Symmetrical Components

Symmetrical components of unsymmetrical phasors,

sequence impedance and sequence networks,

sequence network of unloaded generators,

positive and negative sequence networks,

Dr. Muhammad Quamruzzaman zero-sequence networks.

Professor
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
CUET

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Preliminaries…. Symmetrical Components…Definition

Fortescue's theorem
The method of symmetrical components, first developed by
C.L. Fortescue in 1918.
Three unbalanced phasors of a three-phase system can be resolved into three
Analysis by symmetrical components is a powerful tool balanced systems of phasors . The balanced sets of components are:
which makes the calculation of unsymmetrical faults almost
as easy as the calculation of symmetrical three-phase faults. 1. Positive-sequence components consisting of three phasors equal in
magnitude, displaced from each other by 120 in phase, and having the
same phase sequence as the original phasors,

2. Negative-sequence components consisting of three phasors equal in

magnitude, displaced from each other by 120 in phase, and having the
phase sequence opposite to that of the original phasors, and

3. Zero-sequence components consisting of three phasors equal in magnitude

and with zero phase displacement from each other.

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 Symmetrical Components…Definition Symmetrical Components…Definition
Va0

Va2 Va Va2
Vc1 Va1
Va2
Vc1
Vc
Vb2 Va1
Vc0
Va0 Vc2 Vb2
Vb0
Vc0 Vb
Vc2
Vb1 Vb0 Vb1 Vc2

Positive-sequence Negative-sequence Zero-sequence Vb2

components components components
Va0
V
Vc0 b0
Fig. 3-1 Three sets of balanced phasors which are the symmetrical
components of three unbalanced phasors
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Symmetrical Components…Definition Symmetrical Components…Definition

Va0

Va Va2 The original phasors expressed in terms

of their components are:
Vc1
Vc
Va1
Vc0 Va  Va1  Va 2  Va 0 ........................(3.1)
Vc2
Vb
Vb  Vb1  Vb 2  Vb 0 ........................(3.2)
Vc  Vc1  Vc 2  Vc 0 .........................(3.3)
Vb0 Vb1
Vb2

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 Operators The Symmetrical Components of
Unsymmetrical Phasors
Shorthand method of indicating the rotation of a phasor through 120.
Resolve three unsymmetrical phasors
The letter a is commonly used to designate the operator that causes a into their symmetrical components
rotation of 120 in the counterclockwise direction.
Vc1 Va2
Va1
  = 1j2/3
a = 1120  = -0.5 + j0.866
Vb2 V
V a0
  = -0.5 - j0.866
a2 = 1240 a -a2
Vc0 b0

a3 = 1360 = 10 = 1 Vc2

Vb1
-1, -a3 1, a3

Vb1  a 2Va1 Vc1  aVa1

a2 -a
Vb 2  aVa 2 Vc 2  a 2Va 2 ......................(3.4)
Fig. 3-12 Phasor diagram of the various Vb 0  Va 0 Vc 0  Va 0
powers of the operator a

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The Symmetrical Components of The Symmetrical Components of

Unsymmetrical Phasors Unsymmetrical Phasors
From equations (3.1) – (3.4) Let
1 1 1 
 
A  1 a 2 a .............................( 3.9)
Va  Va1  Va 2  Va 0 ...................(3.5) 1 a a 2 
 
Vb  a 2Va1  aVa 2  Va 0 ..................(3.6)
1 1 1 
Vc  aVa1  a 2Va 2  Va 0 ..................(3.7) 1 
A  1 a a 2 .............................( 3.10)
-1

3
1 a 2 a 
 
In matrix form
Premultiplying both sides of eq. (3.8) by A-1
Va  1 1 1  Va 0 
V   1 a 2 a  V ...............(3.8) Va 0  1 1 1  Va 
V   1 1 a a 2  V ...............(3.11)
 b    a1   a1  3   b 
Vc  1 a a  Va 2 
2
Va 2  1 a 2 a  Vc 
 
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 The Symmetrical Components of The Symmetrical Components of
Unsymmetrical Phasors Unsymmetrical Phasors

1
From eq. (3.11) Va 0  Va  Vb  Vc  ........................(3.12)
3
1
Va 0  Va  Vb  Vc  ........................(3.12)
3 Eq. (3.12) shows that no zero sequence components exist if the sum of the
unbalanced phasors is zero. Since the sum of the line-to-line voltage phasors
1
 
Va1  Va  aVb  a 2Vc ..................(3.13)
3
in a three-phase system is always zero, zero-sequence components are
never present in the line voltages, regardless of the amount of unbalance.
1
 
Va 2  Va  a 2Vb  aVc ..................(3.14)
3 The sum of the three line-to-neutral voltage phasors is not necessarily zero,
and voltages to neutral may contain zero-sequence components.
If required the components Vb0, Vb1, Vb2, Vc0, Vc1 and Vc2 can also be found.

