~ $0.024 per cm?
Interpret <= The large size smoothie costs less per cubic centimeter, so the large size
smoothie is a better deal.
CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE

ee
e
|.
i

482 TOPIC ‘1 Two- and Three-Dimensional Models (=) Go Online| [Link] ’

 (=) © Activity © Assess

EXAMPLE 4 CONTINUED

© Try It! 4.A cone has a volume of 1442 and a height of 12.
a. What is the radius of the base?
b. If the radius of the cone is tripled, what is the new volume?
What is the relationship between the volumes of the
two cones?

APPLICATION tb) >.ONi2h-e Measure a Composite Figure

Kaitlyn is making a concrete animal sculpture. 16 in.

Each bag of concrete mix makes 0.6 ft? of
concrete. How many bags of concrete mix does
Kaitlyn need?
Calculate the volume of each part.

Step 1 Calculate the volume of one of the legs.

as 2
V=areh The legs are
= (2)2(16) oblique cylinders.

= 201 in.3
Step 2 Calculate the volume of the body.

V= Bh ~ The body is a
= (22 « 18)(15) rectangular prism.

= 5,940 in.3 |
Step 3 Calculate the volume of the head.
e. a
om a The head is a
- ae 6 « 16)(20) | square pyramid.
= 1,707 in.?
COMMON ERROR Step 4 Calculate the total volume.
When multiple parts of a
composite figure have the same V = 4(201) + 5,940 + 1,707 Add the volumes of the
~8 451 parts of the sculpture.
volume, make sure you account
for each part in your total.
The total volume is 8,451 in.3. Convert to cubic feet to determine the
amount of concrete needed.

8,451 pee 1,728

Loe = 49 ttt 3a=(2 iin)?
n lo = 28 in
in: 3

To make the sculpture, 4.9 ft? of concrete is needed. Kaitlyn needs

4.9 + 0.6 = 8.2 or 9 bags of concrete mix.

© Try It! 5.A cone-shaped hole is drilled in a

prism. The height of the triangular
base is 12 cm. What is the volume of
the remaining figure? Round to the
nearest tenth.

LESSON 11-3 Pyramids and Cones 483

 (=) Concept
Summary © Assess

© CONCEPT SUMMARY Pyramids and Cones

The volume of a pyramid is one- The volume of a cone is one-third the

third the volume of a prism with volume of a cylinder with the same
the same base area and height. base area and height.

DIAGRAMS

or
= 38h or V=oie?
ar h

© Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

1. "7 ESSENTIAL QUESTION Male\iia-la-mual> For Exercises 5-10, find the volume of each
formulas for volume of a pyramid and figure. Round to the nearest tenth. Assume that

TAD ofl
volume of a cone alike? allog in each polygonal base are congruent.

2. Error Analysis Zhang is finding the height

of a square pyramid with a base side 7 cm
length of 9 and a volume of 162. What is
his error?

QB
V=Bh
162 = 9(h) 5m
pesneyk

3. Reason A cone and cylinder have the same 9. 4i n.

radius and volume. If the height of the cone
is h, what is the height of the cylinder?
C_-»>
|
ft de 9in. \
Na?
/

4. Construct Arguments Do you have enough - 3 te=—

Sin,
information to compute the volume of the ie 18ft
cone? Explain. 12 ft

11. A solid metal square pyramid with a base

side length of 6 in. and height of 9 in. is
melted down and recast as a square pyramid
with a height of 4 in. What is the base side
length of the new pyramid?

i
i

484 TOPIC 11 Two- and Three-Dimensional Models (=) Go Online |[Link] :

 Scan for (=) © Practice © Tutorial
ED PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Multimedia
Additional Exercises Available Online

ONSAN LP

12. Construct Arguments A stack of 39 pennies is 17. The plane intersects sections of equal area in
exactly as tall as a stack of 31 nickels. Do the two the two solids. Are the volumes equal?
stacks have the same volume? Explain. SEE EXAMPLE 1

(eee)

For Exercises 18-21, find the volume of each solid.

Assume that all angles in each polygonal base are

@ i
13. Error Analysis Jacob is finding the volume of congruent. SEE EXAMPLE 2

bb
the cylinder. What is his error? 18.

V=Bh
V= 32-2
V = 59.2 cubic units

x £
y

14. Communicate Precisely How would you find 22. A cone is inscribed in a right square pyramid.
the volume of a right square pyramid with a What is the remaining volume if the cone is
base side length of 10 cm, and the altitude of a removed? SEE EXAMPLES 3 AND 4
triangular side is 13 cm? Explain.

15. Mathematical Connections In terms of the

radius r, what is the volume of a cone whose
height is equal to its radius?

18

—y

For Exercises 23 and 24, find the volume of each

composite figure. SEE EXAMPLE 5
16. Higher Order Thinking A plane slices a cone 24.
parallel to the base at one-half of the height of
the cone. What is the volume of the part of the
cone lying below the plane?

LESSON 11-3 Pyramids and Cones 485

 eS)
( PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING
© Practice © Tutorial

Mixed Review Available Online

© ASSESSMENT PRACTICE
25: Make Sense and Persevere Chiang makes gift 29; Cavalieri’s Principle states that if two solids
boxes in the shape of a right square pyramid. have the same 2 and the same ?
She fills each box with at every cross section, then the two solids have
chocolate cubes with the same ions.
Lin. sides. She can fill
about 75% of a box. n|=
30. SAT/ACT Which is the volume of the largest
How many pieces cone that will fit entirely within the right
can she fit in square prism?
each box?

———
4 in.
4

26. Reason A pile of snow is plowed into

the shape of a right cone.
How many trucks with
8
a capacity of
10 yd? per truck
will be needed 8
to move
162 ae 642 1282
the pile? _.- s : Ore ee Ok ee Cl. Ora
21ft +————>
31. Performance Task
24s Use Structure The basin beneath a fountain is A designer is
a right cone that is 7 m across and 1 m deep at working on a
the center. After the fountain is cleaned, the design for two
pool is refilled at a rate of 300 L/min. One cubic goblets. Design
meter is 1,000 L. How long does it take to refill A is based on
the pool? a cylinder and
design B is based
on acone. The
client wants both
goblets to be the
same height and
width.
x
Part A The client wants the smaller goblet
to hold at least 10 fl oz. One fluid ounce is
1.8 in.3. Will design B be large enough to meet
the client's requirements? Explain.
28. Model With Mathematics A physicist wants to
know what percentage of gas is empty space. Part B The client wants the larger goblet to
A molecule of methane can be modeled by a hold 20 fl oz. Does design A meet the client’s
regular tetrahedron with side length 0.154 nm requirement? Explain.
(1 nm = 1 x 1079 m). The altitude of each
triangular side is 0.133 nm. Part C How could design B be changed if the
lf 6.022 x 1023 molecules client wants the smaller goblet to hold at least
make up 0.0224 m3 12 fl oz?

c@ a
0.133 nm
of gas, how does the
volume of the molecules
compare to the volume
of the gas? @ 0.154 nm

486 TOPIC 11 Two- and Three-Dimensional Models (=) Go Online |[Link]

Sa
 © Activity © Assess

i|i|es 4 ee CRITIQUE & EXPLAIN

Spheres Ricardo estimates the volume of a sphere with radius 2 by placing the
sphere inside a cylinder and placing two cones inside the sphere. He says
that the volume of the sphere is less than 16x and greater than 1°x.
3

(=) [Link] . | EN

| CAN... calculate the eS yy

volume of a sphere and
solve problems involving the
A. Do you agree with Ricardo? Explain.
volumes of spheres.
B. Reason How might you estimate the volume of the sphere?
VOCABULARY
e hemisphere

ESSENTIAL QUESTION How does the volume of a sphere relate to the volumes of other solids?

CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING
\qqunsnsneenennennmnmnenansennmenmsesseed>>
)BS MUSED Explore the Volume of a Sphere
What is the volume of a sphere? Why does the volume formula for a sphere
make sense?

A plane, parallel to the bases, intersects half of a sphere with radius rand a
cylinder with radius r and height r. The cylinder has a cone with radius r and
height r removed from its center.

By the Pythagorean Theorem, The cross section of the cylinder

the cross section is a circle has radius r. The cross section
with radius vr2 — h2. of the cone has radius h.

USE APPROPRIATE TOOLS

Think about how you can draw
the section of the cylinder with
the cone removed. What does the
cross section look like?

Area of the cross section is Arenof the Cocee ection ts

(Jr2 —h*) ae=alr- 2 Sp?
m\vre —h*). (xer*)DL —(xeh*)
ore =alr he i

Once the cone is removed, the areas of the cross sections of the solids are
equal at any height. Therefore, by Cavalieri’s Principle, the two solids have
the same volume.

volume of half a sphere = volume of cylinder — volume of cone

= a1 r— par r
= 273
The volume of a sphere is twice the volume of half of the sphere, so the
volume of a sphere with radius r is sar?
CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE

LESSON 11-4 Spheres 487

 4
(=) © Activity © Assess
(TEST ae ;

EXAMPLE 1 CONTINUED

© Try It! 1. Find the volumes of the three solids. What do you notice?

CONCEPT Volume of a Sphere

The volume of a sphere is four-thirds

of the product of z and the cube of the
radius of the sphere.
_4_
V=3ar 3

APPLICATION bb) 1>.0:\\028:e» Use the Volumes of Spheres to Solve Problems

The drama club makes
a big ball from foam to
hang above the stage
for a play. They plan to
cover the surface of the
ball with metallic fabric.
What is the minimum
number of square
meters of fabric that
the club needs?

Use the volume formula to determine the radius of the ball. Then use the
surface area formula of a sphere.
First find r from the volume of the ball.
4_3
V=-ar ne ae |
caex3 i Use the volume formula.
io eA3 ar e3

P= tee. Use a calculator to

find the cube root
STUDY TIP rz0.75 E
Remember that the surface area
of a sphere is four times the area The radius of the ball is about 0.75 m. Next, calculate the surface area.

of a circle with the same radius. The surface area of a sphere with radius r is S.A. = 4zr?.
S.A. = 4ar2
S.A. = 4x(0.75)2 Substitute the radius into
the surface area formula.
S.A. = 7.1

The club needs at least 7.1 m2 of fabric.

© Try It! 2. What is the largest volume a sphere can have if it is covered by
6 m2 of fabric?

488 TOPIC 11 Two- and Three-Dimensional Models (=) Go Online|PearsonReaizecom

 ee © Activity © Assess

bb) POONA Ke Find the Volumes of Hemispheres

What is the volume of the hemisphere?

A great circle is the intersection of a

sphere and a plane containing the
center of the sphere.

VOCABULARY
_ Agreat circle divides a sphere
The prefix hemi is from the Greek i hamicnhearac
hemispheres.
and means half. Thus, hemisphere
means half-sphere.

The volume of a hemisphere is one-half the volume of a sphere with the

same radius.
2.3
Vn

V= 20-43 ~ 134.04

© Try It! 3.a. What is the volume of a hemisphere with radius 3 ft?
b. What is the volume of a hemisphere with diameter 13 cm?

bb) >ONI2R ep Find the Volumes of Composite Figures

A solid is composed of a right cylinder and a hemisphere
as shown. If the density of the solid is 100 kg/m?, what is
the mass of the solid?

Find the volume of the solid.

volume of solid = volume of cylinder

COMMON ERROR
As you break a composite figure + volume of hemisphere
into figures or parts of figures =arzh + Zar
you are familiar with, be careful
not to mix up the measurements SA ENE)) + $x(1)3
of each figure. /#— 2m—>|
~ 11.5

The volume of the solid is about 11.5 m3. Next, find the mass of the solid.

11.5 e 100 = 1,150

The mass of the solid is about 1,150 kg.

© Try It! 4. What is the volume of the space

between the sphere and the cylinder?

LESSON 11-4 Spheres 489

 {=) Sueoe) © Assess |

© CONCEPT SUMMARY Volume of Spheres

aa Cavalieri’s Principle can be used to show how the volume of the sphere is related
to the volumes of a cylinder and cone. The area of a cross section of a hemisphere
is the same as the area of a cross section of a cylinder with height equal to the
radius minus the cross section of a cone with height equal to the radius.

DIAGRAMS

Paes
Sar? = ar? or - ar? or

© Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

1. How does the For Exercises 5 and 6, find the surface area of
volume of a sphere relate to the volumes of each solid.
other solids? 5. 6.

2. Error Analysis Reagan

is finding the volume of
the sphere. What is her
error? Nga

For Exercises 7 and 8, find the volume of

i each solid.
S.A. Baar
3 Tur ees Je 8.

S.A. = : “13?

S.A. = 113.1 square units

da 9. Find the volume of the largest sphere that

f can fit entirely in the rectangular prism.

3. Vocabulary How does a great circle define a

hemisphere?

4. Reason The radius of a sphere, the base

radius of a cylinder, and the base radius of a
cone are r. What is the height of the cylinder
if the volume of the cylinder is equal to the
volume of the sphere? What is the height of
the cone if the volume of the cone is equal
to the volume of the sphere? 10. Find the volume and surface area of a
sphere with radius 1.

490 TOPIC 11 }wo- and Three-Dimensional Models [=] Go Online| [Link] s

©) PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Scan for | 6
Multimedia | @
a © Practice © Tutorial

Additional Exercises Available Online

UNDERSTAND PRACTICE

11. Construct Arguments How does Cavalieri’s For Exercises 16-18, find the area of each cross
Principle apply to finding the volume of a section. SEE EXAMPLE1
hemisphere? Explain.

12. Error Analysis Kayden is

finding the surface area
of the sphere. What is her
error? ee

Why
S.A. = 4ttr? For Exercises 19-22, find the surface area of each
S.A. =4-1* 147

( a
solid to the nearest tenth. SEE EXAMPLE 2
S.A. = 2,463.0 square units x
19. 20.

13. Mathematical Connections Given the surface

area of a sphere, write a formula for the
volume of a sphere in terms of the surface area. 21. sphere with volume 35 cm3
14. Construct Arguments Fifteen cylinders and 22. sphere with volume 100 in.?
15 rectangular prisms are stacked. Each cylinder

C
has the same top surface area and height For Exercises 23-26, find the volume of each solid

@
as each rectangular prism. What can you to the nearest tenth. SEE EXAMPLES 2 AND 3
determine about the volumes of the two stacks
23. 24.
of 15 solids? Explain.

25. hemisphere with radius 12 ft

26. sphere with radius 25 m

15. Reason A sphere is divided by two great circles For Exercises 27 and 28, find the volume of each
that are perpendicular to each other. How composite figure to the nearest tenth.
would you find the surface area and volume of SEE EXAMPLE 4
each part of the sphere between the two planes Pa 28.
containing the great circles? Explain.

LESSON 11-4 Spheres 491

 PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING
(=) © Practice © Tutorial

Mixed Review Available Online

© ASSESSMENT PRACTICE
29. Make Sense and Persevere To reach the 33. Match each description with its expression.
regulation pressure for a game ball, the I. volume of a sphere A. af
amount of air pumped intoa ball is 1.54 times with radius 1
the volume of the
ll. surface area of a sphere ow 16 ri
—_

ball. A referee adds Ora oe

15 in.? of air for with radius 2
each pump of air. Ill. circumference of a C. 6z
How many pumps great circle for a sphere
of air will it take with radius 3
the referee to fill an
empty ball? IV. volume of a hemisphere D. 16z
with radius 2 |
30. Reason Jeffery uses a block of clay to make
round beads. How many beads can he make 34. SAT/ACT The surface area of a sphere is 642 ft?.
from the block? What is the radius of the sphere? |
@ 64 ft 7
4

® 16 ft
© 8ft
© 4ft
35. Performance Task Jayesh is to fill the tank
shown with liquid propane.

31. Felipe places a spherical round-bottom flask

in a cylindrical beaker containing hot water.
The flask must fit into the beaker with 2 cm of
space around the flask. What is the minimum
diameter d of the beaker? seed —_

Part A The liquid propane expands and

contracts as the temperature changes, so a
propane tank is never filled to more than 80%
capacity with liquid propane. How much liquid
propane should Jayesh put in the tank? e

Part B If Jayesh has 20 m3 of liquid propane to

fill another tank, what are the dimensions of
the tank if the length of the cylindrical part is
three times the diameter?
32. Higher Order Thinking
A company packs each
wireless cube-shaped
speaker in a spherical
shell protected by foam.
How much foam does
the company use for
each speaker?

492 YOPIC 11 Two- and Three-Dimensional Models (=) Go Online |[Link]

==
 Topic Review
J TOPIC ESSENTIAL QUESTION

1. How is Cavalieri’s Principle helpful in understanding the volume formulas

for solids?

Vocabulary Review
Choose the correct term to complete each sentence.
¢ Cavalieri’s Principle
2. A prism is if one or more faces are not perpendicular
to the bases. er
3. ___________ describes the relationship between the volumes * cylinders
of three-dimensional figures that have the same height and the ¢ hemispheres
same cross sectional area at every level. ¢ oblique
4. A great circle divides a sphere into two ° right
e spheres

Concepts & Skills Review =

oa
>
al
LESSON 11-1 Three-Dimensional Figures and Cross Sections a)
a
ae
iS
Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving ion]
Oo
The faces of a polyhedron are polygons. Euler’s For Exercises 5 and 6, use the pyramid shown. al
Formula states that the relationship between 5. The pyramid has 6 vertices
the number of faces F, number of vertices V, and and 10 edges. How many
number of edges E is faces does it have?
F+V=E+2 . Visualize a plane
The cross section of a plane and a convex intersecting the pyramid
polyhedron is a polygon. parallel to the base.
Describe the cross section.
Rotating a polygon about an axis forms a
three-dimensional figure. . Describe the three-dimensional figure that is
formed by rotating the rectangle about the
line shown.
Example
A triangular prism has 5 faces
and 9 edges. How many
vertices does it have?
sp arn
. Reason Can a polyhedron have the same
F+tV=E+2
number of faces, edges, and vertices?
5+V=9+2 Explain.
V=6

The prism has 6 vertices.

TOPIC 11 Topic Review

 LESSON 11-2 Volumes of Prisms and Cylinders :

Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving

Cavalieri’s Principle states that figures with the For Exercises 9 and 10, find the volume of each
same height and same area at every horizontal figure. Round to the nearest tenth.
cross section have the same volume. 30 mm 10. 3 yd
iS), \

9 V=Bh 6 V=Bh ; it

A V=(Cewh =S)
Ge V=(ar2)h 70 mm
8 yd
20| V=(92)(20) 20] V = (9x)(20)
V = 1802 | V = 1802
11. Reason What does
Example the expression 3xyz
represent for the
Do the cylinders have the same volume? Explain.
prism shown?
1
72 a

12. Malia pours wax in molds to make candles.

es) Gee/ Compare the amount of wax each mold holds.

Yes, cylinders with the same base area and 18 cm

height have the same volume. The height of

each cylinder is 11. The area of the base of each 7 cm
cylinder is 2(4)2, or 167.

LESSON 11-3 Pyramids and Cones

Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving

The volume of a pyramid is For Exercises 13 and 14, find the volume of each
one-third the volume of a prism figure. Round to the nearest tenth.
with the same base area
13. 14. dpe
and height.
in. 24m 15m
The volume of a cone is
one-third the volume of a 12 in. <£4 in.
| Bee
cylinder with the same base
area and height. Ve +Bh 15. Asculptor cuts a pyramid from a marble
cube with volume ft? ft?. The pyramid is
t ft tall. The area of the base is t? ft?. :
Write an expression for the volume of
Example
marble removed.
What ts the volume?
16. A company cuts 2 in.
VA — 4Bh ee ;e 5{6 o 3)(9)
from the tops of the solid
= 27] plastic cones. How much
3g less plastic is used in the
The volume of the p
new design?
is 27 cubic units

494 TOPIC 11 fwo- and 2-Dimensional Models (=) Go Online |[Link]

LESSON 11-4 Spheres

Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving

The volume of a sphere is For Exercises 17 and 18, find the volume of each
Vos ar, figure. Round to the nearest tenth.
\ 4 17. 18.

The volume of a hemisphere ae

is one-half the volume of a
BOS Sea aaee ea iesT ails; 19. Use Structure A golf ball has a radius of
V= 2ar. r ; ;
3 r centimeters. What is the least possible
volume of a rectangular box that can hold
Example 2 golf balls??

What is the volume of the sphere shown? 20. A capsule of liquid cold
Va 4sar3 medicine is shown.
3 If 1 dose is about 23 ml,
= 37(3)3 = 367 how many capsules 0.5 cm
make up 1 dose?
The volume of the sphere (Hint: 1 ml = 1 cm?) ae
is 362 m?.
=
=
a
ee
a]
wl
a

ian
ie)
al

TOPIC 11 Topic Review 495

 Probability

? TOPIC ESSENTIAL QUESTION

How can you find the probability of events and combinations

of events?

Topic Overview Topic Vocabulary

enVision™ STEM Project: ¢ binomial distribution
Simulate Weather Conditions ¢ binomial experiment
12-1 Probability Events ¢ binomial probability
12-2 Conditional Probability ¢ combination
Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts: component
Place Your Guess conditional probability .

12-3 Permutations and Combinations dependent events

expected value
12-4 Probability Distributions
factorial ;
12-5 Expected Value ¢ Fundamental Counting Principle |
12-6 Probability and Decision Making e independent events
e mutually exclusive
¢ permutation
e probability distribution
e uniform probability distribution

Digital Experience
: |
©
B Beier
ae COMMON CORE STATE STANDARDS
INTERACTIVE STUDENT EDITION
}
}
|
Access online or offline.
|

o
Mesias) Pa |
xpi lore & Reason > |
ACTIVITIES Complete Explore & Reason,
Example 1 >
Understand Conditional Probability
|
|
|
|
Model & Discuss, and Critique & Explain
activities. Interact with Examples and Try Its.

© ANIMATION View and interact with

real-world applications.

a] Go online |[Link] © PRACTICE Practice what

you've learned.

496 TOPIC 12 Probability ;

 A coin toss is a popular way to decide between two options or settle a
dispute. The coin toss is popular because it is a simple and unbiased way of
deciding. Assuming the coin being tossed is a fair coin, both parties have i|
an equally likely chance of winning. rs
O
ra
=)
What other methods could you use to decide between two choices fairly? ie)
Think about this during the Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts lesson. eB

» Watch clips to support GLOSSARY Read and listen to

Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts Lessons English and Spanish definitions.
and enVision™ STEM Projects.
TUTORIALS Get help from
Review Virtual Nerd, right when you need it.
key lesson content through
multiple representations. . MATH TOOLS Explore math
8 with digital tools and manipulatives.

© ASSESSMENT Show what

you've learned.

TOPIC 12 Probability
 as =) O) ie
Ila
(eRPRS Con Cer ‘envision Srpcakhed

use past climate data for a particular

location and date as well as to make
weather predictions. Some regions in the U.S. are
more predictable than others.

|
|
|\
oe
Ree pS

The ; in a one-day period

occurred in Loma, Montana, in 1972. The temperature
rose an incredible ( , from -54 to 49 °F, in
24 hours.

\Veather events can surprise experts, and can vary

(eTacreNU NACAAMAVRCATOM MCNVARATTCoe

Climate is the long-term average of weather

conditions. So the difference between weather and
climate is a measure of time.

You and your classmates will research climate data for a specific location
for one month. You'll use probability to simulate a plausible set of
weat! ditions for each day of February, including temperature
and ; é /hether the precipitation will be rain or snow.

498 TOPi< Gr yiys eA Project

 a
(=) © Activity © Assess

EXPLORE & REASON

eee
Allie spins the spinner and draws
Probability Events
one card without looking. She gets
a 3 on the spinner and the 3 card.

Ps
Then she sets the card aside, spins
again, and draws another card.
(=) [Link]
ss

A. Is it possible for Allie to get a 3

on her second spin? On her second card? Explain.
| CAN... use relationships
among events to find B. Construct Arguments How does getting the 3 card on her first
probabilities. draw affect the probability of getting the 2 card on her second
draw? Explain.
VOCABULARY
¢ complement
e independent events How does describing events as mutually
¢ mutually exclusive V4 ESSENTIAL QUESTION exclusive or independent affect how you
find probabilities?

tb) 2>.¢4I28:e@ Find Probabilities of Mutually Exclusive Events

You roll a standard number cube once. Let E represent the event “roll an
even number.” Let T represent the event “roll a 3 or 5.”

A. What is the probability that you roll an even number or roll a 3 or 5?

Show the outcomes of events E and T as a subset of the sample space S.

There are 5 outcomes that are

Events E and Tare
mutually exciusi
even numbers or a 3 or 5.
{2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
because there is no
There are a total of 6 possible
outcome in both sets.
outcomes in the sample space.

____ number of favorable outcomes

ae number of total possible outcomes
3+2 ' 5
rs 6S There are 3 outcomes in event £ and 2 outcomes in event 7.

“342 : This is equivalent to P(E) + P(T).

~ 6
The probability of rolling an even number or rolling a 3 or a5is 2.
VOCABULARY
A favorable outcome is an B. You roll a standard number cube once. What is the probability that you
outcome that is being tested or roll an even number and a 3 or 5?
observed and not necessarily a number of favorable~- outcomes
desirable result. A “favorable” n =
peo number of total possible outcomes
outcome may bea loss for the
home team or testing positive for = .
6 Because events £ and 7 are mutually exclusive,
a disease. =O there are no outcomes that are in both sets.

The probability of rolling an even number and rolling a 3 or a5 Is 0.

CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE

LESSON 12-1 Probability Events 499

 (=) © Activity 7)Assess

EXAMPLE 1 CONTINUED

GENERALE C. You roll a standard number cube once. What is the probability that you
Notice that F and not E are
; do not roll an even number?
mutually exclusive events. What
would the sum of P(E) and P(not E) = 2 or 5 There are 3 outcomes that are not even numbers.
P(not E) be equal to?
The probability of not rolling an even number is >

© Try It! 1. A box contains 100 balls. Thirty of the balls are purple and 10
are orange. If you select one of the balls at random, what is the
probability of each of the following events?
a. The ball is purple or orange.
b. The ball is not purple and not orange.

CONCEPT Probabilities of Mutually Exclusive Events

If A and B are mutually exclusive events, then

e P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B)
e P(A and B) =0

The complement of an event is the set of all

outcomes in a sample space that are not
included in the event.
If Cis the event that A does not occur, then

P(C) = 1 — P(A).

APPLICATION BS ¢NUIZESD Find the Probabilities of Non-Mutually

Exclusive Events
A student-made target includes two overlapping squares. Assume that a sticky
ball thrown at the target is equally likely to land anywhere on the target.
What is the probability that the ball lands inside one or both of the squares?

| 10 cm
©
20 cm 5cm
10 cm

| 10 cm
<~—— 60 cm

Step 1 Find the area of the squares, and their overlapping area.

100 cm2
25 cm2
©
100 cm2
Total area = 1200 cm2

CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE

500 TOPIC i2 | (=) Go Online| [Link]

 (=) © Activity © Assess

EXAMPLE 2 CONTINUED

Step 2 Find the probabilities.

USE STRUCTURE One method: 75cm? +25 cm2 +75 cm2 = 175 cm2
To avoid counting the overlapping
region twice, you need to subtract P(A or B) => 7
P(A and B) from the sum of P(A) 1,200 12 Subtract the probability
and P(B). Another method: P(A or B) = 1001) F100 25 of the overlapping area
1,200 1,200 1,200 because it was included twice,
ao 175 ae once for each large square.
~ 1,200 48
ee probability that the ball will land inside one or both squares
sa, or about 15%.

© Try It! 2.A video game screen is a rectangle with dimensions 34 cm and
20 cm. A starship on the screen is made of two circles with
radius 6 cm, and overlapping area of 20 cm2. A black hole
appears randomly on the screen. What is the probability that it
appears within the starship?

CONCEPT Probabilities of Non-Mutually Exclusive Events

If A and B are not mutually exclusive events, then

P(A or B)= P(A) + P(B)— P(A and B).

CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING Co D>ONVI2R-KeD Identify Independent Events
Wan

A jar contains 12 green marbles and 8 violet marbles.

A. A marble is chosen at random from the jar and replaced. Another marble
is chosen at random from the jar. Does the color of the first marble
chosen affect the possible outcomes for the second marble chosen?
Determine the probabilities for each choice to decide whether the first
marble chosen affects the possibilities for the second marble.

First Choice-Sample Space Second Choice-Sample Space

12 Green 12 Green
8 Violet 8 Violet

p(a)=2 Psi 2-2 P(G) == 3 = =3

i 2 By 2
P(V)= 20 aS Vy i 5
The probabilities are the same.

The color of the first marble chosen does not affect the possible
outcomes for the second marble chosen.

Two events are independent events if and only if the occurrence of one
event does not affect the probability of a second event.
CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE

LESSON 12-1 Probability Events 501

 (=) © Activity © Assess
=

EXAMPLE 3 CONTINUED
B. A marble is chosen at random from the jar and not replaced. Another
marble is chosen at random from the jar. Does the color of the first marble
chosen affect the possible outcomes for the second marble chosen?
Determine whether the events are independent.

First Choice-Sample Space

12 Green
COMMON ERROR
When two or more items are 8 Violet
selected from the same set, you
must determine whether the first ere ee. Oe,
PG) = 39 =5 PV) = 39 =5
item(s) is replaced before the
next item is selected. Then find Assume a green marble was Assume a violet marble is
the probabilities. chosen first. chosen first.

Second Choice-Sample Space | Second Choice-Sample Space

11 Green 12 Green
8 Violet 7 Violet

pill etB.n a2 ae
P(G) = 19 PVs P(G) = 19 PV) = 79

When the first marble is not replaced in the jar, the color of the first
marble chosen does affect the possible outcomes for the second marble
chosen. These events are not independent.

© Try It! [Link] are 10 cards in a box, 5 black and 5 red. Two cards are
selected from the box, one at a time.

a. Acard is chosen at random and then replaced. Another card

is chosen. Does the color of the first card chosen affect the
possibilities of the second card chosen? Explain.
b. A card is chosen at random and not replaced. Another card
is chosen. Does the color of the first card chosen affect the
possibilities of the second card chosen? Explain.

