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Calculus II Complete Notes

The document provides comprehensive notes on Calculus II, focusing on integration, including its definition, techniques such as power rule, substitution, and integration by parts, as well as applications like displacement and area under a curve. It also covers numerical integration methods like the trapezoidal rule and Simpson’s rule, along with basic integration rules and standard integrals. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate the concepts.

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8 views2 pages

Calculus II Complete Notes

The document provides comprehensive notes on Calculus II, focusing on integration, including its definition, techniques such as power rule, substitution, and integration by parts, as well as applications like displacement and area under a curve. It also covers numerical integration methods like the trapezoidal rule and Simpson’s rule, along with basic integration rules and standard integrals. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate the concepts.

Uploaded by

mwauradavis254
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

CALCULUS II – COMPLETE NOTES

1. Introduction to Integration
Integration is the reverse process of differentiation. It is mainly used to find areas,
volumes, displacement, and accumulated quantities. If d/dx (F(x)) = f(x), then ∫ f(x) dx =
F(x) + C, where C is the constant of integration.
Example: ∫ 2x dx = x² + C

2. Techniques of Integration
a) Power Rule
∫ x■ dx = (x■■¹)/(n+1) + C, for n ≠ -1
Example: ∫ x³ dx = x■/4 + C
b) Substitution Method
Used when the integrand contains a function and its derivative.
Example: ∫ 2x(x²+1) dx
Let u = x²+1, du = 2x dx → ∫ u du = u²/2 + C = (x²+1)²/2 + C
c) Integration by Parts
Formula: ∫ u dv = uv − ∫ v du
Example: ∫ x e■ dx
Let u=x, dv=e■dx → Result = x e■ − e■ + C
d) Integration of Trigonometric Functions
Examples:
∫ sin x dx = −cos x + C
∫ cos x dx = sin x + C
e) Product of Functions
Handled using integration by parts.
f) Integration of Rational Functions
Solved using partial fractions.
Example: ∫ 1/(x+1)(x+2) dx

3. Applications of Integration
a) Displacement
If velocity v(t) is known, displacement = ∫ v(t) dt
b) Area Under a Curve
Area between curve y=f(x) and x-axis from a to b is ∫■■ f(x) dx
Example: Area under y=x² from 0 to 2 is ∫■² x² dx = 8/3
c) Length of a Curve
L = ∫ √(1 + (dy/dx)²) dx
d) Surface Area
Surface area of revolution: S = 2π ∫ y √(1+(dy/dx)²) dx

4. Numerical Integration
Used when integrals are difficult or impossible to solve analytically.
a) Trapezoidal Rule
∫■■ f(x) dx ≈ (h/2)[f(a)+2f(x■)+…+f(b)]
b) Simpson’s Rule
∫■■ f(x) dx ≈ (h/3)[f(x■)+4f(x■)+2f(x■)+…+f(x■)]

5. Basic Integration Rules


∫ (f(x)+g(x)) dx = ∫ f(x) dx + ∫ g(x) dx
∫ kf(x) dx = k ∫ f(x) dx
Standard Integrals
∫ 1/x dx = ln|x| + C
∫ e■ dx = e■ + C

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