Chapter 2
CELLS
Cambridge IGCSE Biology 0610
Cecilia Benita
Table of Contents
1 The structure of the cells of animals, plants and bacteria
2 The functions of each of the parts of these cells
3 The structures of some specialised cells are related to their functions
4 Microscope and magnification equation
Animal and Plant
Cell
Structure and Function
Levels of Organization
Cells :
Smallest units from which all organisms are made
● Organism -> multicellular & unicellular
● All cells are made from existing cells
Tissue :
tissue as a group of cells with similar structures, working together to perform
a shared function
Organ :
a structure made up of a group of tissues, working together to perform
specific functions
System Organ :
a group of organs with related functions, working together to
perform body functions
Animal Cell and Plant Cell
Animal Cell and Plant Cell
Cell’s Part (Organelle) of Animal and Plant Cell
Organelle Animal Plant
1 Cell Membrane Yes Yes
2 Cell wall X Yes
3 Cytoplasm Yes Yes
4 Vacuole Yes Yes
5 Nucleus Yes Yes
6 Chloroplast X Yes
7 Mitochondria Yes Yes
8 Ribosomes Yes Yes
Cell Membrane
• Around the outside layer of the cell,
Separates contents of the cell from
environment.
• Thin layer of protein and fat
• Function :
- Nutrients absorption
- Wastes disposal
- Controlling the transport of materials
in and out of the cells
- Allow small substance to enter the
cells
- Prevent large molecules from leaving
the cells
Cell Wall
• Surrounded all plant cells
• Made mainly of cellulose
(polysaccharides) → form
fibers, criss-cross over one
another to form a strong cover
• Protect and support the cell ,
preventing the cell from
bursting (if absorbs too much
water)
• Fully permeable membranes
Cytoplasm
• A gel like substance/Clear
jelly-like structure composed of
water and dissolved solutes
• Supports the internal structures
of the cell
• 70% water , dissolved proteins
• Place for metabolic reactions
(photosynthesis, aerobic
respiration)
Vacuole
• Fluid-filled space inside a cell
• Has own membrane
• Plant Cells : large permanent
vacuole that Contains sugar &
Cell SAP
Cell SAP : Cell sap is the liquid inside the large central vacuole
of a plant cell. Cell sap serves as the storage of materials and
provides mechanical support, especially in non-woody plants.
Cell sap contains sugars, amino acids, waste substances (such
as tannins), and mineral salts.
Vesicle
Animal Cells : VESICLE
• A vesicle is a small, membrane bound,
chemically neutral and temporary container,
used to pass its contents across organelle and
cell plasma membranes.
• Small, spherical sacs made of a lipid bilayer
membrane.
• Involve in various cellular processes, such as
transporting materials within the cell, storing
and moving substances, and facilitating
communication between organelles.
Nucleus
• Nuclei (plural)
• Organelles that involve in cells
division, controls all cellular
activity, houses the organism
genetic material.
(Gen → DNA → Chromatin → chromosome)
• DNA brings information that
determines the kinds of proteins
Nucleus also has pores that act as that are made in the cell.
channels permitting certain molecules to
enter or leave the nucleus
• Chromosomes can be seen using
electron microscope.
Reticulum Endoplasmic
• Network of continuous sacs,
studded with ribosomes
• manufactures, processes and
transports protein for export from
cell.
• Continuous with nuclear
envelope.
Mitochondria
• Rod shaped organelles structure with
the inner folded membranes, known as
the powerhouse of the cells.
• Found in plant and animal cells
• Place for aerobic respiration → process
to get energy from glucose with the
presence of O2. The energy create is
called as ATP.
• The more energy a cell needs = the
more mitochondria it has
• Found a lot in muscle cells, sperm cells,
nerve cells.
Ribosomes
• Very tiny structure (only can be seen
using electron microscope)
• The place for cell makes proteins
• DNA molecules contain the code to
make amino acids & linked together to
be long chains of amino acids in a
particular sequence in Ribosomes.
• Ribosomes can be found in two different
places = cytoplasm and rough
endoplasmic reticulum
• Only in plant cell
Chloroplast
• Contain green colouring agent / pigmen : chlorophyll
• Absorbs sunlight → used to make food by photosynthesis
• Contain starch grains, lipid droplets.
Bacteria Cells
Prokaryotic Cells
Bacteria Cells
• Bacteria (bacterium – singular) are
UNICELLULAR Organism.
• Bacteria cells also known as
Prokaryotic Cells
• Prokaryotic Cells – do not have
NUCLEUS
• Doesn’t have chromosome – but
smaller circle of DNA – called as
extrachromosomal DNA / Plasmid.
• Have Nucleoid - small region of the
bacteria cells that contain DNA
• Have cell wall – made from
peptidoglycan.
Specialized Cells
Cells that have specific structures and functions/the structure
are modified to help them to carry out their functions in the
body.
Tissue
Cells that specialise in the same
activity are found together to
create a tissue.
There are three types of tissue
layer, ectoderm, mesoderm, and
endoderm.
There are four basic types of
tissue:
● connective tissue
● epithelial tissue
● muscle tissue
● nervous tissue
Microscope and
Magnification
• Photomicrograph
= picture taken
using a light
microscope
• Light microscope
= 1500 times
magnification
Size of the Specimen
• How much bigger the image is than the
actual object : MAGNIFICATION
Suitable units for actual size in :
• Light microscope = micrometre (µm)
• Electron microscope = nanometre (nm)
m → cm → mm → µm → nm (always x1000)
Always measure image length in mm !!!
• Present the actual diameter of structure in µm.
Thanks!Have a great study!
Cecilia Benita
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