REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

NORTHERN NEGROS STATE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOL

OLD SAGAY, SAGAY CITY, NEGROS OCCIDENTAL
(034)722-4169/[Link]

COLLEGE OF
INFORMATION
COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGY &
ENGINEERING
(Bachelor of Science in
Entertainment and
Multimedia Computing)
COURSE MODULE IN
SCIENCE,
TECHNOLOGY AND
SOCIETY

1
COURSE FACILITATOR: DAISY E. PALMA, LPT, MAEd
FB/MESSENGER: Daisy Palma
Email: danielmatthew794@[Link]
Phone No: 09208908298

MODULE
 VISION
SUN – NEGROS: A globally recognized university offering distinctively- niched academic

programs engaged in dynamic quality instruction, research and extension by 2025.

MISSION

To produce globally viable graduates through innovative learning and research environment

and contribute to nation- building by providing education, training, research and resource creation

opportunities in various technical and disciplinary areas.

GOAL

Upgraded instruction, research, extension and governance for global recognition.

INSTITUTIONAL OUTCOMES

The institution shall produce a graduate who can:

1. sustain willingness to serve the country and the world;

2. produce scientific and technological innovations;

3. engage in varied entrepreneurial activities;

4. practice as a game-changer professional; and

5. demonstrate resiliency in any life challenges.

 PROGRAM LEARNING OUTCOMES (CMO #75 s.2017)

CHED BS in Entertainment and Multimedia Computing Program Outcomes (CMO 25, s. 2015):

The program shall produce a graduate who can:

1. apply knowledge of computing, science, and mathematics appropriate to the discipline.

2. understand best practices and standards and their applications.
3. analyze complex problems, and identify and define the computing requirements appropriate to its
solution.
4. identify and analyze user needs and take them into account in the selection, creation, evaluation and
administration of computer-based systems.
5. design, implement, and evaluate computer-based systems, processes, components, or programs to
meet desired needs and requirements under various constraints.
6. apply knowledge of mathematics, physics sciences, computing sciences to the practice of being an
entertainment and multimedia computing professional.
7. [KNW] Specialized computing knowledge in each applicable field, and the ability to apply such
knowledge to provide solutions to actual problems.
8. [KNW] A knowledge of contemporary issues.
9. [PRB] An ability to analyze project requirements and to design and implement project prototypes.
10. [PRB] An ability to recognize, formulate, and solve computing problems.
11. [DEV] An ability to design, build, improve, and deploy products that meets client needs within realistic
constraints.
12. [MTL] An ability to use the appropriate techniques, skills and modern computing tools necessary for the
practice of being a professional game developer or animator.
13. [WRK] An ability to work effectively in multi-disciplinary and multi-cultural teams.
14. [COM] An ability to effectively communicate orally and in writing using the English language.
15. [PRF] An ability to understand and assess local and global impacts of computing on society relevant to
professional computing practice and subscription to accepted industr standards.
16. [ETH] An understanding of the effects and impact of entertainment and multimedia computing projects
on nature and society, and of their social and ethical responsibilities.
17. [ETH] An ability to create or use modified artifacts in consideration of intellectual property rights of the
author.
18. [LFE] An ability to engage in life-long learning and an acceptance of the need to keep current of the
development in the specific field of specialization.
19. [CRE] An ability to demonstrate original creative outputs.
20. [CRE] An ability to demonstrate innovativeness in their outputs.
21. [SRV] An ability to demonstrate client- centric service.

NONESCOST BS IN ENTERTAINMENT AND MULTIMEDIA COMPUTING PROGRAM

OUTCOMES:

The program shall produce a graduate who can:

1. demonstrate proficiency and competence in communication and innovative technology skills to

address the needs of the present time;
2. exhibit desirable knowledge, skills and attitude with high regards to professionalism.

Warm greetings!

Welcome to the 1st Semester of School Year 2021-2022! Welcome to the Bachelor of Science in
Entertainment and Multimedia Computing and welcome to NONESCOST! Despite of all the happenings
around us, there is still so much to be thankful for and one of these is the opportunity to continue learning.
 You are right now browsing your course module in GE- 107. As you read on, you will have an
overview of the course, the content, requirements and other related information regarding the course. The
module is made up of 12 lessons. Each lesson has seven parts:

INTRODUCTION- Overview of the lesson

LEARNING OUTCOMES- Lesson objectives for you to ponder on

MOTIVATION- Fuels you to go on

PRESENTATION- A smooth transition to the lesson

TEACHING POINTS- Collection of ideas that you must discover

LEARNING ACTIVITIES – To measure your learnings in the lesson where you wandered

ASSESSMENT – To test your understanding in the lesson you discovered

Please read your modules and learn the concepts by heart. It would help you prepare to be effective
and efficient professional in your respective fields. You can explore more of the concepts by reading the
references and the supplementary readings.

I encourage you to get in touch with me in case you may encounter problems while studying your
modules. Keep a constant and open communication. Use your real names in your FB accounts or
messenger so I can recognize you based on the list of officially enrolled students in the course. I would be
very glad to assist you in your journey. Furthermore, I would also suggest that you build a workgroup
among your classmates. Participate actively in our discussion board or online discussion if possible and
submit your outputs/requirements on time. You may submit them online through email. You can also submit
hard copies. Place them in short size bond paper inside a short plastic envelop with your names and submit
them in designated pick up areas.

I hope that you will find this course interesting and fun. I hope to know more of your experiences,
insights, challenges and difficulties in learning as we go along this course. I am very positive that we will
successfully meet the objectives of the course.

May you continue to find inspiration to become a great professional. Keep safe and God bless!

Course Outline in GE 107- Science, Technology and Society

Course GE- 107
Number
Course Title Science, Technology and Society
Course The course deals with interactions between science and technology and social,
Description cultural, political and economic contexts that shape and are shaped by them. (CMO
No. 20, series of 2013)
This interdisciplinary course engages students to confront the realities brought about
 by science and technology in society. Such realities pervade the personal, the public
and the global aspects of our living and are integral to human development. Scientific
knowledge and technological development happen in the context of society with all its
socio-political, cultural, economic and philosophical underpinnings at play. This course
seeks to instill reflective knowledge in the students that they are able to live the good
life and display ethical decision making in the face of scientific and technological
advancement.
No. of Units 3 units
Pre-requisites None
Course CILO 1:Articulate the impacts of science and technology and explain how it affects the
Intended society, the environment, and its role in nation building.
Learning CILO 2: Imbibe the importance of science and technology in the preservation of the
Outcomes environment and the development of the Filipino nation
CILO 3: Foster the value of healthy lifestyle toward the holistic and sustainable
development of society and the environment.
CILO 4: Creatively present the importance and contributions of science and
technology to society.
Content Module 1 (Prelim)
Coverage
GENERAL CONCEPTS AND STS HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS

Lesson 1: Historical Antecedents In The Course Of Science And Technology

a. Ancient Times
b. Civilizations
c. Medieval/Middle Ages/Age Of War
d. Modern Times
e. Philippine Inventions
Lesson 2: Intellectual Revolutions
a. Scientific Revolution
b. Cradle of Early Science
Lesson 3: Science, Technology, And Nation-Building
a. Pre- Colonial Period
b. Colonial Period
c. Post- Colonial Period
Module 2 (Midterm)

STS AND THE HUMAN CONDITION

Lesson 1: Human Flourishing In Science And Technology

a. Technology As A Mode Of Revealing
b. Technology As Poeisis: Applicable To Modern Technology
c. Quetioning As The Pietyof Thought
d. Enframing: Way Of Revealing In Modern Technology
e. Human Person Swallowed By Technology
f. Science And Results
g. Art As Way Out Of Enfarming
Lesson 2: Human Flourishing As Reflected In Progress And Development
a. Forget ‘Developing’ Poor Countries, It’s Time To ‘De-Develop’
Rich Countries
Lesson 3: The Good Life
a. Happiness As The Goal Of a Good Life
b. Materialism
c. Hedonism
d. Stoicism
e. Theism
f. Humanism
Lesson 4: When Technology And Humanity Cross
a. Universal Declaration Of Human Rights
b. Human Vs Robots
c. Television Sets, Mobile Phones, Computers And Humanity
d. Roles Played By These Technological Advancements
e. Ethical Dilemma Faced By These Technological Advancements
f. Robotics and Humanity
g. Roles Played by Robotics
h. Ethical Dilemma/s Faced by Robotics
Module 3 (Final)

SPECIAL TOPICS IN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

Lesson 1: Information Society

a. The Role Of Language
b. Mathematics As The Language Of Nature
c. Technological World
d. The Printing Press And Beyond
e. The World Wide Web
Lesson 2: Biodiversity
a. Components Of Biodiversity
b. Taxonomy
c. Values of Biodiversity
 Supplementary Readings/Articles:
1. Floridi, Luciano. 2014. The Revolution, Oxford University Press
2. Caoli. History of Science and Technology of Philippines.
3. Philippine Great Inventions
4. Kuhn, Structure of Scientific Revolution
5. Government Documents: 1. NEDA. National Development Agenda; Regional
Agenda
6. Filipino Great Men and Women
7. Great Filipino Inventions
8. The Question Concerning Technology by Martin Heidegger
9. Sustainable Development: An Evolving Paradigm for the 21st Century by Fabian
Dayrit in Stellar Origins, Humans Ways (2011)
10. Book VI and Book X Nichomachean ethics of Aristotle
11. The Sugar Film (20015) (documentary)
12. Why The Future Doesn’t Need Us (2010) – Bill Joy, Chief Scientist and Corporate
Executive Officer of Sun Microsystems
13. Information: The New Language of Science (Hans Christian von Baeyer)
14. TEDTalk: Ray Kurzwell on “How Technology Will Transform Us”
15. Article: Nanoethics: The Ethical and Social Implications of Nanotechnology”
(Patrick Lin and Fritz Allholf, Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons, Inc
2007)
16. Article: “Environmental Impacts of Nanotechnology and Its Products” (Zhang et. al
Proceedings of the 2011 Midwest Section Conference of the American Society for
Engineering Education, 2011)
17. Can we build a culture of science through nanotechnology? By Fabian M. Dayrit
(2013)
18. Video: Science Fiction: Stem Cell Research
19. TEDTalk: Susan Lim on “Transplant Cells Not Organs
20. TEDTalk: Juan Enriquez on “the Next Species of Human”
21. Book: “An inconvenient Truth” The Planetary Emergency of Global Warming and
What we can Do About It” (Al Gore)
22. Book: “The Future: Six Drivers of Global Change” (Al Gore)
23. BUHOS: A Climate Change Documentary by Loren Legarda