CONCEPT Probability of Independent Events

If A and B are independent events, If P(A and B) = P(A) « P(B), then

then P(A and B) = P(A) « P(B). A and B are independent events.

Example: When rolling a die and tossing a coin, the result of the die roll and
the result of the coin toss are independent events.

502 TOPIC 1 [=] Go Online |[Link]

[=
 fe) © Activity © Assess

APPLICATION tb) OO Nise Find Probabilities of Independent Events

Nenatemenocansrrcamumecanince >

Alex cannot decide which shirt to

wear today, so she chooses one
at random.

The probability of rain today is

40%, or 2.
A. What is the probability that
Alex chooses a yellow shirt
and it does not rain today?
Let Y represent the event “yellow shirt.” Let N represent “no rain.”
Y and N are independent because Alex's choice of shirt does not affect
the weather, and the weather does not affect Alex’s choice of shirt. Use
STUDY TIP the formula to find P(Y and N).
You can write probabilities as
Subtract the probability that it
fractions, decimals, or percents.
Step 1 Find P(N) and P(Y). will rain, 2, from 1 to find the
Choose the most convenient form PINY = 1 2fas 2. probability that it will not rain.
for your purposes.
_ number of favorable outcomes _ 2,,1
Reh total number of outcomes 4° 2
Step 2 Apply the formula and multiply the probabilities of Y and N.

P(Y and N) = P(Y) » PIN) = 51S+= 75 = 30% — Use the rule for the
probability of
independent events.

The probability that Alex chooses a yellow shirt and it does not rain is 30%.

B. What is the probability that Alex chooses a yellow shirt and it does not
rain today or that Alex chooses a green shirt and it rains today?
Let G represent “green shirt.” Let R represent “rain.”
The events “Y and N” and “G and R” are mutually exclusive because
no outcomes are in both events.
Step 1 Find P(G and R) Add to find the
Ee Pe 2 eee oak Ves probability that
ING and R) = P(G) sPXR Apo Teton 10 either event
Step 2 Find P((Y and N) or (G and R)) will occur.
P((Y and N) or (G and R)) = P(Y and N) + P(G and R)

= 30% + 10% = 40%

The probability that Alex chooses a yellow shirt and it does not rain or
that Alex chooses a green shirt and it rains is 40%.

© Try It! 4. You spin the spinner two times. Assume

that the probability of Blue each spin is 13
and the probability of Orange each spin
is 2. What is the probability of getting the
same color both times? Explain.

LESSON 12-1 Probability Events 503

 {=} eornary. © Assess

@) coNncEPT SUMMARY Probability Events

Mutually Exclusive Events Independent Events

A and B are mutually exclusive because D and M are independent because the
no outcome is in both A and B. occurrence of one does not affect the
probability of the other.

ALGEBRA If A and B are mutually exclusive events, If D and M are independent events, then
then P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B). P(D and M) = P(D) « P(M).
If Cis the event that A does not occur, If P(D and M) = P(D) « P(M), then D and M
then P(C) = 1 — P(A). are independent events.

EXAMPLES Experiment: spin the spinner. Experiment: spin the spinner and roll a
number cube

Evencmenumbenlessthane Event D: odd number on spinner

Event M: number greater than 4 on
Event B: number greater than 5
number cube
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) =2 +2 =5
oe 2 P(D and M) =z P(D) «: P(M) = ig
> Weert
5 6

© Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

Uh, How does 5. A bag contains 40 marbles. Eight are
describing events as independent or mutually green and 2 are blue. You select one
exclusive affect how you find probabilities? marble at random. What is the probability
of each event?
2. Reason Two marbles are chosen, one at
a. The marble is green or blue.
a time, from a bag containing 6 marbles,
4 red marbles and 2 green marbles. Suppose b. The marble is not green and not blue.
the first marble chosen is green. Is the
6. A robot at a carnival booth randomly tosses a
probability that the second marble will
dart at a square target with 8 inch sides and a
be red greater if the first marble is returned
circle with a 3 inch radius in the middle. To the
to the bag or if it is not returned to the
5 ; nearest whole percent, what is the probability
bag? Explain. that the dart will land in the circle?
3. Error Analysis The probability that Deshawn For Exercises 7 and 8, assume that you roll a
plays basketball (event B) after school is 20%. standard number cube two times.
The probability that he talks to friends
(event 7) after school is 45%. He says that
7. What is the probability of rolling an even
number on the first roll and a number less
P(B or T) is 65%. Explain Deshawn’s error.
than 3 on the second roll?
i rainatary What is j ; sive 7
. Vocai = ees the difference 8. What is the probability of rolling an odd
nae Hea eee ee ee eee number on the first roll and a number
indepencent events?
greater than 3 on the second roll?

rAA
564 UT,TOPIC 49 Prahahil
12 Probabi ity (=) Go Online
lity
ea
i | [Link]
i
(} PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Scan for
Multimedia
| © Practice ® Tutorial

Additional Exercises Available Online

TSS
YAN LD

9. Construct Arguments Let S be a sample space 16. Hana is playing a virtual reality game in which
for an experiment in which every outcome she must toss a disc to land on the largest
is both equally likely and mutually exclusive. triangular section of the board. If the disc is
What can you conclude about the sum of equally likely to land anywhere on the board,
the probabilities for all of the outcomes? what is the probability that she will succeed?
Give an example. Explain. SEE EXAMPLE1

10. Error Analysis At Lincoln High School,

6 students are members of both the Chess
Club and the Math Club. There are 20 students
in the Math Club, 12 students in the Chess Club,
and 400 students in the entire school.
Danielle calculated the probability that a
student chosen at random belongs to the Chess
Club or the Math Club. Explain her error.
In a class of 25 students, 8 students have heights
less than 65 inches and 10 students have heights
Event C: Student is in Chess Club of 69 inches or more. For Exercises 17-19, find the
Event M: Student ts in Math Club probabilities described. SEE EXAMPLE 1
17. P(less than 65 inches or greater than 69 inches)
P(C or M)= P(C) + P(M)
18. P(greater than or equal to 65 inches)
Bees 20:
~ 400 © 400 19. P(greater than or equal to 65 inches and less

=ad 21= 0-08 than or equal to 69 inches)

700
20. A skydiver is equally likely to land at any point
on a rectangular field. Two overlapping circular
targets of radius 5 meters are marked on
11. Higher Order Thinking Murphy's math teacher the field. To the nearest percent, what is the
sometimes wears scarves to class. Murphy has probability that the sky diver will land in one or
been documenting the relationship between both of the circles? SEE EXAMPLE 2
his teacher wearing a scarf and when the
class has a math quiz. The probabilities are
as follows:
e P(wearing a scarf) = 10%
e P(math quiz) = 15%
e P(wearing a scarf and math quiz) = 5%
Are the events “the teacher is wearing a
scarf” and “there will be a quiz” independent
events? Explain.
21. Two marbles are chosen at random, one ata
Reason A card is drawn from a box containing time from a box that contains 7 marbles, 5 red
5 cards, each showing a different number from and 2 green. SEE EXAMPLES 3 AND 4
1 to 5. Consider the events “even number,” “odd
number,” “less than 3,” and “greater than 3.” a. Find the probability of drawing 2 red
Determine whether each pair of events marbles when the first marble is replaced
mutually exclusive. before the second marble is chosen.

Ph eee E SoS! 13. even, > 3 b. Determine whether the situation described is
independent.
14. odd, > 3 15. odd, even

LESSON 12-1 Probability Events 505

 Se)
©} PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING
© Practice © Tutorial

Mixed Review Available Online

© ast aman eles

22. Mathematical Connections For a science fair 25. The probability of events A and B both
project, Paige wants to test whether ants occurring is 15%. The probability of event A
prefer certain colors. She releases ants on the or B occurring is 60%. The probability of B
colored surface shown. If the ants are randomly occurring is 50%. What is the probability of A
distributed across the entire surface, what is the occurring?
probability that any given ant will be within
26. SAT/ACT A robot spins the spinner shown
the blue circle, but not within the yellow circle?
twice. Assume that the outcomes 1, 2, 3, and
Round to the nearest whole percent.
4 are equally likely for each spin. What is the
probability that the sum of the two outcomes
will be 6?

1 1
@ 76 O7
23. Use Structure A city 1 3

issues 3-digit license

3
plates for motorized OG
scooters. The digits 0-9
are chosen at random 27. Performance Task Paula is packing to visit a
by a computer program. friend in another city for a long weekend. She
What is the probability looks at the weather forecast shown below to
that a license plate find the chance of rain. Assume that whether it
issued meets each set rains on each day is independent of whether it
of criteria? rains on any other day.

a. The three-digit number formed is even.

Weather Forecast ~
b. The first number is not 7.
c. The first two digits are the same.
d. All three digits are the same.

24. Model With Mathematics During a football

game, a kicker is called in twice to kick a field
goal from the 30 yard line. Suppose that for
each attempt, the probability that he will make
the field goal is 0.8. Part A What is the probability that it will not
rain on any of the three days to the nearest
a. What is the probability that he will make
percent?
both field goals?
b. What is the probability that he will make Part B What is the probability that it will rain
neither field goal? at least one of the three days to the nearest
percent?

Part C Do you think Paula should pack an

umbrella? Explain.

506 TOPIC 12 Probability [=] Go Online |[Link]

 ie

|Vay
© Activity © Assess

(») EXPLORE & REASON

Conditional At Central High School, 85% of all senior girls attended and 65% of all senior
boys attended the Spring Dance. Of all attendees, 20% won a prize.
Probability
A. Assuming that the number of senior girls at Central High School is about
equal to the number of senior boys, estimate the probability that a
(=) [Link] randomly selected senior won a prize at the dance. Explain.
=a

B. Construct Arguments If you knew whether the selected student was a

boy or a girl, would your estimate change? Explain.
| CAN... find the probability
of an event given that
another event has occurred.
How are conditional probability and
VOCABULARY 4 ESSENTIAL QUESTION independence related in real-world
¢ conditional probability v experiments?
e dependent events

Co 29,0428: a Understand Conditional Probability

A student committee is Monday Club Memberships by Grade
being formed to decide how
after-school activities will
Ee
be funded. The committee z sophomore :
members are selected at pounion| 6 18 16 | 40
random from current club Senior 13 18 39
members. The frequency Total 17 40 58.115.
table shows the current club
membership data.

What is the probability that a member of the art club selected at random
is a junior?

One Method Use the frequency table to find the probability that the student
chosen is a junior given that the student is a member of the art club.

The probability that an event Bwill occur

¢ give that another event A has
already occurred is called a conditional probability and is written asP(B |A).

COMMON ERROR number of juniors in art club

P(junior |member of the art club) =
Avoid confusing P(A |B) with total number of art club members
P(B |A). In the first case the 2tAG 28)
prior event is B, but in the second PoOareeo
case the prior event is A. Another Method Use the formula for conditional probability.
=
For any two events A and B, with P(A) # 0, P(B| A) oe
es 1G:
P(junior |art) = “uunigare ils ie = 3 Of the 115 Monday club members
115 and 58 art club members, 16 are
juniors and in the art club.

The probability that the student chosen is a junior member from the art
club is 8
59°

CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE

LESSON 12-2 Conditional Probability

 (=) © Activity 7)Assess

EXAMPLE 1 CONTINUED

© Try It! 1.a. What is the probability that a member of the drama club is a
sophomore, P(sophomore |drama)?
b. What is the probability that a sophomore is a member of the
drama club, P(drama |sophomore)? Is P(sophomore |drama)
the same as P(drama |sophomore)? Explain.

CONCEPT Conditional Probability and Independent Events

Let A and B be events with P(A) 4 0 and P(B) + 0.

If events A and B are independent, If events A and B are independent,

then the conditional probability of B —§then P(B| A) = P(B) and
given A equals the probability of B P(A |B) = P(A).
and the conditional probability of A
given B equals the probability of A.

If the conditional probability of B If P(B |A) = P(B) and

given A equals the probability of B P(A |B) = P(A), then events A and B
and the conditional probability of A are independent.
given B equals the probability of A,
then events A and B are independent.

SNOERCOAREIE bb) ?.¢:\\t2R2~5m Use the Test for Independence

Sica ee
The table below shows the vehicles in a parking garage one afternoon.
A vehicle in the garage will be selected at random. Let B represent
“the vehicle is black” and V represent “the vehicle is a van.” Are the events
B and V independent or dependent?

STUDY TIP
Z ot ace @»
Totalsa ce
When looking at a table of
probabilities, consider events that
are impossible or guaranteed to
occur. For example, it is impossible White | a
to select a red van.
Black | 13

Totals : 22

One Method
Since P(B) = 43 4 0 and P(V and B) = 3,
3
= AV and.b)ae 92723
Rie playsets aS
22
Since P(V| B) 4 P(V), B and Vare not independent events, they are
dependent events.
CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE

508 TOPIC 12 Probabi (=) Go Online |[Link]

—_—
 (=) © Activity i) Assess

EXAMPLE 2 CONTINUED
Another Method

Since P(V) = 3;# 0 and P(B and V) = P(V and B),

P(B and V)
P(B| V)
Sy = A probability of 1, or 100%,
indicates that the event is
i 35 = certain. Given that a van is
Te selected, it must be black.
22

Again, Since P(B | V) # P(B), the events B and V are dependent events.

© Try It! [Link] R represent “the vehicle is red” and C represent “the vehicle
is a car.” Are the events R and C independent or dependent?
Explain.

tb) > I2RKED Apply the Conditional Probability Formula

A band’s marketing agent

conducted a survey to determine Concert Survey Results
how many high school fans the Students who plan to attend concert
band has. What is the probability
that a surveyed student plans to ¢ 70% of students plan to attend,
attend the band’s concert and is © 80% of students who plan to attend
a fan of the group? are fans of the band.
Students who do not plan to attend
¢ 30% of students do not plan to attend,
e 25% are fans of the band.

Use the conditional probability formula to find the combined probability.

Rewrite P(B |A) = a as P(A and B) = P(A) « P(B| A).
P(A and B) = P(A) « P(B| A) EventA is “attend.”
vent 6 Is tan
E tB ~ “f ie

P(attend and fan) = P(attend) « P(fan |attend)

= 0.7-0.8 Substitute 0.7 for P(attend)

~ 0.56, or 56% 8 forfor P(fP(fan
and 0.8 | ttend).
attend)
LOOK FOR RELATIONSHIPS
Why might P(fan |attend) not The probability that a surveyed student plans to attend the concert and is a
equal P(attend| fan) in this fan of the group is 0.56, or 56%.

© Try It! 3. What is the probability that a surveyed student plans to attend
but is not a fan of the group?

LESSON 12-2 Conditional Probability

 (=) © Activity © Assess

APPLICATION bb) 129.9:4\:8:-> Use Conditional Probability to Make a Decision

“argues meer scemucecmeale

A marketer is looking at mobile phone statistics to help plan an online

advertising campaign. She wants to find out which of her company's
products is most likely to be purchased after a related search after a search
for that product on a mobile phone.

Mobile Phone Search and

Buying Behavior

Find the probability a mobile phone customer buys, given that they
P(S and B)
performed a related search. Use the formula P(B |S) =
MAKE SENSE AND PERSEVERE PiS)ie
Product W has the highest
P(S and B) of 16% but not the
highest P(B |S). Can you explain LOW
5
Bae =~ 0.348 or about 34.8%
why?
X a = 0.4375 or 43.75%
mv 0.12=~ 0.343 or 34.3%

Z aa = 0.375 or 37.5%

Product X has the highest probability of being purchased given that a

related search was performed.

© Try It! [Link] marketer also has data from desktop computers. Which
product is most likely to be purchased after a related search?

Computer Search and Buying Behavior

(% of computer-based site visitors)

Product|Search|Search
J 35%
&Buy 10%
K 28% 9%
L 26% 8%
M 24% 5%

a
—

EE
—
510 TOPi¢ ro [=] Go Online |[Link]
a
’
 Concept
le) © Summary Assess
2 CONCEPT SUMMARY Conditional Probability
Conditional Probability Formula Conditional Probability and Independent Events

ars The probability that an event B Events A and B are independent

will occur given that another events if and only if the conditional
event A has already occurred is probability of A given B is the same
called a conditional probability. as the probability of A, and the
conditional probability of B given A
is the same as the probability of B.

ALGEBRA For any two events A and B, For any events A and B with P(A) 4 0
with P(A) # 0, and P(B) # 0, A and B are independent
Pel Ae Say 2) if and only if P(B| A) = P(B) and
P(A |B) = P(A).

© Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

1. W% ESSENTIAL QUESTION Maley areics 7. Let P(A) = 4, P(B) = 4,and P(A and B) = 5.
conditional probability and independence Find each probability.
related in experiments?
a. What is P(B |A)?
2. Vocabulary How is the sample space for b. What is P(A |B)?
P(B |A) different from the sample space
for P(B)? 8. Students randomly generate two digits from
0 to 9 to create a number between 0 and 99.
3. Vocabulary Why does the definition of Are the events “first digit 5” and “second
P(B |A) have the condition that P(A) 4 0? digit 6” independent or dependent in each
case? What is P(56) in each experiment?
4. Use Structure Why is P(A) + P(B| A) =
P(B) « P(A |B)? a. The digits may not be repeated.

ul. Error Analysis Taylor knows that b. The digits may be repeated.
P(R) = 0.8, P(B) = 0.2, and P(R and B) = 0.05.
9. Suppose that you select one card at random
Explain Taylor’s error.
from the set of 6 cards below.

fw| | mfe |e | |

Let B represent the event “select a blue

card” and T represent the event “select a
6. Reason At a sports camp, a coach wants to card with a 3.” Are B and T independent
find the probability that a soccer player is a events? Explain your reasoning.
local camper. Because 40% of the students
in the camp are local, the coach reasons
that the probability is 0.4. Is his conclusion
justified? Explain.

LESSON 12-2 Conditional Probability 511

@ PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Scan for (=) © Practice © Tutorial
Multimedia
Additional Exercises Available Online

UNDERSTAND
10. Mathematical Connections How can the For Exercises 14-18, use the data in the table to
formula P(A and B) = P(A) « P(B| A) be find the probability of each event. SEE EXAMPLE 1
simplified to find the probability of A and B
Technology Class Enrollment by Year
when the events are independent? Explain.

11. Error Analysis From a bag containing 3 red

eoRobotics 16 24
marbles and 7 blue marbles, 2 marbles are
selected without replacement. Esteban Game Design 1822
calculated the probability that two red marbles
14. PJunior |Robotics)
are selected. Explain Esteban’s error.
15. P(Robotics |Junior)
P(red) = 0.3 16. P(Game Design |Sophomore)
P(red and red) = P(red) * P(red)
= 03°03 17. P'Sophomore |Game Design)
= 0.09 x
18. Are year and technology class enrollment
dependent or independent events? Explain.
SEE EXAMPLE 2
12. Generalize Kiyo is creating a table using
mosaic tiles chosen and placed randomly. 19. At a high school, 40% of the students play
She is picking tiles without looking. How an instrument. Of those students, 20% are
does P(yellow second |blue first) compare to freshmen. Of the students who do not play
P(yellow second |yellow first) if the tiles are an instrument, 30% are freshmen. What is the
selected without replacement? If the tiles are probability that a student selected at random
selected and returned to the pile because Kiyo is a freshman who plays an instrument?
wants a different color? SEE EXAMPLE 3

In a study of an experimental medication, patients

were randomly assigned to take either the
medication or a placebo.
Effectiveness of New Medication
As Compared to a Placebo
Teeny
eres ree

‘HealthImproved= 53 a7
Health DidNot Improve _ 65 a5 pa
13. Use Structure At a fundraiser, a participant is
asked to guess what is inside an unlabeled can 20. What is the probability that a patient taking
for a possible prize. If there are two crates of the medication showed improvement? Round
cans to choose from, each having a mixture of to the nearest whole percent. SEE EXAMPLE 1
vegetables and soup, what is the probability that
the first participant will select a vegetable can 21. Are taking the medication and having
from the left crate given each situation? improved health independent or dependent
events? SEE EXAMPLE 2
a. The left crate has 2 cans of vegetables and
8 cans of soup, and the right crate has 7 cans 22. Based on the data in the table, would you
of vegetables and 3 cans of soup. recommend that the medication be made
b. The left crate has 8 cans of vegetables and available to doctors? Explain. SEE EXAMPLE 4
2 cans of soup, and the right crate has 5 cans
of vegetables and 5 cans of soup.

512 TOPIC 12 Probability (=) Go Online |[Link]

 =}
) PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING © Practice © Tutorial

Mixed Review Available Online

© Moasoaiaey alles
23. Reason In a recreation center with 27. Which of the following pairs of events are
1,500 members, 200 are high school students. independent? Select all that apply.
Of the members, 300 regularly swim.
® A student selected at random has a
The 45 students of the high school swim team
are all members and practice at the pool every backpack. A student selected at random has
brown hair.
week. What is the probability that a high
school member selected at random is on the Events A and B, where P(B| A) = 7 P(A) = 2
swim team? and P(B) = 2
24. Use Structure At the school fair, 5% of students © A student selected at random is a junior.
will win a prize. A winner has an equally likely A student selected at random is a freshman.
chance to win each prize type shown. What is © Events A and B, where P(A) = 0.30,
the probability that a student at the fair will P(B) = 0.25 and P(A and B) = 0.075
win a comic book? Explain.
© Events A and B, where P(A) = 0.40, P(B) = 0.3
and P(A and B) = 0.012

28. SAT/ACT The table shows student participation

in the newspaper and yearbook by year. A
student on the newspaper staff is selected
PRIZES at random to attend a symposium. What is
the probability that the selected student is a
25. Make Sense and Persevere A box contains senior?
50 batteries, of which 10 are dead and 5 are Journalism Club Members
weak. Suppose you select batteries at random
from the box and set them aside for recycling if
they are dead or weak. If the first battery you Newspaper 16 9
select is dead and the second one is weak, what Yearbook 8 17
is the probability that the next battery you
select will be weak? 9
©
®=
26. Higher Order Thinking An inspector at a 2 ® She
jo
factory has determined that 1% of the flash O56 —soO

drives produced by the plant are defective. If 2

assembly line A produces 20% of all the flash Ox
drives, what is the probability that a defective 29. Performance Task In a survey of 50 male and 50
flash drive chosen at random is from the female high school students, 60 students said
corresponding conveyor belt A? Explain. they exercise daily. Of those students, 32 were
female.

Part A Use the data to make a two-way

frequency table.

Part B What is the probability that a surveyed

student who exercises daily is female? What is
the probability that a surveyed student who
exercises regularly is male?
Conveyor Belt A
Defective Rate: 1.5% Part C Based on the survey, what can you
conclude about the relationship between
exercise and gender? Explain.

LESSON 12-2 Conditional Probability

MATHEMATICAL
MODELING
_IN3 ACTS

(=) [Link]
— eS

© Place Your Guess

A coin toss is a popular way to decide between two options or settle a
dispute. The coin toss is popular because it is a simple and unbiased way of
deciding. Assuming the coin being tossed is a fair coin, both parties have an
equally likely chance of winning.
What other methods could you use to decide between two choices fairly?
Think about this during the Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts lesson.

Scan for
Multimedia \eimep Identify the Problem

1. What is the first question that comes to mind after watching the video?
2. Write down the main question you will answer about what you saw in
the video.
3. Make an initial conjecture that answers this main question.
4. Explain how you arrived at your conjecture.
5. What information will be useful to know to answer the main question?
How can you get it? How will you use that information?

\e3uye Develop a Model

6. Use the math that you have learned in this Topic to refine your
conjecture.

Interpret the Results

7. Did your refined conjecture match the actual answer exactly? If not,
what might explain the difference?

514 TOPIC 12 Mathema’ celing in 3 Acts

 1K:
© Activity © Assess

Ce EXPLORE & REASON me

Permutations and Holly, Tia, Kenji, and Nate are eligible to be officers of the Honor Society.
Two of the four students will be chosen at random as president and
Combinations vice-president. The table summarizes the possible outcomes.
Honor Society Officers

(=) [Link] jelediiialba

== SS

| Holly Tia .Kenji _ Nate

I CAN... use permutations “Holly - HT HK HN
and combinations to find eee tHe - | TK | TN
the number of outcomes in a
Kenji KH |KT | Be KNe
probability experiment.

VOCABULARY
Nate NH ONT NK
a,
~
¢ combination A. Holly wants to be an officer with her best friend Tia. How many
¢ factorial outcomes make up this event?
¢ Fundamental Counting B. How many outcomes show Holly as president and Tia as vice-president?
Principle
e permutation C. Generalize How many outcomes have only one of them as an officer?
Explain.

ESSENTIAL QUESTION How are permutations and combinations useful when finding probabilities?

bb) >.O:N\ 2828 @ Use the Fundamental Counting Principle

aa
Manuel wants to advertise faa SA ae eed

the number of one-

topping pizzas he offers to
his customers. How many
different one-topping
pizzas are available at
Manuel's Pizzeria?
Make a tree diagram to
find the number of pizzas.

COMMON ERROR
When you compare a tree
diagram to the Fundamental L M sizes
Counting Principle, remember to
count the total number of paths Hae
NAD
MDJ sot
T crusts
from the beginning to the end of Each path represents
the tree diagram, not the number a pizza. There are
of branches in each section. SebaGes et eo reoeh eG 12 different pizzas.

sizes x crusts x toppings = number of pizzas

aXe a Se 12

This example illustrates the Fundame : rinciple. If there are m ways

to make the first selection and nways to make the second selection, then there
are m x n ways to make the two selections. If a third selection with p choices
is added, then there are m x n x p to make all three selections, and so on.
CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE

LESSON 12-3 Permutations and Combinations 515

 © Activity © Assess

EXAMPLE 1 CONTINUED

© Try It! 1. The car that Ms. Garcia is buying comes with a choice of
3 trim lines (standard, sport, or luxury), 2 types of transmission
(automatic or manual), and 8 colors. How many different option
packages does Ms. Garcia have to choose from? Explain.

CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING tb) >t e2~e» Find the Number of Permutations
organ UREN

A. Gabriela is making a playlist with her 3 favorite songs.

How many possible orders are there for the songs?
Method 1 Use an organized list.
Let A, B, and C represent the 3 songs.
There are 6 different possible orders for the songs.
Method 2 Use the Fundamental Counting Principle.

There are 3 choices for the first song, 2 choices for

3e2¢1
the second song, and 1 choice for the third song.

factorial of a positive integer n is the product of all positive

REASON misses less than or equal to nr. It is written n! and is read as rn factorial.
How many ways are there to By definition, 0! equals 1.
create a playlist with 0 songs?
ni=ne(n—-1)¢(n—2)e...0e201
The number of different possible orders for the songs is 3!
SSS 2° 1=6
There are 6 different possible orders for the 3 songs.
. Gabriela wants to make another playlist using 5 of the 8 songs from her
favorite artist’s latest album. How many playlists are possible?
Method 1 Use the Fundamental Counting Principle.
There are 8 choices for the first song, 7 choices for the second song,
and so on.

8°7°6°5+4=6,720
There are 6,720 possible playlists with 5 of the 8 songs.
Method 2 Use factorials.
To count the number of ways to order 5 songs from A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
and H, consider the list ABCDE. The diagram shows all the possible ways
that sequence appears among the 8! ways to list all songs.
For any sequence of 5 songs, there are
ABCDEFGH ABCDEFHG
(8 — 5)! = 3! ways that sequence appears as the
ABCDEGFH ABCDEGHF
first 5 songs when listing all 8! lists. So divide
8! by 3! to find the number of 5-song playlists. ABCDEHFG — ABCDEHGF

8! _
8+7+6+5+4-3+201
3! Bele] acne
There are 6,720 possible playlists with 5 of the 8 songs.
CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE

516 TOPIC 12 Probabi: (=) Go Online |[Link]

 (=) © Activity © Assess

EXAMPLE 2 CONTINUED

© Try It! 2. How many possibilities are there for each playlist?
a. Gabriela’s 4 favorite songs _b. 5 of the 10 most popular songs

CONCEPT Permutations

permutation is an arrangement of objects in a specific order.

The number of permutations of r objects taken from a set of n objects is
eee!
forO<r<n.
alae (n—/n)!

CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING
\nassovnmermennaciass quceiusnanenraenanscas>
Co PaNiaeaee Find the Number of Combinations
Marisol is planning to be a counselor
at summer camp. She can choose ATVs aN TS anni
3 activities for her session. How many = ER E})
different combinations of 3 activities
ible? © Archery Arts and Crafts LeeTiCeltiT)
are possible?
Climbing Cooking Fishing x
Use the formula to write an expression Me reel NVfe) ESI 4
for the number of permutations of fags Painting Sailing Pg
3 objects chosen from a group of 10.
10P3 = ee LO!
(io-3)! > 720

However, in this situation, the order of the 3 chosen activities does not
matter, so you must adjust the formula.
1 is a set of objects with no specific order.
3! Permutations 1 Combination

A group of 3 items can be arranged in 3! ways, so you must divide the the
number of permutations, ;9P3, by the number of arrangements of each
group of 3 items, 3!.
USE APPROPRIATE TOOLS TR tion =C
10P3
10C3 Peet
10!
31(10 —
+ 3)! 1063 denotes the
Most scientific and graphing aie ee number of combinations
indicates the number of 5720
calculators can calculate cae i = of 3 items from a set of
Bastions (.P.) and combinations ofr items 6 1Oit
P nee from a set ofn items. = 120 rene
combinations (,,C,). They often
use the notation P(n,r) and C(n,r).
There are 120 different combinations of activities that Marisol can choose.

© Try It! 3. How many ways can a camper choose 5 activities from the
10 available activities at the summer camp?

LESSON 12-3 Permutations and Combinations

 CONCEPT Combinations

A combination is a set of objects with no specific order.

The number of combinations of r objects taken from a set of n objects is
= n!
n&r RSET forO<r<n.