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The Symmetrical Components of The Symmetrical Components of

Unsymmetrical Phasors Unsymmetrical Phasors

The equations for currents can be written as In a three-phase Y-connected system, the neutral current
In is the sum of the line currents:
I a  I a1  I a 2  I a 0 ...................(3.15)
I a  I b  I c  I n .........................(3.21)
I b  a 2 I a1  aI a 2  I a 0 ...................(3.16)
Comparing eqs. (3.18) and (3.21) gives
I c  aI a1  a 2 I a 2  I a 0 ...................(3.17)
I n  3I a 0 ...................................(3.22)
1
I a 0  I a  I b  I c  ........................(3.18)
3
 In the absence of a path through the neutral of a three-phase system,
1
 
I a1  I a  aI b  a 2 I c ...................(3.19)
3
In is zero, and the line currents contain no zero-sequence components.

1
 
I a 2  I a  a 2 I b  aI c ..................(3.20)
3
 A -connected load provides no path to neutral, and line currents
flowing to a -connected load contain no zero-sequence components`

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 The Symmetrical Components of The Symmetrical Components of
Unsymmetrical Phasors Unsymmetrical Phasors

Book: Power System Analysis and Design

by: Glover and Sarma

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Sequence Impedances Sequence Impedances

In any part of a circuit, the voltage drop caused by current of a certain

sequence depends on the impedance of that part of the circuit to
current of that sequence. The impedance of a circuit when positive-sequence currents alone are
flowing is called the impedance to positive-sequence current or
positive-sequence impedance.
The impedance of any section of a balanced network to current of one
sequence may be different from impedance to current of another
sequence.

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 Sequence Impedances Sequence Impedances

The impedance of a circuit when negative-sequence currents alone are The impedance of a circuit when zero-sequence currents alone are
flowing is called the impedance to negative-sequence current or flowing is called the impedance to zero-sequence current or zero-
negative-sequence impedance. sequence impedance.

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Sequence Networks Sequence Networks

The analysis of an unsymmetrical fault on a symmetrical system consists in

finding the symmetrical components of the unbalanced currents that are Sequence networks carrying the currents Ia1, Ia2 and Ia0 are
flowing. interconnected to represent various unbalanced fault conditions.

Since the components currents of one phase sequence cause voltage drops To calculate the effect of a fault by the method of symmetrical
of like sequence only and are independent of currents of other sequences, components, it is essential to determine the sequence impedances
in a balanced system, currents of any one sequence may be considered to and to combine them to form the sequence networks.
flow in an independent network composed of the impedances to the
current of that sequence only.

The single-phase equivalent circuit composed of the impedances to

current of any one sequence only is called the sequence network for that
particular sequence.

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 Sequence Networks of Unloaded Generators Sequence Networks of Unloaded Generators
Ia1
a
Ia Z1 Reference bus
a + -
Ea -
Ea
- + Va1
Fault occurs at the terminals of the - Eb
+ - + Z1 Z1
In Ea unloaded generator and fault currents Ia, Z1 Ib1
+ Ec b + a
- Ib and Ic flow in the lines. c
Zn - Eb Ia1
- Ic1
Ec +
+ Ib Fault involves ground and In flows to the
c b
neutral to the generator. (a) Positive-sequence current paths (b) Positive-sequence network
Ic
Fig. 3-14 Paths for current of each sequence in a
generator and the corresponding sequence networks

Fig. 3-13 Unloaded generator grounded through a reactance

 Generated voltages are of  Positive-sequence  The impedance may
positive sequence only, since the network is composed of an be subtransient, transient
generator is designed to supply emf in series with the or synchronous reactance
balanced three-phase voltages. positive-sequence impedance depending on the
of the generator. conditions of the circuit.