References:
R1 – Copy of Syllabus
R2 – Feyman, R. (1999). The Best Short Works of Richard Feyman. Perseus Book.
R3 – Griplaldo, R. (2009). The Concepts of the Public Good: A View from Filipino
Philospher. National Bookstore
R4 – Maboloc, C. R. (2010). Eudaimonia and Human Flourishing Ethics and Human
Dignity. Rex Bookstore. Manila City

Textbook:
T1 – McNamara D, Valdere V, Beleno, R. (2018). Science, Technology and Society. C
& E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City

Online References:
OR 1 –[Link]
OR2 – [Link]
OR3 – [Link]
OR4 – [Link]
us-scientifc-revolution
OR5 – [Link]
OR6 – [Link]
OR7 - [Link]
2015/sep/23/developing-poor-countries-de-develop-rich-countries-sdgs
OR8 – [Link]
OR9 – [Link] google make us
stupid/306868?
OR10 – [Link]

Course 1. Reflection Paper

2. Active Class Participation
Requirements 3. Group/Individual Presentation on Assigned Topics/Tasks
4. Individual/Group Output
5. Quizzes
6. Term Exams
Prepared by: ELSIE A. PANGANIBAN, LPT, MEd
Adapted by: DAISY E. PALMA, LPT, MAEd
Reviewed and Approved by:

Subject Area Coordinator: VINCENT A. LUMINOQUE, LPT, MAEd

Dean, CICTE :KRISTINE T. SOBERANO, Ph.D.

GAD Director- OIC : JACKIELEE A. ANACLETO, LPT, MEd

CIMD, Chairperson : MA. JANET S. GEROSO, LPT, Ph.D.

QA Director : DONNA FE V. TOLEDO, LPT, Ed.D

VP- Academic Affairs :

MODULE 1

LESSON

Historical
1 Antecedents
8
HOURS

Science and technology studies, or science, technology and society studies (STS) is the study of how
society, politics, and culture affect scientific research and technological innovation, and how these, in
turn, affect society, politics and culture.
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
a. Explain how science and technology affected the society and environment and vice versa.
b. Identify inventions and discoveries that changed the world over the course of history
c. Discuss the scientific and technological developments in the Philippines.
d. Present a creation or output in class about the prominent inventions and discoveries on
different eras.
e. Show appreciation of the different technological changes across eras.

Riddle
Direction:Read and understand each of the following riddles carefully. Write your answer in
your assessment notebook.
1. What goes up and never comes down? ________________.
2. Take one out and scratch my head, I am now black but once was red. ________________.
3. If a rooster laid a brown egg and a white egg, what kind of chicks would hatch?_________.
4. What can run but never walks, has a mouth but never talks, has a head but never weeps,
has a bed but never sleeps? ______________________.
5. A box without hinges, key, or a lid, yet golden treasure inside is hid. ______________.

In this lesson, you will learn many great things happened in the past. Like riddles, people try to find solve
things and find answers on how to improve life, create innovation and expand their horizon.

A. Introduction
Science may be defined as the system of knowledge of the natural world gained
through the scientific method. It was originally called "philosophy of the natural world"
since it stemmed from the ancient Greeks' desire to know about nature. Thus, the first
scientists were called "philosophers of nature! They sought to discover the truth behind
material things and natural things. It was the task of the philosophers of nature to observe
the world and beyond, and to discover what makes materials the same and what makes
them different. How is a tree not a flower and a flower not a rock? In their quest for
understanding the natural world, the ability to name and classify the objects found in
nature was seen as the first step towards knowledge. Thus, the scientific search for truth
early on recognized the usefulness of language and the ability it gave to describe, classify,
and explain the different objects of study. Meanwhile, the term technology comes from
Greek words tekhnemeaning"art or craft" and -logia, meaning a "subject or interest."
Taken together, the term has come to mean "practical applications of what we know
about nature" using scientific principles for the betterment of the human situation.

 SCIENCE-the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the

Systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world
through observation and experiment.
 TECHNOLOGY-the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes,
especially in industry
 SOCIETY-composed of 5 basic social institutions (family, church, school, government,
mass media) where people interact and share their culture.

Science and Technology Plays a major role in our daily life

 Make difficult/complicated tasks easier.
 Allow people do more with so little effort and time
 Gradual improvements to earlier works from different time periods.
 Raise the quality of life.

I. ANCIENT TIMES
In the ancient times, people were concerned with transportation and navigation,
communication and record-keeping, mass production, security and protection, as well as
health, aesthetics, and architecture.
Transportation
Was significant during that time
because people were trying to go places
and discover new horizons. They travelled to
search for food and find better locations for
their settlements. They also travelled to
trade their surplus goods in exchange for
things that they lacked. Navigation assisted
them in their journeys to unfamiliar and
strange areas in the world. It allowed them to
return home after they discovered new
places or completed an important trade
with another group of people.

Communication
Was also essential in their endeavors to
discover and occupy new places. They
needed a way to communicate with the
natives of the areas they visited so as to
facilitate trade and prevent possible
conflicts. Record-keeping was also
important since they needed to remember
the places they had been to and document the trades they made with each other. It was
also vital to keep records of their history and culture so they could establish their identities
as they tried to relate with other cultures and civilizations.
The increase in size and number of nations connoted increased demand for food and
other basic necessities. This condition also implied that people must be able to produce
food at a given time and space since resources were getting scarcer as more people
struggled to share the basic necessities. The people thus needed a form of technology that
would enable them to increase food supplies and other survival needs without them
travelling more or working harder.

Record keeping was also important since they

needed to remember the place they had been to
and document the trades they made with each
other. It was also vital to keep record of their
history as culture so they could establish their
identities as they tried relate with other cultures
and civilizations.
The increase in size and number of nations
increased demand for food and other basic
necessity. They condition also implied that people must be able produce food at a given
time and space since resources with getting scarcer as more people struggled to share the
basic necessities. The people thus needed a form of technology that would enable them to
increase food supply and other survival needs without them travelling more or working is
harder.

Weapons and armors

Were important as well in the discovery
of new places or the establishment of new
alliances with other tribes. At that time, there
was always a risk of conflict when people met
others with different culture and orientations.
Conflicts were common especially if different
groups struggled to control vital resources.
Stronger nations tended to invade weaker ones
so they could take much needed resources. As
such, the development of weapons and armors
for security and protection was considered a
major achievement.
A primary challenge they faced was the conservation of life. The early people might
have been successful in harnessing the rich resources that the world could provide, but
their survival posed a great problem. Different illnesses and diseases, both natural and
man-made, hampered the full potential of a human being. Given this predicament, science
and technology played a major role in the discovery of cures to, if not the prevention of,
illnesses.
Moreover, in order to integrate their needs—for better transportation,
establishment of structures for protection from human attacks and natural disasters, and
construction of bigger and stronger infrastructures—people ventured into what is now
known as the field of engineering. The development in this field allowed humans to build
structures that would address their specific needs and wants. Some of the structures built
during the ancient times still exist today and continually awe people.
 The development in engineering also ushered in the introduction of architecture.
Others might see architecture as a mere style,
but during the ancient times, elaborate
architectural designs were signs of technological
advancement of a particular civilization. In the
generations to come, architecture would be
considered a status symbol among nations of
how advanced their technology is. It may also
establish the identity of a nation.
The people were not contented on
beautifying only their infrastructures and
surroundings. Being able to prolong life with the
mass production of food and advancement of
medical technology, as well as raise the quality of
life by making complicated and difficult tasks
easier, humans later on developed the
technology to improve how they look. They
discovered that people looked more visually presentable and appealing by adding some
features and decorations in their body.
With all these in mind, one can conclude that the developments in science and
technology, aside from affecting the lives of the people, were the results of many prior
antecedents. Out of necessity, people in ancient times were able to discover and invent
things that would impact the lives of the modern people. The following discussions will
tackle the different major technological advancements during the ancient times, which
include some of the achievements of the early civilizations such as the Sumerians,
Babylonians, and Egyptians. It will continue to describe the gradual application of
knowledge up to the contemporary time.
At the time, there was always a risk of conflict when people met others with
different cultures and orientations. Conflicts were common specifically of different group
struggled to commercial vital resources.
Strongest nations tended to invade weaker one
so they could take much needed resources. As
much, that development of weapons and
armors for security and production was
considered a major achievement. It is
important as well in the discovery of new
places or the establishment of new alliances
with other tribes
Stone ages- It is the time where all humans
were hunter gatherer. The ages before human
discovered metals and so used mainly stones
for making foods.
Stone Tools- were made by chipping away stones to make hammer, spear and arrow
head, knives, and scrapers

II. CIVILIZATIONS
With all these in mind, one can conclude that the development in science and
technology, aside from affecting the lives of the people, were the results of many prior
antecedents. Out of necessity, people in ancient time were able to discover and invent
things that would impact the lives of the modern people.
The following discussion will tackle the different major technology advancement
during the ancient times, which include some of the achievements of the early civilization
such as the Sumerians, Babylonians, and Egyptians. It will continue to describe the gradual
application of knowledge up to the contemporary time.
SUMERIANS CIVILIZATION
 Sumeria is located Mesopotamia on the
southernmost tip of ancient Mesopotamia
 Known for their high degree of cooperation
with one another and their desire for great
things.
 Contented with the basic things that life
can offer.
 Develop the first writing known as
cuneiform.