APPLICATION Qe >@Ni2e7 = Use Permutations and Combinations to

ee
Find Probabilities

A teacher chooses 5 students

at random from the names
shown to work together
on a group project. What
is the probability that the
5 students’ names begin with
a consonant?
Formulate <€ Determine if the problem |
is about permutations or
combinations. _
Since the order in which the students are chosen does not matter, use
combinations to find the numbers of possible outcomes and desirable
outcomes to calculate the probability.

Compute <q Step1 Find the total number of possible outcomes.

ee ble
13 iy SiGieeze ae nn
There are 8,568 ways the teacher could choose 5 students.

Step 2 Find the number of possible outcomes in which all the names begin
with a consonant and none of the names begin with a vowel.
Pee leans Sie
1305 = 513 — 5)! ace 5©0 = 016 — oy! ;

Choose 5 out of 13 names. Choose 0 out of 5 names.

Use the Fundamental Counting Principle. Multiply the number of

possible outcomes for the two subsets to find the total number of
outcomes.
13C5 2 5Co = 1,287 e 1 = 1,287

There are 1,287 outcomes with all the names beginning with consonants.

Step 3 Find the probability.

P(all consonants) = number of outcomes with all consonants

total number of possible outcomes
U28
mia begi se
inte rpret <= The probability that all 5 names begin with a consonant is about 0.15, or 15%.

© Try It! 4. Using the data from Example 4, what is the probability that the
5 students’ names end with a vowel?

518 TOPIC 12 Probal (=) Go Online |[Link]

——
 (=) Concept Asseee
—_ Summary
Q) CONCEPT SUMMARY Permutations and Combinations

Permutation Combination

WORDS A selection of items in which A selection of items in which the order of

the order of the items is important the items is not important
nP, represents the number of nC, represents the number of combinations
permutations of r objects taken of r objects taken from a set of n objects.
from a set of rn objects.

ALGEBRA aeaa forO<r<n ereba n!

eat forO<r<n

The number of permutations of The number of combinations of 3 objects

3 objects taken from a set of 6 taken from a set of 6 objects is
objects is Mole G35 6463.00 01
5 6159,6% 5.04302 ot! 603 = 3/31 =Ge2eDGe2e1) Oe
peal 3-261 eau

Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

1. "4 Meee HOw are Do the possible outcomes represent
permutations and combinations useful permutations or combinations?
when finding probabilities? 7. Jennifer will invite 3 of her 10 friends to
a concert.
2. Use Structure How is the formula for
combinations related to the formula for 8. Jennifer must decide how she and her
permutations? 3 friends will sit at the concert.

3. Vocabulary Why is it important to Find the number of permutations.

distinguish between a permutation and 9. How many ways can 12 runners in a race
a combination when counting possible finish first, second, and third?
outcomes?
Find the number of combinations.
4. Look for Relationships How is gC, related
10. In how many ways can 11 contestants for an
to gC7? Explain. How can you generalize this
award be narrowed down to 3 finalists?
observation for any values of n and r?
11. How many different ways can a 4-person team
5. Error Analysis Explain Beth’s error. be chosen from a group of 8 people?

Students will be chosen at random for school

spirit awards. There are 6 athletes and
8 non-athletes who are eligible for 2 possible
prizes. What is each probability?
12. P(both prizes are awarded to athletes)

13. P(both prizes are awarded to non-athletes)

6. Construct Arguments A company wants to
14. P(no prize is awarded to an athlete)
form a committee of 4 people from its
12 employees. How can you use 15. P(no prize is awarded to a non-athlete)
combinations to find the probability that
the 4 people newest to the company will 16. Explain how Exercises 12 and 13 are similar
be selected? to Exercises 14 and 15.

LESSON 12-3 Permutations and Combinations 519

©) PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Scan for | & & © Practice © Tutorial
Multimedia | @
Additional Exercises Available Online

UNDERSTAND

17. Use Structure Dwayne bought a new bike lock, For Exercises 22-27, state if the possible
and the lock came with instructions to choose 3 arrangements represent permutations or
out of 30 numbers on a circular dial to keep his combinations, then state the number of possible
bike secure. The numbers cannot be repeated. arrangements. SEE EXAMPLES 1, 2, AND 3
How many possible arrangements can Dwayne 22. A student chooses at random 4 books from a
choose for his lock? Do the arrangements reading list of 11 books.
represent permutations or combinations?
Explain. 23. At the end of a season, 10 soccer teams are
ranked by the state.
18. Construct Arguments Sage volunteers to read
and play with sick children in a hospital. She 24. A committee of 5 people is being selected from
selects some erasers at random from a bag a group of 9 to choose the food for a sport's
to use as prizes. There are 8 alien erasers and banquet.
10 flying saucer erasers.
25. Hugo displays his 8 model planes in a single row.
a. How many groups of 6 erasers can be formed
from the 18 erasers? Explain. 26. A class president, secretary, and treasurer are
chosen from 12 students running for office.
b. In how many ways can 3 aliens be selected?
Explain. 27. A food truck has a lunch special on tacos.
Customers choose a shell, three toppings,
c. In how many ways can 3 aliens and 3 flying
and two sides for one price.
saucers be selected? Explain.
d. What is the probability that 3 aliens and
3 flying saucers will be selected? Explain.

19. Error Analysis There are 6 tiles numbered

1 to 6 in a box. Two tiles are selected at random
without replacement to form a 2-digit number.
Jeffrey found the probability that the number
selected is 16. Explain his error.

28 . There are 4 comedians and 5 musicians

The number of ways to select 1 performing in a variety show. The order in
and 6 is given by ¢6C> = 15 which the performers are chosen is random.
1 1 SEE EXAMPLE 4
P(16) = =is x

a. What is the probability that the first

3 performers are comedians?
20. Mathematical Connections How many lines b. What is the probability that the first two
are determined by the points, P, Q, R, and S? performers are a comedian followed by a
Explain. musician?

S@ 29. A jewelry maker chooses three beads at

Pe ~@
Re random from a bag with 10 beads labeled A, B,
C, D, E, F, G, H, |, and J. SEE EXAMPLES 2, 3, AND 4
Zk Higher Order Thinking There are 11! different
Ways tor a group of people to sit around a a. How can you use permutations or
circular table. How many people are in the combinations to find P(selected beads spell
group? Exy the initials DEB)? What is the probability?
b. How can you use permutations or
combinations to find P(selected beads are
all vowels)? What is the probability?

520 TOPIC 12 Probabili (=) Go Online |[Link]

 Ee) © Practice © Tutorial
©) PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING

=
Mixed Review Available Online

© ASSESSMENT PRACTICE
30. Make Sense and Persevere Amaya’s wallet 34. Consider an arrangement of 8 items taken 3 at
contains three $1 bills, two $5 bills, and three a time in which order is not important. Does
$10 bills. If she pulls 2 bills without looking, each expression give the correct number of
what is the probability that she draws a $1-bill arrangements? Select Yes or No.
and a $10-bill? Explain.
peom a]
31. Model with Mathematics Raul’s favorite
restaurant is running a prize game. Five of each 3 OO
of the winning tickets shown are available, and
8 Oke 83; 0 | OQ
a customer must collect three winning tickets Be)
to receive the prize. What is the probability fn oO| oO
Raul will receive the prize for the baseball cap ele )
with his first 3 tickets? Steal O |] OQ}

WIN A... Tes:

+
|
|a/Q

7 9/0
au By
31

byl.

35. SAT/ACT Fifteen students enter a Safety Week

poster contest in which prizes will be awarded
32. Look for Relationships Smart Phones, Inc. for first through fourth place. In how many
ways could the prizes be given out?
chooses a 5-digit security code at random from
the digits 0-9. @4
a. Suppose the digits cannot be repeated. 60
What is the probability that the security code © 1,365
is 30429? Explain. © 32,760
b. Suppose the digits can be repeated. What © 50,625
is the probability that the security code is
36. Performance Task Use the word shown on the
30429? Explain.
tiles below to find each probability.

Se Ee
33. Make Sense and Persevere Edwin randomly
plays 6 different songs from his playlist.

Part A Two tiles are chosen at random without

ENTE replacement. Use conditional probability
Gemeente to find the probability that both letters
al 4:39 oO are vowels. Then find the probability using
permutations or combinations. Explain.

Part B Four of the tiles are chosen at random

and placed in the order in which they are
a. What is the probability that Edwin hears his drawn. Use conditional probability to find the
6 favorite songs? probability the tiles spell the word SURF. Then
find the probability using permutations or
b. What is the probability that he hears the
combinations. Explain.
songs in order from his most favorite to his
sixth most favorite?

LESSON 12-3 Permutations and Combinations 521

 ft) © Activity © Assess

ae Probability
) MODEL & DISCUSS
Mr. and Mrs. Mason have three children. Assume that the probability of
having a baby girl is 0.5 and the probability of having a baby boy is also 0.5.
Distributions
Model A Model B

(=) [Link]
0.59.6 3girls
Ea Ss ae
0.5 et
| CAN... define probability G 2 girls
distributions to represent .
2 girls
0.5 0.5
“<Q B 1 girl
experiments and solve
problems.
G 2 girls
1girl 0.5 0.5 <K
VOCABULARY
¢ binomial experiment B 1girl
0 girls ; Se G 1 girl
e probability distribution
¢ uniform probability es
distribution B Ogirls
A. Reason Which model represents the situation correctly, Model A or
Model B? Explain.
B. What is the probability that Mr. and Mrs. Mason have 3 girls?
C. Compare the probability that the Masons’ first child was a boy and
they then had two girls to the probability that their first two children
were girls and they then had a boy. Does the order affect the
probabilities? Explain.

) ESSENTIAL QUESTION What does a probability distribution tell you about an experiment?

CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING () EXAMPLE 1 } Develop a Theoretical Probability Distribution
“heap og ces EEersesEND )

A. Teo and Henry are running for President of the Student Council. You
will select a campaign button at random from the box containing 3 Teo
COMMUNICATE PRECISELY buttons and 3 Henry buttons. You will record the number of Teo buttons
The sample space {0, 1} represents that you get. What is the theoretical probability distribution for the
how many Teo buttons you can sample space {0, 1}?
select in one trial.
Ap robability distributic on for an experiment is a function that assigns
a probability to each outcome of a sample space for the experiment.
Since you are selecting a button at random, you are equally likely to
get 0 buttons or 1 button for Teo.
The theoretical probability distribution A theoretical probability is
for this experiment is the function P, based upon assump Ole rather
conned on the set {0, 1}, such that EEE ee /%

P(0)= =+and P(1)==

CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE

522 TOPIC 12 Probab lity [=] Go Online |[Link]

 (=) © Activity © Assess
SSS
EXAMPLE 1 CONTINUED
B. Now you plan to select a button at random, put it back in the box, and
then select another button at random. You will record the total number
of times that you get a Teo button in the experiment. Define the
theoretical probability distribution for the sample space {0, 1, 2}. How
does this probability distribution differ from the distribution in Part A?

Make a tree diagram for the experiment.

; her is i Multiply probabilities

1 along each path.
Aanryad SF teriy
2 H_P(TH) = 4
:2 1
7 —T P(HT)=4
1
s 2
H P(HH) =
Add the probabilities of TH and HT to find the probability of getting
one Teo button.
STUDY TIP
One way to check your work is Sele.
Bt >
to check that the sum of The theoretical probability distribution is the function P, defined on
the probabilities of all the the set {0, 1, 2}, such that P(0) = 7,P(1) = 5,and P(2) = 3.
outcomes is 1.
Compare this probability distribution to the one in Part A.
A uniform probability distribution assigns the same probability to
each outcome.

Comparing Probability Distributions

.Select one button = P(0) = i P(1) = t uniform

pene an rN a ~

|Select two buttons | P(0) = 5, P(l) = , P(2) =} _ not uniform | }

The probability distribution in Part A is a uniform probability

distribution. The probability distribution in this part is not.

© Try It! 1. You select two marbles

at random from the
bowl. For each situation,
define the theoretical
probability distribution
for selecting a number
of red marbles on the
sample space {0, 1, 2}. Is it a uniform probability distribution?
a. You select one marble and put it back in the bowl. Then you
select a second marble.
b. You select one marble and do not put it back in the bowl.
Then you select a second marble.

LESSON 12-4 Probability Distributions 523

 (=) © Activity © Assess

APPLICATION Eg >.¢:\\t28°9~4 Develop an Experimental Probability Distribution

Tears ERRORS

A cell phone company surveyed 500 households about the number of

smartphones they have that are in use.

Number of Smartphones per Household

_i Number 0 1 2 3 4 5 6or
more |

Frequency 10 66 120 144 #79 += «#237 ~~ 44

Would you recommend that the company concentrate on selling data plans
for individuals or plans for families with three or more smartphones? Explain.
Step 1 Define an experimental probability distribution on the sample space
{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or more}.
First divide each frequency by 500 to find each relative frequency.
For convenience, round each relative frequency to the nearest
whole percent.

Number of Smartphones per Household

| | )..6.0r
| Number 0 1 2 3 4 5 more

"Frequency 10 66 | 120 | 144 | 79 37 44

eauencl | 2% 13% 24% | 29% 16% 7% | 9%

Each relative frequency represents : }
~ Anexperimental probability
the experimental probability that a
is based upon collecting .
household selected at random from
real-world data and finding
the 500 households has a given
relative frequencies. )
number of smartphones. —— i = oma

An experimental probability distribution for the experiment is the

function P such that if n is an outcome of the sample space, then
P(n) is the probability of that outcome. For example, P(0) = 2%.
Step 2 Graph the probability distribution.
35%

30%

25%

COMMON ERROR 20%

When graphing a probability 15%
distribution, the heights of the Probability
bars represent the probabilities 10%
of each outcome, not their
5%
frequencies.
0%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 or
more
Number of Smartphones

Step 3 Interpret the results.

The probability that a household has 3 or more cell phones is 61%.
Therefore, the company should probably focus on family plans rather
than individual plans.
CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE

524 TOPIC 12 Probability (=) Go Online |[Link] a

 © Activity © Assess

EXAMPLE 2 CONTINUED

© Try It! [Link] that you selected a Mate enalt

student at random from the
Drama Club and recorded page 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18
the student's age. (Students; 4/ 7/10) 7| 9
a. Define an experimental probability distribution on the
sample space {14, 15, 16, 17, 18}.
b. Graph the probability distribution you defined.

CONCEPT Binomial Experiments

A binomial experiment is an experiment that consists of a fixed number of

trials, with the following features.
e Each trial has two possible outcomes, one of which is denoted as “success.”
e The results of the trials are independent events.
e The probability of “success” is the same for every trial.

bb) POONA Ke Binomial Experiments

Is the experiment a binomial experiment?

A. This spinner is spun 3 times. Assume iy Oy)
WApy 2
that the spinner is equally likely to S

stop in any of the sections. Success

is landing on a section marked
“Go Forward 2 Spaces.”
Compare the experiment to the
requirements for a binomial
experiment.
¢ There are two possible outcomes
for each trial, landing ona
section labeled “Go Forward 2
Spaces” (success) and not landing on one of those sections.
e The outcome of one spin does not affect the probability of success
on any other spin.
¢ The probability of success is 0.25 for every trial.
The experiment is a binomial experiment.

B. In a class of 23 students, 7 students completed the term project. Two

students selected at random have to give presentations. Success is that
SED EROLIZE the student has completed the project.
Would the experiment be a po 5 eas
binomial experiment if there were The probability that the first student has completed the project is 53°
25 hstudentsbai in the class? Some If the first student completed the project, the probability that the second
other number? student did is 2. If the first student is not, the probability is 5
Because the probabilities for each trial are different, the experiment is
not a binomial experiment.
CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE

LESSON 12-4 Probability Distributions 525

 >) © Activity © Assess

EXAMPLE 3 CONTINUED

© Try It! 3.1s the experiment a binomial experiment? If so, find the
probability of success. Explain.
a. You select one card at random from a set of 7 cards,
4 labeled A and 3 labeled B. Then you select another card
at random from the cards that remain. For each selection,
success is that the card is labeled A.
b. You roll a standard number cube 4 times. Assume that each
time you roll the number cube, each number is equally likely
to come up. For each roll, success is getting an even number.

CONCEPT Binomial Probability Formula

For a binomial experiment consisting of n trials with the probability of

success p for each trial, the probability of exactly r successes out of the n
trials is given by the following formula:
P(r) = (ways to get r successes in n trials) « P(r successes) « P(n—r failures)

P(r) = ,C-*p'1 — p)?"

Co 9. ONV02H E> Probabilities in a Binomial Experiment

A grocery store gives away scratch-off cards with a purchase of
more than $100.
Terrell has 5 scratch-off cards. What is the probability that he has exactly
3 winning cards if each card has a 30% chance of being a winner?
Step 1 Determine whether the situation is a binomial experiment.
e Terrell’s 5 cards represent 5trials.
e Each card is either a winning card (success) or not.
e Whether one card is a winning card does not affect the
probability that another card is a winning card.
e The probability of success, 0.3, is the same for every trial.
So this is a binomial experiment.
REASON j ©
Renee raha ts Step 2 Find the probability of 3 successes.
probability, what probability does The formula P(r) = ,C,« p'(1 — p)"”* gives the probability of r
the term 1 — p represent? successes Out of rn trials. Use n = 5, r= 3, and p = 0.3.
oe eo P(3) = 5C3 + (0.3)3(1 — 0.3)>-3
Pe ot = 10(0.3)3(0.7)2
= 10 = 10(0.027)(0.49)
=O 1325
The probability of having exactly 3 winning cards is about 13%.

© Try It! 4. To the nearest tenth of a percent, what is the probability that
Terrell has more than 3 winning cards? Explain.

526 TOPIC 12 Probability (=) Go Online |[Link] |

 LQ Serccet, | Assess
@ concePT suMMARY Probability Distributions
Rade PATE Lene] by BINOMIAL EXPERIMENT
A probability distribution for an experiment A binomial experiment is an experiment that
is a function that assigns a probability to each consists of a fixed number of trials, in which:
outcome of a sample space for the experiment.
lacs ¢ each trial has two possible outcomes,
0.4 niform a. is denoted
one of which a F
as “success”;
a | Auniform probability
2 distribution assigns e the results of the trials are independent
3 02 | the same probability events; and
° __ to each outcome. e the probability of “success” is the same
for every trial.
If the probability of success is p for each trial,
then the probability of exactly r successes
out of n trials is P(r) = ,C,* p'(1 — p)".

Probability

© Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

1. What does a Graph the probability distribution P.
probability distribution tell you about an 4. Theoretical probabilities from selecting
experiment? a student at random from a group of
2. Vocabulary What are the characteristics of a 3 students, Jack, Alani, and Seth
binomial experiment? 5. Probabilities from flipping a fair coin 3 times
3. Error Analysis A regular tetrahedron has and counting the number of heads. The
four triangular sides, with one of the letters sample space is the set of numbers 0, 1, 2, 3.
A, B, C, and D on each side. Assume that if P(O) = 0.125, P(1) = 0.375, P(2) = 0.375,
you roll the tetrahedron, each of the letters P(3) = 0.125
is equally likely to end up on the bottom.
{A, B, C, D} is a sample space for the A bag contains 5 balls: 3 green, 1 red, and
experiment. Rochelle was asked to find the 1 yellow. You select a ball at random 4 times,
theoretical probability distribution for the replacing the ball after each selection. Calculate
experiment. Explain and correct the error. the theoretical probability of each event to the
nearest whole percent.
6. getting a green ball exactly 3 times

P(A) = 0.3 7. getting a green ball exactly 4 times

P(B) = 0.3
P(c) = 0.3 x ? 8. getting a green ball at least 3 times
P(D) = 0.3 A 9. getting a yellow ball twice
10. getting only red and green balls

LESSON 12-4 Probability Distributions 52’=~

( PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING
Scan for Oi (=) © Practice © Tutorial
Multimedia | @
Additional Exercises Available Online

UNDERSTAND PRACTICE

11. Communicate Precisely Explain what it means A card is chosen at random from the box
for a coin to be a fair coin. containing 10 cards: 3 yellow, 4 red, 2 green,
and 1 blue. SEE EXAMPLES 1 AND 2
12. Reason You spin the spinner shown.
16. Define a probability distribution for this
experiment on the sample space {Y, R, G, B}.

17. Graph the probability distribution.

In a certain game, the player can score 0, 1, 2, 3,

or 4 points during their turn. The table shows
the number of times Kennedy scored each number
of points the last time she played the game.
Describe a theoretical probability distribution
SEE EXAMPLE 2
for the experiment.

alt
co
13. Communicate Precisely Five students in a
class of 27 students ate hamburgers for lunch. Bacto 3 7 ss 6 5a
Suppose the teacher selects a student in the
class at random and then selects another 18. Define an experimental probability distribution
student at random. Success for each selection based on Kennedy's scores.
is selecting a student who ate a hamburger.
Is this a binomial experiment? Explain. 19. Graph the probability distribution you defined
in Exercise 18.
14. Error Analysis A standard number cube is
rolled 7 times. Success for each roll is defined Is the experiment a binomial experiment? Explain.
as getting a number less than 3. Abby tried SEE EXAMPLE 3
to calculate the probability of 5 successes. 20. A quality control specialist tests 50 LED light
Describe and correct her error. bulbs produced ina factory. Success is that a
tested light bulb burns for at least 2,000 hours
without dimming. For each light bulb, the
0.002 x é
p(s)=(4) (2)= probability of success is 0.9.

21. There are 10 black and 10 red cards face down

on the table. One card is selected at random.
15. Mathematical Connections A marble is selected Then another card is selected at random.
from the bowl shown 4 times. The marble is Success is getting a red card.
returned to the bowl after each selection.
22. A basketball player is shooting 2 free throws.
The probability of her making the first free
throw is 0.86. The probability of her making
the second free throw is 0.92.
= ai PS er
ii coe ae heeliei
Each time Bailey is at bat, the probability that
PGE he gets a hit is 0.250. If he bats 10 times in the
neonate peed
dae
oR wu +s ae course of two games, what is the probability
of each result? Round to the nearest tenth of a
a. Show that there are exactly ,C, ways to get percent. SEE EXAMPLE 4
exactly 2 green marbles.
23. He gets no hits.
b. How are 5C3 and <C> related? Explain.
24. He gets exactly 1 hit.
25. He gets exactly 2 hits.
26. He gets fewer than 3hits.

528 TOPIC 12 Probabilit, (=) Go Online |[Link]

©) PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING (=)
ed
© Practice © Tutorial

Mixed Review Available Online

© ASSESSMENT PRACTICE
27. Model with Mathematics The circle graph 30. You are going to roll a game piece two times.
shows the result of a survey of the most The game piece has 10 sides of equal area,
popular types of music in the U.S., based on each with one of the numbers
sales, downloads, and streaming. 0 through 9. Assume that it is
equally likely to land with any
of the sides on top. Success is
defined as getting a 3 on top.

Let P be the function defined

on {0, 1, 2} such that P(n) is
the probability of n successes.
Select all that apply.
@ This is a binomial experiment.
P is a probability distribution for the sample
space {0, 1, 2}.
© P(0) = 0.81
a. Define a probability distribution for the © P(1) = 0.09
sample space.
® P(2) = 0.01
b. Graph the probability distribution.
. SAT/ACT A standard number cube is rolled
c. According to the survey, which is the most 6 times. Success is defined as getting a number
popular type of music in the United States? greater than 4. Rounded to the nearest percent,
what is the probability of exactly 2 successes?
28. Higher Order Thinking A pharmaceutical
company is testing a new version of a @ 2% ® 8% ©23% ©33% ©50%
medication. In a clinical trial of the old version
. Performance Task Get 5 index cards. Draw a
of the medication, 18% of the subjects taking
picture on one side and no picture on the other
the old medication experienced headaches.
side of each card.
a. Suppose that 18% of the people taking the
new medications will experience headaches. Part A You are going to throw all 5 cards up
If 8 subjects are selected at random and in the air and count the number of cards that
given the new medication, what is the land face up. Assume that it is equally likely
probability that less than two of them will that each card will land face up and face down.
experience headaches? Define a theoretical probability distribution for
the sample space {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.
b. Suppose that two of the eight subjects
experience headaches after taking the Part B Perform the experiment 20 times. Each
new medication. Is that cause for concern? time you perform the experiment, record the
Explain your reasoning. number of cards that land face up. Find the
experimental probability for each outcome in
29. Communicate Precisely In a quiz show, a the sample space {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and define
contestant is asked 6 questions. Each question an experimental probability distribution the
has 5 answer choices. Assume that the sample space.
contestant picks an answer at random for each
question and the probability of guessing the Part C Compare the results of Part A and B. If
correct answer is 20%. What is the probability they are different, explain why you think they
of guessing correctly on at least 4 of the are different.
questions? Round your answer to the nearest
tenth of a percent.

LESSON 12-4 Probability Distributions 529

 GB O06 Activity © Assess

a rTI 7 () EXPLORE & REASON

A company has 20 employees Employee Hourly Wages
Expected Value 15 ;— : 24 oe
whose hourly wages are shown
in the bar graph.
ssSo

A. An employee is chosen at random.

(=) [Link] What is the probability that his or ul
of Employees
Number
aD
her hourly wage is $12? $25? $50?
So
B. What is the mean hourly wage? $12 $25 $50
| CAN... calculate, interpret,
Explain your method.
and apply expected value.
C. Construct Arguments Is the mean a good description of the typical
VOCABULARY hourly wage at this company? Explain.
¢ binomial distribution
e expected value

i ESSENTIAL QUESTION What does expected value tell you about situations involving probability? }

CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING
\unequtnitian snsine
3)eecuigh@ Evaluate and Apply Expected Value
The table shows data on sales in one | pe Re ee :
month for each item ona restaurant | SAT ee
menu. To estimate future profits, the retewi 4) $0342 | 12% |
owner evaluates the average profit Pe
from each meal. oe a 20a ae Th
_ Lasagna © $0.64 | 45% |
A. Based on the data, what is the chili $0.73 | 36%
average profit that the owner can Re ARAMA vnneensinenahaniioettilintiaersL haan ae

expect to make from each meal?

xpected value is the sum of the value of each outcome multiplied by
the Seeebility of the outcome.
E = x4P(x1) + X2P(x>) + x3P(x3) +... + X,_P(x,)

Stier ERROR ; The outcomes are the profits for each meal. The probability for each meal
Oe average profitfrom is the percent sold. Multiply each outcome by its probability. Then add.
each meal is not simply the
average of the cost of1 serving E = 0.34(0.12) + 0.41(0.07) + 0.64(0.45) + 0.73(0.36) = 0.6203
of each of the 4 meals because
the number of each kind of
_ Use the expected value formula when the probability of —
meal varies. .
at least one outcome differs from any of the others.

If this expected value continues, the owner can expect to earn about
$0.62 per meal.

B. What is the expected profit for the next 200 meals ordered?
$0.6203 x 200 = $124.06

The owner can expect to net about $124.06 for the next 200 meals.
CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE

530 TOPIC 12 Probability (=) Go Online| [Link]

 (=) © Activity © Assess
=
EXAMPLE 1 CONTINUED

© Try It! 1.a. What would happen to the expected value if fewer people
ordered chili and more people ordered stew? Explain.
b. Suppose the restaurant's profit on an order of stew increased
by $0.05 and the profit on an order of chili decreased by
$0.05. How would these changes affect the expected profit
per meal?

ORT Find expected payoffs

A charity is considering a fundraising event in which donors will pay $1
to spin the wheel 3 times. What is the expected payoff for the charity for
each game?

a
Vv
EVEN THREES
There are 6 possible outcomes.
Spin 3 times | 3 of the possible outcomes
Get 3 even numbers are even numbers.
Win an item worth $4 .

_ MAKE SENSE AND PERSEVERE Step 1 Find the probabilities for the donor.
Think about methods used to find
_ probabilities. What do you need There are 63, or 216 outcomes for spinning the wheel 3 times.
to identify to find the probabilities There are 33, or 27, ways to spin 3 even numbers in a row, so the
for each situation?
probability of a donor winning a $4 prize is , or ¥
So, the probability of a donor not winning is 1 — y or .

Step 2 Find probabilities for the charity.

The probability that the charity gains $1 is P(1) = Z
The probability that the charity loses $3 is P(—3) = +
Step 3 Find the expected value of each game for the charity.

Eo) =1(2) +302

The charity can expect to earn $0.50 each game.

© Try It! 2. What is the expected payoff for the person making
the donation?

LESSON 12-5 Expected Value 531

 f=) © Activity © Assess

APPLICATION ge >. OW 0202 Use Expected Values to Evaluate Strategies

ncTR REE

You are considering options for an auto insurance policy. The insurance
company offers new car replacement insurance, in the case your car is
totaled. There is a 1% annual chance of the car being totaled.

}Plan |Premium (S)

| Deductible (5) The deductible is the
A 50 500 portion of the cost that
the car owner pays.
| ii 0 Ea
A. Which of the two plans has the lower expected cost?
The total expected cost is the sum of the known costs and the expected
value of the unknown cost. The cost of a new car is higher than the
deductible, so you would pay the full deductible if the car needs to be
replaced.

CONSTRUCT ARGUMENTS Known Expected value of

If the expected costs were the cost nicnown cost
same, what other criteria could —— ualide ak ee |
the car owner use to decide? Why premier Deductiblas ( Probability of _ Expected cost
might the insurance company replacement of insurance
offer two different plans with the ;
same expected cost? PlanA: $50 + $500 0.01 = $55

PlanB: $60 + $0 ° 0.01 = $60 |

Plan A has the lower expected cost.

B. How can you decide whether or not to purchase replacement insurance?
The cost of a new car is very high, so purchasing replacement insurance
can be a good idea. Solve an inequality to determine when having no
i
a
i
insurance is more costly than having insurance.
Known Expected value of
cost unknown cost .
EE —oooo eee.

E Cost of a Probability of Expected cost

Premium + ° > : ’
new car replacement of insurance ‘
$0 + x ° 0.01 > $55 |

With or without insurance, you have 0.01x a $55

the same chance of needing a new car. x > $5,500

You should buy replacement insurance if the cost of a new car is

greater than $5,500.

