UNIT 1(A) Lower Plants Algae + GENERAL DESCRIPTION The study of algae is called phycology or algology. They are simple, thallose, autotrophic, non-vascular plant having unicelled sex-organs showing no embryo formation. > Occurrence The algal forms may occur in fresh water, marine water as also on the soil. The fresh water forms may be phytoplanktonic (passively floating), epipelic (attached to bottom soil), benthos (attached to submerged objects), epilithic (attached to rocks) or water blooms. The algal forms may also occur as cryophyte (growing on snow), thermophytes (growing in hot water springs), epiphyte, endophyte, epizoic, endozoic, symbiotic as well as parasites Xeg., Cephaleuros). > Thallus Organization The thallus may be unicelled or multicelled. The unicelled forms may be motile, rhizopodial, (forming pseudopodia) or coccoid (becoming fixed for some duration). The multicelled forms may be colonial (of independent individuals), palmelloid (enclosed in mucilagenous matrix), dendroid (microscopic tree), filamentous, siphonous (coenocytic), heterotrichous (having prostrate and erect systems), or parenchymatous. A filament may be fixed or free-floating; branched or unbranched; branching may be true or false; monosiphonous or polysiphonous. > Cell Structure The algae show three types of cellular organizations, namely prokaryotic (Myxophyceae), esokaryotic (Dinophyceae) and eukaryotic (other groups). The prokaryotes lack a well rganised nucleus as also the cell organelles except ribosomes. The flagella may be acronematic ‘whiplash type) or pleuronematic (tinsel type). In Myxophyceae the innermost layer of the cell all is made-up of mucopeptide. In others, it is cellulosic. * Pigmentation The algae possess three classes of pigments, namely chlorophylls (a, b, c, d and e), ‘arotenoids (c, B, 7, €-carotenes, lycopene, flavicine, leutein, fucoxanthin, violaxanthin, sstaxanthim, zeaxanthin, myxoxanthin) and biliproteins (phycocyanin, phycoerythrin and Nophycocyanin). The chlorophyll-a is universal and the biliproteins occur in red and blue-green Igae. >Reserve Food ‘The reserve food may be strach and oils (Chlorophyceae), chrysolaminarin and oils Xanthophyceae, Bacillariophyceae), laminarin, mannitol and oils (Phaeophyceae), floridean tarch and galactan (Rhodophyceae) or glycogen and cyanophycin (Cyanophyceae). ‘Reproduction The algae reproduce vegetatively, asexually and sexually.TIPS ON BOTANY Vegetative Reproduction : The algal forms reproduce vegetatively by fragmentation, fission, budding, forming gemmae, hormogonia, tubers and akinetes. Asexual Reproduction : The forms reproduce asexually by forming motile zoospores or non-motile aplanospores (thin walled), autospores, hypnospores (thick walled), exospores, endospores, carpospores, tetraspores (four spores) and monospores (one spore). The zoospores may be bi-, quadri-(Ulothrix) or multifagellate (Vaucheria). They may be of different size (micro- & macrozoosporpore) e.g., Ulothrix. Sexual Reproduction : The sexual reproduction may be isogamous (by fusion of identical gametes), anisogamous (by fusion of non-identical gametes) or oogamous. The isogamous forms may also show autogamy or hologamy (fusion of two vegetative cells). The anisogamy may be morphological eg., Ectocarpus or physiological eg., Spirogyra The oogamous species show formation of antheridia and oogonia. Simplest type o1 oogamy is seen in Chlamydomonas. The most complex and specialized type of oogamy is seen in Chara where the sex organs appear to be surrounded by sterile cells. Classification Jussieu, 1789. Fritsch, 1935 clas: @ Gi) Gi Linnaeus, 1754 differentiated the group and named it as algae. It was delimited by d. ied the group into eleven classes as under : Class — Chlorophyceae ~ (Isokontae) — Green algae Class ~ Xanthophyceae - (Heterokontae) - Yellow-green algae )) Class — Chrysophyceae — Golden-brown algae (iv) Class - Bacillariophycae — (Diatoms) Yellow or golden-brown algae vy) Class — Cryptophyceae (vi) Class - Dinophyceae - (Peridinieae) (vii) Class - Chloromonadineae (viii) Class - Euglenineae (ix) Class - Phaeophyceae - Brown algae (x) Class - Rhodophyceae ~ Red algae (xi) Class - Myxophyceae — (Cyanophyceae) ~ Blue-green algae Economic Importance A. Useful Aspects : The algal forms are useful on account of their ability to fix atmospher’ nitrogen (Anabaena, Aulosira, Nostoc, Scytonema etc.). They are also used as foc (Porphyra, Alaria, Ulva, Chlorella etc.). The popular products are ‘amanori’, ‘asakus nori’ (from Porphyra) ‘kombu’ (Laminaria), ‘cachiyugo’ (Ulva + Durvillea), etc. ‘The algal forms also provide alginates (from Laminaria, Fucus), carrageenin (fro. Chondrus crispus), kieselguhr (from diatoms), agar-agar (from Gracillaria, Gelidiun and minerals (iodine from Laminaria). Besides, they are also used for disposing tk sewage (Chlorella) as well as for fodder purposes (Sargassum). An antibotic chlorelli is extracted from Chlorella. Harmful Aspects : Some algal forms are extremely poisonous (Prymnesiu: Microcystis). The red rust of tea is caused by Cephaleuros. They spoil the drinki. water by forming water blooms and also foul the marine vessels.LOWER PLANIS : ALGAE 15 CHLAMYDOMONAS Systematic Position Algae, Chlorophyta, Chlorophyceae, -Volvocales, Chlamydomonodineae, Chlamydomonadaceae, Chlamydomonas. © Occurrence It is fresh water, free floating, alga responsible for the phenomenon of red snow. Structure It is a unicelled alga. The cells are pyramidate, anteriorly’ biflagellate, uninucleate with cup-shaped chloroplast, a pyrenoid and an eye spot (stigma). The flagella show 9 + 2 structure and arise from blepharoplasts. Two contractile vacuoles are present near the base of flagella. Presence of neuromotor apparatus has not been confirmed through electron microscope. Flagellum Flagellum = Apical Eye-Spot_ AF Papilla Blepharoplast Paradesmos ‘Contractile Rhizoplast Vacuole Centrosome ‘Nucleus Fibril Chloroplast Nucleolus Pyrenoid Nucleus Fig. 1. Chlamydomonas : A. Cell of C. angulosa, B. Neuromotor apparatus (diagrammatic) + Nutrition It is an autotrophic alga. The reserve food is starch. Reproduction It reproduces asexually as well as sexually. (i). Asexual reproduction : It occurs by the formation of biflagellate zoospores, palmella stage and thick walled hypnospores. The hypnospores contain a red pigment, haematochrome (C. nivalis). (ii) Sexual reproduction : It may be isogamous (C. eugametos), anisogamous (C. braunii) or oogamous (C. coccifera). The zygospore secretes a thick wall, undergoes rest and shows meiosis on germination. The meiospores are zoospores. When two vegetative cells fuse the phenomenon is called hologamy.16 TIPS ON BOTANY Life Cycle [ Oogamy Anisogamy Isogamy 0 n a non ULOTHRIX Systematics Position Algae, Chlorophyta, Chlorophyceae, Ulotrichales, Ulotrichaceae, Ulothrix. Occurrence It is a filamentous alga, found in running fresh water. U. flacca in marine, U. zanata occur in cold water and U. implexa in esturies as lithophyte. Cell Wall Plasma. Membrane Chloroplast Nucleus Pyrenoid Fig. 2. Ulothrix: A. Structure of a cell; 8. Hold fast.LOWER PLANTS : ALGAE wz Structure ‘The filaments are uniseriate and unbranched. They are attached by means of a rhizoidal cell or holdfast. The cells are rectangular or squarish. They are uninucleate with a girdle-shaped chloroplast (ring like in U. zonata) and a few pyrenoid lying embedded in the chloroplast. Nutrition It is an autotrophic alga and the reserve food is strach. Reproduction It reproduces vegetatively, asexually and sexually. (i) Vegetative Reproduction : It occurs by fragmentation