1. Cuneiform- first writing system, a system that utilizes word pictures and triangular
symbols which are carved on clay using wedge instruments and then left to dry.

 Keep records of things with great historical value or their everyday life.

[Link] City - Considered to be the first city in the world.

 Only mud or clay from the river, which

is mixed with reeds, producing
sunbaked bricks – A true engineering
feat.
 They used the bricks to makes houses
that protected them from the harsh
weather and to build a wall around the
city that prevents wild animals and
neighboring raiders from entering.
 It is great wonders not only because it
is considered to be the first true city in
the world but also for the way it was
erected.

3. The Great Ziggurat of Ur - Called the mountain

of God, was built in the same manner that they
constructed the Uruk city.
 Serve as the sacred place of their
chief god, where only
 Theirpriests were allowed to
enter.
  The temple showcase not only the elaborate and intricate Sumerians
architecture but also the remarkable technology used to build it.

4. Irrigation and Dikes

As population increased, so did the demand for food. The Sumerians were challenged to
mass produce food items but the elements in the environment seemed uncooperative.
It was difficult to get water from the
rivers, thus they could not maintain
farmlands. Some groups had scarce water
supply, while others had problems with
flooding caused by the river. As a solution to
this dilemma, the Sumerians created dikes
and irrigation canals to bring water to
farmlands and at the same time control the
flooding of the rivers. This method was
considered as one of the world's most
beneficial engineering works. Through the
dikes and canals, the Sumerians were able to
enjoy year-long farming and harvesting,
which increased their food production.

5. Sailboats
Another challenge to the Sumerians was transportation. At that time, the wheel was
not yet invented; the main mode 'of transportation was through waterways such as rivers
and seas. Boats were used to carry large
quantities of products and were able to cover
large distances. However, they wanted to
discover faraway lands to settle since the
population was getting larger, and boats were
not enough to accommodate more people and
products. They needed a mode of
transportation that did not require much
human resource.
Some sources attribute to the
Sumerians the invention of sailboats to
address their increasing demands. Sailboats were essential in transportation and trading as
well as in fostering culture, information, and technology.

6. Wheel
In the latter part of their history, the Sumerians were able
to invent the wheel since the specialized tools needed to create
it were already available. The first
wheels were not made for
transportation but for farm work
and food processes. With the use of
the wheel and axle, mass production
was made easier. Farmers were able
to mill grains with less effort in less
time.
 7. The Plow
Another farm technology invented by the
Mesopotamians is the plow. Humans evolved from being
food gatherers to farm cultivators. However, farmers
needed a technology which would enable them to dig the
ground where seeds would be planted. The plow was
invented to dig the earth in a faster pace.
As the plow breaks the ground, the farmer
would just drop the seeds and farm work would
already be done. With this tool, farmers could
cultivate larger parcels of land faster, enabling them to
mass produce food without taking so much effort
and time.

8. Road
In order to facilitate faster and easier travel, the Sumerians developed the first
roads. With this work, the flow of traffic became faster and more organized. They made
the roads with the same technology they used in making the sun-baked bricks that they
laid down on the ground. They later poured bitumen, a black sticky substance similar to
asphalt, to smoothen the roads. The invention of roads was very useful especially during
the rainy season when traveling in soft and muddy roads proved to be too difficult.

BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION
Babylonian civilization emerged (near the
Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. The Babylonians were
great builders, engineers, and architects. One of
their major contributions is the hanging gardens of
Babylon, one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world.
 Babylonians were the great builders,
Engineers and Architects.

1. Hanging Garden of Babylon- one of the seven wonders of

the ancient world. -One of the greatest
engineering and architectural achievements of the
world that is almost impossible to replicate.
  According to the legends, the great Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II build the
gardens for his wife, Queen Amytis.
 Hanging Garden of Babylon may be considered one of the greatest engineering and
architectural achievement of the world that is almost impossible to replicate.
 The Babylon has reached its peak in two phases the Old Babylonian Empire
and the New Babylonian Empire. The first king of Babylon was King Humarabi
and he became powerful and was a great law maker, some of his laws were
inscribed on a stone pillar or stele (now Lourve in Paris). He is 42 years old
and one of his laws was “strong shall not oppress the weak”.
 The Babylonian king Nabopolassar was the father of Nebuchadnezzar and
the first king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire. one of his strong laws was
“Punish Crimes and Protect People from poor workmanship by builders and
doctors”
2. EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

An early civilization famous for its legacy

and located in North Africa. Many stories tell about
the engineering feats of the Egyptians especially
regarding the infrastructures established by
Pharaohs.

1. Paper or Papyrus
 Egypt was not the first to develop a system of writing, but they were able to
make writing easier for the world.
 Papyrus was a plant that grew
abundantly along Nile River in
Egypt.
 They will process the plant to in
order to produce thin sheets on
which they could write down
things.
 Egyptian innovation, clay tablets
were used. However, safe-keeping
and transporting them were a major problem.
 Lighter and thinner than clay tablets, it was easy to carry and store.
 This invention was a major accomplishment in Egyptian record-keeping and
communication.
 People then send letters or correspondence anywhere in the world since the
pieces of paper were very light that they could be carried and delivered by
birds.

2. Ink
Egyptian invented ink by combining soot with different
chemicals to produce inks of different colors.
 Used ink to record the history,
culture, and codified laws.
  It must be tampered – proof so that people could not simply tinker with
those written down by authorities.

3. Hieroglyphics
 A system of writing in Egyptians using symbols.
 This system of writing was provided to them by their gods.
 Writing system established in Mesopotamia as a result of trade between
civilizations, the Egyptians
believed that this writing system
was provided to their gods. This
form of writing can still be seen
today and remains to be as
famous as the pyramid where
they were found.
 Hieroglyphics was the language
that tells the modern world of
the history and culture of the
ancient Egyptians. Their records
were well-preserved since they
were carved at the walls of pyramids and other important Egyptian
structures.

4. Cosmetics
 Used to improved and highlight
the facial features of a person,
their function in ancient Egypt
was for both health and
aesthetic reasons.
 Kohl – a cosmetic in the eyes to
prevent and even cure eye
disease.
 Created by mixing soot or
malachite with mineral galena.
 They believe that a person
wearing make-up was protected from evil and that beauty was a sign of
holiness.

5. Wig
 To enhance the appearance of
people who want to try new hair
trends.
 Ancient Egyptian times, wigs were
worn for health and wellness
rather than for aesthetics
purposes.
 To protect the shaved heads for
wealthy Egyptian from the
harmful rays of the sun.
 It was considered cleaner than
natural hair because it prevented the accumulation of head lice.

6. Water Clock/Clepsydra
  This device utilizes gravity that
affects the flow of water from
one vessel to another.
 The amount of water remaining
in the device determines how
much time has elapsed since it is
full.
 The water clock was widely used
as a timekeeping device during
the ancient times.

3. GREEK CIVILIZATION

Greece is an archipelago in the

south-eastern part of Europe. Known as
the birthplace of western philosophy.
Some of the major achievements
include in-depth works on philosophy
and mathematics.

1. Alarm Clock

One of the most utilized gadgets today that was invented

by the ancient Greeks is the alarm dock. Although the
alarm clock during that time did not resemble the
present-day alarm clock, the purpose was just the same--
to tell an individual when to stop or when to start. The
ancient Greek's alarm clocks used large complicated
mechanisms to time the alarm. They made use of water
(or sometimes small stones or sand) that dropped into
drums which sounded the alarm.
Plato was believed to have utilized an alarm clock to
signal the start of his lecture. His version used four water
vessels lined up vertically; The upper vessel supplied the
water which dropped to the vessel below it, which was
set to be filled in a given time. After it was full, water was
siphoned off at a faster rate into the third vessel which
would cause the expulsion of contained air, creating a whistling noise. Afterwards, this vessel would empty
towards the bottom vessel for storage and reuse.

2. Water Mill Were also considered as one of the most

important contributions of the Greek civilization to the
world. They were commonly used in agricultural
processes like milling of grains which was 2, necessary
form of food processing during that time. Because
milling was made possible by the use of watermills, the
mass production of rice, cereals, flours, and the like
became common. Watermills were considered better
than mills powered by farm animals because they required less effort and time to operate since the farmer
did not have to raise animals. They only required access to rivers or flowing water where a mechanism of a
large wheel with small "buckets" of water attached to it could be installed.

4. ROMAN CIVILIZATION

The Roman Empire was perceived to be the strongest

political and social entity in the west. It was considered to
be the cradle of politics and governance during that
period. Because the Roman Empire was so large, other
civilizations looked up to it as their model in terms of
legislation and codified laws. Aside from their
contributions in politics, a lot of discoveries and
inventions still relevant today can be attributed to the
Roman Empire.

1. Newspaper One of the major contributions

of the Romans is the newspaper. The first
newspapers, known as gazettes, contained
announcements of the Roman Empire to the
people. Made before the invention of paper,
these gazettes were engraved in metal or
stone tablets and then publicly displayed.
When paper was invented, it became easier
for the Romans to "publish" matters that
needed the attention of the Roman citizens. In
fact, with the advent of paper, minutes of the
proceedings of the Roman senate were done
in shorthand. These documents were edited
and published on the same day that they were recorded. This way, the Romans enjoyed easy access to
government information the same way we benefit from present-day newspapers.