© Try It! 3. The insurance company also offers safety glass coverage. There
is a 50% chance of no repairs ($0), a 30% chance of minor repairs
($50), and 20% chance of full replacement ($300). Which plan for
optional safety glass coverage has the lower expected cost?

oe C 50 200
D 100 0

532 TOPIC 12 Probability (=) Go Online| [Link] i

 (=) © Activity 7) Assess
ose

tb) >. GWU IAA -a a Use Binomial Probability to Find Expected Value
According to the weather app on Talisha’s smartphone, there is a 40%
chance of rain for each of the 5 days of her vacation. How many rainy days
should Talisha expect during her vacation?

STUDY TIP ey Apply the binomial probability

Organize your work ina table that 0 5C9(0.4)9(0.6)° = 0.0778 formula with n = 5, p=0.4,
clearly shows each outcome and aes and 1 — p = 0.6 to find the
its probability. { 5C,(0.4)'(0.6)" = 0.2592 probability of rain for each
2 5C,(0.4)2(0.6)3 = 0.3456 number of days of Talisha's
~ : vacation.
3 5C3(0.4)3(0.6)? = 0.2304
4 5C4(0.4)*(0.6)' = 0.0768
5 5C<(0.4)?(0.6)° ~ 0.0102

To find the expected number of rainy days, multiply each probability by the
number of rainy days it corresponds to, and add those values together.
Expected number of rainy days
=0-+P(0)+ 1+P(1)+2+P(2)
+3 +P(3)+4-+P(4) +5 P(5)
= 0(0.0776) + 1(0.2592) + 2(0.3456) + 3(0.2304) + 4(0.0768) + 5(0.0102) ~ 2
Talisha should expect 2 rainy days during her vacation.
The table shows the probability of every outcome of a binomial experiment.
This probability distribution is called a bine tribution. A special
relationship exists for the expected value for any binomial distribution.
Pp
2 = 5(0.4)

E expected value n trials p probability

© Try It! 4.A carnival game has 4 orange lights and 1 green light that flash
rapidly one at a time in a random order. When a player pushes
a button, the game stops, leaving one light on. If the light is
green, the player wins a prize. Copy and complete the table,
then determine the number of prizes that a player can expect
to win if the game is played 4 times.

Number of Probability
Green Lights
0 4Co(0.2)9(0.8)4 =
1 Ce (0.2) (0.8) =
2 C.(0.2)"(0.8)™ =
3 C(0.2)8(0.8)" =
4 Co(0.2)(0.8)™ =

LESSON 12-5 Expected Value 533

 Concept
e Summary © ASSES TE

@ CONCEPT SUMMARY Expected Value

ALGEBRA

Expected value is the average outcome that Let x4, X>, X3, ... X, represent the values of the
will occur with many trials of an experiment. It outcomes of a set of trials.
is the sum of the value of each outcome times You can find the expected value, £, with
the probability of the outcome. this formula.
E = x4P(x1) + X2P(xz) + ... + X,_P(x,)

© Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

1. M4 ane meliyetem What does 6. What is the expected value when rolling a
expected value tell you about situations standard number cube?
involving probability?
. What is the expected value of the sum when
2. Error Analysis Benjamin is finding the rolling two standard number cubes?
expected value of the number of heads
. A travel website reports that in a particular
when tossing a fair coin 10 times. What is
European city, the probability of rain on any
Benjamin’s error?
day in April is 40%. What is the expected |
number of rainy days in this city during the |
Toss a coin 10 times month of April?
E= 50% . You buy an airplane ticket for $900. You
discover that if you cancel or rebook
your vacation flight to Europe, you will
be charged an extra $300. There is a 20%
3. Construct Arguments A carnival game chance that you will have to rebook your
costs $1 to play. The expected payout for flight.
each play of this game is $1.12. Should the
carnival operators modify the game in any a. What is the expected value of the cost of i
{
way? Explain. the ticket? '

4. Reason The students in Ms. Kahn’‘s class b. Is the expected value the amount you will
are raising money to help earthquake pay to book the ticket whether or not
victims. They expect to raise $0.52 for you have to rebook? Explain.
each raffle ticket they sell. If each raffle
ticket is sold for $2, what can 10. A child-care service charges families an
you conclude? hourly rate based upon the age of the
child. Their hourly rate per child is $20 per
5. Reason A spinner is divided into 6 equal- hour for infants less than 1 year old, $18
sized sectors, numbered 1, 1, 1, 4, 7, and 10. for toddlers 1 to 3 years old, $15 per hour
Is the expected value of a spin the same as children 3 or more years old. The ratios of
the mean of the numbers? Explain. infants : toddlers : 3+ years is 2: 3: 5. What
is the expected charge per child per hour?

534 TOPIC 12 Probability (=) Go Online |[Link]

© PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Scan for
Multimedia | @
b (=) © Practice © Tutorial

Additional Exercises Available Online

UNDERSTAND PRACTICE

11. Error Analysis For the dartboard shown, A farmer estimates her hens will produce
Deshawn calculated the expected number of 3,000 dozen more eggs this year than last year.
points per dart. Explain Deshawn’s error. What She estimates the probability of her net profit or
is the correct expected value? loss on each dozen eggs based on her costs.
SEE EXAMPLE 1

Estimated Net Profit per Dozen Eggs

— PRN Ss eon: Galen \
| (¢ per doz.) he
Probability
Jor[oao2]arfor for
aera

15. What is her expected profit per dozen eggs?

16. What is her expected profit on the total egg

(4)+
Expected value = NIN 2(1) production?
=e
17. An electronics store offers students a discount
lee
Nigh 86
X 4
ll Uv Niu
Ep of 10% on purchases of computers. They
estimate that 7. of computer sales are to
students. The average sale per customer is $498
and the store’s profit is $80 before the discount.
What is the expected profit on the sale of a
12. Reason A nonrefundable plane ticket costs computer? SEE EXAMPLE 2
$600, while a refundable ticket costs $900.
A traveler estimates there is a 20% chance 18. An insurance company offers three policy
he will have to cancel his upcoming trip. options. The probability a car will be damaged
Should the traveler purchase a refundable or in a given year is 5%, and if a car is damaged,
nonrefundable ticket? Explain. the cost of the repairs will be $1000. Which
option has the least expected annual cost for
13. Construct Arguments A consumer determines the car owner? Explain. SEE EXAMPLE 3
that her expected cost for Option B is $528
Insurance Policy Options
peryear.
PvE) Deductible
Premium ($) ($)
A 900 0
A $600 $0 800 400
B $500 $1,000 C 700 1000

a. Why might this consumer select the policy On a tropical island, the probability of sunny
with the $1000 deductible? weather is 90% each day. SEE EXAMPLE
b. Why might this consumer select the policy 19. What is the expected number of sunny days in
with no deductible? a non-leap year?

14. Mathematical Connections How is expected 20. What is the expected number of sunny days
value related to the mean? during the month of June?

LESSON 12-5 Expected Value 535

@} PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING
(=) © Practice © Tutorial
=

Mixed Review Available Online

© ASSESSMENT PRACTICE
21. Model With Mathematics A solar panel 25. A commuter recorded data on the arrival
company has found that about 1% of its panels time of his morning train each weekday for
are defective. The company’s cost to replace 5 weeks. According to the data, he should
each defective panel is $600. A consultant expect the train to be 1.16 minutes late on any
recommends changes to the manufacturing given day. What are the missing values in the
process that will cost $200,000 and reduce the commuter’s table?
defective rate to 0.2%. The company estimates
Arrival Time for Train
that it will sell 30,000 panels next year and
that sales will increase by 5,000 panels per year
for the next 10 years. Should the company NTL
eX aolme FelhS 5} 1 | @ 1) se
follow the consultant's recommendation?
Explain. 26. SAT/ACT What is the expected total for
20 spins?
22. Reason A student tosses a coin 4 times and the
results are heads, tails, heads, and heads. The @ 100
student concludes that the expected number of 105
heads for 100 tosses is 75. How did the student © 110
find this number? Do you agree with the © 115
student's reasoning? Explain.
® 120
23. Higher Order Thinking Your family is going
to buy a new TV set for $599. You find out 27. Performance Task A toy company is designing
that the probability that the TV set will need a children’s game in which players toss chips
to be serviced in the second year is 0.05 and onto a board. The square board will contain a
the probability that the TV set will need to smaller square at its center.
be serviced in the third year is 0.08. A 2-year
warranty costs $55, and a 3-year warranty
costs $80. The average cost of repairing the TV
set is $278. What would you advise your family
to do, get a 2-year extended warranty, a 3-year
extended warranty or not to get any extended
warranty? Explain your reasoning.

24. Make Sense and Persevere A company makes

tablets that are guaranteed for one year. On
average, one out of every 200 tablets needs to Part A Write design instructions for the board
be repaired or replaced within the first year. so that a chip tossed randomly onto the board
If a tablet needs to be repaired, the company is 8 times more likely to land in the outer region
loses an average of $140. If the company than in the inner square. Explain your reasoning.
sells 2,600,000 of the tablets in a year, what Part B Assign a whole number of points to the
is their net profit on the sale of the tablets in outer region so that the expected score on a
that year? single toss is as close as possible to 5. Explain
your reasoning.
If no repairs or Part C If the area of the inner square is
replacement is doubled and the overall size of the board
needed for a remains the same, how does the expected score
tablet, the change? Is it also doubled? Explain.
company makes
a $24 profit on
that tablet.

TOPIC 12 Probability (=) Go Online |[Link] {

 & © Activity © Assess

i|2 - ie ORT esr

Probability and Your friend offers to play
as ; the following game with
Decision Making you “If the product of the
roll of two number cubes
is 10 or less, | win. If not,
(=) [Link] you win!”

A. If you were to play the game many times, what percent of the games
| CAN... use probability to would you expect to win?
make decisions. ;
B. Is the game fair? Should you take the offer? Explain.
C. Make Sense and Persevere Suggest a way to change the game from fair
to unfair, or vice versa, while still using the product of the two number
cubes. Explain.

ESSENTIAL QUESTION How can you use probability to make decisions?

APPLICATION
\eunammoansmomciasmisescace®
Qa eNiigRE Use Probability to Make Fair Decisions
Sadie, Tamira, River, Victor, and Jae are candidates to represent their school
at an event. How can you use random integers to select 2 students from
the 5 candidates, so that each one is equally likely to be selected?
MAKE SENSE AND PERSEVERE
There are 5 students. Assign a number to each student.
Consider how you would assign
integers from 1 to 10 among the
5 students. How do you adjust this
for a random number generator
that gives a number r from the
interval 0 <r <1? To select a student, use a calculator or other random number generator to
generate a random integer from 1 to 5. Repeat to select the second student.

| randint (1,5)
5 Ignore the duplicate 5. Some
_ randint (1,5) calculators may have a function
F randint (1,5) : that eliminates duplicates.

Jae (5) and Sadie (1) are selected.

© Try It! 1. Your trainer creates training programs for you. How can
you use index cards to randomly choose the following:
Strength training 1 day per week; Cardio training 2 days per
week, with no consecutive days; Swimming 1 day per week

LESSON 12-6 Probability and Decision Making 537

 (=) © Activity © Assess }
7

CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING ge i> @-\\ Re» Determine Whether a Decision Is Fair or Unfair
“Nearest REED

Thato places three cards in a hat

and challenges Helena to a game.
A. Thato says, “If you draw a
number greater than 2,
you earn 2 points. Otherwise,
| earn 2 points.” Is the game
fair, or unfair? If it is unfair,
which player has the advantage? Explain.
In each round, Thato either wins
If Helena draws a “3” and gets |
2 points or loses 2 points. 2 points, Thato considers this a
COMMON ERROR
Find the probability of each outcome. loss of 2 points for himself.
Recall that the expected value
Then find the expected value.
is the sum of the products of
the outcomes’ values by their Rye 4 and P(+2) = Z.

c=-2+(J)42+(8)
respective probabilities. Be
careful not to use the sum of the
probabilities. A game is considered “fair” if and
WIN
only if the expected value is 0.

The game is unfair and is skewed to Thato’s advantage. The probability

of his scoring 2 points is twice the probability of Helena scoring 2 points.

B. Helena proposes a change to the scoring of the game. She says, .

“If | draw a number greater than 2, | get 2 points. Otherwise, you get |
1 point.” Is the game fair, or unfair? If it is unfair, which player has
the advantage? Explain.
In each round, Thato either scores 1 point or he loses 2 points.
Find the probability of each outcome. Then find the expected value.
P(—2) = }and P(+1) = z4

co-2-(9)41-(8
=-£+2=0
This is a fair game because the expected value is 0. Neither player has an
advantage over the other.

© Try It! 2. Justice and Tamika use the same 3 cards but change the game.
In each round, a player draws a card and replaces it, and then
the other player draws. The differences between the two cards
are used to score each round. Order matters, so the difference
can be negative. Is each game fair? Explain.
a. If the difference between the first and second cards is 2,
Justice gets a point. Otherwise Tamika gets a point.

b. They take turns drawing first. Each round, the first player to
draw subtracts the second player’s number from her own and
the result is added to her total score.

238 TOPIC 12 Probability (=) Go Online |[Link]

 (=) © Activity © Assess

APPLICATION Ce PC NUIIA-KED Make a Decision Based on Expected Value

\ecommieommescem

The Silicon Valley Company manufactures tablets and computers. Their

tablets are covered by a warranty for one year, so that if the tablet fails, the
company replaces it. Since the failure rate of their model TAB5000 tablet is
high, the head of production has a plan for replacing certain components
inside the TAB5000 and calling the new model TAB5001.

Model TAB5000 Model TAB5001

° Cost to produce: $100 © Cost to produce: $105
e Price: $150 © Price: $150
¢ 5% fail within first year © 1% fail within first
e Replacement cost to year (estimate)
company: $130 ¢ Replacement cost
to company: $135

If you were the head of production, would you recommend switching to

selling the TAB5001?

Formulate <¢ Find the expected profit for each model.

Expected profit = price — cost — (cost to replace)(failure rate)

Compute < Expected profit of TAB5000 = $150 — $100 — ($130)(0.05)

= $50 — $6.50
= $43.50

Expected profit of TAB5001 = $150 — $105 — ($135)(0.01)

= $45 — $1.35
= $43.65

Interpret < The expected profit of the TAB5001 is more than the expected profit of
the TAB5000. It makes sense to sell the TAB5001 instead of the TAB5000.
Also, customers who bought a tablet would be more likely to be pleased
with their purchase and buy from the same company in the future.

© Try It! 3. Additional data is collected for the TAB5000 and TAB5001. The
production and replacement costs for the TAB5001 remain
unchanged.
a. The production and replacement costs for the TAB5000 increased
by $10. What would the expected profit be for the TAB5000?

b. The failure rate for the TAB5001 increased by 1%. What

would the expected profit be for the TAB5001?
c. As a consultant for the company, what would you
recommend they do to maximize their profit?

LESSON 12-6 Probability and Decision Making 539

 =) © Activity ) Assess

eg ip eN idee Use a Binomial Distribution to Make Decisions

An airport shuttle company takes

8 reservations for each trip because
25% of their reservations do not
show up. Is this a reasonable policy?

Find the probability that more

passengers show up than the van a a a AIRPORT =
can carry. _ Capacity: 6 passengers"

For 8 reservations, the graph shows

the number of possible combinations
of passengers showing up.

Pr Airport Shuttle Too many

passengers!
uw 70
6
i 60
USE APPROPRIATE TOOLS iS
How does the graph of the < at
number of combinations help you SG 40 .
think about the situation? 5 |
a -
= oY 8 ways that 7 people
110 show up (gC7=8)
1 way that 8 people
OR SOU re 2 re Somer tH te+Get 4 Peee’g show up (gCg = 1)
Number of Passengers That Show Up

To find the probability that too many reservations show up, compute
the probability that either 7 or 8 passengers show up. Each reservation
has a 75% chance of showing up and a 25% chance of not showing up.
Use Aig ee (lip)!
Find the probability that 7 reservations show up.
P(7) = gC7(0.75)7(0.25)' ~ 8(0.1335)(0.25) = 0.267
Find the probability that 8 reservations show up.
P(8) = gCg(0.75)°(0.25)° ~ 1(0.1001)(1) ~ 0.100
The probability that more reservations will show up than the van can carry is
P(7) + P(8), or about 0.267 + 0.100 = 0.367.
Over one third of the trips will have passengers who can not get a seat in the
van. This will result in dissatisfied customers, so this is not a reasonable policy.

© Try It! 4.A play calls for a crowd of 12 extras with non-speaking parts.
Because 10% of the extras have not shown up in the past, the
director selects 15 students as extras. Find the probabilities
that 12 extras show up to the performance, 15 extras show
up to the performance, and more than 12 extras show up to
the performance.

540 TOPIC 12 Probability (=) Go Online |[Link]

 (=) Concept sete
— Summary

Q) CONCEPT SUMMARY Using Probability to Make Decisions

ta LO]8) DESCRIPTION APPLICATIONS

Simple Probability Find the probability of random e Select the most favorable
events. among random events.

Expected Value Multiply the probability of each e¢ Compare expected values to

outcome by its value. Add to choose the best of several options.
find the expected value.
¢ Compare expected values to
decide if a game is fair.

Probability Distribution Find the probability distribution ¢ Compare probabilities of

of all possible outcomes. outcomes in a binomial
experiment.
e Create a graph of a probability
distribution to present the
distribution visually.

©} Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

a 7 ESSENTIAL QUESTION JMale\We-Tami(oye! 7. A teacher assigns each
use probability to make decisions? of 30 students a unique
number from 1 to 30. randint (1,30)
2. Reason How can you use random The teacher uses the _ randint (1,30)
numbers to simulate rolling a standard random numbers shown fu oe
number cube? to select students for
presentations. Which student was selected
3. Error Analysis Explain the error in Diego’s
first? second?
reasoning.
. Three friends are at a restaurant and they
all want the last slice of pizza. Identify three
Ifa game uses random
methods involving probability that they can
numbers, it is always fair. use to determine who gets the last slice.
£
Explain mathematically why each method
will guarantee a fair decision.

. Edgar rolls one number cube and Micah

4. Use Structure Describe what conditions are
rolls two. If Edgar rolls a 6, he wins a prize.
needed for a fair game. If Micah rolls a sum of 7, she gets a prize.
Is this game fair? Explain.
5. Use Appropriate Tools Explain how you can
visualize probability distributions to help 10. The 10 parking spaces in the first row of the
parking lot are reserved for the 12 members
you make decisions.
of the Student Council. Usually an average
6. Reason Why must the expected value of a of ten percent of the Student Council
fair game of chance equal zero? does not drive to school dances. What is
the probability that more members of the
Student Council will drive to a dance than
there are reserved parking spaces?

LESSON 12-6 Probability and Decision Making 541

( PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING ee
Scan for | © (=) © Practice © Tutorial

Additional Exercises Available Online

UNDERSTAND PRACTICE

11. Reason Suppose Chris has pair of 4-sided dice, 14. How can you use random integers to select
each numbered from 1 to 4, and Carolina has 3 students from a group of 8 to serve as student
a pair of 10-sided dice, each numbered from body representatives, so that each student is
1 to 10. They decide to play a series of games equally likely to be selected? SEE EXAMPLE 1
against each other, using their own dice.
Explain whether each game is fair or unfair.
a. Describe a game that would be fair. Explain. SEE EXAMPLE 2
b. Describe an unfair game. Explain. 15. When it is your turn, roll a standard number
cube. If the number is even, you get a point.
If it is odd, you lose a point.

16. When it is your turn, roll two standard number

cubes. If the product of the numbers is even,
you get a point. If the product is odd, you lose
a point.

12. Construct Arguments Mr. and Ms. Mitchell Fatima is a contestant on a game show. So far, she
have 3 children, Luke, Charlie, and Aubrey. has won $34,000. She can keep the $34,000 or spin
All 3 children want to sit in the front seat. the spinner shown below and add or subtract the
Charlie suggests that they flip a coin two times amount shown from $34,000. SEE EXAMPLE 3
to decide who will sit in the front seat. The
number of heads determines who sits in the
front seat. Is this a fair method? Explain.

Number Front Seat

of Heads | Passenger
0 Luke
1 | Charlie
2 __ Aubrey

13. Error Analysis Mercedes is planning a party 17. If Fatima spins the spinner, what are her
for 10 people. She knows from experience that expected total winnings?
about 20% of those invited will not show up.
If she invites 12 people, how can she calculate 18. Would you advise Fatima to keep the $34,000
the probability that more than 10 people will or to spin the spinner? Explain your reasoning.
show up. What error did she make? What is the
19. Suppose 0.5% of people who file federal tax
correct probability?
returns with an adjusted gross income (AGI)
between $50,000 and $75,000 are audited. Of
5 people in that tax bracket for whom ABC Tax
Use the binomial distribution for
Guys prepared their taxes, 2 were audited.
12 trials, with a 20% probability,
SEE EXAMPLE 4
and more than 10 show up.
(12) (0.80)+(0.20)21 + a. If 5 people with an AGI between $50,000
(1) (0.80)9(0.20)12 and $75,000 are selected at random from
all the people who filed federal tax returns,
what is the probability that at least 2 people
are audited?

b. Would you recommend that a friend with an

AGI between $50,000 and $75,000 use ABC
Tax Guys to prepare her tax returns? Explain.

542 TOPIC 12 Probability (=) Go Online |[Link]

————
© PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING i=} © Practice © Tutorial

Mixed Review Available Online

© ASSESSMENT PRACTICE
20. Model With Mathematics For $5.49 per month, “2. Paula, Sasha, and Yumiko live together. They
Ms. Corchado can buy insurance to cover the want a system to determine who will wash the
cost of repairing a leak in the natural gas lines dinner dishes on any given night. Select all of
within her house. She estimates that there is the methods that are fair.
a 3% chance that she will need to have such
® Roll a standard number cube. If the result is 1
repairs made next year.
or 2, Paula does the dishes; if 3 or 4, Sasha;
a. What is the expected cost of a gas leak, if if 5 or 6, Yumiko.
Ms. Corchado does not buy insurance? Use Roll a standard number cube. If the result
the cost shown in the middle of the graph. is 1, Paula does the dishes; if 2, Sasha; if 4,
Yumiko. If the result is 3, 5, or 6, roll again.
b. With more recent information, Ms. Corchado
© Roll two standard number cubes. If the sum
learns that repair costs could be as much as
of the numbers that come up is less than 6,
$1,200 dollars with an 8% probability of a
Paula washes the dishes; if the sum is 8, 9, or
leak. What is the expected cost of a gas leak
12, Sasha; if the sum is 6 or 7, Yumiko. If the
with these assumptions?
sum is 10 or 11, roll again.
c. Would you advise Ms. Corchado to buy the © Write the name of each girl on a slip of
insurance? Explain. paper, place the slips in a box, mix them up,
and select one at random. The person whose
name is selected does the dishes.
_ AverageReported = —t™ |i
ase Costs 23. SAT/ACT A fair choice among a group of
$657 students may be made by flipping three coins
in sequence, and noting the sequences of heads
Low Cost High Cost and tails. If each student is assigned one of
$150 $1,200 these sequences, how many students can be
selected fairly by this method?
@4 ®5 ©6 O7 ®s8
21. Higher Order Thinking You are a consultant
to a company that manufactures components 24. Performance Task Acme Tire Company makes
for cell phones. One of the components the two models of steel belted radial tires, Model
company manufactures has a 4% failure rate. 1001 and Model 1002.
Design changes have improved the quality
Model
oce
of the component. A test of 50 of the new Model _|1001
components found that only one of the new Blowouts per Blowouts per
components is defective. 200,000 tires an tes
rofits before
ates $36
Profits before $60
a. Before the design improvements what was
any lawsuits
the probability that among 50 of the items,
at most one of the items was defective?

b. Is it reasonable to conclude that the new

components have a lower failure rate
than 4%?
If one of these tires fails and the company is
c. Would you recommend further testing to sued, the average settlement is $1,200,000.
determine whether the new parts have a
lower failure rate than 4%? Explain. Part A Find the expected profit for both models
of tires after any potential lawsuits. Explain.

Part B Would you recommend that the

company continue selling both models? Explain.

LESSON 12-6 Probability and Decision Making 543

 Topic Review
4 TOPIC ESSENTIAL QUESTION

1. How can you find the probability of events and combinations

of events?

Vocabulary Review
Choose the correct term to complete each sentence.
e combination
2. An arrangement of items in a specific order is called a(n)
¢ complement
3. Two events are if there is no outcome that is in both
¢ conditional probability
events.
if the occurrence of one event affects the
dependent events
4. Two events are
probability of the other event. expected value
5. An arrangement of items in which order is not important is called * independent events
a(n) e mutually exclusive
6. The predicted average outcome of many trials in an experiment is * permutation
called the ¢ probability distribution

Concepts & Skills Review

LESSON 12-1 Probability Events

Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving

Two events are mutually exclusive if and only if Ten craft sticks lettered A through J are ina
there is no outcome that lies in the sample space coffee cup. Consider the events “consonant,”
of both events. Two events are independent “vowel,” “letter before D in the alphabet,”
events if and only if the occurrence of one event “letter after A in the alphabet,” and “letter after
does not affect the probability of a second event. E in the alphabet.” State whether each pair of
events is mutually exclusive.
Example 7. vowel, letter before D
Let A represent the event 8. letter before D, letter after E
“even number,” or
A = {2, 4, 6, 8}. 9. letter after A, letter before D

Let B represent the event 10. Communicate Precisely Edward is rolling

“odd number,” or a number cube to decide on the new
B={1,3, Sah combination for his bicycle lock. If he only
Let C represent the event has one number to go, find the probability
“divisible by 3,” or C = {3, 6}. of each event. Use what you know about
mutually exclusive events to explain your
Are A and B mutually exclusive? Explain.
reasoning.
Yes; all of their elements are different.
a. Edward rolls a number that is both even
Are A and C mutually exclusive? Explain.
No; they both have a 3 in their sample space. and less than 2. Explain.
b. Edward rolls a number that is even or less
than 2. Explain.

S44 TOPIC 12 Probability [=] Go Online |[Link]

 Conditional Probability

Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving

For any two events A and B, with P(A) 4 0, Use the table in the Example for Exercises 11-15.
P(A and B) = P(A) « P(B| A). Events A and B are Find each probability for a randomly-selected
independent if and only if P(B |A) = P(B). student.
11. PUunior)
Example
12. P(Cross Country)
The table shows the number of students on
different teams by grade. One of these students 13. PUunior |Cross Country)
is selected at random for an interview. Are 14. P(Cross Country |Junior)
selecting a sophomore and selecting a member
of the track team independent events? 15. Are selecting a junior and selecting a cross
country runner dependent or independent

Coo
Team Enrollment by Year events?
16. Error Analysis One card is selected at
_ Cross Country | 9 6 random from five cards numbered 1-5. A
student says that drawing an even number
_ Track 2 23
and drawing a prime number are dependent
events because P(prime |even) = 0.5 and
P(Soph) = 0.42, P(Track) = 0.70,
P(even) = 0.4. Describe and correct the error
and P(Track and Soph) = 0.24 the student made.
_ P(Track and Soph) =
P(Soph| Track) = ee eer x 0.34
17. Use Structure A person entered in a raffle =
ad
P(Soph|Track) # P(Soph) has a 3% chance of winning a prize. A prize fay
[aa
winner has a 25% chance of winning two N
No, selecting a sophomore and selecting a bee]
theater tickets. What is the probability that
member of the track team are dependent events.
a person entered in the raffle will win the
=a,
\e)
theater tickets? ee

LESSON 12-3 Permutations and Combinations

Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving

The number of permutations of r items from a In Exercises 18 and 19, determine whether the
set of n items is nP= Gp for 0 <n situation involves finding permutations or
combinations. Then find the number.
The number of combinations of r items from a
set ofn items is nCr = aay for0 ay <i: 18. How many ways can a team choose a captain
and a substitute captain from 8 players?
19. How many ways can 3 numbers be selected
Example
from the digits 0-9 to set a lock code if the
A bag contains 4 blue tiles and 4 yellow tiles. digits cannot be repeated?
Three tiles are drawn from the bag at random
without replacement. What is the probability all 20. Error Analysis A student computed <C>,
three tiles are blue? and said that it is equal to 20. Describe and
correct the error the student made.
Use combinations since order does not matter.
Select 3 blue from 4 blue tiles ,C3, or 4, ways. 21. Look for Relationships The formulas for
permutations and combinations must
Select 0 yellow from 4 yellow tiles 4Co, or 1, way. always evaluate to a natural number.
Select 3 tiles from 8 total tiles gC3, or 56, ways. Explain why.
P(3 blue) = +24 otaks ~ 0.07 = 7%

TOPIC 12 Topic Review

LESSON 12-4 Probability Distributions

Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving

For a binomial experiment consisting of rn trials, Rhoda finds that every seed she plants has a
the probability of r successes out of rn trials is 56% chance to grow to full height. If she plants
given by the binomial probability formula: 10 seeds, what is the probability each number
of plants grows to full height? Round to the
Perr et) aes nearest hundredth of a percent.

22. 1 plant 23. 3 plants

Example
Curtis scores a touchdown 24% of the time 24. 5 plants 25. 10 plants
he receives the ball. If Curtis receives the ball
7 times, what is the probability he scores a 26. Error Analysis Using the Example, Akasi tried
touchdown 4 of those times? to calculate Curtis’ probable success rate of
3 touchdowns if he received the ball 5 times,
P(4 touchdowns) = 7C, « 0.244(1 — 0.24)/~4 but could not get an answer. Find and correct
= 35 - 0.244(0.76)3 her mistake.
~ 0.051 = 5.1%
P(3) = 3Cs ° 0.245 (1-0.24)3-5
=?