as also by akinete formation. (ii) Asexual Reproduction : Asexually, it forms zoospores, palmella stage, aplanospores and hypnospores. The zoospores are of three types-quadriflagelate_macrozoospores, quadriflagellate microzospores and biflagellate microzospres. The spores germinate into a new filament. (iii) Sexual Reproduction : The sexual reproduction is isogamous. The gametes are Fig. 3. Ulothrix: A. Akinetes; B. Pahnella stage. pyramidate and anteriorly biflagellate. They fuse to form the quadriflagellate zygospore. The zygospore withdraws flagella, secretes thick wall and undergoes meiosis after some rest to form 4 - 16 zoomeiospores or aplanomeiospores which give rise to a new filament. A gamete may also develop into azygospore parthenogenetically. +Life Cycle Zoospores n Palmella stage Fragmentation a Akinetes n Vegetative ULOTHRIX n Zoomeiospores Aplanomeiospores on n OVO ‘Sexual Meiosis Fusion1a TIPS ON BOTANY SPIROGYRA Systematic Position Algae, Chlorophyta, Chlorophyceae, Zygnemateles, (= Conjugales), Zygnemataceae, Spirogyra. Occurrence if It is a free floating, filamentous alga found 2 in still fresh water. j Structure The filaments are uniseriate and unbranched. The cells are longer than their | breadth. The septum may be simple or replicate. The replicate septum has ring like thickening on both sides. The cell wall is 2-layered (pectose and cellulose). Hence they are slimy to touch (pond silk). The cells are uninucleate with 1 - 15 spiral chloroplasts and many pyrenoids. A holdfast occurs in S. adnata and S. jogensis. Fig. 4 Spirogyra: A Cal structure B. licate septum. Nutrition It is an autotrophic alga. The reserve food is starch. Reproduction It reproduces vegetatively, asexually and sexually. (i) Vegetative Reproduction : It usually occurs by fragmentation. Akinetes have been reported in S. farlowii. Replicate Septum Conjugation Canal Fig. 5. Conjugaion in Spirogyra:: A. Direct lateral conjugation; B. Indirect lateral conjugation; G. Scalariform conjugation.LOWER PLANTS : ALGAE 19 (ii) Asexual Reproduction : It occurs in S. karnalae by the formation of thin walled non-motile aplanospores. (ii) Sexual Reproduction : It occurs by conjugation which is of two types - lateral and scalariform. The lateral conjugation may be direct or indirect. It involves participation of two adjacent cells of a filament. The gametes are amoeboid. During direct lateral conjugation a performation develops in the septum inbetween the two cells (gametangia). A conjugation canal is formed during indirect lateral conjugation. The scalariform cojugation involves participation of two filaments. A conjugation canal is formed between participating cells (gametangia). Here one cell acts as male gametangium and the other as female. The gamete that moves may be called as male. The sexual reproduction corresponds to physiological anisogamy. As a result of syngamy the zygospore is formed. It is three layered. Meiosis occurs in the zygospore forming 4 nuclei, of which 3 degenerate. It germinates to form the germling. +Life Cycle ‘Aplanospores Asexual Fragméntation a SPIROGYRA n Germiing Lateral/Scalariform ? Conjugation 4 nuclei Sexual Fer (B degenerate) 0 Meiosis Zygospore 2n ~~ Rasiion NOSTOC Systematic Position Algae, Cyanophyta, Cyanophyceae, Nostocales, Nostocaceae, Nostoc. Occurrence The algae is found in fresh water as well as on the soil. It also occurs as endopyte in Anthoceros and Cycas coralloid roots etc. Structure It is a colonial algae. The colony is made up of filaments embedded in mucilagenous matrix. Each filament has a single trichome. The filaments are moniliform and curved. The cells are spherical. Some large cells, called heterocysts also occur in the trichome. The heterocysts1.10 : TIPS ON BOTANY Terminal Intercalary Heterocyst Heterocyst