2. Bound Books or Codex With the invention of

paper, it became easier for civilizations to write down
everything that happened in their time. Record-
keeping was much easier since paper did not easily
break, was lightweight, and did not occupy much
space. As a result, civilizations became fond of
record-keeping, especially documenting historical
events and newly legislated laws. Aside from Romans
writing down information about history and politics,
literature also changed form from clay tablets to
parchments of paper.
According to sources, Julius Caesar started the
tradition of stacking up papyrus to form pages of a
book. Later on, they were able to provide covers to protect the papyrus. The earlier covers were made of
wax but were later on replaced by animal skin which proved to be stronger and longer-lasting. With the
papyrus pages bound together and covered by animal skin, the ancient Roman Empire was able to produce
the first books or codex.

3. Roman Architecture architecture is one of the

most visual contributions of the ancient Roman
Empire to the world. Roman architecture was
considered a continuation of Greek architecture,
hence, the resemblance. However, Roman
architecture was still regarded as pioneering
since the Romans were able to adapt new
building and engineering technology on
architectural designs established in the past. In
this manner, they were able to preserve great
and elaborate architectural designs because they
could produce sturdier and stronger
infrastructures. The Romans were also able to
creatively redesign old architectural patterns to
adapt to the new trends at that time. This
development in the field of engineering and
Architecture was fully supported and funded by the Roman government so they were able to implement
major projects such as large churches (cathedrals and basilicas), aqueducts, coliseums, amphitheaters, and
even residential houses. The quality of these majestic Roman structures can be seen by the way they
withstood time and the harsh elements of the environment. Today, people of the world still enjoy these
marvels. These structures are proofs of ancient Roman technology.

4. Roman Numerals Although other number systems

had already been established before the Roman
numeral, these old systems could not keep up with high
calculation requirements due to the increasing rate of
communication and trade among nations. Since the
Roman Empire was expanding, it had to deal with many
nations to maintain its power. For this reason, the
Romans devised their own number system specifically
to address the need for a standard counting method
that would meet their increasing communication and
trade concerns. Although the Roman numeral is no
longer widely used today due to its inherent limitations,
quite a number of enthusiasts would still use it over
other more popular number systems, like the Hindu-Arabic system, due to its aesthetic and historical
value.

5. CHINESE CIVILIZATION The Chinese civilization is

considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia, if not
the world. Also known as the middle kingdom,
China is located on the far east of Asia. It was
famous among other ancient civilizations because of
its silk trade. Not a great amount was written about
ancient China partly due to its distance from the
other civilizations. Despite its less popular status
 among the early civilizations, one cannot discredit the significant contributions of Chinese civilization to the
world.

1. Silk One of the things that connected Far East

China to the world is silk. Although silk is naturally
produced by silk worms, the Chinese were the ones
who developed the technology to harvest the silk and
process it to produce paper and clothing. Silk
production resulted in the creation of a product for
trade. The silk trade opened China to the outside
world, making way for cultural, economic, and
scientific exchanges. It bridged the gap between the
western world and the middle kingdom.

2. Tea Production Tea is a beverage produced by

pouring hot or boiling water over crushed or
shredded dried tea leaves. It was believed that the
first tea was drunk by a Chinese emperor. Tea
production was developed when an unknown
Chinese inventor created a machine that was able to
shred tea leaves into strips. This machine was done
using a wheel-based mechanism with sharp edges
attached to a wooden or ceramic pot. Because of
this invention, the Chinese were able to increase
their production of tea and trade with other nations.
China thus became known for its tea exports aside
from its silk products. Tea production developed by
the ancient Chinese may have resulted in making tea as one of the most popular beverages in the world
today.

3. Great Wall of China Once considered the only man-

made structure that could be seen from outer space, the
Great Wall of China is said to be the largest and most
extensive infrastructure that the nation built. It was
constructed to keep out foreign invaders and control the
borders of China. Made with stone, brick, wood, earth,
and other materials, it showcased the extent of Chinese
engineering technology at that time. The structure was so
massive and strong that it was said to have literally
divided China from the rest of the world. The wall's
construction put the nation among the powerful
civilizations during the ancient times. It was the pride of their land and their crowning glory. Today, with
some sections already in ruins, the Great 'Wall still continues to be a world attraction due to its historical
significance and architectural grandeur.

4. Gunpowder The gunpowder is one of the most

interesting inventions in China. Originally, it was
developed by Chinese alchemists who aimed to achieve
immortality. They mixed charcoal, sulfur, and potassium
nitrate, but instead of creating an elixir of life, they
accidentally invented a black powder that could actually
generate large amounts of heat and gas in an instant.
Ironically, instead of prolonging life, gunpowder is widely
used to propel bullets from guns and cannons which
cause countless deaths. In fact, gunpowder-propelled
weapons are preferred by raiders who plan to attack at a
distance. The same weapons are also used to dissipate
any attempts of invasion. On the other hand, gunpowder is also used in fireworks during important
celebrations in China.

6. MEDIEVAL/MIDDLE AGES/AGE OF WAR

The start of the middle ages was marred by

massive invasions and migrations. Wars were
prevalent during this time. As such, great
technology was needed in the fields of
weaponry, navigation, mass food and farm
production, and health. The wars have
resulted in population decline, but during the
latter part of the period, there was a
significant rise in population. Trade and
commerce among nations increased, which
resulted in greater demands for
transportation technology. Some of the most
innovative minds came from this period.

[Link] Press After the Chinese developed

woodblock printing, Johann Gutenberg was able to
invent the printing press, a more reliable way of
printing using a cast type. He utilized wooden machines
that extracted juices from fruits, attached to them a
metal impression of the letters, and pressed firmly the
cast metal into a piece of paper, which then made an
exact impression on paper. This general invention soon
evolved to be the mechanical printing press which was
eventually used all over the world. The printing press
was invented to address the need for publishing books
that would spread information to many people at a faster rate. This invention also made works accessible
to individuals who could not even write (Streissguth, 1997).

2. MICROSCOPE Another invention in the Middle Ages is the

microscope. Growing populations caused massive migration and
urbanization during the period. More and more people
transferred to polluted and populated urban areas which
resulted in more people getting sick and needing medical
attention. To develop the proper medicines for illnesses, experts
must understand the sickness through an investigation.
Thus, they needed a device
that could magnify things
invisible to the eye. Guided by the principles used for the invention of
eyeglasses in earlier years, Zacharias Janssen was able to develop the
first compound microscope. With this device, people were able to
observe organisms that were normally unseen by the naked eye. The
microscope was key in discovering new means in preventing and curing
various illnesses (Davidson, 2015).

3. TELESCOPE Since the middle Ages was also known as the Age
of Exploration, the need for nautical inventions was high.
Considering the vast and empty oceans that separated lands,
ship captains needed to see far and wide for them to navigate
or to avoid dangers at sea.
The invention of the
telescope, an optical
instrument that helps in the observation of remote objects, was a
great help for navigators during this time. Together with the
telescope, the invention of the compass, oars, and rudders made
sea travelling easier and safer (Heiden, 1989)

4. WAR WEAPONS Since wars were widespread during the middle Ages, great development in the
weaponry technology also occurred. All sides must develop weaponries not only as offensive tools but also
as defensive instruments. For open-area battles, people developed cross bows and long bows so that they
could attack the enemies at long ranges, keeping themselves safe with the protection of walls and
fortresses.
Additionally, in close-range hand-to-hand combat, soldiers should wear something to protect themselves, a
need addressed by the creation of iron body armors. However, body armors were heavy and limited their
movements. The problem was eventually solved by the invention of the chainmail.

7. MODERN TIMES

The booming world population during the

nineteenth century onwards demanded that
more goods be produced at a faster rate.
People needed efficient means of
transportation to trade more goods and cover
a larger distance. Machines that required
animals to operate must thus be upgraded.
Faster and easier means to communicate and
compute should be developed to establish connections between and among nations. All these needs
resulted in the development of industries.
However, due to massive industrialization, the modern times again faced more complicated problems.
Food processing and medicine posed some of the bigger challenges since health was of great concern.

5. PASTEURIZATION As people were

able to develop better means of
production to meet the needs of the
population, food preservation and
food safety became an issue. The
challenge to keep manufactured food
from deteriorating was greater for
dairy products, especially milk, since
they usually spoiled faster. These
goods needed to be consumed almost
immediately after production or they would cause illness like diphtheria, food poisoning, and typhoid
fever. Since transporting these products would also take time, it would be impossible to trade them.
Louis Pasteur, a French biologist, microbiologist, and chemist, found a way to solve the problem. He
invented pasteurization, the process of heating dairy products to kill the harmful bacteria that allow them
to spoil faster. Through this process, milk could be stored and consumed for a longer period. It also
prevented illnesses caused by harmful bacteria (Macalester College, 2010). Other contributions of Pasteur
to science, technology, and medicine included his works on molecular asymmetry, fermentation, and
vaccination.

6. PETROLEUM REFINERY The modern times demanded better means of powering homes and
transportation. At first, people used animal oils for generating light to illuminate their homes. However,
the production of animal oils could not keep up with the demand. Faced with this concern, Samuel M. Kier
was able to invent kerosene by refining petroleum. Kerosene was later on referred to as the "illuminating
oil" because it was used at first to provide lighting to homes. After some time, it was applied for heating
purposes. The development of kerosene established the petroleum refinery industry (Skrabec, 2010). At
present, petroleum is widely used in powering automobiles, factories, and power plants, among others.

7. TELEPHONE The more people got

connected by trade and exploration,
the more they needed a way to easily
maintain these connections and
communicate with each other in real
time. Governments likewise needed
some kind of communication system
which would allow them to administer
their states well. Important day-to-day
decisions must be discussed and
addressed at the fastest time possible. Thus, the development of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell
was one of the most important inventions at that time.