LESSON 12-5 Expected Value

Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving

The expected value E of a trial of an experiment Use the information in the Example to find the
is the sum of the value of each possible outcome expected value of 15 throws from each of the
times its probability or following people.
E = x4P(x4) + X2P(x) + ... + X,P(x,). 27. Rosa: 20% outer ring; 65% inner ring,
10% bullseye, 5% miss
Example 28. Vicki: 60% outer ring; 20% inner ring,
The outer ring on a dartboard is worth 10 points, 12% bullseye, 8% miss
the middle ring is worth 25 points, and the
29. Higher Order Thinking A basketball
bullseye is worth 100 points. When throwing
player takes 2 shots from the 3-point line
darts, Ravi has a 45% chance of hitting the outer
and misses them both. She calculates the
ring, a 40% chance of hitting the inner ring, a 5%
expected value of taking a shot from the
chance of hitting the bullseye, and a 10% chance
3-point line is 0 points. Do you agree with
of missing the board. What is the expected value
of a single dart throw? the player’s calculation? Her reasoning?
How could the player improve the accuracy
E = 10(0.45) + 25(0.4) + 100(0.05
) + 0(0.1) of her estimate?
=45+10+5+0
Og
a,

TOPIC 12 Probability (=) Go Online |[Link]

 Probability and Decision Making

Quick Review Practice & Problem Solving

Combined with probability, expected value can Both situations have the same expected value.
be used to help make decisions. Find the missing information.
30. Situation 1: Paul hits a dart target worth
Example 15 points 45% of the time.
Frederica is playing a game tossing 20 beanbags Situation 2: He hits a dart target worth
from a choice of three lines. Frederica has a 90% 10 points x% of the time.
chance of success from the 5-point line, a 65%
chance of success from the 10-point line, and 31. Situation 1: Lenora has a success rate of 25%
a 20% chance from the 20-point line. Frederica when selling bracelets at $15 each.
wants to toss every beanbag from the same line, Situation 2: She has a success rate of 20%
and thinks she should toss from the 5-point line when selling bracelets at $x each.
since it has the highest probability of success. Is
Frederica correct? 32. Make Sense of Problems Use the
information from the Example. Frederica
Find the expected points per toss, or expected
practices her shots and increases her chances
value.
from the 20-point line to 30%. Should she
5-point line: now toss the beanbag from the 20-point
5 points « 0.90 = 4.5 points per toss line? Explain your reasoning.
10-point line:
=
10 points « 0.65 = 6.5 points per toss =
>
20-point line: ie
jaa
20 points « 0.20 = 4 points per toss N
i
Frederica should toss the beanbag from the =
ar
10-point line. Oo
al

TOPIC 12 Topic Review 547

 Visual Glossary 1

English Spanish

Acute angle An acute angle is an angle whose measure is Angulo agudo Un angulo agudo es un angulo que mide
between 0 and 90. entre 0 y 90.

Example
17°

Acute triangle An acute triangle has three acute angles. Triangulo acutangulo Un triangulo acutangulo tiene los tres
angulos agudos.

Example
75°

60° 45°

Adjacent angles Adjacent angles are two coplanar angles Angulos adyacentes Los angulos adyacentes son dos
that have a common side and a common vertex but no Angulos coplanarios que tienen un lado comtn y el mismo
common interior points. vértice, pero no tienen puntos interiores comunes.

Example
5.
1
2 4
ZiandZ2are £3 and Z4are
adjacent. not adjacent.

Alternate interior (exterior) angles Alternate interior Angulos alternos internos (externos) Los angulos alternos
(exterior) angles are nonadjacent interior (exterior) angles internos (externos) son angulos internos (externos) no
that lie on opposite sides of the transversal. adyacentes situados en lados opuestos de la transversal.

Example 5 At
1/3 £
4/2
6 m
Z1 and 22 are alternate interior angles,
as are 43 and 74. 25 and Z6 are
alternate exterior angles.

Altitude See cone; cylinder; parallelogram; prism; pyramid; Altura Ver cone; cylinder; parallelogram; prism; pyramid;
trapezoid; triangle. trapezoid; triangle.

Altitude of a triangle An altitude of a triangle is the Altura de un triangulo Una altura de un triangulo es el
perpendicular segment from a vertex to the line containing segmento perpendicular que va desde un vertice hasta la
the side opposite that vertex. recta que contiene el lado opuesto a ese vértice.

Example Altitude

>

G2 VISUAL GLOSSARY [=] Go Online |[Link]

English Spanish

Angle An angle is formed by two rays with the same Angulo Un angulo esta formado por dos semirrectas que
endpoint. The rays are the sides of the angle and the convergen en un mismo extremo. Las semirrectas son los
common endpoint is the vertex of the angle. lados del angulo y los extremos en comun son el vértice.

Example B
Vertex
ge
A
\ Side C

This angle could be named ZA, Z BAC,

or ZCAB.

Angle bisector An angle bisector is a ray that divides an Bisectriz de un angulo La bisectriz de un angulo es una
angle into two congruent angles. semirrecta que divide al Angulo en dos angulos congruentes.

Example ae
LN bisects KLM.
N ZKLN = ZNLM.

Angle of elevation or depression An angle of elevation Angulo de elevacién o depresién Un Angulo de elevacién
(depression) is the angle formed by a horizontal line and the (depresion) es el Angulo formado por una linea horizontal
line of sight to an object above (below) the horizontal line. y la recta que va de esa linea a un objeto situado arriba
(debajo) de ella.

Example Horizontal lin

Angle Of ee
depression Angle of
oth elevation

“H orizontal line
GLO
VISU
Angle of rotation See rotation. Angulo de rotacién Ver rotation.

Arc See major arc; minor arc. See a/so arc length; measure Arco Ver major arc; minor arc. Ver también arc length;
of an arc. measure of an arc.

Arclength The length of an arc ofa circle is the product of the Longitud de un arco La longitud del arco de un circulo es
circumference of the circle and the ratio of the corresponding el producto de la circunferencia del circulo y la razon de la
central angle measure in degrees and 360. The length of the arc medida del angulo central correspondiente en grados y 360.
is also the product of the radius and central angle measure in La longitud del arco es también el producto del radio y de la
radians. medida del angulo central en radianes.

Example A

= 60%; — Ax
3603-8) 3

7 %
—4 radians

C s=4(4) =x

VISUAL GLOSSARY G3
 English Spanish

Area The area of a plane figure is the number of square Area El area de una figura plana es la cantidad de unidades
units enclosed by the figure. cuadradas que contiene la figura.

Example HH The area of the rectangle

is 12 square units, or 12 units2.

Axes See coordinate plane. Ejes Ver coordinate plane.

Base(s) See cone; cylinder; isosceles triangle; parallelogram; Base(s) Ver cone; cylinder; isosceles triangle; parallelogram;
prism; pyramid; trapezoid; triangle. prism; pyramid; trapezoid; triangle.

Base angles See trapezoid; isosceles triangle. Angulos de base _ Ver trapezoid; isosceles triangle.

Biconditional A biconditional statement is the combination Bicondicional Un enunciado bicondicional es la combinacion

of a conditional statement, pq, and its converse, q>p. A de un enunciado condicional, pq, y su reciproco, gq =p. El
biconditional contains the words “if and only if.” enunciado bicondicional incluye las palabras “si y solo si”.

Example This biconditional statement is true:

Two angles are congruent if and
only if they have the same measure.

Binomial experiment A binomial experiment is one in which Experimento binomial Un experimento binomial es un
the situation involves repeated trials. Each trial has two experimento que requiere varios ensayos. Cada ensayo tiene
possible outcomes (success or failure), and the probability of dos resultados posibles (éxito o fracaso), y la probabilidad de
success is constant throughout the trials. éxito es constante durante todos los ensayos.

Binomial probability For a binomial experiment consisting Probabilidad binomial En un experimento que incluye
of n trials with probability of success p for each trial, the n ensayos con una probabilidad p de cada ensayo, la
binomial probability is the probability of r successes out of n probabilidad binomial es la probabilidad de r éxitos de n
trials given by the function P(r) = ,C,* p'(1 — p)?. ensayos dados por la funcidn P(r) = ,C,* p'(1 —p)?.

Example Suppose you roll a standard number cube and

that you call rolling a 1 a success. Then p = t.
The probability of rolling nine 1s in twenty rolls is

0c (2) - ie
~ 0.022.

Bisector See segment bisector; angle bisector. Bisectriz Ver segment bisector; angle bisector.

Cavalieri's Principle If two space figures have the same Principio de Cavalieri Si dos figuras sdlidas tienen la misma
height and the same cross-sectional area at every level, then altura y la misma area transversal en todos los niveles,
they have the same volume. entonces también tienen el mismo volumen.

Example

Both figures are prisms with height 5 units and

horizontal cross-sectional area 6 square units.
V=B-+h=(6)(5) = 30 cubic units

Center See circle; dilation; regular polygon; rotation; sphere. Centro Ver circle; dilation; regular polygon; rotation; sphere.

G4 VISUAL GLOSSARY (=) Go Online |[Link]

aS
English Spanish

Central angle of a circle A central angle of a circle is an Angulo central de un circulo Un Angulo central de un circulo
angle formed by two radii with the vertex at the center of es un angulo formado por dos radios que tienen el vértice en
the circle. el centro del circulo.

Example R
ZROK Is a central
angle of ©0.
K

Centroid of atriangle The centroid of a triangle is the point Centroide de un triangulo EI centroide de un triangulo es el
of concurrency of the medians of the triangle. punto de interseccion de sus medianas.

Example Pis the centroid of AABC.

N C(8, 0)

Chord A chord of a circle is a segment whose endpoints are Cuerda Una cuerda de un circulo es un segmento cuyos
on the circle. extremos son dos puntos del circulo.
2
oH
Example H ni
rf
HD and HR oe)
hs
are chords of OC. Oo
F=)
4
>
Circle A circle is the set of all points in a plane that are a Circulo Un circulo es el conjunto de todos los puntos de un
given distance, the radius, from a given point, the center. The plano situados a una distancia dada, el radio, de un punto
standard form for an equation of a circle with center (h, k) dado, el centro. La formula normal de la ecuacion de un
and radius r is (x — h)? + (y — k)* =r. circulo con centro (h, k) y radio r es (x — h)? + (y— k)# =r.
Example

The equation of the circle whose center is (1, 3)

and whose radius is 3 is (x — 1)? + (y — 3)2 =9.

Circumcenter of atriangle The circumcenter of a triangle is Circuncentro de un triangulo El circuncentro de un triangulo

the point of concurrency of the perpendicular bisectors of the es el punto de interseccién de las bisectrices perpendiculares
sides of the triangle. de los lados del triangulo.

Example QC = SC = RC

Cis the
circumcenter.

VISUAL GLOSSARY G5
 English Spanish

Circumference The circumference of a circle is the distance Circunferencia La circunferencia de un circulo es la distancia
around the circle. Given the radius r of a circle, you can find alrededor del circulo. Dado el radio r de un circulo, se puede
its circumference C by using the formula C = 2zr. hallar la circunferencia C usando la formula C = 2zr.

Example C = 2ar ¥
“Circumference
= 27(4) is the distance
= 8 around the circle.

Circumference of asphere See sphere. Circunferencia de una esfera Ver sphere.

Circumscribed A circumscribed circle of a triangle is the Circunscrito El circulo circunscrito de un triadngulo es el

circle that contains the three vertices of the triangle. circulo que contiene los tres vértices del triangulo.

Example

©P is the circumscribed
circle of AABC.

Collinear points Collinear points lie on the same line. Puntos colineales Los puntos colineales son los que estan
sobre la misma recta.

Example
cern
eh

VE
Points A, B, and Care collinear, but
points A, B, and Z are noncollinear.

Combination Any unordered selection of r objects from a Combinacién Cualquier selecci6n no ordenada de r objetos
set of n objects is a combination. The number tomados de un conjunto de rn objetos es una combinacion. El
of combinations of n objects taken r at a time is numero de combinaciones de n objetos, cuando se toman r
| fOr O<rsn.
nor = apr objetos cada vez, ,C, =AReol paraO<r<n.

Example The number of combinations

of seven items taken four at
a time is 7Cq =
ht oe
meal
There are 35 ways to choose
four items from seven items
without regard to order.

Compass A compass is a tool for drawing arcs and circles of Compas _ EI compas es un instrumento que se usa para
different sizes and can be used to copy lengths. dibujar arcos y circulos de diferentes tamafios, y que se puede
usar para copiar longitudes.

Complement of an event All possible outcomes that are not Complemento de un suceso_ Todos los resultados posibles
in the event. que no se dan en el suceso.
P(complement of event) = 1 — P(event)
P(complemento de un suceso) = 1 — P(suceso)

Example The complement of rolling a 1

or a 2 ona standard number
cube is rolling a 3, 4, 5, or 6.

G6 VISUAL GLOSSARY (=) Go Online |[Link]

Sew
English Spanish

Complementary angles Two angles are complementary Angulos complementarios Dos angulos son complementarios
angles if the sum of their measures is 90. si la suma de sus medidas es igual a 90.

Example ve 30° F

60°

ZHKI and Z/KJ are complementary

angles, as are ZHK/ and ZEFG.

Composite space figures A composite space figure is the Figuras geométricas compuestas Una figura geométrica
combination of two or more figures into one object. compuesta es la combinacion de dos 0 mas figuras en un
mismo objeto.

Example

Composition of rigid motions A composition of rigid Composicién de movimientos rigidos Una composicién de
motions is a transformation with two or more rigid motions movimientos rigidos es una transformacion de dos o mas
in which the second rigid motion is performed on the image movimientos rigidos en la que el segundo movimiento rigido
re
of the first rigid motion. se realiza sobre la imagen del primer movimiento rigido.
oH
“”
Example B ae B’ An B”
17]
@)
| A’ JA" wl
Oo
| |
|
| | ,
Cana c’ Y ce jo
n
If you reflect AABC across line m to get Ss
A\A'B'C' and then reflect AA’B’C’ across
line n to get AA”B"C", you perform
a composition of rigid motions.

Compound event A compound event is an event that Suceso compuesto Un suceso compuesto es un suceso que
consists of two or more events linked by the word and or the consiste en dos o mas sucesos unidos por medio de la palabra
word or. y ola palabra o.

Example Rolling a 5 on a standard number cube and

then rolling a 4 is a compound event.

Concave polygon See polygon. Poligono céncavo Ver polygon.

Concentric circles Concentric circles lie in the same plane Circulos concéntricos Los circulos concéntricos estan en el
and have the same center. mismo plano y tienen el mismo centro.

Example
The two circles both
have center D and are
therefore concentric.

Conclusion The conclusion is the part of an if-then Conclusién La conclusidén es lo que sigue a Ja palabra
statement (conditional) that follows then. entonces en un enunciado (condicional), si..., entonces....

Example In the statement, “If it rains, then | will go

outside,” the conclusion is “| will go outside.”

VISUAL GLOSSARY G7
 English Spanish

Concurrent Three or more lines are concurrent if they Concurrente Tres o mas rectas son concurrentes si se
intersect at one point..The point at which they intersect is the intersecan en un punto. El punto en el que se intersecan es el
point of concurrency. punto de concurrencia.

Example A

B
Point E is the point of concurrency of
the bisectors of the angles of AABC.
The bisectors are concurrent.

Conditional A conditional is an if-then statement that Condicional Un enunciado condicional es del tipo
relates a hypothesis, the part that follows if, to a conclusion, si..., entonces....
the part that follows then.

Example /f you act politely, then you will earn respect.

Conditional probability A conditional probability is the Probabilidad condicional Una probabilidad condicional
probability that an event B will occur given that another . es la probabilidad de que ocurra un suceso B cuando ya
event A has already occurred. The notation P(BIA) is read haya ocurrido otro suceso A. La notacidn P(BIA) se lee “la
“the probability of event B, given event A.” For any two probabilidad del suceso B, dado el suceso A”. Para dos sucesos
events A and B in the sample space, P(B|A) = mean cualesquiera A y B en el espacio muestral P(B|A) = ee 5)
_ P(departs and arrives on time)
Example =
P(departs on time)
BOSS)
~ 0.83
~ 0.9

Cone A cone is a three-dimensional figure that has a circular Cono Unconoes una figura tridimensional que tiene una
base, a vertex not in the plane of the circle, and a curved base circular, un vértice que no esta en el plano del circulo
lateral surface, as shown in the diagram. The altitude of a y una superficie lateral curvada (indicada en el diagrama).
cone is the perpendicular segment from the vertex to the La a/tura de un cono es el segmento perpendicular desde el
plane of the base. The height is the length of the altitude. In vértice hasta el plano de la base. La a/tura, por extension,
a right cone, the altitude contains the center of the base. The es la longitude de la altura. Un cono recto es un cono cuya
slant height of a right cone is the distance from the vertex to altura contiene el centro de la base. La Jongitude de la
the edge of the base. generatriz de un cono recto es la distancia desde el vértice
hasta el borde de la base.

Example Vertex Slant

height
y
Altitude
¢

Base

Right cone

Congruence transformation A congruence transformation Transformacion de congruencia En una transformacién

maps a figure to a congruent figure. A rigid motion is de congruencia, una figura es la imagen de otra figura
sometimes called a congruence transformation. congruente. Los movimientos rigidos son Ilamados a veces
transformaciones de congruencia.

G8 VISUAL GLOSSARY (=) Go Online |[Link]

SS
aac S
English Spanish

Congruent angles Congruent angles are angles that have Angulos congruentes Los 4ngulos congruentes son angulos
the same measure. que tienen la misma medida.

Example K
Soe

355
J

mZJ=mZK,so ZJ = ZK.

Congruent arcs Congruent arcs are arcs that Arcos congruentes Arcos congruentes son arcos que tienen
have the same measure and are in the same circle or la misma medida y estan en el mismo circulo 0 en circulos
congruent circles. congruentes.

Example Hi
E
60° 60°

F P
60°
G
EF-= FG EPSP

Congruent circles Congruent circles are circles whose radii Circulos congruentes Los circulos congruentes son circulos
are congruent. cuyos radios son congruentes.
eg
-
See ean OA and ©B have 7
~n
the same radius,
\/ / 090A =08,
[e)
pa
ie)
F
=)
Congruent figures Two figures are congruent if there is a Figuras congruentes Dos figuras son congruentes si hay un
a}
rigid motion that maps one figure to the other. movimiento rigido en el que una figura es imagen de la otra. =

Example A

Asx
/
/ /
/
S /& dd
y
“|

Since the reflection across line 7 maps AABC to

ADEF, AABC and ADEF are congruent figures.

Congruent polygons Congruent polygons are polygons Poligonos congruentes Los poligonos congruentes son
that have corresponding sides congruent and corresponding poligonos cuyos lados correspondientes son congruentes y
angles congruent. cuyos angulos correspondientes son congruentes.

Example H

D
/
G
i
E
ADEF = AGHI

4 my
VISUAL GLOSSARY {3 9
 English Spanish

Congruent segments Congruent segments are segments Segmentos congruentes Los segmentos congruentes son
that have the same length. segmentos que tienen la misma longitud.

Example
2 A 2 cm B
aa
AB =CD
D

Conjecture A conjecture is an unproven statement or rule Conjetura Una conjetura es una afirmaci6n o regla no
that is based on inductive reasoning. demostrada, que esta fundamentada en un razonamiento
inductivo.

Example As you walk down the street, you

see many people holding unopened
umbrellas. You make the conjecture
that the forecast must call for rain.

Consecutive angles Consecutive angles of a polygon share Angulos consecutivos Los angulos consecutivos de un
a common side. poligono tienen un lado comun.

uae
Example J

L
M
In GJKLM, ZJ and ZM are
consecutive angles, as are 7/J and ZK.
ZJ and ZL are not consecutive.

Construction A construction is a geometric figure made Construcci6n Una construcci6n es una figura geométrica
with only a straightedge and compass. trazada solamente con una regla sin graduacion y un compas.

Example

The diagram shows the construction (in

progress) of a line perpendicular to a
line € through a point P on €.

Contrapositive The contrapositive is obtained by negating Contrapositivo El contrapositivo se obtiene al negar e

and reversing the hypothesis and the conclusion of a intercambiar la hipotesis y la conclusion de un condicional.
conditional. The contrapositive of the conditional “if p, then El contrapositivo del condicional “si p, entonces q” es el
q” is the conditional “if not g, then not p.” A conditional and condicional “si no gq, entonces no p”. Un condicional y su
its contrapositive always have the same truth value. contrapositivo siempre tienen el mismo valor verdadero.

Example Conditional: If a figure is a triangle, then

it is a polygon.
Contrapositive: If a figure is not a
polygon, then it is not a triangle.

Converse The converse reverses the hypothesis and Expresion reciproca_ La expresion reciproca intercambia la
conclusion of a conditional. hipdtesis y la conclusion de un condicional.

Example The converse of “If | was born in Houston,

then | am a Texan” would be “If |ama
Texan, then | am born in Houston.”

Convex polygon See polygon. Poligono convexo Ver polygon.

G10 VISUAL GLOSSARY (=) Go Online |[Link]

English Spanish

Coordinate(s) of a point The coordinate of a point is its Coordenada(s) de un punto La coordenada de un punto
distance and direction from the origin of a number line. The es su distancia y direccion desde el origen en una recta
coordinates of a point on a coordinate plane are in the form numérica. Las coordenadas de un punto en un plano
(x, y), where x is the x-coordinate and y is the y-coordinate. de coordenadas se expresan como (x, y), donde x es la
coordenada x, e y es la coordenada y.

Example
SSS
A eeSi | ee 2
The coordinate of P is —3.

T (—4, 3)

8 20
The coordinates of 7 are (—4, 3).

Coordinate plane The coordinate plane is formed by two Plano de coordenadas_ El plano de coordenadas se forma
number lines, called the axes, intersecting at right angles. The con dos rectas numéricas, llamadas ejes, que se cortan en
x-axis is the horizontal axis, and the y-axis is the vertical axis. angulos rectos. El eje x es el eje horizontal y el ejey es el eje
The two axes meet at the origin, O(0, 0). The axes divide the vertical. Los dos ejes se unen en el origen, O(0, 0). Los ejes
plane into four quadrants. dividen el plano de coordenadas en cuatro cuadrantes.

Example y-axis 2=
4
Quadrant
Il Quadrant | 2)
fo)
aa
Origin TC)
X-axis ao
E
O =)
a
=
Quadrant III Quadrant IV

Coordinate proof See proof. Prueba de coordenadas_ Ver proof.

Corollary A corollary is a theorem that can be proved easily Corolario Un corolario es un teorema que se puede probar
using another theorem. facilmente usando otro teorema.

Example Theorem: If two sides of a triangle are congruent,

then the angles opposite those sides are congruent.
Corollary: If a triangle is equilateral, then it is
equiangular.

Corresponding angles Corresponding angles lie on the Angulos correspondientes Los 4ngulos correspondientes
same side of the transversal t and in corresponding positions estan en el mismo lado de la transversal t y en las
relative to ¢ and m. correspondientes posiciones relativas a 7 y m.

Example

Z1 and 22 are corresponding angles,

as are 73 and 74, Z5 and 46, and 27
and 28.

VISUAL GLOSSARY
 English Spanish

Cosine ratio See trigonometric ratios. Razon coseno Ver trigonometric ratios.

Counterexample A counterexample is an example that Contraejemplo Un contraejemplo es un ejemplo que

shows a statement or conjecture is false. demuestra que una afirmacion o conjetura es falsa.

Example Statement: All apples are red.

Counterexample: A Granny Smith
Apple is green.

Cross section A cross section is the intersection of a solid Seccién de corte Una seccidn de corte es la interseccion de
and a plane. un plano y un cuerpo geométrico.

ay
Example
The cross section
is acircle.
eee”

Cube A cube is a polyhedron with six faces, each of which is Cubo Uncubo es un poliedro de seis caras, cada una de las
a square. Caras es un Cuadrado.

Example

Cylinder A cylinder is a three-dimensional figure with Cilindro Un cilindro es una figura tridimensional con
two congruent circular bases that lie in parallel planes. dos bases congruentes circulares en planos paralelos. Una
An altitude of a cylinder is a perpendicular segment that altura de un cilindro es un segmento perpendicular que
joins the planes of the bases. Its length is the height of une los planos de las bases. Su longitud es, por extension,
the cylinder. In a right cylinder, the segment joining the la altura del cilindro. En un cilindro recto, el segqmento que
centers of the bases is an altitude. In an oblique cylinder, the une los centros de las bases es una altura. En un cilindro
segment joining the centers of the bases is not perpendicular oblicuo, el segmento que une los centros de las bases no es
to the planes containing the bases. perpendicular a los planos que contienen las bases.

Example B ases
|
h |
h
|
|
Ll
Bases
Right Oblique
cylinder cylinder

Decagon A decagon is a polygon with ten sides. Decagono Un decagono es un poligono de diez lados.

Example oo

Deductive reasoning Deductive reasoning is a process of Razonamiento deductivo El razonamiento deductivo es un

reasoning using given and previously known facts to reach a proceso de razonamiento en el que se usan hechos dados y
logical conclusion. previamente conocidos para llegar a una conclusi6n ldgica.

Example Based on the fact that the sum of any

two even numbers is even, you can
deduce that the product of any whole
number and any even number is even.

Gi2 VISUAL GLOSSARY (=) Go Online |[Link]

English Spanish

Dependent events When the outcome of one event affects Sucesos dependientes Dos sucesos son dependientes si el
the probability of a second event, the events are dependent resultado de un suceso afecta la probabilidad del otro.
events.

Example You have a bag with marbles of different

colors. If you pick a marble from the bag
and pick another without replacing the first,
the events are dependent events.

Diagonal See polygon. Diagonal Ver polygon.

Diameter of a circle A diameter of a circle is a segment that Diametro de un circulo Un diadmetro de un circulo es un
contains the center of the circle and whose endpoints are on segmento que contiene el centro del circulo y cuyos extremos
the circle. The term diameter can also mean the length of estan en el circulo. El termino didmetro también puede
this segment. referirse a la longitud de este segmento.

Example
DM is a diameter
D
M of OC.

Diameter of asphere The diameter of a sphere is a segment Diametro de unaesfera_ El diadmetro de una esfera es
passing through the center, with endpoints on the sphere. un segmento que contiene el centro de la esfera y cuyos
extremos estan en la esfera.

Example
2
=
WY
2)
Oo
aa
TC)
Fi
=)
Dilation A dilation is a transformation that has center C and Dilataci6n Una dilatacioén, 0 transformacion de semejanza,
a
scale factor n, where n > 0, and maps a point R to R’in sucha tiene centro Cy factor de escala n para n > 0, y asocia un >
way that R’ is on CR and CR’ =1n« CR. The center of a dilation punto R a R’de tal modo que R’ esta en CR y CR’=ne CR.
is its own image. If n > 1, the dilation is an enlargement, and El centro de una dilatacion es su propia imagen. Sin > 1,
if 0 <n <1, the dilation is a reduction. la dilataci6n es un aumento, y si 0 < n < 1, la dilatacion es
una reduccion.

Example
R -
— genes
=
ss
C ee

(ey

R’Q’ is the image of RQ under a dilation

with center C and scale factor 3.

Directrix See parabola. Directriz Ver parabola.

Distance between two points ona line The distance Distancia entre dos puntos de una linea La distancia entre
between two points on a line is the absolute value of the dos puntos de una linea es el valor absoluto de la diferencia
difference of the coordinates of the points. de las coordenadas de los puntos.

Example A B
<_o—___________o—__

a b
AB = |a — bl

VISUAL GLOSSARY Gi3

 English Spanish

Distance from a point to aline The distance from a point Distancia desde un punto hasta una recta _ La distancia
to a line is the length of the perpendicular segment from the desde un punto hasta una recta es la longitud del segmento
point to the line. perpendicular que va desde el punto hasta la recta.

Example £
P
T

The distance from pointP toa line €

is PT.

G Edge See polyhedron. Arista Ver polyhedron.

Endpoint See ray; segment. Extremo Ver ray; segment.

Enlargement See dilation. Aumento Ver dilation.

Equiangular triangle An equiangular triangle is a triangle Triangulo equiangulo Un triangulo equiangulo es un

whose angles are all congruent. triangulo cuyos angulos son todos congruentes.

Example ; Each angle of the triangle

is a 60° angle. 7

Equidistant A point is equidistant from two objects if it is Equidistante Un punto es equidistante de dos objetos si la
the same distance from the objects. distancia entre el punto y los objetos es igual.

Example A C
Point B is equidistant
from pointsA and C.
B

Equilateral triangle An equilateral triangle is a triangle Triangulo equilatero Un triangulo equilatero es un triangulo
whose sides are all congruent. cuyos lados son todos congruentes.

Example Each side of the triangle

is 1.5 cm long.

Equivalent statements Equivalent statements are Enunciados equivalentes Los enunciados equivalentes son
statements with the same truth value. enunciados con el mismo valor verdadero.

Example The following statements are equivalent:

If a figure is a square, then it is a rectangle.
If a figure is not a rectangle, then it is not a
square.

Event Any group of outcomes in a situation involving Suceso_ En la probabilidad, cualquier grupo de resultados.
probability.

Example When rolling a number cube, there

are six possible outcomes. Rolling an
even number is an event with three
possible outcomes, 2, 4, and 6.

G14 VISUAL GLOSSARY [=] Go Online |[Link]

English Spanish

Expected value The average value you can expect for a Valor esperado El valor promedio que se puede esperar
large number of trials of an experiment; the sum of each para una cantidad grande de pruebas en un experimento; la
outcome’s value multiplied by its probability. suma de los valores de los resultados multiplicados cada uno
por su probabilidad.

Example Ina game, a player has a 25% probability

of earning 10 points by spinning an even
number and a 75% probability of earning
5 points by spinning an odd number.
expected value = 0.25(10) + 0.75(5) = 6.25

Experimental probability The ratio of the number of Probabilidad experimental La razon entre el numero de
times an event actually happens to the number of times the veces que un suceso sucede en la realidad y el ndmero de
experiment is done. veces que se hace el experimento.
number of times an event happens numero de veces que sucede un suceso
P(event) = P(suceso) =
number of times the experiment is done numero de veces que se hace el experimento

Example A baseball player's batting average shows

how likely it is that a player will get a hit,
based on previous times at bat.

Extended proportion See proportion. Proporcio6n extendida Ver proportion.

Extended ratio See ratio. Razon extendida Ver ratio.