Polar Nodule 4. Heterocyst Akinete Vegetative Cell Fig. 6. A trichome of Nostoc. Fig. 7. Nostoctrichome showing a chain of akinetes. may be terminal or intercalary having one or two polar nodules. The cell show typical prokaryotic structure. The genetic material is DNA. Nutrition The alga is autotrophic. The food is reserved in the form of cynophycean starch and cyanophycin. Its heterocysto can fix atmospheric nitrogen thereby improving nitrogen status of the soil. Reproduction It reproduces vegetatively by fragmentation, hormogonia formation, akinete formation as well as by germination of heterocysts. No zoospore formation and no sexual reproduction has been observed. Endospores: Fragmentation Hormogonia Akinetes Heterocyst NosToc + Life Cycle —= QUESTIONS —————— 1. ‘Red rust of tea’ is caused by parasitic (3) Green algae (4) Red algae (1) Cephaleuros (2) Puccinia (CBSE 1995; AFMC 1996; CPMT-UP 1999) (3) Mucor @ Fusarium 3. The alga which is rich in protein (CPMT-UP 1995,99) (1) Ulothrix (2) Spirogyra 2. Agar-agar, a complex carbohydrate is () Nostoc (4) Chlorella extracted from (CPMT-UP 1994; CBSE 1997) (1) Blue-green algae(2) Brown algae 4. Algae differ from bryophyta in possessingLOWER PLANTS : ALGAE Lu (1) Naked sex organs (2) Sex organs with sterile covering (3) Chlorophyll a and b (4) Aerobic respiration cP MT-MP1998) Due to which of the following organisms, yield of rice has been increased ? (1) Anbaena (2) Bacillus papillae (3) Sesbania 4) Bacillus polymena (CBSE 1995) The blue-green algae belong to (1) The Eucaryota (2) Rhodophyceae (3) The Procaryota (4) Chlorophyceae (CBSE 1996) Heterocysts are found in certain (1) Viruses (2) Bacteria (3) Cyanobacteria (4) Mycoplasma (PMT-MP 1997) The characteristic pigment of cyano- bacteria is (1) Fucoxanthin (3) Anthocyanin (2) Chtorophyllb (4) Phycocyanin (PMT-MP 1996) Brown algae are characterised by the presence of (1) Phycocyanin (3) Fucoxanthin (2) Phycoerythrin (4) Haematochrome (CBSE 1997) . Make correct pair Green colour Blue-green colour A. Cyanophyceae a. B. Chlorophyceae b. C. Phaeophyceae c. Red colour D. Rhodophyceae d. Brown colour (1) Aa, Bb, Cc, Dd (2) Ab, Be, Cd, Da (3) Ab, Ba, Cd, Be (4) Ac, Bd, Ca, Db (PMT-Raj. 1997 . The zoosopores in Ulothrix are liberated by the (1) Degeneration of lateral walls (2) Formation of a pore in lateral wall (3) Gelatinization of lateral walls (4) Gelatinization of all the cell walls (CPMT-UP 1990) . In Ulothrix, the reduction division occurs in (1) Zygospore (2) Gamete (3) Zoospore (4) Spore (CPMT-UP 1995) . The basal cell of Ulothrix is devoid of (1) Nucleus (2) Chlorophyll 20. 21. 22. ». Sor . Physiologically (3) Chloroplast (4) Pyrenoid (CPMT-UP 1991) |. More than one pyrenoid is present in a cell of (1) Spirogyra (2) Ulothrix (3) Oedogonium (4) All of the above (CPMT-UP 1991) . Ribbon shaped chloroplast is found in (1) Ulothrix (2). Spirogyra (3) Chlamydomonas (4) All of these (CMEET-Bihar 1996) imes a ladder like structure is exhibited in Spirogyra due to (1) Scalariform conjugation (2) Lateral conjugation (3) Dirrect compagation (4) Asexual Reproduction (CPMT-UP 1996) |. The sexual reproduction in which cells of two different Spirogyra _ filaments conjugate is known as (1) Lateral conjugation (2) Scalariform conjugation (3) Parthenospory (4) Azygospory (CPMT-UP 1990) anisogamous sexual reproduction is found in (1) Mucor (2) Selaginella ; 4) Spi (3) Pinus 4) Spirogyra oy ). The cell wall of Spirogyra is made-up of (1) Cellulose (2) Pictin (3) Lignin (4) Chitin (PMT-MP 1996) Meiotic division in Spirogyra as seen at the time of (1) Germination of zygospore (2) Conjugation (3) Vegatative reproduction (4) Zygospore formation Nostoc is a (1) Cyanobacterium (2) Beaded bacterium (3) Bacteriophage (4) Parasite (PMT-MP 1999) (CPMT-UP 1997) Pyrenoids are made up of (1) Core of protein surrounded by fatty sheath (2) Core of nucleic acid surrounded by protein sheath112 26. 