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Sequence Networks of Unloaded Generators Sequence Networks of Unloaded Generators

Ia2 Ia0
Reference bus Ia0 Reference bus
a a -
- Ib0 = Ia0
Z2
Ic0 = Ia0 Zg0 3Zn
Va2 Z0 Va0
Z2 Z2 Zn Zg0 Ib0
Z2 Ib2 Zg0
b c b
c + Zg0 + a
a
Ia2 Ia0

Ic2 Ic0

(d) Negative-sequence network (e) Zero-sequence current paths (f) Zero-sequence network
(c) Negative-sequence current paths
Fig. 3-14 Paths for current of each sequence in a
Fig. 3-14 Paths for current of each sequence in a generator and the corresponding sequence networks
generator and the corresponding sequence networks

 The reference bus for the positive- and negative-sequence networks is The voltage drop in generator Since this voltage drop is due only to zero-
the neutral of the generator. neutral impedance = ZnIn sequence current, an impedance (3Zn) is placed
= Zn(3Ia0) in the zero-sequence network in series with the
 So far positive- and negative-sequence components are concerned, the = (3Zn)I0 generator zero-sequence impedance Zg0.
neutral will be at ground potential since the neutral-ground connection will
carry no positive- or negative-sequence current. Total zero sequence impedance, Z0 = 3Zn + Zg0

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 Sequence Networks of Unloaded Generators Sequence Networks of Impedance Loads
Ia1
a Reference bus a
Z1 -
- + Ia
+ Ea
Ea
- + Va1
Va1  Ea  I a1Z1.........(3.23) c
Z1
-
- Eb
+ Z1 Ib1
Z1
+
+ Ic ZY ZY
Vag  Z Y I a  Z n I n
+ cE a
 Z Y I a  Z n I a  I b  I c 
c b In
Ia1
Ic1 N
Vag
(a) Positive-sequence current paths (b) Positive-sequence network Vcg ZY Zn
 Vag  Z Y  Z n I a  Z n I b  Z n I c .......(3.26)
Ia2
a Reference bus Ib Similarly,
- b
Vbg  Z n I a  Z Y  Z n I b  Z n I c .......(3.27)
Z2 +
Z2 Z2 Ib2 Z2 Va2 Va 2   I a 2 Z 2 .........(3.24) Vbg
g - - -
Vcg  Z n I a  Z n I b  Z Y  Z n I c .......(3.28)
c b
Ic2 + a
Ia2
(c) Negative-sequence current paths (d) Negative-sequence network
Fig. 3-15 Balanced-Y impedance load
Ia0
Ia0 a Reference bus
Ib0 = Ia0 -
Ic0 = Ia0 Zg0
3Zn
Zn Zg0 Ib0 Z0 Va0 Va 0   I a 0 Z 0 .........(3.25)
c b Zg0
Zg0
Ic0 + a
Ia0
(e) Zero-sequence current paths (f) Zero-sequence network

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Sequence Networks of Impedance Loads Sequence Networks of Impedance Loads

Eqs. (3.26) – (3.28) can be rewritten in the matrix form
Previously found,
Vag  Z Y  Z n  Zn Zn I a 
   Va  1 1 1  Va 0  Va  1 1 1  V0 
Vbg    Z n ZY  Z n  Z n   I b  V   1 a 2 a  V  or, V   1 a 2 a  V 
Vcg   Z n Zn ZY  Z n   I c   b    a1   b   1 
  Vc  1 a a 2  Va 2  Vc  1 a a 2  V2 

Va  Z Y  Z n  Zn Zn I a  V p  AVs .........(3.31)

or, V    Z ZY  Z n  Z n   I b .......(3.29)
From (3.30) - (3.32)
 b  n
I p  AI s .........(3.32)
Vc   Z n Zn ZY  Z n   I c 
similarly, AVs  Z p AI s .........(3.33)

More compactly, Vs  vector of sequence voltages Premultiplying both sides of (3.33) by A-1,
Is  vector of sequence currents
V p  Z p I p .........(3.30)
 
A1 AVs  A1Z p A I s .........(3.34)
Vp  Vector of line-to-ground voltages (or phase voltages)
Vs  Z s I s .........(3.35)
Ip  Vector of line currents (or phase currents)
Zp  3  3 phase impedance matrix
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 Sequence Networks of Impedance Loads Sequence Networks of Impedance Loads
Reference bus
-
Z Y  3Z n  0 0
where, Z s  A Z p A   0 ..........(3.36)
-1
3Zn
0 ZY
Va0
 0 0 Z Y  Z0
= ZY + 3Zn
ZY
From (3.35) + Ia0
a Reference bus