8. CALCULATOR Although an
earlier version of the calculator
had already been developed,
circumstances in the modern
times required a faster way to
compute more complicated
equations. Computing devices
must also be easy to carry since
they would be utilized on a day-to-day basis. The creation of modern calculators did not only pave the way
for easier arithmetic calculations, but also resulted in the development of more complex processing
machines like the computer.

PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS Despite being

considered a developing country, the
Philippines also contributes to the global
advancement of science and technology. It is
quite remarkable to note the ingenuity of the
Filipinos despite the lack in resources. The
Philippines is known to be one of the most
vulnerable countries in terms of natural
disasters. Many of the discoveries and
inventions made by the Filipinos were therefore
built from indigenous materials or created to
adapt to the harsh tropical environment.

1. SALAMANDER AMPHIBIOUS TRICYCLE It has

become ordinary for Filipinos to convert
transport vehicles into something more useful.
An example is the conversion of American
military jeeps used in World War II into
jeepneys. Another Filipino innovation is the
addition of a sidecar to a motorcycle,
transforming it into a tricycle to accommodate
more passengers. During the rainy season,
flooding is a common occurrence in many areas
in the country. Tricycles find it very difficult to traverse the streets. To remedy the issue, H2O Technologies
headed by Dominic N. Chung and Lamberts Armada, together with Chief Designer Victor "Atoy" Llave, was
able to invent the Salamander, an amphibious tricycle that can cross not only flooded streets but also rivers
and lakes. It may also be utilized to travel from island to island. Since the Philippines is an archipelago, the
Salamander is a useful invention that has a lot of potential.
2. 2. SALT LAMP One of the major needs in the Philippines,
as a developing, nation, is electrification. Electricity
powers various types of machines, including light sources.
In many rural areas in the country, activities would cease
when it gets dark. It also becomes more dangerous to
travel. Filipinos have resorted to using candles and
kerosene lamps but they carry certain risks as they are fire
hazards. Solar power is also a welcome development but
like rechargeable batteries, solar panels are too expensive
for ordinary Filipinos. Fortunately, a young Filipina
inventor named Aisa Mijeno was able to invent a lighting
system that utilizes a material abundant in the Philippines
—saltwater. She invented the Sustainable Alternative Lighting (Salt) lamp, an environment-friendly light
source that runs on saltwater. The Salt lamp is safer as it poses no risk of fire and emits no toxic gases. Aside
 from people who live in coastal areas, it may also benefit those from far-flung barrios because they can
make their own saltwater by mixing two tablespoons of salt and a glass of tap water.

3. MEDICAL INCUBATOR A common problem in the

Philippines is the high mortality rate of newborn babies.
One reason for this problem in the 20th century was the
lack of available incubators especially in far-flung rural
areas due to lack of resources and electricity. Dr. Fe Del
Mundo, a Filipino pediatrician and the first Asian
woman admitted into Harvard Medical School, devised a
medical incubator made from indigenous and cheap
materials which did not run on electricity. Dr. Del
Mundo's incubator was made by placing a native
laundry basket inside a bigger one. Hot water bottles were inserted between the baskets to provide
warmth and a makeshift hood to allow oxygen circulation. Its main purpose was to maintain conditions
suitable for a newborn, usually a pre-term baby. Other breakthroughs in Philippine medicine attributed to
Dr. Del Mundo include her works on the immunization and treatment of jaundice and the BRAT diet for
curing diarrhea.

4. MOSQUITO OVICIDAL/LARVICIDAL TRAP

SYSTEMDengue, a mosquito-borne viral illness, is
endemic in tropical and subtropical areas, including
the Philippines. This virus is usually transmitted by
Aedesaegypti mosquito, rampant during the rainy
season. Insecticides were previously used to kill the
species. However, recent studies show that
insecticide resistance has evolved in some mosquito
populations. Likewise, using insecticides is harmful
not only to humans but also to the environment. In
2010, the Department of Science and Technology—Industrial Technology Development Institute (DOST-
ITDI) was able to introduce the Mosquito Ovicidal/ LarvicidalTrap System, also known as OL Trap. This trap
system is made of natural ingredients that are lethal to mosquitos but safe for humans and the
environment.

5. EJEEPNEY A major innovation that

changed the transportation industry in
the Philippines was the development
of the jeepney. This iconic public utility
vehicle was built using the military
jeeps left by the Americans after World
War II. The chassis and the body of the
military jeeps were extended to
accommodate more load and
passengers. Because of its usefulness,
the jeepney dominated Philippine
streets and is considered as the primary mode of transportation of most Filipinos. However, the diesel-
powered jeepney produces large quantities of black smoke, and is usually a major contributor of noise
pollution due to its primitive exhaust system. To counter these disadvantages, the electric jeepney
(eJeepney) was developed. This modern type of transportation utilizes electricity instead of the more
expensive diesel. It is environment-friendly since it does not emit any smoke and noise. The items
discussed in this chapter are only some of the great inventions and developments during the different time
periods. There are still more innovations and discoveries that were bade in the course of history that
changed the world. Can you name other great discoveries?

Part I. Questions for Reflections

Instruction: Explain each of the following questions in 5-10 sentences. Refer to the rubrics provided
on how your work will be graded. (5 Points)

1. Give three other Major Scientific and technological developments in the world (Or in the Philippines)
that created a large impact on your daily life.
2. What historical antecedents gave rise to the inventions you mentioned in the first question?
3. How did the developments in science and technology shape human history?

Part II. Standing on the Shoulder of the Giants

Instruction: Research for one great achievement during the different time period aside from those
discussed in this module. Afterwards, accomplish the following: Explain each of the following questions
below in 5-10 sentences. You may refer to the rubrics provided on how your work will be graded.
(10 Points)

1. Draw or print a picture of your chosen achievement. Collect or paste these inventions in a clean and
durable sheet of paper. Design your work according to the theme appropriate to the assigned chosen
period.
2. Explain in your own words how each invention works. Also identify their uses and purpose.
3. Explain how inventions impacted the people and the society during the time period when they were
made.
Multiple Choice
Direction: Read the following questions carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer in your assessment
notebook.

1. Many of the discoveries and inventions made by the Filipinos were made of?
A. High Technology B. Modern Technology C. Scrap Materials D. Indigenous
Materials

2. What is the importance of transportation in ancient times?

A. People were trying to go places and discover new horizons; they travelled to search for foods
and find locations for their settlement.
B. Known for their high degree of cooperation with one another and their desire for great things.
C. This implied that people needs to produce more weapons using their means of transportation.
D. All of the above

3. The following are means of transportation in Ancient Times EXCEPT?

A. Bicycle B. Horses C. Chariot D. Camel

4. Where does the word science come from?

A. A Latin for 'exploring' C. A Latin for 'to study'
B. A Latin for 'knowledge' D. A Greek for 'education'

5. This technology is also known as the “Mountain of God” the place is sacred for their Chief of God and
where only their Priest were allowed to enter.
A. Uruk City B. Great Wall of China C. The Great Ziggurat of Ur D. Pyramid

6. In Sumerian Civilization the scarcity of water is the main problem of the farmers, what technology they
invented and considers as one of the world’s most beneficial engineering work?
A. Water mill B. Sail Boat C. The Plow D. Irrigation and Dikes

7. It is considered as one of the greatest engineering and architectural achievement in the world during
ancient time that is almost impossible to replicate.
A. The Great Ziggurat of Ur C. The Wall of China
B. The Hanging Garden of Babylon D. The Roman Architecture

8. A civilization that had contributed practical things to the world that is now considered as essential.
A. Greek Civilization C. Roman Civilization
B. Chinese Civilization D. Egyptian Civilization

9. The main mode of transportation in Sumerian time is through waterways such as rivers and seas.
What technology they used for transportation and trading as well as in fostering culture, information and
technology?
A. Sail Boat B. Salamander Amphibious C. Wheel D. The Plow

10. It refers to the endless cycle of codependence, co-influence, co-production of technology and society
upon the other.
A. Science C. Science and Technology
B. Technology D. Science, Technology and Society
11. According to legend who build the Hanging Gardens?
A. King Nebuchadnezzar B. King Nebuchadnezzar II C. King William II D. Dr. Armstrong

12. The Hanging Garden was made by the king for his Queen______________?
A. Queen Elizabeth B. Queen Amytis C. Queen Zar D. Queen Malia

13. Which of the following is the contribution of Egyptian civilization in the modern world?
A. The use of cosmetics C. Silk Weaving
B. The use of technology D. The use of wind mill as source of electricity

14. This civilization is considered to be the cradle of politics and governance and was perceived to be the
strongest political and social entity in the west.
A. Greek Civilization B. Chinese Civilization C. Roman Civilization D. Egyptian Civilization

15. In what part of Africa Egyptian civilization is located?

A. South Africa B. North Africa C. East Africa D. West Africa

16. What plant that grew abundantly along the Nile River in Egypt?
A. Papyrus B. Silk C. Grasses D. Nypa

17. One of the earlier contributions of Egyptian Civilization. it is helpful in record keeping and
communication?
A. Papyrus or Paper B. Ink C. Tea D. Hieroglyphics

18. What is the most important contribution of the Greek civilization to the world in the field of
agriculture? A. Milling B. Irrigation C. Fertilizer D. Insecticide

19. When the Egyptians invented the papyrus or the paper. As a result, The Egyptians invented?
A. Hieroglyphics B. Ink C. Papyrus D. Wheel

20. Egyptians also developed a system of writing using symbols, they believed that this writing system was
provided to them by their gods?
A. Hieroglyphics B. Ink C. Papyrus D. Wheel