Exterior angle of apolygon An exterior angle of a polygon Angulo exterior de un poligono El Angulo exterior de un
Be
4
is an angle formed by a side and an extension of an poligono es un angulo formado por un lado y una extension
7)
7)
adjacent side. de un lado adyacente. 1°)
J
Oo
Example K
e=)
a
140° >
J bxce M,
ZKLM is an exterior angle of AJKL.

Factorial The factorial of a positive integer n is the product Factorial | factorial de un numero entero positivo n es
of all positive integers less than or equal to n and written n! el producto de todos los numeros positivos menores que o
iguales an, y se escribe n!

Example 4! =4-3+2+1=24

Flow proof See proof. Prueba de flujo Ver proof.

Focus of aparabola See parabola. Foco de una parabola _ Ver parabola.

Frequency table A table that groups a set of Tabla de frecuencias Tabla que agrupa un conjunto de datos
data values into intervals and shows the frequency for en intervalos y muestra la frecuencia de cada intervalo.
each interval.

Example

Ua9 5
10139 8
20-29 4

VISUAL GLOSSARY Gi5

 English Spanish

Fundamental Counting Principle If there are m ways to Principio fundamental de Conteo Si hay m maneras de
make the first selection and n ways to make the second hacer la primera seleccién y n maneras de hacer la segunda
selection, then there are m « n ways to make the selecci6n, quiere decir que hay m « n maneras de hacer las dos
two selections. selecciones.

Example For 5 shirts and 8 pairs of shorts,

the number of possible outfits is
5°8=40.

Geometric mean The geometric mean is the number x such Media geométrica La media geométrica es el numero x tanto
that 2 = s: where a, b, and x are positive numbers. que 2 = donde a, b y x son numeros positivos.

Example The geometric mean of 6 and 24 is 12.

err
x 24
x? = 144
xem

Geometric probability Geometric probability is a probability Probabilidad geométrica La probabilidad geométrica es una
that uses a geometric model in which points represent probabilidad que utiliza un modelo geométrico donde se usan
outcomes. puntos para representar resultados.

Se EP On BG a
A B G D

Glide reflection A glide reflection is the composition of a Reflexién deslizada Una reflexion por deslizamiento es la
reflection followed by a translation in a direction parallel to composicion de una reflexion seguida de una traslacion en
the line of reflection. una direccion paralela a la recta de reflexion.

Example G e
~~ —-——-———— >
e—-—---> o
The red G in the diagram is a glide
reflection image of the black G.

Great circle A great circle is the intersection of a sphere and Circulo maximo Un circulo maximo es la interseccién de
a plane containing the center of the sphere. A great circle una esfera y un plano que contiene el centro de la esfera. Un
divides a sphere into two hemispheres. circulo maximo divide una esfera en dos hemisferios.

Example Hemispheres Great circle

Height See cone; cylinder; parallelogram; prism; pyramid; Altura Ver cone; cylinder; parallelogram; prism; pyramid;
trapezoid; triangle. trapezoid; triangle.

Hemisphere See great circle. Hemisferio Ver great circle.

Hexagon A hexagon is a polygon with six sides. Hexagono Un hexagono es un poligono de seis lados.

Example

eC

G16 VISUAL iL OSSARY (=) Go Online |[Link]

English Spanish

Hypotenuse See right triangle. Hipotenusa Ver right triangle.

Hypothesis In an if-then statement (conditional) the Hipotesis En un enunciado si... entonces... (condicional),
hypothesis is the part that follows /f. la hipotesis es la parte del enunciado que sigue el si.

Example In the conditional “If an animal has

four legs, then it is a horse,” the
hypothesis is “an animal has four legs.”

Image See transformation. Imagen Ver transformation.

Incenter of a triangle The incenter of a triangle is the point Incentro de un triangulo El incentro de un triadngulo es el
of concurrency of the angle bisectors of the triangle. punto donde concurren las tres bisectrices de los Angulos del
triangulo.

Example Xl = Yl
= ZI

Y
/ is the incenter.

V
2a
Independent events When the outcome of one event does Sucesos independientes Cuando el resultado de un suceso 7
not affect the probability of a second event, the two events no altera la probabilidad de otro, los dos sucesos son ”
\e)
are independent. independientes. |
Lo)
Example The results of two rolls of a
number cube are independent.
Eje)
Getting a 5 on the first roll does i
>
not change the probability of
getting a 5 on the second roll.

Indirect proof See indirect reasoning; proof. Prueba indirecta Ver indirect reasoning; proof.

Indirect reasoning Indirect reasoning is a type of reasoning Razonamiento indirecto Razonamiento indirecto es un
in which all possiblities are considered and then tipo de razonamiento en el que se consideran todas las
all but one are proved false. The remaining possibility must posibilidades y se prueba que todas son falsas, a excepcidn de
be true. una. La posibilidad restante debe ser verdadera.

Example Eduardo spent more than $60 on two books

at a store. Prove that at least one book costs
more than $30.
Proof: Suppose neither costs more than $30.
Then he spent no more than $60 at the store.
Since this contradicts the given information,
at least one book costs more than $30.

Inductive reasoning Inductive reasoning is a type of Razonamiento inductivo El razonamiento inductivo es un

reasoning that reaches conclusions based on a pattern of tipo de razonamiento en el cual se llega a conclusiones con
specific examples or past events. base en un patron de ejemplos especificos o sucesos pasados.

Example You see four people walk into a building.

Each person emerges with a small bag
containing food. You use inductive reasoning
to conclude that this building contains a
restaurant.

VISUAL GLOSSARY G17

 English Spanish

Inscribed The inscribed circle of a triangle is the circle that Inscrito El circulo inscrito de un triangulo es el circulo que
intersects each side of the triangle at exactly one point. interseca cada lado del triangulo en exactamente un punto.

Example y

Sept OP is the inscribed circle

a |of AXYZ.
Xx
Z

Inscribed angle An angle is inscribed in a circle if the vertex Angulo inscrito Un Angulo esta inscrito en un circulo si el
of the angle is on the circle and the sides of the angle are vértice del angulo esta en el circulo y los lados del Angulo son
chords of the circle. cuerdas del circulo.

Example ait ay
ZC is inscribed
in OM.
G

Intercepted arc An intercepted arc is the part of a circle that Arco interceptor Un arco interceptor es la parte de un
lies between two segments that intersect the circle. circulo que yace entre dos segmentos de recta que intersecan
al circulo.

Example U

r UV is the intercepted arc

of inscribed ZT. TO

Intersection The intersection of two or more geometric Intersecci6n La interseccién de dos 0 mas figuras
figures is the set of points the figures have geométricas es el conjunto de puntos que las figuras tienen
in common. en comun.

Example p 7 _ The intersection of

lines r and s is
S-_ point P.

Inverse The inverse is obtained by negating both the Inverso_ El inverso es la negacion de la hipotesis y de la
hypothesis and the conclusion of a conditional. The inverse conclusion de un condicional. El inverso del condicional “si p,
of the conditional “if p, then q” is the conditional “if not p, entonces q” es el condicional “si no p, entonces no q”.
then not g.”

Example Conditional: If a figure is a square,

then it is a parallelogram.
Inverse: If a figure is not a square,
then it is not a parallelogram.

les trapezoid An isosceles trapezoid is a trapezoid Trapecio isésceles Un trapecio isosceles es un trapecio cuyos
thee nonparallel opposite sides are congruent. lados opuestos no paralelos son congruentes.

Example

G18 VISUAL «.OSSARY (=) Go Online | [Link] .

English Spanish

Isosceles triangle An isosceles triangle is a triangle that Triangulo isosceles Un triangulo isdsceles es un tridangulo
has at least two congruent sides. If there are two congruent que tiene por lo menos dos lados congruentes. Si tiene dos
sides, they are called /egs. The vertex angle is between them. lados congruentes, éstos se llaman catetos. Entre ellos se
The third side is called the base and the other two angles are encuentra el dngulo del vértice. El tercer lado se llama base y
called the base angles. los otros dos angulos se Ilaman dngulos de base.

Example Vertex angle

Leg Leg
Base angle Base angle

Base

Kite A kite is a quadrilateral with two pairs of consecutive Cometa Una cometa es un cuadrilatero con dos pares
sides congruent and no opposite sides congruent. de lados congruentes consecutivos y sin lados opuestos
congruentes.

Example ;

Lateral area The lateral area of a prism or pyramid is the Area lateral El area lateral de un prisma o piramide es la
sum of the areas of the lateral faces. The lateral area of a suma de las areas de sus caras laterals. El area lateral de un
cylinder or cone is the area of the curved surface. cilindro o de un cono es el area de la superficie curvada. 2
oe
“”
Example 6cm %)
» Le)
me
Oo

5 cm
~S cm zi
=)
ma
L.A. of pyramid = Spe >

= 5(20)(6)
1

= 60 cm?
Lateral face See prism; pyramid. Cara lateral Ver prism; pyramid.

Law of Cosines_ In AABC, let a, b, and c represent the Ley de cosenos En AABC, sean a, by c las longitudes de los
lengths of the sides opposite 2A, 2B, and ZC, respectively. lados opuestos a ZA, 2B, y ZC, respectivamente. Entonces
Then a2 = b2 + c2 — 2bc cos A,
a* = b* +.c2 — 2bc cos A, b? = a2 + c2 - 2accosB,y
b2 = a2 + c? — 2ac cos B, and c? =a* + b* — 2ab cos C
c* = a2 + b2 —-2abcosC

Example L
11.41

K 8.72 M
LM2 = 11.412 + 8.722 — 2(11.42)(8.72) cos 18°
LM? = 16.9754
LMr="4.12

VISUAL GLOSSARY G19

 English Spanish

Law of Detachment The Law of Detachment is a law of Regla de eliminacién del condicional La ley de eliminacioén
logic that states if a conditional statement and its hypothesis del condicional es una regla ldgica que establece que si un
are true, then its conclusion is also true. Symbolically, if p > q enunciado condicional y su hipdtesis son ambos verdaderos,
and p are true, then qis true. entonces la conclusion también sera verdadera. Desde
un punto de vista simbdlico, si p + q y p son verdaderos,
entonces q es verdadero.

Example Suppose the following statements are true.

e If Olivia has at least $10, she can buy the book she wants.
¢ Olivia has $12.
Then the following is true.
¢ Olivia can buy the book she wants.

Law of Sines_ In AABC, let a, b, and c represent the Ley desenos En AABC, sean a, by c las longitudes de
lengths of the sides opposite 2A, 2B, and £C, respectively. los lados opuestos a ZA, ZB y ZC, respectivamente.
Then sinA _ sinB _ sinC Entonces sinA _ sinB _ sinC
mee eet cae anes | b Cc
b c

Example mZL = 180 — (120 + 18)

L Pp Kine:
> sin 120°" 9 sin 42°

Ke
18° 120° — 872 sin120°
872 M AE ecidae
KL = 11.26

Law of Syllogism The Law of Syllogism is a law of logic that Ley del silogismo hipotético La ley del silogismo hipotético
states that given two true conditionals with the conclusion es una regla Idgica que establece que si se tienen dos
of the first being the hypothesis of the second, there exists a condicionales verdaderos en los que la conclusion del primero
third true conditional having the hypothesis of the first and es la hipdotesis del segundo, existe un tercer condicional
the conclusion of the second. Symbolically, if p + g andg —r verdadero compuesto por la hipotesis del primero y la
are true, then p = ris true. conclusion del segundo. Desde un punto de vista simbdlico, si
P—>qyq-rson verdaderos, entonces p > r es verdadero.

Example Suppose the following statements are true.

e |f Renaldo works 20 hours this week, he earns $200. :
e If Renaldo earns $200, he buys a new guitar.
Then the following is true.
e If Renaldo works 20 hours this week, he buys a new guitar. |

Leg See isosceles triangle; right triangle; trapezoid. Cateto Ver isosceles triangle; right triangle; trapezoid.

Line A line is undefined. You can think of a line as a straight Recta Una recta es indefinida. Se puede pensar en una recta
path that extends in two opposite directions without end and como un camino derecho que se extiende en direcciones
has no thickness. A line contains infinitely many points. In opuestas sin fin ni grosor. Una recta tiene un numero infinito
spherical geometry, you can think of a line as a great circle of de puntos. En la geometria esférica, se puede pensar en una
a sphere. recta como un gran circulo de una esfera.

Example
ee A a B ST

ear p A linear pair is a pair of adjacent angles whose Par lineal Un par lineal es un par de angulos adjuntos cuyos
mmon sides are opposite rays. lados no comunes son semirrectas opuestas.

Example Z1 and 22 are :

a linear pair.
1

G20 VISUAL G (=) Go Online |[Link]

|
Solos
English Spanish

Line of reflection See reflection. Eje de reflexion Ver reflection.

Line of symmetry See reflectional symmetry. Eje de simetria Ver reflectional symmetry.

Major arc A major arc of a circle is an arc that is larger than Arco mayor Un arco mayor de un circulo es cualquier arco
a semicircle. mas grande que un semicirculo.

Example D
DEF is a major
arc of OC.
F

Map See transformation. Trazar Ver transformation.

Measure of an angle Consider OD and a point C on one Medida de un angulo Toma en cuenta OD y un punto Ca
. a . . s —— >

side of OD. Every ray of the form OC can be paired one to

. => .

un lado de OD. Cada semirrecta de la forma OC puede ser

. ——s

one with a real number from 0 to 180. The measure of zCOD emparejada exactamente con un numero real de 0 a 180. La
is the absolute value of the difference of the real numbers medida de ZCOD es el valor absoluto de la diferencia de los
—_ ==
paired with OC and OD. numeros reales emparejados con OC y OD

Example

2
bs
7
%)
\e)
|
Lo)
—o &- O =o 2- =
che <x
Lido tabstetottbatdtadbertidsrtrdbeecttatbsatetenael
=)
mZCOD = 105 i
>

Measure of an arc The measure of a minor arc is Medida de un arco: La medida de un arco menor es la
the measure of its central angle. The measure of a major arc medida de su angulo central. La medida de un arco mayor
is 360° minus the measure of its related minor arc. es 360° menos la medida en grados de su arco menor
correspondiente.

Example V.

7 G0" mTY = 70
X mIXY = 290

Median of atriangle A median of a triangle is a segment Mediana de un triangulo Una mediana de un triangulo
that has as its endpoints at a vertex of the triangle and the es un segmento que tiene en sus extremos el vértice del
midpoint of the opposite side. triangulo y el punto medio del lado opuesto.

Example Median

Midpoint of asegment A midpoint of a segment is the Punto medio de un segmento_ EI punto medio de un
point that divides the segment into two congruent segments. segmento es el punto que divide el segmento en dos
segmentos congruentes.

Example Midpoint of AB
ic
es. ----__—»
A M B

74
VISUAL GLOSSARY as Ae
 English Spanish

Midsegment of a trapezoid The midsegment of a trapezoid Segmento medio de un trapecio El segmento medio de
is the segment that joins the midpoints of the nonparallel trapecio es el segmento que une los puntos medios de los
opposite sides of a trapezoid. lados no paralelos de un trapecio.

Example Midsegment

Midsegment of atriangle A midsegment of a triangle is a Segmento medio de un triangulo Un segmento medio de

segment that joins the midpoints of two sides of the triangle. un triangulo es un segmento que une los puntos medios de
dos lados del triangulo.

Example Midsegment

Minor arc A minor arc is an arc that is smaller than Arco menor Un arco menor de un circulo es un arco mas
a semicircle. corto que un semicirculo.

Example cs
KC is a minor !
arc of OS.
C

Mutually exclusive events When two events cannot happen Sucesos mutuamente excluyentes Cuando dos sucesos :
at the same time, the events are mutually exclusive. If A and no pueden ocurrir al mismo tiempo, son mutuamente
B are mutually exclusive events, then P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B). excluyentes. Si A y B son sucesos mutuamente excluyentes,
entonces P(A o B) = P(A) + P(B).

Example Rolling an even number E and

rolling a multiple of five Mona
standard number cube are
mutually exclusive events.
P(E or M) = P(E) + P(M)
Sorel
GieG
eas
6
eee.

© Negation The negation of a statement has the opposite

:
Negacion La negacidon de un enunciado tiene el sentido
meaning of the original statement. opuesto del enunciado original.

Example Statement: The angle is obtuse.

Negation: The angle is not obtuse.

nm-gon An n-gon is a polygon with n sides. n-agono Un n-agono es un poligono de n lados.

Example A polygon with 25 sides is a 25-gon. |

3

Nonagen A nonagon is a polygon with nine sides. Nonagono Un nonagono es un poligono de nueve lados. :

Example cay

;
.
|
G22 VISUAL GLOSSARY (=) GoOnline |[Link] :
English Spanish

Oblique cylinder or prism See cylinder; prism. Cilindro oblicuo o prisma_ Ver cylinder; prism.

Obtuse angle An obtuse angle is an angle whose measure is Angulo obtuso Un Angulo obtuso es un angulo que mide
between 90 and 180. entre 90 y 180.

Example
NN. 147°

Obtuse triangle An obtuse triangle has one obtuse angle. Triangulo obtusangulo Un triangulo obtusangulo tiene un
angulo obtuso.

Example
20 30°

Octagon An octagon is a polygon with eight sides. Octagono Un octagono es un poligono de ocho lados.

wns Lan

Opposite angles Opposite angles of a quadrilateral are two Angulos opuestos Los Angulos opuestos de un cuadrilatero

ay
angles that do not share a side. son dos angulos que no comparten lados.

Example B
2
a
7
ZA and ZC are %
Oo
opposite angles, a)
o
as are 7B and ZD.
S
Fi
=)
2
i
Opposite rays Opposite rays are collinear rays with the same Semirrectas opuestas Las semirrectas opuestos son
endpoint. They form aline. semirrectas colineales con el mismo extremo. Forman
una recta.

Example <_—_oe—_____e—____o—____>
T
UE SN
UTand UN are opposite rays.

Opposite sides Opposite sides of a quadrilateral are two Lados opuestos Los lados opuestos de un cuadrilatero son
sides that do not share a vertex. dos lados que no tienen un vértice en comun.

Example P Oe —
PQ and SR are
opposite sides,
as are PS and QR.
nA

Orientation Two figures have opposite orientation if a Orientaci6n Dos figuras tienen orientacion opuesta si una
reflection is needed to map one onto the other. If a reflection reflexion es necesaria para trazar una sobre la otra. Si una
is not needed to map one figure onto the other, the figures reflexi6n no es necesaria para trazar una figura sobre la otra,
have the same orientation. las figuras tienen la misma orientacion.

Example R q The two R's have

opposite orientation.

VISUAL GLOSSARY G23

 English Spanish

Origin See coordinate plane. Origen Ver coordinate plane.

Orthocenter of a triangle The orthocenter of a triangle is Ortocentro de un triangulo El ortocentro de un triangulo es

the point of concurrency of the lines containing the altitudes el punto donde se intersecan las alturas de un triangulo.
of the triangle.

Example
D is the
orthocenter.

Outcome An outcome is the result of a single trial in a Resultado Un resultado es que se obtiene al hacer una sola
probability experiment. prueba en un experimento de probabilidad.

Example The outcomes of rolling a number

cube are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.

Overlapping events Overlapping events are events that Sucesos traslapados Sucesos traslapados son sucesos que
have at least one common outcome. If A and B are tienen por lo menos un resultado en comutn. Si A y B son
overlapping events, then P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) — P(A and B). sucesos traslapados, entonces P(A 6 B) = P(A) + P(B) — P(A y B).

Example Rolling a multiple of 3 and rolling

an odd number on a number cube
are overlapping events.

P(multiple of 3 or odd) = P(multiple of 3) + P(odd) — P(multiple of 3 and odd)

ee eels |
cael 6G
an
3

Parabola A parabola is the set of all points Pin a plane that Parabola La parabola es el conjunto de todos los puntos P
are the same distance from a fixed point F, the focus, as they situados en un plano a la misma distancia de un punto fijo F,
are from a line d, the directrix. 0 foco, y de la recta d, 0 directriz.

Example

Directrix

Paragraph proof See proof. Prueba de parrafo Ver proof.

G24 VISUAL GLOSSARY (©) Go Online |[Link]:

English Spanish

Parallel lines Two lines are parallel if they lie in the Rectas paralelas Dos rectas son paralelas si estan en
same plane and do not intersect. The symbol || means el mismo plano y no se cortan. El simbolo || significa
“is parallel to.” “es paralelo a”.

Example ¢ ||m ¢ The red symbols

m__ indicate parallel
lines.

Parallelogram A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with two Paralelogramo Un paralelogramo es un cuadrilatero con

pairs of parallel sides. You can choose any side to be the dos pares de lados paralelos. Se puede escoger cualquier lado
base. An altitude is any segment perpendicular to the line como la base. Una a/tura es un segmento perpendicular a la
containing the base drawn from the side opposite the base. recta que contiene la base, trazada desde el lado opuesto a la
The height is the length of an altitude. base. La a/tura, por extension, es la longitud de una altura.

Example Altitude

Base

Pentagon A pentagon is a polygon with five sides. Pentagono Un pentagono es un poligono de cinco lados.

Example
>
fo
<x
“”
n”
Perimeter of apolygon The perimeter of a polygon is the Perimetro de un poligono EI perimetro de un poligono es la °
sum of the lengths of its sides. suma de las longitudes de sus lados Oo
J
Example 4 in. SJ
wpe? =4 cheats Ss
ae In.
= 16 in.
F

5 in.

Permutation A permutation is an arrangement of some Permutaci6n Una permutacion es una disposicién de

or all of a set of objects in a specific order. You can use the algunos o de todos los objetos de un conjunto en un orden
notation ,,P, to express the number of permutations, where determinado. El numero de permutaciones se puede expresar
n equals the number of objects available and r equals the con la notacion ,,P,, donde n es igual al numero total de
number of selections to make. objetos y r es igual al numero de selecciones que han
de hacerse.

Example How many ways can you arrange

5 objects 3 at a time?
5! _5! _5+4+3+2+1_¢
Be (Sis) 2) ON a
There are 60 ways to arrange
5 objects 3 at a time.

Perpendicular bisector The perpendicular bisector of a Mediatriz La mediatriz de un segmento es una recta,
segment is a line, segment, or ray that is perpendicular to segmento o semirrecta que es perpendicular al segmento y
the segment and divides the segment into two congruent que divide al segmento en dos segmentos congruentes.
segments.

Example iz, a
ASM YZ is the perpendicular bisector of
y AB. It is perpendicular to AB and
intersects AB at midpoint M.

VISUAL GLOSSARY G25

 English Spanish

Perpendicular lines Perpendicular lines are lines that Rectas perpendiculares Las rectas perpendiculares son rectas
intersect and form right angles. The symbol 1 means “is que se cortan y forman angulos rectos. El simbolo 1 significa
perpendicular to.” “es perpendicular a”.

Example m
n
min

Pi Pi (z) is the ratio of the circumference of any circle to its Pi Pi (z) es la razon de la circunferencia de cualquier
diameter. The number zis irrational and is approximately irculo a su diametro. El numero z es irracional y se aproxima
3.14159. aa 3.14159.

Example eo
C
\
Plane A plane is undefined. You can think of a plane as a Plano Un plano es indefinido. Se puede pensar en un plano
flat surface that extends without end and has no thickness. como una superficie plana sin fin, ni grosor. Un plano tiene
A plane contains infinitely many lines. un numero infinito de rectas.

Example
Plane ABC or
plane Z

Point A point is undefined. You can think of a point as a Punto Un punto es indefinido. Puedes imaginarte a un
location. A point has no size. punto como un lugar. Un punto no tiene dimension. .

Example eP

Point of concurrency See concurrent lines. Punto de concurrencia Ver concurrent lines.

Point of tangency See tangent to a circle. Punto de tangencia Ver tangent to a circle.

Point-slope form The point-slope form for a nonvertical line Forma punto-pendiente La forma punto-pendiente para :
with slope m and through point (x, y;) isy— y; = M(x — x). una recta no vertical con pendiente m y que pasa por el
punto (x1, y;) es Y — y, = m(x — x)).

Example y+ 1= 3(x — 4)
In this equation, the slope is 3 and
(x4, ¥1) is (4, -1).

Point symmetry Point symmetry is the type of symmetry Simetria central La simetria central es un tipo de simetria en
for which there is a rotation of 180° that maps a figure la que una figura se ha rotado 180° sobre si misma.
onto itself.

Example 180°

G26 VISUAL GLOSSARY (=) Go Online |[Link]

wae -
English Spanish

Polygon A polygon is a closed plane figure formed by Poligono Un poligono es una figura plana compuesta por
three or more segments. Each segment intersects exactly tres o mas segmentos. Cada segmento interseca los otros
two other segments, but only at their endpoints, and no two dos segmentos exactamente, pero Unicamente en sus puntos
segments with a common endpoint are collinear. The vertices extremos y ninguno de los segmentos con extremos comunes
of the polygon are the endpoints of the sides. A diagonal son colineales. Los vértices del poligono son los extremos
is a segment that connects two nonconsecutive vertices. A de los lados. Una diagonal es un segmento que conecta dos
polygon is convex if no diagonal contains points outside the vértices no consecutivos. Un poligono es convexo si ninguna
polygon. A polygon is concave if a diagonal contains points diagonal tiene puntos fuera del poligono. Un poligono es
outside the polygon. concavo si una diagonal tiene puntos fuera del poligono.

Example Vertices
Diagonal

cides
Convex Concave

Polyhedron A polyhedron is a three-dimensional figure Poliedro Un poliedro es una figura tridimensional cuyas
whose surfaces, or faces, are polygons. The vertices of the superficies, o caras, son poligonos. Los vértices de los
polygons are the vertices of the polyhedron. The intersections poligonos son los vértices del poliedro. Las intersecciones de
of the faces are the edges of the polyhedron. las caras son las aristas del poliedro.

Example
Vertices

2
4
Postulate A postulate is an accepted statement of fact. Postulado Un postulado es un enunciado que se acepta m
como un hecho. %
ie)
pm
Example Postulate: Through any two Oo
points there is exactly one line. =)
4
=)
Preimage See transformation. Preimagen Ver transformation. pe
>

Prime notation See transformation. Notacion prima _ Ver transformation.

Prism A prism is a polyhedron with two congruent Prisma Un prisma es un poliedro con dos caras congruentes
and parallel faces, which are called the bases. The other paralelas llamadas bases. Las otras caras son paralelogramos
faces, which are parallelograms, are called the /ateral faces. llamados caras laterales. La altura de un prisma es un
An altitude of a prism is a perpendicular segment that joins segmento perpendicular que une los planos de las bases.
the planes of the bases. Its length is the height of the prism. Su longitud es también la a/tura del prisma. En un prisma
A right prism is one whose lateral faces are rectangular rectangular, las caras laterales son rectangulares y una de las
regions and a lateral edge is an altitude. In an oblique prism, aristas laterales es la altura. En un prisma oblicuo, algunas 0
some or all of the lateral faces are nonrectangular. todas las caras laterales no son rectangulares.

Example Bases

Right prism Oblique prism

VISUAL GLOSSARY 22%

 English Spanish

Probability Probability is the likelihood that an event will Probabilidad Probabilidad es la posibilidad de que un suceso
occur (written formally as P(event)). ocurra, escrita formalmente P(suceso).

Example You have 4 red marbles and

3 white marbles. The probability
that you select one red marble,
and then, without replacing it,
randomly select another red
4.3_2
=<.
marble is P(red) =++«2
I Wy

Probability distribution A probability distribution for an Distribucion de probabilidades La distribucién de

experiment is a function that assigns a probability to each probabilidades de un experimento es una funci6n que asigna
outcome of a sample space for the experiment. una probabilidad a cada resultado de un espacio muestral
del experimento.

0.125
ey = 22
0175 § 0.15 2

02 | & 0.075 Oo

0.2 0 123456
kh
=
Ou
Wn 0.075
co
Ww
UI
WO
con
Roll

The table and graph both show the

experimental probability distribution
for the outcomes of 40 rolls of a standard
number cube.

Proof A proof is a convincing argument that uses deductive Prueba Una prueba es un argumento convincente en el
reasoning. A proof can be written in many forms. In a cual se usa el razonamiento deductivo. Una prueba se puede
two-column proof, the statements and reasons are aligned escribir de varias maneras. En una prueba de dos co/umnas,
in columns. In a paragraph proof, the statements and reasons los enunciados y las razones se alinean en columnas. En
are connected in sentences. In a flow proof, arrows show the una prueba de pdrrafo, los enunciados y razones estan
logical connections between the statements. In a coordinate unidos en oraciones. En una prueba de flujo, hay flechas
proof, a figure is drawn on a coordinate plane and the que indican las conexiones logicas entre enunciados. En una
formulas for slope, midpoint, and distance are used to prove prueba de coordenadas, se dibuja una figura en un plano
properties of the figure. An indirect proof involves the use of de coordenadas y se usan las formulas de la pendiente,
indirect reasoning. punto medio y distancia para probar las propiedades de la
figura. Una prueba indirecta incluye el uso de razonamiento
indirecto.

Example E£

F G

Given: AFFG, with right angle ZF

Prove: ZF and 2G are complementary.
Paragraph Proof: Because ZF is a right angle, mZF
= 90. By the Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem, mZE + mZF
+ mZG = 180. By substitution, mZF + 90 +mZG =
180. Subtracting 90 from each side yields mZE + MZG
= 90. ZE and 2G are complementary by definition.

G28 VISUAL “:LOSSARY (=) Go Online |[Link]

—a
English Spanish

Proportion A proportion is a statement that two ratios are Proporcién Una proporcidn es un enunciado en el cual
equal. An extended proportion is a statement that three or dos razones son iguales. Una proporcién extendida es un
more ratios are equal. enunciado que dice que tres razones 0 mas son iguales.