V0  Z Y  3Z n  0 0 I0  Do it yourself!!!!!! (a) Zero-sequence network

-

V    0 ZY 0   I1  Va1 Z1 = ZY
 1 
V2   0 0 Z Y   I 2 
a
+ Ia1
Reference bus
- (b) Positive-sequence network
Expanding
V0  Z Y  3Z n I 0  Z 0 I 0 Va2 Z2 = ZY

V1  Z Y I1  Z1 I1 a + Ia2 Fig. 3-16 Sequence networks of a

V2  Z Y I 2  Z 2 I 2 balanced-Y impedance load
(c) Negative-sequence network

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Sequence Networks of Impedance Loads Sequence Networks of Impedance Loads

Reference bus
-
Z0 = 
Note:
Va0

1. The positive and negative sequence currents do not ZY

flow in neutral impedances. a + Ia0 = 0

Reference bus
-
(a) Zero-sequence network
2. Y-load with no neutral path: 3Zn open-circuited. Z1 = ZY
Va1

Y-load solidly grounded: 3Zn short-circuited. + Ia1

a
Reference bus
- (b) Positive-sequence network

Va2 Z2 = ZY

+ Ia2 Fig. 3-17 Sequence networks of a

a
balanced-Y impedance load with
(c) Negative-sequence network neutral ungrounded

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 Sequence Networks of Impedance Loads Sequence Networks of Impedance Loads
Reference bus
-
Z0 = 
Balanced-∆ load → Equivalent Y load
Z
Va0 Z Y eq 
Z 3
3
+ Ia0 = 0
a
Reference bus
-
(a) Zero-sequence network
Z
Va1 Z1 =
3

+ Ia1
a
Reference bus
- (b) Positive-sequence network
Z
Va2 Z2 =
3 Book: Glover & Sarma 4th edition
Ia2
Page: 408
a + Fig. 3-18 Sequence networks for an
equivalent Y-representation of a
(c) Negative-sequence network balanced- load

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Example 11.3 (Stevension 4th edition, Page 296)

Draw the negative sequence network for the system described in Example
6.10. Assume that the negative sequence reactance of each machine is
equal to its subtransient reactance. Omit resistance.
M1 200 MVA
p 13.2 kV
G T1 T2
k 0.5 /km X=20%
l m n
Zn M2
64 km
300 MVA r 100 MVA Reactance diagram
20 kV 13.2 kV
350 MVA 3 100 MVA X=20%

X=20% 20/230 kV 127  3/13.2 kV
X  10% X  10% Reference bus
- - -
Eg Em1 Em2
+ + +
j0.2 j0.2745 j0.549
l m p r
k n
j0.0857 j0.1815 j0.0915

Fig. 3-19 Positive-sequence network

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 Zero-Sequence Networks
Reference bus

Z
Z
N
Z
Reference bus N
Z
(a)
j0.2745 j0.549 Reference bus
j0.2
p r Z

k l m Z
n N
Z
j0.0857 j0.1815 j0.0915 N
Z

Fig. 3-20 Negative-sequence network (b)

Reference bus

Z
Z 3Ia0 3Zn
N Ia0
Z Zn

Z
N Fig. 3-21 Zero-sequence networks for
Y-connected loads
(c)

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Zero-Sequence Networks Zero-Sequence Equivalent

Circuits of 3-ϕ Transformers
SYMBOLS CONNECTION DIAGRAMS ZERO-SEQUENCE EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS

P Q Z0
P Q
Reference bus P Q

Z Z

Z Reference bus
Z

P Q Z0
P Q
Fig. 3-22 -connected load and its
zero-sequence network P Q

Reference bus

Fig. 3-23 Zero-sequence equivalent circuits for 3- transformer banks together with diagrams of
connections and the symbols for one-line diagrams.
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 Zero-Sequence Equivalent Zero-Sequence Equivalent
Circuits of 3-ϕ Transformers Circuits of 3-ϕ Transformers
SYMBOLS CONNECTION DIAGRAMS ZERO-SEQUENCE EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS SYMBOLS CONNECTION DIAGRAMS ZERO-SEQUENCE EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS

P Q Z0 Z0
Q P Q Q
P P
P Q P Q

Reference bus Reference bus

P Q Z0
P Q Fig. 3-23 Zero-sequence equivalent circuits for 3- transformer banks together with diagrams of
connections and the symbols for one-line diagrams.
P Q

Reference bus

Fig. 3-23 Zero-sequence equivalent circuits for 3- transformer banks together with diagrams of
connections and the symbols for one-line diagrams.
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Zero-Sequence Networks Zero-Sequence Networks

Draw zero-sequence network: Draw zero-sequence network:
T U
Q S
M P R S
V X
P M N

Zn N Q W Z
Zn R T

Reference bus

Reference bus
3Zn
3Zn T U

Q S M P R S V X

P M N
Q W Z
T
R N

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 Zero-Sequence Networks Zero-Sequence Networks
Example 11.4 (Stevenson 4th ed.) Solution 11.4
M1 200 MVA
T2
p 13.2 kV 300 MVA
G T1
k
X=20% 13.8 kV
l m n
Zn M2 20 kV M1 200 MVA
64 km 230 kV p 13.2 kV
300 MVA r 100 MVA G T1 T2
13.2 kV k l m n
20 kV 350 MVA 3 100 MVA M2
X=20% X=20% Zn
64 km
20/230 kV 127  3/13.2 kV
X  10% 300 MVA r 100 MVA
X  10%
20 kV 350 MVA 13.2 kV
20/230 kV 3 100 MVA
127  3/13.2 kV
Draw the zero-sequence network for the system described in Example 6.10
(Stevenson 4th ed.).
Assume, Zero-sequence leakage reactance of transformers is equal to the positive-
Zero-sequence reactances for the generator and motors of 0.05 p.u. sequence reactance.
Current limiting reactors in the neutral of the generator and the larger motor are
So, for T1, X0 = 0.0857 p.u.
of 0.4  each
for T2, X0 = 0.0915 p.u. as in Example 6.10.
Zero-sequence reactance of the transmission line is 1.5/km.

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Zero-Sequence Networks Zero-Sequence Networks

Solution 11.4 (Contd….) Solution 11.4 (Contd….)
300 MVA 300 MVA
13.8 kV 13.8 kV
20 kV M1 200 MVA 20 kV M1 200 MVA
230 kV p 13.2 kV 230 kV p 13.2 kV
G T1 T2 G T1 T2
k l m n k l m n
Zn M2 Zn M2
64 km 64 km
300 MVA r 100 MVA 300 MVA r 100 MVA
20 kV 350 MVA 13.2 kV 20 kV 350 MVA 13.2 kV
20/230 kV 3 100 MVA 20/230 kV 3 100 MVA
127  3/13.2 kV 127  3/13.2 kV

Zero-sequence impedances of generator and motors are:

In the generator circuit, In the motor circuit,
Generator : X 0  0.05 p.u.

Motor 1 : X 0  0.05
300  13.2 

2

  0.0686 p.u. Base Z =

202  1.333  Base Z =
13.82  0.635 
200  13.8  300 300
2
300  13.2 
Motor 2 : X 0  0.05    0.1372 p.u.
100  13.8 
Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

Page 51 of 55 Page 52 of 55
 Zero-Sequence Networks Zero-Sequence Networks
Solution 11.4 (Contd….) Solution 11.4 (Contd….)
300 MVA 300 MVA
13.8 kV
13.8 kV
20 kV M1 200 MVA
20 kV M1 200 MVA 230 kV p
230 kV p 13.2 kV
13.2 kV G T1 T2
G T1 T2 k l m n
k l m n
Zn M2
Zn M2 64 km
64 km
300 MVA r 100 MVA
300 MVA r 100 MVA
20 kV 350 MVA 13.2 kV
20 kV 350 MVA 13.2 kV
20/230 kV 3 100 MVA
20/230 kV 3 100 MVA
127  3/13.2 kV
127  3/13.2 kV

The zero-sequence network is drawn below:

For generator, For the transmission line,
Reference bus
0.4 15  64
3Z n  3  0.900 p.u. X0   0.5445 p.u. j0.900
1.333 176.3 j1.890

For motor, j0.05 j0.0686 j0.1372

0.4 l m p r
3Z n  3  1.890 p.u. n
0.635 k j0.0857 j0.5445 j0.0915
Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

Page 53 of 55 Page 54 of 55

Thank You

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. M. Quamruzzaman

Page 55 of 55