21. An invention that has the ability to correct vision problems makes it one of the most useful medieval
inventions and a great benefit to hundreds of millions of people today.
A. Eyeglasses B. Bifocal glasses C. Telescope D. Magnifying glass

22. What is the name of the first newspaper produce by Roman Civilization?
A. Gazzetes B. LifeStars C. Edmudo D. Daily news

23. With the papyrus pages bound together and covered by animal skin, the Ancient times of Roman
Civilization was able to produce_______?
A. Bound Books/Codex B. Papyrus C. Ink D. Newspaper

24. What is the concept of the Ptolemy’s Model?

A. The planets as well as the sun and the moon moved in a circular motion around the earth. He
 believed that the Earth was at the center.
B. The planets as well as the sun and the moon moved in a circular motion around the earth. He
believed that the Sun was at the center.
C. The planets as well as the sun and the moon moved in a circular motion around the earth. He
believed that the Planets was at the center.
D. All of the Above

25. Which among of the following choices has the CORRECT statement about science?
I. Science as an idea
II. Science as fiction of human reality
III. Science as an intellectual activity
IV. Science as a body of knowledge
V. Science as a personal and social activity
A. I, II, III, IV, and V C. II, III, IV, and V only
B. I, II, III, and IV only D. I, III, IV, and V only

26. Which of the following choices has the correct sequence of scientific method?
I. Observation IV. Conclusion
II. Result V. Experiment
III. Hypothesis
A. I, V, III, IV, II C. III, I, V, IV, II
B. I, III, V, II, IV D. III, I, V, II, IV

27. What is the reason of building a coffee house during medieval era?
A. For lifestyle C. For business
B. For coffee drinkers D. For social gatherings

28. What age where trade and commerce among nations increased and resulted to greater demands of
transportation technology?
A. Modern Time C. Medieval Time
B. Ancient Time D. Pre-ancient Time

29. An age where world population boomed and demanded of goods to be produced at a faster rate?
A. Modern Time C. Ancient Time
B. Colonial Time D. Medieval Time

30. What are the Sumerians famous for?

A. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon C. The making of silk cloth out of silk worm
B. Forming the first human civilization D. The use of cosmetics for health and aesthetics

31. Why does pasteurization prolong the shelf life of dairy products?
A. Because it turned bad bacteria to good bacteria.
B. Because it limits the capability of bacteria to divide.
C. Because of heat treatment that kills pathogenic bacteria.
D. Because of heat treatment it deforms protein components.

32. Another term for Mesopotamia and its Greek word?

A. Cradle of Civilization: Between Rivers
B. Cradle of Sumerian: Between Lakes
C. Cradle of Babylonian: Between Rivers
D. Cradle of Rome: Between Lakes

33. The following are function of PAGASA in the Philippines, EXCEPT?

 A. provide public weather forecasts and advisories
B. provide meteorological, astronomical, and climatologically functions
C. provide foods and shelter to those community affected by natural calamities
D. provide information and services primarily for the protection of life and property

34. It is the time where all humans were hunter-gatherers.

A. Stone Age C. 19th Century
B. Ancient Civilization D. Medieval and Modern Technologies

35. Science from the Latin word __________ meaning ____________?

A. Scientia: Knowledge B. Technology: Knowledge C. Scientia: Society D. Science:
Knowledge

LESSO
N

INTELLECTUAL
2 REVOLUTIONS
3
HOURS

Intellectual revolution is the period where paradigm shifts occurred. It is where the scientific beliefs that
have been widely embraced and accepted by the people where challenged and opposed.

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

a. Discuss the paradigm shift through history,
b. Explain how the Intellectual Revolution changed the way humans see the world
c. Describe the technological advancements that happened in the information age.
 d. Present an argument in the form of debate on the innovations and technological advances in the
information age.
e. Relate the importance of intellectual revolution to the development of Science and Technology

Q and A Session
Instruction: Write your answer in your assessment notebook

a. What do you think will happen if the earth is the center of the solar system?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

b. Do you believe in horoscopes? Why?

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

c. Can you compare yourself to an ape? Yes or No? Why?

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

You may wonder why there are various ideas about the solar system in the past. How horoscopes were
created and the controversial ideology about human evolution. You will find it out as you journey in finding
new discoveries in this module.

Scientific Revolution
Science is as old as the world itself. There is no individual that can exactly identify when and
where science began. From the genesis of time, science has existed. It is always interwoven the
society. So, how can science be defined?
 1. Science as an idea. It includes ideas, theories and all available systematic explanations and
observations about the natural and physical world.
2. Science as an intellectual activity. It encompasses a systematic and practical study of the
natural and physical world. This process of study involves systematic observation and
experimentation.
3. Science as a body of knowledge. It is a subject or a discipline. A field of study, or a body of
knowledge that deals with the process of learning about the natural and physical world. This
is what we refer to as school science.
4. Science as a personal and social activity. This explains that science is both knowledge and activities
done by human beings to develop better understanding of the world around them. It is means to
improve life and to survive in life. It is interwoven with people live. Human beings have remarked in
scientific activities in order to know and understand everything around them. They have persistently
observed and studied the natural and physical world in order to find meanings and seek answer to
many questions.

The idea of scientific revolution is claimed to

have started in the early 16th century up to the
18th century in Europe. Why in Europe? The
probable answer is the invention of the printing
machine and the blooming intellectual activities
done in various places of learning and the
growing number of scholars in various fields of
humans’ interests. This does not mean,
however, that science is a foreign idea
transported from other areas of the globe.
Scientific revolution was the period of
enlightenment when the developments in the
fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy,
biology and chemistry transformed the views of
society about nature. It explained the
emergence of birth of modern science as results
of these developments from the discipline mentioned. Scientific revolution was the golden age for people
committed to scholarly life in science but it was also deeply trying moment to some scientific individuals
that led to their painful death or condemnation from the religious institutions who tried to preserve their
faith, religion, and theological views. It has been established that most, if not all, of the discoveries and
inventions in science and technology during each time period were due to human needs and wants.
Brilliant minds responded to the call of the times and created things that could make life easier for the
people. The developments during the Intellectual Revolutions showed how society was transformed by
science and technology.
This chapter aims to establish the interaction between science and technology and society, cementing
further the relationship as introduced in the previous chapter. Intellectual Revolution a.k.a Scientific
Revolution of theories/models=paradigm. Intellect means (mind and knowledge or (reasoning and
understanding). Intellectualism started when human knowledge begun to be disseminated (papyrus,
writing on the walls, printing press) – published materials, books, journals and the media information age.
 Thomas Samuel Kuhn (1922-1996)
• The Man who changed the Way the
World looked at Science (Scientific
Revolution – paradigm shifts)
• Physicist from Harvard, Berkeley,
Princeton, Cambridge

Karl Popper (1902-1994)

• A Great Contemporary Philosopher
(20th Century)

Kuhn’s Cycle (Structure of Scientific Revolutions)

Pre-science – In the beginning, there is no workable paradigm (model) to successfully guide the
work in a particular field.
1. Normal Science - The normal step, where the field has a scientifically based model of
understanding (a paradigm) that works. (positivist)
2. Model Drift - The model of understanding starts to drift, due to accumulation of
anomalies/controversies, phenomenon the model cannot explain.
3. Model Crisis - The Model Drift/Anomalies become so excessive the model is broken. It
can no longer serve as a reliable guide to problem solving. Attempts to patch the model up
to make it work fail. The field is in anguish.
4. Model Revolution – Revolution begins when serious candidates for a new model emerge.
It's a revolution because the new model is so radically different from the old one.
5. Paradigm Change/Shift - A single new paradigm emerges and the field changes from the
old to the new paradigm. When this step ends the new paradigm becomes the new Normal
Science and the Kuhn Cycle is complete
 Copernican revolution
 In early times, people
questioned what created
days and nights.
 Many Greek philosopher and
intellectual wrote about
planets in an attempt to
explain the movement of
heavenly bodies and their
effects on the world as they
knew it.
 Philosopher agreed that
planets moved around in circular motion, and that these movement created days
and nights among others.
 This caused the paradigm shift of how the earth and sun were placed in the
heavens/universe. It is the idea that rejected Ptolemaic model (earth is the center of

The solar system) and proved the heliocentric model (Sun is the center of the solar system having the earth
revolving around it.)

CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY
Stated that the planets, as well as the sun
and the moon, moved in a circular motion
around the Earth.
He called his theory GEOCENTRISM

NICOLAS COPERNICUS
Introduce a new concept known as
HELIOCENTRISM.
Suggested that the center of the Solar
System was not the Earth but actually the
sun.
The birth of Modern Astronomy Take
place

Darwinian Revolution
“Charles Robert Darwin” –Darwin’s full
name
Charles Darwin was a British naturalist who developed a
theory of evolution based on natural selection. His views
and “social Darwinism” remain controversial.
This has brought a great impact on how people approach
Biology forever. This revolution provided a different
than the "theory of Creation". The Darwinian revolution
started when Charles Darwin published his book "The Origin of Species" that emphasizes that humans are
the result of an evolution.
One of the most
controversial intellectual
revolution of its time.
Different Theories
created includes
The origin of the
species - the
development of different
life forms over millions
of years
Theory of natural
selection- the process
whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to

survive and produce more offspring. The theory of its action was first fully expounded by Charles Darwin
and is now believed to be the main process that brings about evolution.
Theory of Evolution- a theory of organic evolution claiming that new species arise and are perpetuated by
natural selection

Freudian Revolution
Sigmund Freud (1856 to 1939) was the
founding father of psychoanalysis, a
method for treating mental illness and
also a theory which explains human
behavior.
This theory has started to revolutionize
Psychiatry with Sigmund Freud. This
includes the "Freudian Theory of
Personality" that involves the human
development contributes to his/her
personality and also his
"psychoanalysis" that is the process for
achieving proper functioning if a human does not complete his/her developmental stage.
Psychoanalysis is the study that explains human behavior. Freud explained that there are many conscious
and unconscious factors that can influence behavior and emotions.
He explains the human behavior that there are many conscious and unconscious factors that influence
behavior and emotion.
He argued that personality is a product of three
conflicting elements: id, ego and superego.
Id- Instinct, Ego- Reality, Superego-morality

CRADLE OF EARLY SCIENCE

Development of Science in Mesoamerica
Mesoamerica includes the entire area of Central America from southern Mexico up to the border of South
America. There is no doubt that the Mesoamerican region is rich in culture and knowledge prior to the
arrival of its Europe colonizers. Mesoamerican civilization, the complex of indigenous cultures that
developed in parts of Mexico and Central America prior to Spanish exploration and conquest in the 16th
century. In the organization of its kingdoms and empires, the sophistication of its monuments and cities,
and the extent and refinement of its intellectual accomplishments, the Mesoamerican civilization, along
with the comparable Andean civilization farther south, constitutes a New World counterpart to those
of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and China.

