LESSON 3 GENETICS
A. Multiple choice questions
1. Which one of the following is the phenotypic monohybrid ratio in F2 generation?
(a) 3:1 (b) 1:2:1 (c) 2:2 (d) 1:3
2. If a pure tall plant is crossed with a pure dwarf plant, the offspring will be
a) all tall b) all dwarf c) 3 tall 1 dwarf d) 5o% tall 50%dwarf
3. The 9:3:3:1 dihybrid ratio is due to :
a) segregation b) crossing over c) independent assortment d) homologous pairing
4. A plant with green pods and smooth seeds with genotype Ggss will give rise to the following
gametes.
a) Gg &Ss b) Gg &ss c) Gs &gs d) Gg&gs
5. The disease colour blindness is a
a) Recessive X-linked disease b) Dominant Y – linked disease
c) Recessive Y-linked disease d) Dominant X – linked disease
6. The physical expression of a character is called
a) Genotype b) Alleles c) phenotype d) Traits
7. Purity of gametes is linked to:
a) Law of dominance b) Law of independent assortment
c) Law of segregation d) Law of limiting factor
8. The phenotypic dihybrid ratio of F 2 generation is:
a) 9:3:1:1 b) 9:1:3:1 c) 9:1:3:3 d) 9:3:3:1
9. In the human male, a sperm contains autosomes and
a) X and Y chromosome b) only X chromosome
c) X or Y chromosome d) only Y chromosome
10. If the mother is normal and the father is haemophilic,then their two daughters will be:
a) Normal b) Haemophilic c) Carrier d) None
B: VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE:
Match the terms in column I with their explanations in column II.
Column I (Term) Column II (Explanation)
a. genetics (i) Chromosomes similar in size and shapes (e)
b. Autosomes (ii) The alternative forms of a gene (d)
c. Recessive gene (iii) Study of laws of inheritance of characters (a)
d. Allele (iv) A gene that can express only when in a similar pair ( c )
e. Homologous chromosomes (v) Chromosomes other than the pair of sex chromosomes .(b)
2. Name any two genetic diseases in humans.
Colour-blindness, Thalassaemia, and Haemophilia (Any two)
3. Which one of the following genotypes is homozygous dominant and which one homozygous
recessive in regards to tongue rolling: Rr, rr, RR
Solution 4: Homozygous dominant – RR Homozygous recessive – rr
C. SHORT ANSWER TYPE:
1. Rewrite the correct form of the statement by changing the first or the last word only:
a) Duplicated chromosomes remain attached at a point termed as centrosome – centromere
b) The full complement of DNA of an organism is termed as genetics – Genome
c) The inheritable feature of an organism is termed as heredity – character
d) Terminal flower position is dominant trait of pea flower – Recessive
e) Alternative forms of a gene are called traits – alleles
2. Among lion, tiger and domestic cat, all the three have the same number of 38 chromosomes, yet
they have different appearances. How do you account for such differences?
The characteristics of a species such as physical appearance, body functions and
behaviour does not depend on chromosome number, but these depend on the genotype of
every organism.
3: List any three features of garden pea with their dominant and recessive traits. ( any 3)
Character Dominant trait Recessive trait
Flower Colour Purple White
Seed Colour Yellow Green
Seed Shape Round Wrinkled
Pod Shape Inflated Constricted
Flower Position Axiallary Terminal
4. Explain why generally only the male child suffers from colour blindness and not the female?
Solution 4:
Colour-blindness is caused due to recessive genes which occur on the X chromosome.
Males have only one X chromosome. If there is recessive gene present on X chromosome,
then the male will suffer from colour-blindness.
Females have two X chromosomes. It is highly impossible that both the X chromosomes
carry abnormal gene. Hence, if one gene is abnormal and since it is recessive, its
expression will be masked by the normal gene present on the other X chromosome.
Therefore,Females are unlikely to suffer from colour-blindness.
D: DESCRIPTIVE TYPE:
1. Define the following terms: (a) pedigree chart. (b) variation (c) Mutation
(a) Pedigree Chart: A pedigree chart is a diagram that shows the ancestral history of a group of
related individuals. In the pedigree chart, males are shown by squares and females by circles.
(b) Variation
The small differences among the individuals of the same species are called variations.
(c) Mutation
Mutation is the sudden change in one or more genes or in the number or structure of chromosomes.
2. State the three mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Mendel's laws of inheritance are:
(i) Law of Dominance: Out of a pair of contrasting characters present together, only one is able to
express itself while the other remains suppressed. The one that expresses is the dominant
character and the one that is unexpressed is the recessive one.