Example *5 = 43 is a proportion.
oo) 3 is an extended proportion.
27 9
Pyramid A pyramid is a polyhedron in which one face, the Piramide Una piramide es un poliedro en donde una cara,
base, is a polygon and the other faces, the /ateral faces, la base, es un poligono y las otras caras, las caras /aterales,
are triangles with a common vertex, called the vertex of son triangulos con un vértice comun, llamado el vértice de
the pyramid. An a/titude of a pyramid is the perpendicular la piramide. Una a/tura de una piramide es el segmento
segment from the vertex to the plane of the base. Its length perpendicular que va del vértice hasta el plano de la base.
is the height of the pyramid. The s/ant height of a regular Su longitude es, por extension, la a/tura de la piramide. La
pyramid is the length of an altitude of a lateral face. apotema de una piramide regular es la longitude de la altura
de la cara lateral.

Example <—— Vertex

Altitude Slant height

2Ei
Pyramid 4

3aa
n

Pythagorean triple A Pythagorean triple is a set of three

nonzero whole numbers a, b, and c, that satisfy the
Tripleta de Pitagoras Una tripleta de Pitagoras es un
conjunto de tres numeros enteros positivos a, b, and c que
o
equation a2 + b2 = c2. satisfacen la ecuacion a2 + b2 = c?. Fi
5
Example The numbers 5, 12, and 13 forma a
>
Pythagorean triple because
524 122 = 132 =169.

Quadrant See coordinate plane. Cuadrante Ver coordinate plane.

Quadrilateral A quadrilateral is a polygon with four sides. Cuadrilatero Un cuadrilatero es un poligono de cuatro
lados.

Example errs

Radian A radian is equal to the measure of a central angle Radian Un radian es igual a la medida de un angulo central
that intercepts an arc with length equal to the radius of que interseca a un angulo de la misma !ongitud que el radio
the circle. del circulo.

Example Se Oh
0=
mS

g=3= 1.5 radians

VISUAL GLOSSARY G29

 English Spanish

Radius of acircle A radius of a circle is any segment with Radio de un circulo Un radio de un circulo es cualquier
one endpoint on the circle and the other endpoint at the segmento con extremo en el circulo y el otro extremo en el
center of the circle. Radius can also mean the length of this centro del circulo. Radio también se refiere a la longitude de
segment. este segmento.

Example
DE is a radius
of OD.

Radius of asphere The radius of a sphere is a segment that Radio de una esfera_ El radio de una esfera es un segmento
has one endpoint at the center and the other endpoint on con un extremo en el centro y otro en la esfera.
the sphere.

Example

Sy
Ratio A ratio is a comparison of two quantities by division. Razon Una razon es una comparacion de dos cantidades
An extended ratio is a comparison of three or more usando la division. Una raz6n extendida es una comparacién
quantities by division. de tres o mas cantidades usando la division.

Example 5to/7,5: 7, and 3 are ratios.

3252018 an extended ratio.

Ray A ray is the part of a line that consists of one endpoint Semirrecta Una semirrecta es la parte de una recta que
and all the points of the line on one side of the endpoint. tiene un extremo de donde parten todos los puntos de
la recta.
< 1
Example (oa Endpoint of AB
———___o—______>>

A B

Rectangle A rectangle is a parallelogram with four right Rectangulo Un rectangulo es un paralelogramo con cuatro
angles. angulos rectos.

iar Laue=|

Reduction See dilation. Reducci6n Ver dilation.

Reflection A reflection across line r, called the line of Reflexion Una reflexién a través de una linea r, llamada
reflection, is a transformation such that if a point A is on line el eje de reflexion, es una transformacion en la que si un
r, then the image of A is itself, and if a point B is not on line r, punto A es parte de la linea r, la imagen de A es si misma, y
then its image B’ is the point such that r is the perpendicular si un punto B no esta en la linea r, su imagen B’ es el punto
bisector of BB’. A reflection is a rigid motion. en el cual la linea res la bisectriz perpendicular de BB’. Una
reflexi6n es un movimiento rigido.

Example -
court
r
e & -
\
ene --" A=A!
eeaN
x

» B’

G30 VISUAL GLOSSARY (=) Go Online |[Link]

English Spanish

Reflectional symmetry Reflectional symmetry is the type of Simetria reflexiva Simetria reflexiva es el tipo de simetria
symmetry for which there is a reflection that maps a figure donde hay una reflexion que ubica una figura en si misma. El
onto itself. The reflection line is the line of symmetry. The eje de reflexion es e/ eje de simetria. El eje de simetria divide
line of symmetry divides a figure with reflectional symmetry una figura con simetria reflexiva en dos mitades congruentes.
into two congruent halves.

Example A
A reflection across the

2X Y
given line maps the
figure onto itself.

Regular polygon A regular polygon is a polygon that is both Poligono regular Un poligono regular es un poligono que es
equilateral and equiangular. Its center is the point that is equilateral y equiangular. Su centro es el punto equidistante
equidistant from its vertices. de sus vértices.

Example B
ABCDEF is a
D regular hexagon.
Point
X is its center.
F

Relative frequency The relative frequency of an event is the Frecuencia relativa La frecuencia relativa de un suceso es la
ratio of the number of times the event occurs to the total razon del numero de veces que ocurre un evento al numero
number of trials. de eventos en el espacio muestral. a=
2)
Example n
Pea LS le)
ae
Les)
_ Scoring Region — Yellow Red Blue Black § White
Arrow Strikes 52 25 10 8 5 F
=)
=
frequency of striking red
Relative frequency of striking red =
total frequencies

Remote interior angles Remote interior angles are the two Angulos interiores remotos Los Angulos interiores
nonadjacent interior angles corresponding to each exterior remotos son los dos angulos interiores no adyacentes que
angle of a triangle. corresponden a cada angulo exterior de un triangulo.

Example
Z1 and 22 are remote
3 interior angles of 23.

Rhombus A rhombus is a parallelogram with four Rombo Unrombo es un paralelogramo de cuatro lados
congruent sides. congruentes.

Example

Right angle A right angle is an angle whose measure is 90. Angulo recto Un Angulo recto es un angulo que mide 90

Example This symbol

indicates a
90° right angle.

VISUAL GLOSSARY G31p-

English Spanish

Right cone See cone. Cono recto Ver cone.

Right cylinder See cylinder. Cilindro recto Ver cylinder.

Right prism See prism. Prisma rectangular Ver prism.

Right triangle A right triangle contains one right angle. Triangulo rectangulo Un triangulo rectangulo contiene
The side opposite the right angle is the hypotenuse and the un angulo recto. El lado opuesto del angulo recto es la
other two sides are the /egs. hipotenusa y los otros dos lados son los catetos.

Example Hypotenuse
Leg

Leg

Rigid motion A rigid motion is a transformation that Movimiento rigido Un movimiento rigido es una
preserves distance and angle measure. A rigid motion is transformacion en el plano que no cambia la distancia ni la
sometimes called a congruence transformation. medida del angulo. Los movimientos rigidos se conocen a
veces como transformaciones de congruencia.

Example The four rigid motions are reflections,

translations, rotations, and glide reflections.

Rotation A rotation of x about a point R, called the center Rotaci6n Una rotacion de x sobre un punto R, llamado
of rotation, is a transformation such that for any point V, el centro de rotacion, es una transformaci6n en la que para
its image is the point V, where RV= RV’ and mZVRV' = x. cualquier punto V, su imagen es el punto V’, donde RV=
The image of Ris itself. The positive number of degrees x RV’ y mZVRV’ = x. La imagen de R es si misma. El numero
that a figure rotates is the angle of rotation. A rotation is a positivo de grados x que una figura rota es el dngulo de
rigid motion. rotacion. Una rotacion es un movimiento rigido.

Example Poa’
po Pee

Rotational symmetry Rotational symmetry is the type of Simetria rotacional La simetria rotacional es un tipo de
symmetry for which there is a rotation of 360° or less that simetria en la que una rotacion de 360° o menos vuelve a
maps a figure onto itself. trazar una figura sobre si misma.

Example
120° The figure has 120°
rotational symmetry.

e-side interior angles Same-side interior angles lie on Angulos internos del mismo lado Los angulos internos del
the same side of the transversal t and between Z and m. mismo lado estan situados en el mismo lado de la transversal
ty dentro de 7y m.

Example t

1/3 £
2/4
m

Z1 and 22 are same-side interior

angles, as are 73 and 24.

RO VISUAL GLOSSARY (=) Go Online |[Link]

English Spanish

Sample space A sample space is the set of all possible Espacio muestral Un espacio muestral es el conjunto de
outcomes of a situation or experiment. todos los resultados posibles de un suceso.

Example When you roll a standard number

cube, the sample space is
{1,.2,.3; 4,5) 6}.

Scale A scale is the ratio of any length in a scale drawing Escala Una escala es la razon de cualquier longitud en
to the corresponding actual length. The lengths may be in un dibujo a escala en relacion a la longitud verdadera
different units. correspondiente. Las longitudes pueden expresarse en
distintas unidades.

Example 1cmto 1 ft
1cm=1 ft
1cm:1 ft

Scale drawing Ascale drawing is a drawing in which all Dibujo aescala_ Un dibujo a escala es un dibujo en el que
lengths are proportional to corresponding actual lengths. todas las longitudes son proporcionales a las longitudes
verdaderas correspondientes.

Example

Scale factor A scale factor is the ratio of corresponding Factor de escala_ El factor de escala es la razon de las 21
linear measurements of two similar figures. medidas lineales correspondientes de dos figuras semejantes. 7)
7)
Example D F fo)
J
ie)
AABC ~ ADEF =)
A G =
AGT SOre =)
n
DEW EF aftWFD >
B

Scale factor of adilation The scale factor of a dilation is the Factor de escala de dilatacién El factor de escala de
ratio of the distances from the center of dilation to an image dilatacién es la razon de las distancias desde el centro de
point and to its preimage point. dilatacién hasta un punto de la imagen y hasta un punto de
la preimagen.

Example A

B
The scale factor of the dilation that
maps AABC to AA'B'C’ is :

Scalene triangle A scalene triangle has no congruent sides. Triangulo escaleno Un triangulo escaleno no tiene lados
congruentes.

Example

VISUAL GLOSSARY G33

 English Spanish

Secant A secant is a line, ray, or segment that intersects a Secante Una secante es una recta, semirrecta o segmento
circle at two points. que corta un circulo en dos puntos.

Example B
A
AB is a secant
Cred .

of OC.

Sector of acircle A sector of a circle is the region bounded Sector de un circulo Un sector de un circulo es la region
by two radii and the intercepted arc. limitada por dos radios y el arco abarcado por ellos.

Example A
Sector APB

Segment Asegment is the part of a line that consists of two Segmento Un segmento es la parte de una recta que tiene
points, called endpoints, and all points between them. dos puntos, Ilamados extremos, entre los cuales estan todos
los puntos de esa recta.

Example Endpoints of DE
™~
S E

Segment bisector A segment bisector is a line, segment, ray, Bisectriz de un segmento La bisectriz de un segmento
or plane that intersects a segment at the midpoint. es una recta, segmento, semirrecta o plano que corta un
segmento en el punto medio.

Example
£ bisects KJ,
K

Segment of a circle A segment ofa circle is the part of Segmento de un circulo Un segmento de un circulo es la
a circle bounded by an arc and the segment joining its parte de un circulo bordeada por un arco y el segmento que
endpoints. une sus extremos.

Example A
Segment of OC aim
i
aa

Semicircle A semicircle is half a circle. Semicirculo Un semicirculo es la mitad de un circulo.

Example
~
Semicircle

Side See angle; polygon. Lado Ver angle; polygon.

34 VISUAL GLOSSARY [=] Go Online |[Link]

English Spanish

Similar figures Similar figures are two figures that have the Figuras semejantes Los figuras semejantes son dos figuras
same shape, but not necessarily the same size. Two figures que tienen la misma forma pero no necesariamente el
are similar if there is a similarity transformation that maps mismo tamafo. Dos figuras son semejantes si hay una
one figure to the other. transformaci6n de semajanza en la que una figura es la
imagen de la otra.

Example

Similarity transformation A composition of one or more Transformacion de semejanza Una composicién de uno o
rigid motions and a dilation. mas movimientos rigidos y una dilatacion.

Similar polygons Similar polygons are polygons having Poligonos semejantes Los poligonos semejantes son
corresponding angles congruent and the lengths of poligonos cuyos angulos correspondientes son congruentes
corresponding sides proportional. Similarity is denoted by ~. y las longitudes de los lados correspondientes son
proporcionales. El simbolo ~ significa “es semejante a”.

Example j 8 x
O
6
AJKL ~ AMNO
Scale factor = g
N 20 +M
2
4
m,)
Sine ratio See trigonometric ratios. Razon seno Ver trigonometric ratios. %)
oe)
|
Slant height See cone; pyramid. Generatriz (cono) o apotema (piramide) Ver cone; pyramid. Oo
=
4
Slope-intercept form The slope-intercept form of a linear Forma pendiente-intercepto La forma pendiente-intercepto ~
equation is y = mx + b, where m is the slope of the line and es la ecuacion lineal y= mx + b, en la que m es la pendiente ed
>
b is the y-intercept. de la recta y b es el punto de interseccién de esa recta con
el eje y.

Example y= 4x -3
In this equation, the slope is 4 and
the y-intercept is —3.

Slope of aline The slope of a line is the ratio of its vertical Pendiente de una recta La pendiente de una recta es la
change in the coordinate plane to the corresponding razon del cambio vertical en el plano de coordenadas en
horizontal change. If (x4, y;) and (x3, yz) are points on relacién al cambio horizontal correspondiente. Si (x4, ¥1) y
V2
a nonvertical line, then the slope is xX, =x," [he slope of (xz, Y2) son puntos en una recta no vertical, entonces la
pendiente es Voy t La pendiente de una recta horizontal es
a horizontal line is 0, and the slope of a vertical line is x2 -X1"
undefined. 0, y la pendiente de una recta vertical es indefinida.

Example

The line containing P(—1, —1) and Q(1, —2)

has slope
—2-(-1) _ ae
1=(=1) = 2 Nj—

VISUAL GLOSSARY G35

English Spanish

Sphere A sphere is the set of all points in space that are a Esfera Una esfera es el conjunto de los puntos del espacio
given distance r, the radius, from a given point C, the center. que estan a una distancia dada r, el radio, de un punto dado
A great circle is the intersection of a sphere with a plane C, el centro. Un circulo maximo es la interseccioOn de una
containing the center of the sphere. The circumference of a esfera y un plano que contiene el centro de la esfera. La
sphere is the circumference of any great circle of the sphere. circunferencia de una esfera es la circunferencia de cualquier
circulo maximo de la esfera.

Example Great circle

ey Radius

Center

Square A square is a parallelogram with four congruent Cuadrado Un cuadrado es un paralelogramo con cuatro
sides and four right angles. lados congruentes y cuatro angulos rectos.

Example

Straight angle A straight angle is an angle whose measure Angulo Ilano Un Angulo Ilano es un angulo que mide 180.
is 180.

Example ~<—*————.—___,_
A O B

mZAOB = 180°

Straightedge A straightedge is a tool for drawing Regla sin graduaci6n Unaregla sin graduacion es un
straight lines. instrumento para dibujar lineas rectas.

Supplementary angles Two angles are supplementary if the Angulos suplementarios Dos angulos son suplementarios
sum of their measures is 180. cuando sus medidas suman 180.

Example
M 5
N 110° p

O 70° 6 70° R

ZMNP and ZONP are supplementary,

as are ZMNP and ZQRS.

Surface area The surface area of a prism, cylinder, pyramid, Area_ El area de un prisma, piramide, cilindro o cono es la
or cone is the sum of the lateral area and the areas of the suma del area lateral y las areas de las bases. El area de una
bases. The surface area of a sphere is four times the area of a esfera es igual a cuatro veces el area de un circulo maximo.
great circle.

Example

4cm
7 cm
S.A. of prism = L.A. + 2B
= 66 + 2(28)
= 122 cm?

(=) Go Online |[Link]

English Spanish

Symmetry A figure has symmetry if there is a rigid motion Simetria Una figura tiene simetria si hay un movimiento
that maps the figure onto itself. See a/so point symmetry; rigido que traza la figura sobre si misma. Ver también point
reflectional symmetry; rotational symmetry. symmetry; reflectional symmetry; rotational symmetry.

Example
A regular pentagon
has reflectional
symmetry and 72°
rotational symmetry.

Tangent ratio See trigonometric ratios. Razon tangente Ver trigonometric ratios.

Tangent to acircle A tangent to a circle is a line in the plane Tangente de un circulo Una tangente de un circulo es
of the circle that intersects the circle in exactly one point. una recta en el plano del circulo que corta el circulo en
That point is the point of tangency. exactamente un punto. Ese punto es el punto de tangencia.

Example £

e bes Point of tangency

24
Line £ is tangent to OC. Point D is the wn
72)

point of tangency. 2)
a
o
=
Theorem A theorem is a conjecture that is proven. Teorema Un teorema es una conjetura que se demuestra. 4
~
Example The theorem “Vertical angles are a
>
congruent” can be proven by using
postulates, definitions, properties,
and previously stated theorems.

Theoretical probability The theoretical probability is the Probabilidad tedorica Si cada resultado tiene la misma
ratio of the number of favorable outcomes to the number of probabilidad de darse, la probabilidad tedrica de un suceso se
possible outcomes if all outcomes have the same chance of calcula como la razon del numero de resultados favorables al
happening. numero de resultados posibles.
P(event) = Dumber of favorable outcomes P(suceso) = numero de resultados favorables
=
number of possible outcomes ( ) numero de resultados posibles

Example In tossing a coin, the events of

getting heads or tails are equally
likely. The likelihood of getting
heads is P(heads) = .

VISUAL GLOSSARY G37

 English Spanish

Transformation A transformation is a change in the Transformacién Una transformacion es un cambio en la

position, size, or shape of a geometric figure. The given posicién, tamafio o forma de una figura. La figura dada se
figure is called the preimage and the resulting figure is called llama la preimagen yla figura resultante se llama la imagen.
the image. A transformation maps a figure onto its image. Una transformaci6n traza la figura sobre su propia imagen.
Prime notation is sometimes used to identify image points. La notacion prima a veces se utilize para identificar los puntos
In the diagram, X’ (read “X prime”) is the image of X. de la imagen. En el diagrama de la derecha, X’ (leido X
prima) es la imagen de X.

Example Preimage Image

Yor?
x
X'

Z Le
IKYLZ DIRE,

Translation A translation is a transformation that moves Traslaci6n Una traslacién es una transformacion en la que se
points the same distance and in the same direction. mueven puntos la misma distancia en la misma direccion. Una
A translation is a rigid motion. traslacién es un movimiento rigido.

Example

The blue triangle is the image of the black

triangle under the translation (—5, —2).

Transversal A transversal is a line that intersects two or Transversal Una transversal es una linea que interseca dos o
more lines at distinct points. mas lineas en puntos precisos.

Example ¢ t 7
t is a transversal
m of € andm.

Trapezoid A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with exactly one Trapecio Un trapecio es un cuadrilatero con exactamente
pair of parallel sides, the bases. The nonparallel sides are un par de lados paralelos, las bases. Los lados no paralelos
called the legs of the trapezoid. Each pair of angles adjacent se llaman los catetos del trapecio. Cada par de angulos
to a base are base angles of the trapezoid. An altitude of a adyacentes a la base son los dngulos de base del trapecio.
trapezoid is a perpendicular segment from one base to the Una altura del trapecio es un segmento perpendicular que va
line containing the other base. Its length is called the height de una base a la recta que contiene la otra base. Su longitud
of the trapezoid. se llama, por extension, la a/tura del trapecio.

Example A_. Base 8B altitude

Leg Leg

D Base G

In trapezoid ABCD, ZADC and

ZBCD are one pair of base angles, and
ZDAB and ZABC are the other.

G38 VISUAL GLOSSARY (=) Go Online |[Link]

Sola
English Spanish

Triangle A triangle is a polygon with three sides. You can Triangulo Un triangulo es un poligono con tres lados. Se
choose any side to be a base. The height is the length of the puede escoger cualquier lado como base. La a/tura, entonces,
altitude drawn to the line containing that base. es la longitud de la altura trazada hasta la recta que contiene
la base.

Example Altitude

Trigonometric ratios The trigonometric ratios, or functions, Razones trigonométricas Las razones trigonométricas, o
relate the side lengths of a right triangle to its acute angles. funciones, relacionan las longitudes de lado de un triangulo
In right AABC with acute 2A, rectangulo con sus angulos agudos. En un triangulo
length of leg opposite 2A rectangulo AABC con angulo agudo 2A,
sine ZA =sinA= length of hypotenuse cateto opuesto a ZA
seno ZA =senA = -
length of leg adjacent to zA hipotenusa
cosine ZA = cos A = length of hypotenuse cateto adyecente a ZA
coseno ZA = cos A = :
length of leg opposite 2A hipotenusa
tangent 2A = tan A = —=—__
=>_—*___—_
9 length of leg adjacent to 2A tangente ZA = tan A = cateto opuesto a ZA
cateto adyecente a 2A

Example B

Hypotenuse Leg opposite

ZA

Leg adjacent C
to ZA

Truth table A truth table is a table that lists all the possible Tabla de verdad Una tabla de verdad es una tabla que
combinations of truth values for two or more statements. muestra todas las combinaciones posibles de valores de
verdad de dos 0 mas enunciados. GLO
VISU

Example |

bal, tacks i
;
| F
F
44°

Truth value The truth value of a statement is “true” (T) Valor verdadero El valor verdadero de un enunciado
or “false” (F) according to whether the statement is true or es “verdadero” (T) o “falso” (F) segun el enunciado sea
false, respectively. verdadero o falso, respectivamente.

Two-column proof See proof. Prueba de dos columnas_ Ver proof.

VISUAL GLOSSARY G39

English Spanish

Two-way frequency table A two-way frequency table is a Tabla de frecuencias de doble entrada Una tabla de
table that displays frequencies in two different categories. frecuencias de doble entrada es una tabla de frecuencias que
contiene dos categorias de datos.

Example
Fae Lr

pumioieg
[renal
3 | 4
5
|Tot
3
| 73) RSE

4
ae

7
Seniors - Boekel agate t ee
Eins 6 | 12
The last column shows a total of 7 juniors and 5 seniors.
The last row shows a total of 6 males and 6 females.

Uniform probability distribution A uniform probability Distribucién uniforme de probabilidad Una distribucion
distribution assigns the same probability to each outcome. uniforme de probabilidad le asigna la misma probabilidad a
cada resultado.

Vertex See angle; cone; polygon; polyhedron; pyramid. Vértice Ver angle; cone; polygon; polyhedron; pyramid.
The plural form of vertex is vertices.

Vertex angle See isosceles triangle. Angulo del vértice Ver isosceles triangle.

Vertical angles Vertical angles are two angles whose sides Angulos opuestos por el vértice Dos angulos son angulos
form two pairs of opposite rays. opuestos por el vértice si sus lados son semirrectas opuestas.

Example ; 3 Z1 and 22 are vertical angles,

4 as are 23 and 24.

Volume Volume is a measure of the space a figure occupies. Volumen El volumen es una medida del espacio que
ocupa una figura.

VISUAL GLOSSARY (©) Go Online |[Link]

Index

A exterior. See exterior angles

inscribed, 444-450, 461
center of mass, 200
central angles, 419, 436-437, 441
AA ~ (Angle-Angle Similarity) interior. See interior angles
Theorem, 317-318, 321 centroids, 219-220, 223, 240
opposite, 264-265, 268, 295
AAS (Angle-Angle-Side) Congruence vertical, 51-52 chords, 436-443, 454, 460
Criterion, 177, 179, 185, 191, 196 Angle-Side-Angle Congruence circles, 416-461
algebra, 385-389, 534 Criterion, 174-176, 179, 185, 196 arcs of, 419-426, 459
chords of, 436-443, 454, 460
Alternate Exterior Angles Theorem, angle-sum theorems of polygons,
circumscribed, 210-211
73,75 245-251, 294
concept summary, 424, 432, 441,
Alternate Interior Angles Theorem, animation, 104 448, 456
72-73, 75 Applications, 9, 18, 24, 30, 40, 47, 52, construction of, 14, 19
altitude, 218, 221-225, 240, 324-325, 58, 74, 81, 88, 92-93, 109, 115, 123, in coordinate plane system, 400-405,
326, 329 131, 138, 153, 158, 160, 168-169, 414
176, 183, 190, 203, 211, 234, 246-247, inscribed, 212
Angle Addition Postulate, 9, 10
255, 258, 267, 275, 282, 290, 306, inscribed angles of, 444-450, 461
Angle-Angle-Side (AAS) Congruence
313, 320, 328, 335, 347, 357, 363, notations for, 401
Criterion, 177, 179, 185, 191, 196
369, 375-376, 388, 396, 402, 409, practice and problem solving,
Angle-Angle Similarity (AA ~) 423, 430, 440, 447, 455, 466, 473, 425-426, 433-434, 442-443,
Theorem, 317-318, 321 475, 482-483, 488, 500-501, 503, 449-450, 457-458
angle bisectors 510, 518, 524-525, 532, 537, 539 secant lines and segments, 451-458,
concept summary of, 206, 239 arc length, 420-421, 424, 447, 459 461
construction of, 17, 18, 19, 65 sectors of, 422-426, 459
arcs, 19, 419-426, 437, 441, 444,
defined, 17 similar, 313
446-448, 459
equidistant points and, 204-208, 239 tangent lines of, 427-434, 453, 460
practice and problem solving, area
circumcenters, 211, 214, 240
coordinate plane and, 388
207-208, 239 circumference, 420
proportionality and, 336 scale factors and, 306
of sectors, 422, 424 circumscribed circles, 210-211
of triangles, 212, 214, 240, 336, 337
of segment of circles, 422-423, 424 collinear points, 8
Angle Bisector Theorem, 205, 206
surface, 475
collinear rays, 6
angles of triangles, 376
addition of, 9, 10 combinations, probability of, 515-521,
bisectors of. See angle bisectors 545
construction of, 15 Common Errors, 8, 15, 22, 31, 36, 46,
defined, 6 basic figure constructions. See 51, 60, 73, 79, 87, 93, 107, 114, 121,
of isosceles triangles, 157-165, 195 constructions 131, 137, 138, 152, 159, 162, 170,
measuring, 5-13, 64 biconditional statements, 39-40. See 177, 183, 188, 201, 210, 219, 229,
parallel lines and, 71-75, 78-79, 100 also conditional statements 235, 245, 254, 265, 274, 280, 290,
of parallelograms, 262, 264-265, binomial experiments, 525-526, 527, 303, 310, 319, 325, 336, 350, 355,
268, 272-273, 276, 295 357, 362, 368, 375, 385, 395, 401,
546
of polygons, 245-251, 294 408, 423, 428, 431, 438, 446, 453,
of rhombuses, 279-280, 283,
binomial probability, 526, 533, 540,
454, 466, 472, 483, 489, 502, 507,
546
286-287, 291 515, 524, 530, 538
of squares, 282, 283 bisectors. See angle bisectors;
compasses, 14-17, 19, 65, 201
of triangles, 85-91, 101 perpendicular bisectors
trigonometric inverses and, 357 complementary angles, 53
bridge designs, 148
vertex, 159, 165, 453, 456 complement of events, 500
building heights, 373
angles, types of composite figures, 483, 489
eR
p
alternate, 79, 80, 82
central, 419, 436-437, 441
C compositions of rigid motions,
115-116, 118
complementary, 53 cardboard box designs, 464
Concepts
congruent, 10, 17, 37, 53, 64 Cavalieri’s Principle, 471, 476, 480, 484, Arc Length, 421
consecutive, 264-265, 268, 295 487, 490, 494 Arc Measure, 420
corresponding, 73, 75, 78-79, 80, 82
center of dilation, 301, 310, 340 Biconditional Statements, 39
of depression, 374-375, 377, 381
Binomial Experiments, 525
of elevation, 374-375, 377, 381 center of gravity, 220
Binomial Probability Formula, 526