27. 29. 30. 31. (3) Core of starch surrounded by sheath of protein (4) Proteinaceous centre and starchy sheath (CBSE 1995) }. Ulothrix can be described as (1) Filamentous alga with flagellated reproductive stages (2) Non-motile colonial alga lacking zoosproes (3) Filamentous alga lacking flagellated reproductive stages (4) Membranous alga zoospores producting (CBSE 1998) . Which of the following is known as pond silk? (1) Ulothrix (3) Nostoc (2) Spirogyra (4) Anabaena (CPMT-UP 1996) . Spirogyra shows (1) Haplontic life cycle (2) Diplontic life cycle (3) Haplobiontic life cycle (4) Diplobiontic life cycle (eMT-MP1999) Why plains become slippery during rainy season ? (1) By green algae (2) By red algae (3) By blue-green algae (4) Due to other reasons (CPMT-UP 1994, 97) Ulothrix filaments produce (1) Isogametes (2) Anisogametes (3) Basidiospores (4) Heterogametes (CBSE 1997) . Ulothrix belongs to the class (1) Chlorophyceae (2) Xanthophyceae (3) Rhodophyceae (4) Cyanophyceae (PMT-Raj. 1997) Botanists believe that the first plants originated on the earth were (1) Algae and fungi (2) Mosses and their relatives (3) Fems and lycopods (4) Pines and cycads Flagellate gametes are absent in (1) Xanthophyceae (2) Chlorophyceae (3) Phaeophyceae (4) Myxophyceae Mark the parasitic alga 32. 33. 35. 37. 38. 40. 41. 42. 43. TIPS ON BOTANY (1) Anabaena (2) Ulva (3) Cephaleuros (4) All When algae show a habit like a microscopic tree, it is called (1) Coccoid (2) Siphonous (3) Palmelloid (4) Dendroid Which of the following is the largest alga ? (1) Laminaria (2) Sargassum (3) Nereocystis (4) Macrocystis . An antibiotic is extracted from (1) Chlorella (2) Laminaria (3) Gelidium (4) Allof these Algae found growing attached to bottom soil are called (1) Sciophytic (3) Epipelic (2) Benthos (4) Epilithic . Carrageenin is obtained from (1) Chondrus (2) Sargassum (3) Ulva (4) Batrachospermum A motile flagellate asexual cell is known as (1) Zygospore (2) Zoospore (3) Zoogamete (4) Tetraspore The alga used for quick sewage disposal is (1) Ulothrix (2) Cladophora (3) Volvox (4) Chlorella . Blue-green algae which _live endophytically in protozoans are called (1) Cyanophage (2) Bacteriophage (3) Cyanallae (4) Plasmids One of the following a very poisonous alga (1) Gymnodenium (2) Pandorina (3) Nostoc (4) Microcoleus Algal forms which move by pseudopodia as described as (1) Coccoid (2) Dendroid (3) Rhizopodial (4) Palmelloid The dinoflagellates exhibit a cell structure called (1) Prokaryotic (2) Mesokaryotic (3) Eukaryotic (4) None of these The inner most layer of cell wall of cyanobacteria is made-up ofLOWER PLANTS : ALGAE 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 113 (1) Lipoprotein (2) Lipopolysaccharide (3) Mucopeptide (4) Cellulose . One of the following alga has parenchymatous thallus (1) Ectocarpus (2) Cladophora (3) Sargassum (4) Spirogyra No zoospore formation has been observed in the algal members belonging to (1) Chlorophyceae (2) Xanthophyceae (3) Phaeophyceae (4) Myxophyceae The thermophytic alga can tolerate a temp. as high as (1) 95°C (2) 85°C (3) 60°C (4) 0°C ‘The alga growing as endophyte in the leaf of the aquatic fern Azolla (1) Scytonema (2) Lyngbya (3) Nostoc (4) Anabaena No sexual reproduction occurs in the algal forms belonging to (1) Bacillariophyceae (2) Myxophyceae (3) Xanthophyceae (4) Chlorophyceae Chrysolaminarin is the reserve food of the algal members belonging to (1) Xanthophyceae (2) Phaeophyceae (3) Rhodophyceae (4) Myxophyceae “Amanori’ bread is prepared from the alga (1) Codium (2) Porphyra (3) Chondrus (4) Alaria The algae preferred for cultivation in space (1) Diatoms (2) Dinoflagellates (3) Chlamydomonas (4) Chlorella ‘Khombu’ is the common name of an edible alga called (1) Uba (2) Laminaria (3) Durvillea (4) Porphyra The pigments that are common to all algae are (1) Phycocyanin and phycoerythrin (2) Chlorophyll ‘a’ (3) Phycoerythin and chlorophyll ‘a’ (4) Phycocyanin and chlorophyll ‘a’ 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 61. 