Archaeologists
have dated human
presence in
Mesoamerica to possibly
as early as
21,000 BCE (though the
dating of the Valsequillo
finds on which that early
date is based remains
controversial). By
11,000 BCE, hunting-
and-gathering
peoples occupied most
of the New World south
of the glacial ice cap
covering northern North
America. The cooler climate of this period as compared with that of the present day supported
a grassland vegetation, especially in the highland valleys, that was ideal for large herds of grazing
animals. The shift toward sedentary agriculture apparently began after about 7000 BCE, when a
dramatic global warming caused the glaciers to retreat The gradual domestication of successful
food plants—most notably a mutant corn (maize) with husks, dating to c. 5300 BCE—over
succeeding millennia gave rise to more or less permanent village farming life by about 1500 BCE. In
addition to corn, crops included beans, squashes, chili peppers, and cotton. As agricultural
productivity improved, the rudiments of civilization emerged during the period designated by
archaeologists as the Early Formative (1500–900 BCE). Pottery, which had appeared in some areas
of the region as early as 2300 BCE, perhaps introduced from Andean cultures to the south, took on
varied and sophisticated forms. The idea of the temple-pyramid seems to have taken root during
these period and tropical forests to overtake the Mesoamerican grasslands.
Mayan Civilization is one of the famous civilizations that lasted for approximately 2,000
years. These people are known for their works in astronomy. They incorporated their advanced
understanding for astronomy into their temples and other religious structures. This allows them to
use their temples for astronomical observation. For example, the pyramid at Chichen Itza in Mexico
is situated at the location of the Sun during the spring and fall equinoxes.
The Maya civilization was a
Mesoamerican civilization developed by the
Maya peoples, and noted for its logo syllabic
script—the most sophisticated and highly
developed writing system in pre-Columbian
Americas—as well as for its art, architecture,
mathematics, calendar, and astronomical
system.
 Mayan knowledge and understanding about celestial bodies was advanced for their time, as
evidenced by their knowledge of predicting eclipse and using astrological cycles in planting and
harvesting. The Mayans are also known for measuring time using two complicated calendar
systems. These calendars were very useful for their religious rituals and cultural celebrations. The
Mayans also developed the technology for growing different crops and building elaborate cities
using ordinary machines and tools. The Mayans also built looms for weaving cloth and devised a
rainbow of glittery paints made from a mineral called mica.
Mayans believed to be one of the first people to produce rubber products 3,000 years
before Goodyear received its patent in 1844. They are considered one of the most scientifically
advanced societies in Mesoamerica. They are also famous as one of the world’s first civilizations to
use a writing system known as the Mayan hieroglyphics. They were also skilled in mathematics and
created number system based on the numeral 20. They developed the concept of zero and
positional value, even before the Romans did.

The Inca Civilizations is also famous in

Mesoamerica. The Inca made advanced
scientific ideas considering their limitations
as old civilizations. The following were
scientific ideas and tools that they developed
to help them in everyday life:
1. Roads paved with stones;
2. Stone buildings that surmounted
earthquakes and other disasters;
3. Irrigation system and technique for
storing water for their crops to grow
in all types of land;
4. Calendar with 12 months to mark their religious festivals and prepare them for planting season;
5. The first suspension bridge;
6. quipu, a system of knotted ropes to keep records that only experts can interpret; and
7. Inca textiles, since cloth was one of the specially prized artistic achievements.

The Aztec Civilizations has also made substantial contributions to Science and Technology and to the
society as a whole. Some of their contributions are the following:

1. Mandatory Education:
2. The Aztec puts value on
education; that is why their
children are mandated to get
education regardless of their
social class, gender, or age. It is
an early form of universal or
inclusive education.
3. Chocolates: The Aztec in
Mexico developed chocolate
during their time. In mayan
culture, they used it as
currency. The Aztec valued the cacao beans highly and made it as part of their tribute to their gods.
4. Antispasmodic Medication: They use a type of antispasmodic medication that could prevent
muscle spasm and relax muscles, which could help during surgery.
5. Chinampa: It is a form of Aztec technology for agricultural framing in which the land was divided
into rectangular areas and surrounded by canals.
6. Aztec Calendar: This enabled them to plan their activities, rituals, and planting season.
7. Invention of the Canoe: A light narrow boat used for traveling in water system.

DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN ASIA

Asia is the biggest continent in the word
and the home of many ancient civilizations. It is a
host to many cultural, economic, scientific, and
political activities of all ages. In the field of science,
technology and mathematics, great civilizations
have stood out: India, China and the Middle East
civilizations to the development of knowledge
during their time.

India
India is huge
peninsula surrounded by
vast bodies of water and
fortified by huge
mountains in its
northern boarders. The
Indians creatively
developed various ideas
and technologies useful
in their everyday lives. They are known for manufacturing iron and in metallurgical works. Their
iron steel is considered to be the best and held with high regard in the whole of Roman Empire.
India is also famous in medicine. For example, Ayurveda, a system of traditional medicine
that orifinated in ancient India before 2500 BC, is still practiced as form of alternative medicine.
They discovered some medicinal properties of plants that led them to develop medicones to cure
various illnesses. Some ancient texts, like the Susruta Samhita, describes different surgical and
other medical procedures famous in Ancient India.
Ancient India is also notable in the field of astronomy. They developed theories on the
configuration of the universe, the spherical self-supporting Earth, and the year of 360 days with
equal parts of 30 days each. The interest in astronomy was also evident in the 1 st 12 chapter of the
Siddhanta Shiromani written in the 12th century. This ancient text covered topics such as; mean
longitudes of the planets, true longitudes of the planets, the three problems of diurnal rotation,
syzgies, lunar eclipses, solar eclipses, latitudes of the planets, rising and settings, the moon’s
crescent, conjunctions of the planets with each other, conjunctions of the planets with the fixed
stars, and the paths of the sun and moon.

Ancient india was known for their mathematics. The earlier traces of mathematical
knowledge on the Indian subcontinent appeared in the Indus valley civilizations. The people of this
civilization tried to standardize measurement of length to high degree of accuracy and designed a
ruler, the Mohenjodaro ruler. Aryabhatiya is an Indian astronomer and mathematician introduces a
number of trigonometric functions, tables and techniques as well as algorithms of algebra. Another
Indian Brahmagupa also suggested that gravity was a force of attraction and lucidly explained the
use of zero as both placeholder and the decimal digit, along with the Hindu- Arabic numeral system
now used universally throughout the world. Another Indian name Madhava of Sangamagrama is
also considered as the founder of the mathematical analysis.
China
China is one of the ancient
civilizations with substantial contributions
in many areas in life like medicine,
astronomy, science, mathematics, arts,
philosophy and music among others.
Chinese civilizations have greatly
influenced many of its neighbor countries
like Korea, Japan, Philippines Vietnam,
Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, and other
countries that belong to the old Silk Road.
The Chinese was known for
traditional medicines, a product of
centuries of experiences and discovery of
the Chinese people. They discovered
various medical properties and uses of
different plants and animals to cure human illness. An example is the practice of Acupuncture.
In terms of technology, the Chinese are known to develop many tools. Among the famous
discoveries and inventions of the Chinese civilizations were compass, papermaking, gunpowder,
and printing tools that became known in the west only by the end of the middle ages. They
invented also other tools like iron plough, wheelbarrow, and propeller, among others. They develop
a designed of different models of detector and developed a dry dock facility.
In the field of astronomy, the Chinese also made significant records on supernovas, lunar
and solar eclipses, and comets, which were carefully recorded and preserved to understand better
the heavenly bodies and their effects to our world. They observed the heavenly bodies to
understand weather changes and seasons that may affect their daily activities. They used lunar
calendars, too. The Chinese are also known in seismology. This made them more prepared in times
of natural calamities.
China made substantial contributions in various fields. The list of their discoveries and
inventions is overwhelming. These contributions were made along with mathematics, logic,
philosophy, and medicine. However, cultural factors prevented these Chinese achievements from
developing into modern science. It may have been the religious and philosophical framework of
Chinese intellectuals that made them unable to accept the ideas of laws of nature.