INDEX
TS
e
MI
I
 Cavalieri’s Principle, 471 233, 245, 253, 262, 272, 279, 286, Congruent Supplements Theorem, 53
Combinations, 518 301-302, 312, 317, 324, 333, 348, conjectures
Composition of Rigid Motions, 115 355, 361, 367, 376, 385, 393, 400, defined, 29, 66
Conditional Probability and 406, 420-421, 427, 436, 444, 451, inductive reasoning and, 29-31, 32,
Independent Events, 508 465, 471, 480, 487-488, 501, 66
Conditional Statement, 36 508-509, 516-517, 522-523, modeling, 35
Congruence, 150 530-531, 538 practice and problem solving, 33-34
Congruent Segments and Congruent conclusions theorems and, 51, 67
Angles, 10 biconditional statements and, 40 consecutive angles, 264-265, 268, 295
GRGIG 16s conditional statements and, 36-38,
Defined Terms, 6 constructions
66
Dilations, 302 of angle bisectors, 17, 18, 19, 65
from deductive reasoning, 44-48, 67
Distance Formula, 24 of angles, 15
defined, 36
Distance on a Line, 7 of basic figures, 14-21
from indirect reasoning, 59
Equation of a Parabola, 408 of circles, 14, 19
from inductive reasoning, 28, 66
Equilateral Triangles, 161 concept summary, 65
Concurrency of Altitudes, 221 defined, 14, 19
Euler's Formula, 466
Law of Cosines, 368 Concurrency of Angle Bisectors, 212 of equidistant points, 201
Law of Detachment, 45 Concurrency of Medians, 219, 395-396 of perpendicular bisectors, 16, 18, 65
Law of Sines, 362 practice and problem solving, 20-21,
Concurrency of Perpendicular
Law of Syllogism, 46 65
Bisectors, 209-210
Midpoint Formula, 22 of segments, 14, 19, 65
concurrent lines, 210 of tangent lines, 431
Permutations, 517
Probabilities of Mutually Exclusive conditional probability, 507-513, 545 contradictions, 59, 61, 62, 67
Events, 500 conditional statements, 36-43 contrapositives
Probabilities of Non-Mutually biconditional, 39-40 of conditional statements, 38, 39,
Exclusive Events, 501 concept summary, 41, 66 41, 66
Probability of Independent Events, defined, 36 indirect proofs and, 59-63, 67
502 practice and problem solving, 42-43,
Reflecting Points Across the x-axis Converse
66
and y-axis, 108 of Alternate Exterior Angles
related, 38-40
Reflections, 106 Theorem, 80
truth value, finding, 37-40
Related Conditional Statements, 38 of Alternate Interior Angles
writing, 36-37
Rotations, 122 Theorem, 79
cones, 480-486, 494 of Angle Bisector Theorem, 205, 206
Rotations in the Coordinate Plane,
122 congruence of conditional statements, 38, 39,
Translations, 113 angle-angle-side criterion for 40, 41, 66
Trigonometric Ratios, 354 triangles, 177, 179, 185, 191, 196 of Corresponding Angles Theorem,
Undefined Terms, 5 of angles, 10, 17, 37, 53, 64 79
Volume of a Sphere, 488 angle-side-angle criterion for of Hinge Theorem, 235, 236
Volumes of Prisms and Cylinders, triangles, 174-176, 179, 185, 196 of Isosceles Triangle Theorem,
472 concept summary, 154, 163, 171, 158-159
Volumes of Pyramids and Cones, 480 179, 185, 191, 194-197 of Perpendicular Bisector Theorem,
Writing an Indirect Proof by of equilateral triangles, 161-165, 202, 206
Contradiction, 59 195 of Pythagorean Theorem, 345, 347,
Writing an Indirect Proof by of figures, 149-156, 194 351
Contrapositive, 60 of isosceles triangles, 157-165, 195 of Same-Side Interior Angles
of overlapping triangles, 188-193, Postulate, 80
Concept Summaries, 11, 19, 25, 32, 41,
197 of Theorem 5-9, 228, 230
48, 55, 61, 75, 82, 89, 96, 110, 118,
of polygons, 178 of Theorem 6-7, 272
126, 133) 139; 154) 163; 1171, 179;
practice and problem solving, 155- of Theorem 6-8, 273
185, 191, 206, 214, 223, 230, 236,
156, 164-165, 172-173, 180-181, of Theorem 6-9, 273
249, 259, 268, 276, 283, 291, 307,
186-187, 192-193, 194-197 of Theorem 6-10, 274
314, 321, 329, 337, 351, 358, 364,
proving, of triangles, 317-323, 341 of Theorem 6-16, 287
370, 377, 389, 397, 403, 410, 424,
of right triangles, 182-187, 196 of Theorem 6-17, 287
A432, 441, 448, 456, 468, 476, 484,
of segments, 10, 16, 22, 64 of Theorem 6-18, 288
4 4,511, 519, 527, 534, 541
side-angle-side criterion for of Theorem 10-1, 428
Conceptual Understanding examples,
triangles, 167-169, 171, 185, 195 of Theorem 10-3, 437
7, 14, 23-24, 30, 37-38, 44, 51, 60, side-side-side criterion for triangles, of Theorem 10-4, 437
72, 80 106, 116, 124, 130-131,
169-171, 191, 195 of Theorem 10-5, 438
136, 14 167-168, 174, 182, transformations, 149-154 of Theorem 10-6, 439
188-189, 210-211, 221, 226,
Congruent Complements Theorem, 53

INDEX (=) Go Online |[Link]

coordinate plane systems, 382-415 Detachment, Law of, 45, 47, 48, 49-50, formulas
circles on, 400-405, 414 67 for arc length, 420-421, 424, 459
concept summary, 389, 397, 403, diagonals for area. See area
410, 413-415 of kites, 253-254 binomial probability, 526
dilations on, 302, 305 of parallelograms, 262, 266-268, for combination numbers, 518, 519
distance measurements on, 23-24, 274, 276, 295-297 conditional probability, 507-511
25, 65 of rectangles, 281-282, 283, 288, 291 of coordinate geometry, 385-389,
midpoints on, 22, 25, 65, 385, 389 of rhombuses, 279-280, 283, 286- 413
parabolas on, 406-412, 415 287, 291, 296-297 distance, 23-24, 25, 65
polygons on, 385-391, 413 of squares, 282, 283 Euler’s Formula, 465-466, 468
practice and problem solving, of trapezoids, 255-256, 259 midpoint, 22, 25, 65, 385, 389
390-391, 398-399, 404-405, for permutation numbers, 517, 519
dilations, 301-308, 340
411-412, 413-415 for probability. See probability
reflections on, 107-108 directrix, 407, 415 for sectors, 422, 424
rotations on, 122 distance for segments of circles, 422-423, 424
segment partitioning on, 23 on coordinate plane, 385, 389 slope, 92, 95, 101, 387, 389
translations on, 113 formula, 23-24, 25, 65 for volume. See volume
coordinate proofs, 393-399, 414 geometric means and, 328 45°-45°-90° Triangle Theorem, 348, 351
indirect measurement of, 344, 357,
coordinates of points, 7, 11 Fundamental Counting Principle,
373
corollaries 515-516
on lines, 7
to Inscribed Angles Theorem, 446 practice and problem solving, 26-27,
to Polygon Interior Angle-Sum 65 G
Theorem, 246 trigonometric ratios for, 357 geometric means, 325-328, 329, 341
to Side-Splitter Theorem, 335
distributions, 522-529, 541, 546 glide reflections, 130-133
to Theorem 3-4, 132
to Theorem 7-4, 326-327 golden ratio, 4
corresponding angles, 73, 75, 78-79, E graphs. See coordinate plane systems
80, 82 endpoints, 6 great circles, 489
Corresponding Angles Theorem, 73, 75 equations
corresponding parts of congruent of circles, 400-403, 414
of parabolas, 407-410, 415
H
triangles are congruent (CPCTC),
of parallel lines, 95, 101 hemispheres, 489
168-169, 195
of perpendicular lines, 95-98, 101 Hinge Theorem, 234, 236, 241
cosine (cos), 354-356, 358, 367-372,
381 equidistant points, 201, 204-208, 239, hydraulic lift designs, 244
406 Hypotenuse-Leg (HL) Theorem,
counterexamples, 30-31, 32, 39, 66
equilateral triangles, 161-165, 195 183-185, 191, 196
CPCTC (corresponding parts of
congruent triangles are congruent), Euler’s Formula, 465-466, 468 hypotheses
168-169, 195 events, probability of, 499-506, 544 of biconditional statements, 40
of conditional statements, 36-37,
Critique & Explain, 44, 51, 58, 78, 121, expected value, 530-536, 539, 541, 546
38, 40, 66
182, 218, 253, 262, 310, 354, 393, experimental probability distribution, for deductive reasoning, 44-46, 48
427, 487, 537 524-525 of related conditional statements,
cross-sections, 465-470, 493 Explore & Reason, 5, 14, 28, 36, 71, 85, 38
cylinders, 471-478, 494 105, 113, 136, 149, 157, 167, 174,
188, 226, 233, 245, 271, 279, 301,
D 317,
406,
324,
436,
333,
444,
345,
451,
361,
465,
367,
480,
385,
499,
incenter, 212-213, 214, 240
decision making, 510, 537-543, 547 507, 515, 530 independent events, 501-503, 504,
deductive reasoning, 44-50 508-509, 511, 544
exterior angles
concept summary, 48, 67 of parallel lines, 71, 73, 75, 80, 82 indirect proofs, 58-63, 67
defined, 44 of polygons, 247-248, 249, 294 concept summary, 61, 67
Law of Detachment and, 45, 47, 48, of triangles, 87-88, 89 contradictions and, 59
67 contrapositives and, 60
Law of Syllogism and, 46-48, 67 F defined, 59
practice and problem solving, 49-50, indirect reasoning and, 58
67 factorial, 516 practice and problem solving, 62-63,
proofs and, 51, 67 fair decisions, 537-538 67
defined terms, 6 flow proofs, 79 indirect reasoning, 58-59. See also
dependent events, 508-509 indirect proofs
focus, 407, 415

INDEX N3
n
 inductive reasoning, 28-35, 66 midsegments parallelograms
concept summary, 32, 66 of trapezoids, 257-258, 259, 295, classification of, 386
conjectures, 29-31 393-394 concept summary, 268, 276, 283,
mathematical modeling of, 35 of triangles, 334, 335, 337 291, 295, 296, 297
patterns and, 28-32 minor arcs, 419 conditions of, 286-293, 297
practice and problem solving, 33-34, practice and problem solving,
Model & Discuss, 22, 92, 201, 209, 286,
66 269-270, 277-278, 284-285,
374, 400, 471, 522
292-293, 295, 296, 297
inequalities in triangles, 226-232,
mutually exclusive events, 499-500, properties of, 262-270, 279-285,
233-238, 241
504, 544 295, 296
inscribed angles, 444-450, 461
quadrilaterals as, 271-278, 296
Inscribed Angles Theorem, 445-446
N patterns of inductive reasoning,
inscribed circles, 212 28-32, 66
negation, 38, 67
intercepted arcs, 419, 444, 446-448 payoffs, expected, 531
non-mutually exclusive events,
interior angles 500-501 perimeter, 388
of parallel lines, 72-73, 79-80, 82
notations permutations, 516-521, 545
of polygons, 245-246, 249, 294
for angles, 6 perpendicular bisectors
of triangles, 85-87, 89
for circles, 401 concept summary, 206, 239
inverse of conditional statements, 38, for compositions of rigid motions, construction of, 16, 18, 65
39, 41, 66 115 defined, 16
isosceles trapezoids, 255-258, 259 for dilations, 302, 304, 307 of isosceles triangles, 159-160, 163
for lines, 5 practice and problem solving,
isosceles triangles, 157-165, 195
for planes, 5 207-208, 239
Isosceles Triangle Theorem, 158
for points, .5 of reflections, 106-108
for rays, 6
K
of segments, 201-204, 206-208, 239
for segments, 6 of triangles, 209-211, 214, 240
kites, 253-254, 259-261, 295, 387 number lines, 5, 6, 7 Perpendicular Bisector Theorem, 202,
204, 206
L O perpendicular lines, 95-98
Law of Cosines, 367-372, 381 oblique cylinders, 471 concept summary, 96
equations of, 95-98, 101
Law of Detachment, 45, 47, 48, 67 oblique prisms, 471
practice and problem solving, 97-98,
Law of Sines, 361-366, 381 opposite angles, 264-265, 268, 295 101
Law of Syllogism, 46-48, 67 opposite rays, 6 slopes of, 94-98, 101
Linear Pairs Theorem, 54 orthocenters, 221-222, 223, 240 planes
lines. See also angle bisectors; parallel overlapping triangles, 188-193, 197 coordinate. See coordinate plane
lines; perpendicular bisectors; systems
perpendicular lines; segments Pp cross-sections as, 466-468, 487, 489,
collinear points on, 8 493
construction of, 14, 19, 65 package designs, 464 defined,5
coordinate points on, 7, 11 parabolas, 406-412, 415 points
defined, 5 parabolic reflectors, 384 on circles, 401
distance on, 7 collinear, 8
paragraph proofs, 53-54, 55, 67
of reflection, 106-110 coordinates of, 7, 11
secant, 451-458, 461 parallel lines, 68-101 defined, 5
of symmetry, 136-137, 139 angle pair relationships with, 71-75, endpoints, 6
tangent, of circles, 427-434, 460 100 equidistant, 201, 204-208, 239, 406
concept summary, 75, 82, 89, 96, midpoints, 22, 25, 65, 385, 389
ml 100-101
iW * points of concurrency, 209-210 \
criteria for, 78-84, 100
major arcs, 419 equations of, 95, 101 points of tangency, 427, 432
Mathematical Modeling in 3 Acts, 35, practice and problem solving, 76-77, point symmetry, 137, 139 .
181, 297,7 252; 332)-373, 392, 83-84, 90-91, 97-98, 100-101 polygonal modeling, 104
514 proving, 78-84, 100
slopes of, 92-98, 101
Polygon Exterior Angle-Sum Theorem,
n jeometric, 325-328, 329, 341 247, 249, 294
transversals and, 71-75, 100
18-220, 223-225, 240 triangle angle sums and, 85-91, 101 Polygon Interior Angle-Sum Theorem,
mic iS, 25, 65, 385, 389 triangle proportions and, 333-335 246-247, 249, 294

N4 INDEX (=) Go Online |[Link]

polygons for Theorem 3-1, 115-116 as congruence transformations,
angle-sum theorems of, 245-251, for Theorem 3-2, 125 149-154
294 for Theorem 3-3, 130 defined, 105
concept summary, 249, 294 for Theorem 6-20, 287 practice and problem solving,
in coordinate geometry, 385-391, for Theorem 10-11, 452 134-135, 145
413 for Theorems 5-10, 228 rigid package designs, 464
practice and problem solving, for Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem, 86
250-251, 294 roof construction, 70
two-column, 51-52, 54, 55
rotations of, 467, 468, 493 writing, 51-57, 67 rotational symmetry, 136, 137-139
polyhedrons, 466-468, 493 proportions, 333-339, 341, 354-360, rotations
Postulates 380 composition of, 121-128, 133, 144
Angle Addition, 9, 10 of polygons, 467, 468, 493
Protractor Postulate, 8-9, 11
defined, 7 Ruler Postulate, 7, 11
pyramids, 480-486, 494
Protractor, 8-9, 11
Pythagorean Theorem, 345-353, 380
Ruler, 7, 11
Same-Side Interior Angles, 72, 75 Pythagorean triple, 347
S
Same-Side Interior Angles, Converse SAS ~ (Side-Angle-Side Similarity)

Q
of, 80 Theorem, 319, 321
Segment Addition, 7-8, 10 SAS (Side-Angle-Side) Congruence
quadrilateral hydraulic lift designs, Criterion, 167-169, 171, 185, 195
prisms, 471-478, 494
244
probability, 496-547 scale factors, 303, 306, 340
quadrilaterals. See also specific
concept summary, 504, 511, 519, secants, 451-458, 461
quadrilaterals
527, 534, 541, 544-547 classification of, on coordinate sectors of circles, 422-426, 459
conditional, 507-513, 545 plane, 387 Segment Addition Postulate, 7-8, 10
decision making and, 510, 537-543, concept summary, 276, 297
547 segments
as parallelograms, 271-278, 296
distributions, 522-529, 541, 546 addition of, 7-8, 10
practice and problem solving, 277-
events, 499-506, 544 of circles, 422, 424
278, 297
expected value, 530-536, 539, 541, congruent, 10, 16, 22, 64
546 construction of, 14, 19, 65
permutations and combinations, R defined, 6
515-521, 545 radians, 420 measuring, 5-8, 11, 64
practice and problem solving, midpoints of, 22, 25, 65
radius, 400-403, 414
505-506, 512-513, 520-521, partitioning, 23
ratios, trigonometric, 354-360, 380 perpendicular bisectors of, 16, 18,
528-529, 535-536, 542-543,
544-547 rays, 6, 16, 17, 19 65, 201-204, 206-208, 239
practice and problem solving, 12-13,
proofs rectangles, 281-282, 283, 288, 291,
20, 64, 65
for Angle-Side-Angle congruence 296-297
secant, 451-458, 461
criterion, 175 reflections tangent to circles, 429
for congruent triangles, 189 compositions of, 105-112, 143
for Converse of Hinge Theorem, 235 Segments Tangent to a Circle
glide, 130-133
for Converse of the Anterior Interior Theorem, 429
symmetry of, 136-137, 139
Angles Theorem, 79-80 Side-Angle-Side (SAS) Congruence
related conditional statements, 38-40
of coordinate geometry, 393-399, Criterion, 167-169, 171, 185, 195
414 rhombuses, 279-280, 283, 286-287,
Side-Angle-Side Similarity (SAS ~)
defined, 51 291, 296-297
Theorem, 319, 321
for equilateral triangles, 161 right cylinders, 471
Side-Side-Side Similarity (SSS ~)
for Hypotenuse-Leg (HL) Theorem, right triangles Theorem, 318-319, 321
184 congruence in, 182-187, 196
indirect, 58-63, 67 Side-Side-Side (SSS) Congruence
Law of Cosines and, 367-372, 381
paragraph, 53-54, 55, 67 Criterion, 169-171, 191, 195
Law of Sines and, 361-366, 381
of parallel lines, 79-80, 100 Pythagorean Theorem and, 345-353, Side-Splitter Theorem, 334-335, 337
for Perpendicular Bisector Theorem, 380 similarity, 298-341
202 ratios of, 354-360, 380 dilations, 301-308, 340
for Pythagorean Theorem, 346 similarity of, 324-331, 341 proving, 317-323, 341
of quadrilaterals as parallelograms, trigonometric problem solving with, Pythagorean Theorem proof and, 346
271-278, 296 374-379, 381 of right triangles, 324-331, 341
of rectangle diagonal congruency, transformations, 310-316, 340
rigid motions
281 of triangle proportions, 333-339, 341
classification of, 129-135
for similar circles, 313 trigonometric ratios and, 355
concept summary, 133, 145
for similar triangles, 317-323, 341

INDEX N5
simple probability, 541 defined, 51, 55, 67 Theorem 10-7, 439

sine (sin), 354-356, 358, 361-366, 381 Equation of a Circle, 400 Theorem 10-9, 447
45°-45°-90° Triangle, 348, 351 Theorem 10-10, 451
slopes, 92-98, 101, 385, 387, 389 Hinge, 234, 236, 241 Theorem 10-11, 452
solar collector designs, 384 Hypotenuse-Leg, 183-185, 191, 196 Theorem 10-12, 454
space city designs, 418 Inscribed Angles, 445-446 30°-60°-90° Triangle, 349, 351
Isosceles Triangle, 158 Trapezoid Midsegment, 257-258,
space figures, 465-470, 493
Linear Pairs, 54 393-394
spheres, 487-492, 495 Perpendicular Bisector, 202, 204, 206 Triangle-Angle-Bisector, 336, 337
squares, 282, 283, 296-297 polygon angle-sum, 245-251, 294 Triangle Angle-Sum, 86-87
SSS ~ (Side-Side-Side Similarity) Polygon Exterior Angle-Sum, 247, Triangle Exterior Angle, 87-88
Theorem, 318-319, 321 249, 294 Triangle Inequality, 229, 230
Polygon Interior Angle-Sum, Triangle Midsegment, 334, 335, 337
SSS (Side-Side-Side) Congruence
246-247, 249, 294 Vertical Angles, 51-52
Criterion, 169-171, 191, 195
Pythagorean, 345-353, 380 theoretical probability distribution,
STEM projects, 4, 70, 104, 148, 200, Segments Tangent to a Circle, 429 522-523
244, 300, 344, 384, 418, 464, 498 Side-Angle-Side Congruence
30°-60°-90° Triangle Theorem, 349, 351
straightedges, 14-17, 19, 65 Criterion, 167-169, 171, 185, 195
Side-Angle-Side Similarity, 319, 321 3D printer designs, 300
Study Tips, 7, 8, 10, 14, 17, 23, 28, 38,
40, 44, 53, 58, 71, 86, 94, 105, 108, Side-Side-Side Congruence Criterion, three-dimensional models
Ilo; 1327136; 149) 1517 1537158, 169-171, 191, 195 concept summary, 468, 476, 484,
161, 169, 175, 182, 190, 202, 203, Side-Side-Side Similarity, 318-319, 490, 493-495
204, 205, 212, 213, 218, 221, 222, 321 cones, 480-486, 494
226, 228, 229, 235, 253, 263, 264, Side-Splitter, 334-335, 337 cylinders, 471-478, 494
266, 271, 272, 275, 279, 281, 286, Theorem 1-4, 54 practice and problem solving,
287, 305, 318, 320, 327, 328, 347, Theorem 1-5, 54 469-470, 477-478, 485-486,
349, 356, 357, 361, 367, 374, 376, Theorem 2-8, 81 491-492, 493-495
394, 401, 407, 419, 420, 422, 429, Theorem 2-9, 81 prisms, 471-478, 493
436, 439, 444, 452, 466, 467, 474, Theorem 2-10, 86 pyramids, 480-486, 494
481, 488, 499, 503, 508, 523, 533 Theorem 2-13, 93 space figures as, 465-470, 493
Theorem 2-14, 94 spheres, 487-492, 495
surface area, 475
Theorem 3-1, 116 surface area of, 475
Syllogism, Law of, 46-48, 67 Theorem 3-2, 125
transformations, 102-145, 310-316
symmetry, 136-141, 145 Theorem 3-3, 129-130
defined, 105
Theorem 3-4, 132
1 Theorem 4-2, 159
reflections as, 105-112, 130-133,
136-137, 139, 143
Theorem 5-9, 227, 230
tablet designs, 4 rigid motions and. See rigid motions
Theorem 5-10, 228, 230
rotations as, 121-128, 133, 144
tangents to circles, 427-434, 453, 460 Theorem 6-3, 254
similarity, 310-316, 340
tangent (tan), 354-356, 358 Theorem 6-4, 256
for symmetry, 136-141, 145
Theorem 6-5, 256
Theorems. See also Postulates translations as, 113-120, 133, 144
Theorem 6-7, 263
Alternate Exterior Angles, 73, 75 translations, 113-120, 133, 144
Theorem 6-8, 264
Alternate Interior Angles, 72-73, 75
Theorem 6-9, 265 transversals, 71-75, 100
Angle-Angle-Side Congruence
Theorem 6-10, 266 Trapezoid Midsegment Theorem,
Criterion, 177, 179, 185, 191, 196
Theorem 6-11, 272 257-258, 393-394
Angle-Angle Similarity, 317-318, 321
Theorem 6-12, 273
Angle Bisector, 205, 206 trapezoids, 255-261, 295, 387, 393-394
Theorem 6-13, 273
Angle-Side-Angle Congruence Triangle-Angle-Bisector Theorem, 336,
Theorem 6-14, 274
Criterion, 174-176, 179, 185, 196 337
Theorem 6-15, 274
Concurrency of Altitudes, 221
Theorem 6-16, 280 Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem, 86-87
Concurrency of Angle Bisectors, 212
Theorem 6-17, 280
Concurrency of Medians, 219, Triangle Exterior Angle Theorem,
Theorem 6-18, 281
395-396 87-88
Theorem 6-19, 287
Concurrency of Perpendicular Triangle Inequality Theorem, 229, 230
Theorem 6-20, 287
Bisectors, 209-210
Theorem 6-21, 288 Triangle Midsegment Theorem, 334,
Congruent Complements, 53
Theorem 7-4, 325-327 335, 337
Congruent Supplements, 53
Theorem 10-1, 428
conjectures and, 51, 67
Theorem 10-3, 437
converse of. See Converse
Theorem 10-4, 437
corollaries to. See corollaries
Theorem 10-5, 438
esponding Angles, 73, 75
Theorem 10-6, 439

INDEX (=) Go Online |[Link]

triangles
altitude of, 218, 221-225, 240
trigonometry
concept summary, 351, 358, 364,
U
angle bisectors of, 212, 214, 240, 370, 377, 380-381 undefined terms, 5
336, 337 cosine, 354-356, 367-372, 381 uniform probability distribution, 523,
angle sums of, 85-91, 101 problem solving with, 374-379, 381 527
area of, 376 Pythagorean Theorem, 345-353, 380
concept summary, 214, 223, 230,
236, 240, 241
ratios of, 354-360, 380
sine, 354-356, 361-366, 381
V
congruence criteria for, 167-173, tangent, 354-356 vertex angles, 159, 165, 453, 456
174-181, 195, 196 Vertical Angles Theorem, 51-52
trusses, 148
on coordinate planes, 386
truth tables, 37, 44 volume
equilateral, 161-165, 195
of cones, 480-486, 494
exterior angles of, 87-88, 89 truth values, 37-40, 42-45, 60, 66
of cylinders, 471-478, 494
inequalities of, 226-232, 233-238, two-column proofs, 51-52, 54, 55 of prisms, 471-478, 493, 494
241
two-dimensional models of pyramids, 480-486, 494
interior angles of, 85-87, 89
concept summary, 468 of spheres, 487-492, 495
isosceles, 157-165, 195
cross-sections as, 465-470
median of, 218-220, 223-225, 240
overlapping, 188-193, 197
practice and problem solving,
469-470
Ww
perpendicular bisectors of, 209-211, weather simulations, 498
214, 240
practice and problem solving,
215-216, 224-225, 231-232,
237-238, 240, 241
proportions of, 333-339, 341
right. See right triangles
similarity of, 317-323, 324-331, 341

INDEX N7
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Acknowledgments
Photographs
Cover:
CVR Vinciber/Fotolia;

Topic 01:
003 PaleMale/Getty Images; 020 Sabelskaya/Fotolia; 035 PaleMale/Getty Images; 058C
Arek_Malang/Shutterstock; 058L Michaeljung/Shutterstock; 058R Antonio Guillem/
Shutterstock;
Topic 02:
069 RAW/Fotolia; 099 RAW/Fotolia;
Topic 03:
103 Dennis van de Water/Shutterstock; 138 Ae in Wonder Land/Shutterstock; 139B Shahril
Khmd/Shutterstock; 139T Steve Mann/Fotolia; 140 Steve Taylor ARPS/Alamy Stock Photo; 141
kichigin19/Fotolia; 142 Dennis van de Water/Shutterstock;

Topic 04:
147 Pearson Education, Inc.; 152BL Amgadfoto/Fotolia; 152BR Pearson Education, Inc.; 165B
Trekandphoto/Fotolia; 165T kosmos111/Shutterstock; 181 Pearson Education, Inc.; 187 Chuck
Eckert/Alamy Stock Photo;
Topic 06:
243 Africa Studio/Fotolia; 252 Africa Studio/Fotolia; 270 Rukawajung/Fotolia; 2)
a
Topic 07: Zfx]
299 Maxisport/Fotolia; 332 Maxisport/Fotolia; 339 Oleksii Nykonchuk/Fotolia;
=
Topic 08: o
343 Science photo/Fotolia; 373 Science photo/Fotolia;
afel
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Topic 09: =
fe)
383 Pearson Education.|nc; 391 Karen Doody/Stocktrek Images,Inc./Alamy Stock Photo; Z
392 Pearson [Link]; 405 Rgb Ventures/SuperStock/Ed Darack/Alamy Stock Photo; Y
UO
409 Africa Rising/Shutterstock; 412 Stocker1970/Shutterstock; f
Topic 10:
417 Paul Fleet/Shutterstock; 434 Songquan Deng/Shutterstock; 435 Paul !!e<i/Shutterstock;
450 Vasilii Gubskii/Shutterstock; 458 Friedrich Saurer/Alamy Stock Pho*©.
Topic 11:
463 Andersphoto/Shutterstock; 470 Monkey Business/Fotolia; 470 Imfotograf/Fotolia;
470 Yellow Cat/Shutterstock; 470 Perutskyi Petro/Shutterstock; 474 Cynoclub/Fotolia;
475 Joerg Hackemann/123RF; 479 Andersphoto/Shutterstock; 492 Sorapong Chaipanya/123RF;

Topic 12:
497 Jacques Beauchamp/Glow Images; 497 Jacques Beauchamp/Glow Images;
542 Blackregis/123RF;
Acknowledgments
STEM
FM Andrew Orlemann/Shutterstock; FM Alexander Y/Shutterstock; FM Andrii Gorulko/
Shutterstock; FM Aksonov/E+/Getty Images; 004B Nd3000/Fotolia; 004C Elena Ermakova/
Fotolia; 0O4TL Sergii Moscaliuk/Fotolia; OO4TR Evgeny Karandaew/Shutterstock; 070B
Praewpailin Phonsri/123RF; 070CL Peter Rooney/Shutterstock; 070CM Eric Fahrner/
Shutterstock; 070CR Marius Godoi/Shutterstock; O7OTL James Brey/E+/Getty Images; 070TR
Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock; 104B Login/Fotolia; 104TR World History Archive/
Alamy Stock Photo; 148B Lakeviewimages/Fotolia; 148C(a) Michelle Lemon/Fotolia; 148C(b)
Eric Audras/ONOKY-Photononstop/Alamy Stock Photo; 148C(c) Frankljunior/123RF; 148C(d)
Mr Twister/Shutterstock; 148T Michelle Lemon/Fotolia; 200B Aleksandr Simonovw/Shutterstock;
200CL Jacob Lund/Fotolia; 200CR Maksym Protsenko/Fotolia; 200T Neil Webb/Ikon Images/
Alamy Stock Photo; 244B Taina Sohlman/Fotolia; 244CL Dushlik/Fotolia; 244CR Julen Garces
Carro/EyeEm/Alamy Stock Photo; 244T Zastolskiy Victor/Shutterstock; 300 Pressmaster/
Fotolia; 300 Chris Hill/National Geographic Creative/Alamy Stock Photo; 300 Juan Carlos
Ulate/REUTERS/Alamy Stock Photo; 300 Petrovich12/Fotolia; 344 Kadmy/Fotolia; 344 Robert/
Fotolia; 344 Okamigo/Fotolia; 344 Dariodv/Fotolia; 344 Makko3/Fotolia; 384 Makko3/Fotolia;
384 Hayate/Fotolia; 384 Aleksandr Lesik/Fotolia; 384 Andy Dean/Fotolia; 384 Mike Flippo/
Shutterstock; 418 3Dsculptor/Shutterstock; 418 Tryfonov/Fotolia; 418 Olekcii Mach/Alamy
Stock Photo; 418 Aigol/Shutterstock; 464 Heiner Heine/imageBROKER/Alamy Stock Photo;
464 AD Hunter/Shuttersiock; 494 Katyr/Fotolia; 498 Vasin Lee/Shutterstock; 498 Harvepino/
Shutterstock; 498 Tainar/Shutterstock; 498 Marina Zezelina/Shutterstock; 498 Zeljko
Radojko/Fotolia;

(=) Go Online |[Link]

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TOPIC 1 :
Foundations of Geometry.
TOPIC 2
Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

TOPIC 3
Transformations

TOPIC 4 |
Triangle Congruence

TOPIC 5
Relationships in Triangles

TOPIC 6
Quadrilaterals and Other Polygons a

TOPIC 7
Siaal@lsiny

TOPIC 8
Right Triangles and Trigonometry

TOPIC 9
Coordinate Geometry

TOPIC 10 |
Sicel=s | ea

TOPIC 11 .
Two- and Three-Dimensional Models \

TOPIC 12 _ soe
Probability \ Ey
Envision Aga Student Edition Geometry Grade

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