(ii) Law of Segregation : The two members of a pair of factors separate during the formation of
gametes. The gametes combine together by random fusion at the time of zygote formation. This
law is also known as 'law of purity of gametes'.
(iii) Law of Independent Assortment: When there are two pairs of contrasting characters, the
distribution of the members of one pair into the gametes is independent of the distribution of the
other pair.
3. Does the sex of the child depend on the father or it is just a matter of chance? Discuss
Solution 3:
The sex of the child depends on the father.
If the egg fuses with X-bearing sperm, the resulting combination is XX and the child is female.
If the egg fuses with Y-bearing sperm, the resulting combination is XY and the child is male.
( draw the diagram given in page 25)
4. Distinguish between the following pairs:-
(a) Karyotype and Karyokinesis
(b) Autosomes and Sex chromosomes
(c) Homozygous and Heterozygous chromosomes
Karyotype Karyokinesis
Artificially arranging the chromosomes in pairs The division of the nucleus during mitosis is
according to their size and shape is karyotype. called karyokinesis.
Autosomes Sex chromosomes
1. They determine the body features of an 1. They determine the sex of an organism.
organism.
2. Human have 22 pairs of autosomes. 2. Humans have only 1 pair of sex
chromosome.
(c) Differences between homozygous and heterozygous chromosomes:
Homozygous chromosomes Heterozygous chromosomes
It has two same copies of the same allele It contains two different copies of alleles
coding for a particular trait. coding for a particular trait.
E. STRUCTURED / APPLICATION AND SKILL TYPE:
In a certain species of animals, black fur (B) is dominant over brown fur (b) Predict the genotype
and phenotype of the offspring when both parents are ‘Bb’ or have heterozygous black fur.
ANSWER :
B b
B BB Bb
b Bb bb
Genotype - 1(Homozygous Black Fur) :2 (Heterozygous Black Fur):1 (Homozygous Brown Fur)
Phenotype - 3 (Black Fur) :1(Brown Fur)
Question 2:
Two pairs (A & B) of rabbits were crossed as given below:(a) Can you tell which coat colour (black
or white) is dominant? ............................. (b) Is the coat colour sex-linked? …………………..
ANSWER:
(a) Black
(b) No
3: Make a punnett square for finding out the proportion of different genotypes in the progeny of a
genetic cross between.
(a) A pure tall (TT) pea plant with a pure dwarf (tt) pea plant.
(b) red flower variety of pea (RR) with white flower variety of pea (rr)
ANSWER:
(a)
F2 generation -
Gametes T t
T TT Tt
t Tt Tt
Genotypic ratio - 1 :2 (Heterozygous tall):1 (Homozygous dwarf)
Phenotypic ratio - 3 (Tall) :1(Dwarf)
(b)
F2 generation -
Gametes R r
R RR Rr
r Rr rr
Genotype - 1(Homozygous red) :2 (Heterozygous red):1 (Homozygous white)
Phenotype - 3 (Red) :1(White)
4. Mendel crossed a homozygous pea plant having round seeds(RR) with a homozygous pea plant
having wrinkled sees(rr). On the basis of the results ,answer the following questions
Answers
a) shape of seed
b) Round is dominant
c) Genotype of F1 - Rr
phenotype of F1 – round seed
d)Law of Dominance – out of a pair of contrasting characters present together, only one is able to
express itself while the other remains suppressed. The one that express is dominant and the
unexpressed is the recessive.
e)
R r
R RR Rr
r Rr rr
f) Phenotypic ratio of F2 is 3:1
g) Genotypic ratio is 1:2:1
h) the two traits of seed colour are Yellow and green. Yellow is dominant and green is recessive
i) Pisum sativum
j) Mendel selected pea plant because
i) Many varieties were available in alternate forms of charater
ii) The life span of pea plant is short
5. A homozygous plant having round( R ) and yellow ( Y) seed is crossed with another homozygous
plant having wrinkled ( r) and green (y) seeds. Answer the following questions.
ANSWERS
a) Genotype of F1 is – RrYy
b) phenotype is – Round Yellow seed
c) The possible gametes are RY, Ry, rY, ry
d) The phenotypic ratio is 9:3:3:1
Round Yellow – 9 Round green – 3 wrinkled Yellow – 3 and wrinkled green – 1
e) Law of independent assortment - When there are two pairs of characters, the distribution of the
alleles of one character is independent of the distribution of the alleles of the other character.