62. 63. Dinitrogen fixation by Nostoc takes place in (1) Vegatative cells (2) Akinetes (3) Heterocysts (4) Hormogonia The phenomenon of ‘red snow’ is exhibited in polar regions by a Chlamydomonas species (1) C. nivalis (2) 'C. coccifera (3) C. media (4) C. reticulata The asexual spores formed in Chlamydomonas (1) Monospores (2) Tetraspores (3) Zoospores (4) Autospores The pigment that imparts red colour to Chlamydomonas in polar region (1) Haematoxylin (2) Haematoxylon (3) Haematin (4) Haematochrome The meiospores of Chlamydomonas are usually (1) Zoospores (2) Carpospores (3) Autospores (4) Aplanospores When two ordinary individual of Chlamydomonas fuse to produce zygote, the phenomenon is (1) Isogamy (2) Hologamy (3) Autogamy (4) Pseudogamy . Chemically the eye spot (stigma) of Chlamydomonas is (1) Proteinaceous (2) Lipoidal (3) Acarbohydrate (4) A nucleic acid The protoplasts of palmella stage of Chlamydomonas develop into (1) Zoospores (2) Hypnospores (3) Either of these (4) None of these Ulothrix occurs in (1) Running fresh water (2) Running salt water (3) Stagnant fresh water (4) Stagnant salt water Palmella stage is found in (1) Ulothrix (2) Spirogyra 3) Cystopus (4) Nostoc . Ulothrix produces (1) Quadriflagellate macrozoospores only (2) Quadriflagellate microzoospores only1a TPS ON BOTANY (3) Biflagellate microzoospores only (3) Apical papilla (4) Alll of these (4) All the three types of zoospores stated 71. Spirogyra karnalae _reproduces above asexually by forming 65. The meiospores in Ulothrix are (1) Zoospores (2) Aplanospores (1) Hypnospores or zoospores (3) Hypnospores (4) Autospores (2) Aplanospores or zoospores 72. The innermost wall layer of Nostoc cell (3) Hypnospores or aplanospores is made-up of (4) Nuclei or protoplasts (1) Mucopeptide 66. That Ulothrix belongs to Chlorophyceae (2) Cellulose can be confirmed by staining the alga with (3) Pectose only (1) Safranin (2) Aniline blue (4) Cellulose & pectose . (3) Fast green (4) Iodine 73. Nostoc reproduces by the formation of 67. As a result of meiosis the zygospore (1) Hormogonia only of Spirogyra forms four (2) Hormogonia and akinetes (1) Zoospores (2) Aplanospores (3) Akinetes and aplanospores (3) Nuclei (4) Cells (4) Aplanospores and hormogonia 68. The slimy touch in Spirogyra filament is 74. The filaments of Nostoc are due to a layer of (1) Uniseriate, straight and unbranched (1) Pectose (2) Chitin (2) Uniseriate, curved and unbranched (3) Slime (4) All of these (3) Multiseriate, curved and unbranched 69. The maximum number of (4) Multiseriate, straight and branched chloroplasts reported in a cell of 75. The cells of Nostoc possess Spirogyra (1) Ribosomes only (1) Five (2) Fifteen (2) Ribosomes and ER (3) Twenty five (4) Thirty two (3) ER and photosynthetic lamellae 70. Spirogyra jogensis is peculiar in having a (4) Ribosomes & photosynthetic lamellae (1) Holdfast cell (2) Rhizoids ANSWERS —= 1() 2.4) 34) 4) 5 (1) 6) 7 3) 8 (4) 9 @) 10. 3) IL. (2) 12. (2) 13, (3) 14 (4) 15. (2) 16. (1) 17. (2) 18. (4) 19. (1) 20. (1) 21. (1) 22. (1) 23, (1) 24 (2) 25. (1) 26. (3) 27. (1) 28. (1) 29% (1) 30. (4) 31. (3) 32. (4) 33. (4) 34. (1) 35, (4) 36. (1) 37. (2) 38. (4) 39% (3) 40. (1) 41. (3) 42. (2) 43. (3) 44. (3) 45. (4) 46. (3) 47. (4) 48. (2) 49. (1) 50. (2) 51. (4) 52. (2) 53. (2) 54. (3) 55. (1) 56. (3) 57. (4) 58. (1) 59. (2) 60. (2) 61. (1) 62. (1) 63. (1) 64. (4) 65. (2) 66. (4) 67. (3) 68. (1) 69. (2) 70. (1) ‘TL. (2) 72. (1) 73. (2) 74. (2) 75. (4)