Middle East Countries

The Middle East

countries are dominantly
occupied by Muslim. With the
spread of Islam in the 7th and 8th
centuries, a period of Muslim
scholarship, or what is called
the Golden Age of Islam lasted
until the 13th century. The
common language of Arabic,
access to Greek text from the
Byzantine Empire, and their
proximity to India were
contributory to the
intellectualization of the
Muslims and provide their scholars knowledge to create innovations and develop new ideas. But
contrary to the Greeks, Muslim scientist placed greater value on science experiments rather than
 plain- though experiments. This led to the development of the scientific method in the Muslim
world, and made significant improvements by using experiments to distinguish between competing
scientific theories set within a generally empirical orientation .A Muslim scientist named Ibn al-
Haytham is also regarded as the Father of Optics, especially for his empirical proof of the
intromission theory of light. In mathematics, the mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa al-
Khwarizmi gave his name to the concept of the algorithm while the term algebra is derived from al-
jab the beginning of the title of one of his publications .What is now known as the Arabic Numeral
System originally came from India, but Muslim mathematicians did make several refinements to the
number system, such as the introduction of decimal point notation.
Muslim chemist and alchemist also played an important role in the foundation of modern
chemistry. In particular, some scholar considered JābiribnHayyān to be the ʺFather of Chemistryʺ.
In the field of medicine, IbnSina pioneered the science of experimental medicine and was
the first physician to conduct clinical trials. His two most notable works in medicine, the Book of
Healing and the Canon of Medicine, were used as standard medical text in both the Muslim world
in Europe during the 17th century. Among his many contributions are the discovery of the
contagious nature of infection diseases and the introduction of clinical pharmacology.
There are numerous Muslim scholars who made significant contributions in the field of
science, mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, and even in the field of social sciences. The decline
of the golden age of Islam started in the 11 th to 13th century due to the conquest of the Mongols
whereby libraries, observatories, and other learning institutions were destroy.

Development of Science in Africa

Africa is blessed with natural and mineral resources. Science also emerged in this part of the
planet long before the Europeans colonized it. The history of science and mathematics show that
similar to the ancient civilizations, the early civilization in Africa is knowledge producers, too.
The ancient Egyptian civilization has contributed immensely and made significant advances
in the fields of astronomy, mathematics, and medicine .For example, the development of geometry
was a product of necessity to preserve the layout and ownership of farmlands of the Egyptians
living along the Nile River. The rules of geometry were developed and used to build rectilinear
structures, the post of lintel architecture of Egypt .These early science activities in Egypt were
develop to improve

the quality of life of the

Egyptians especially in building their
early homes and cities .The great
structure of the Egyptian pyramids and
the early dams built to divert water
from the Nile River are some proofs of
their advanced civilization.
Egypt was known to be a center
of alchemy, which is known as the
medieval forerunner of chemistry. They
tried to study human anatomy and
pharmacology, and applied important
components such as examination,
diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis for
the treatment of diseases. These components displayed strong parallels to the basic empirical
method of studying science.
Astronomy was also famous in the African region .For instance documents show that African
used three types of calendars: lunar, solar, and stellar or a combination of the three.
Metallurgy was also known in the African regions during the ancient time. North Africa and
the Nile Valley imported iron technology from the Near East region that enabled them to benefit
 from the developments during the Bronze Age until the Iron Age .They invented metal tools used in
their homes ,in agriculture ,and in building their magnificent architectures.
Mathematics was also known to be prominent in the life of early people in the African
continent. The Lebombo Bone from the mountains between Swaziland and South Africa, which may
have been a tool for multiplication, division and simple mathematical calculation or a six months
lunar calendar is considered to be the oldest known mathematical artifact dated from 35,000BCE.
Ancient Egyptians are good in the four fundamental mathematical operations and other
mathematical skills. They have knowledge of the basic concept of algebra and geometry .The
Islamic regions in Africa during the medieval period was also benefiting from mathematical
learning, which is considered advanced during those times, such as algebra, geometry , and
trigonometry.

Part 1: Questions for Reflection

Instruction:Explain each of the following questions in 5-7 sentences. You may refer to the rubrics provided
how your work will be graded. Write the letter of the correct answer in your assessment notebook.

1. How did society shape science and how did science shape society?
2. How do social and human issues influence science?
3. How do the political and cultural landscapes of the society affect the development of scientific
culture, science activities, and science literacy?
4. Considering the current state of our society, do you think science literacy among people has
contributed to the growth of our economy?
5. How can science influence government policies?
6. Why do you think were most intellectual ideas controversial
7. Why did the people accept these new discoveries despite being contradictory to what was widely
accepted at that time?
8. How to intellectual revolutions transform societies?
9. Can you name other scientific revolutions that happened in the following places?
a. Meso-America
b. Asia
c. Middle East
d. Africa
10. What do you think are the positive and the negative results brought about by innovations and
technological advances in the information age

Part II: Creating a timeline (10 Points)

Instruction: Find your partner. At this time you will be giving the time to remember the past and make a
timeline.

1. Review the history of science and make a timeline highlighting the major discoveries and
development in science
Multiple Choice.
Direction: Read the following questions carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer in your
Assessment notebook.
1. Which civilization developed the following: seismological detectors, matches, paper, sliding calipers and
wheel borrow.
A. Chinese B. Egyptians C. Islam D. Indians

2. Why were Intellectual ideas controversial?

A. Incomplete empirical observations/some phenomenon cannot provide generalization remain
theoretical.
B. Intellectuals/philosophers and mathematicians try to debate on theories
C. Religious acceptance, beliefs/intellectual society-popular perceptions/consensus
D. All of the Above

3. What revolution was considered as one of the most controversial intellectual revolutions of its time
which contradictory to the teachings of the church?
A. Darwinian Revolution B. Copernican Revolution C. Freudian Revolution D. Marxism Revolution

4. What is the contribution of Copernicus in astronomy?

A. He discovered the Sun was not at the center of the Milky Way.
B. He laid out the order and relative motion of the known solar system.
C. He discovered that the planets move around the Sun in elliptical orbits.
D. His telescope revealed the four moons of Jupiter, a model solar system.

5. Which of the following statements is part in both Ptolemaic and Copernican models?
A. The Earth orbits the Sun once a year.
B. The Moon orbits the Earth once a month.
C. The Sun lies in the center of the Cosmos.
D. Venus' epicycle must always lie between us and the Sun.

6. According to Darwin's theory of natural selection, individuals who survive are the ones who best
adapted to their environment. Their survival is due to the_______________.
A. Adaptation to their habitat
B. Competing with other species
C. Darwin's theory of natural selection
D. Possession of inherited adaptations that maximize fitness

7. What is the technological influenced of American empire in the Philippines?

A. They introduced English, Modernized the country with new 20th century technologies.
B. They bought the islands for USD 20 Million to Spain, similar to what they did to Alaska.
C. They dissolved the monarchical system of the past and instated their own “democratic” system
D. They fought with the First Philippine Republic through the Philippine-American War and went
victorious

8. Who is the Great Contemporary Philosopher, tell that Science may be described as the art of systematic
oversimplification?
A. Kearl Popper B. Karl Poper C. Karl Popper D. All of the Above
9. Which of the following is an example of evolution?
A. A television design from black and white, boxy retro style to flat screen, high-definition displays
B. The new house mouse, which can survive humankind’s deadliest rodenticide.
C. As noted years back, the bedbug suddenly reappeared stronger than ever
D. All of the above

10. What could be the possible reason/s why technologies evolve?

A. To address the ever growing life issues and complexity
B. To maintain connections in terms of trade and commerce
C. To create things that could make work done at a faster rate
D. All of the above

11. Sigmund Freud is the father of _______________.

A. Psychology B. Psychoanalysis C. Behaviorism D. Social Analysis

12. According to Freud, what is the function of the "ego"?

A. To boost a person's self-confidence.
B. To motivate person’s through reward system
C. To push for the fulfillment of one's self-interests.
D. To mediate between impulsive drives and the moral conscience.

13. What did Freud consider to be the role of the "id"?

A. To represent innate, instinctive desires and impulses.
B. To be aware of the needs and feelings of those around us.
C. To be aware of one’s behavior and responses of those around us.
D. To moderate our impulses, acting as the moral conscience of the mind.

14. What is the role of the "super ego"?

A. To reveal a person's repressed desires.
B. To sustain respect to individual personality
C. To inflate a person's ego and provide a self confidence boost.
D. To provide a conscience and awareness of others through feelings such as guilt.

15. Which empire had a longest influenced in the country?

A. Spanish Empire B. Japanese Empire C. Arabian Empire D. American Empire

16. What is the technological influence of Spanish empire in the Philippines?

A. They were the colonizer with the strong control over the Philippine Islands.
B. They dissolved the monarchical system of the past and instated their own “democratic” system
C. They introduced the Industrial Revolution to the Philippines with the railways, better and more modern
shipping trade routes.
D. They unified the islands, gave it a name after their King and was successful for spreading
Christianity in the archipelago.

17. Who states that “Love is the only sane and satisfactory answer to the problem of human existence.”
A. Erizh Fromm B. Samuel Kuhn C. Charles Darwin D. Sigmund Freud

18. In what Intellectual Revolutions People questioned what created days and nights?
A. Copernican Revolution B. Darwinian Revolution C. Freudian Revolution D. None of them

19. A Polish mathematician and astronomer that introduced the new concept known Heliocentrism?
A. Nicolaus Copernicus B. Claudius Ptolemy C. Rene Discartes D. All of them
20. What is the Concept of Heliocentrism?
A. The planets as well as the sun and the moon moved in a circular motion around the earth.
He believed that the Earth was at the center.
B. The planets as well as the sun and the moon moved in a circular motion around the earth.
He believed that the Sun was at the center.
C. A. The planets as well as the sun and the moon moved in a circular motion around the earth.
He believed that the Planets was at the center.
D. All of the Above

LESSO
N
SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND
3 NATION BUILDING
3
HOURS

The development of science and technology in the Philippines has already come a long way. Many
significant inventions and discoveries have been accomplished by or attributed to Filipinos. This Chapter
tackles how the development of science and technology affect the development of the Philippines as a
nation.

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

a. Explain how early Filipinos applied scientific principles in their daily living.
b. Discuss the government policies on science and technology in nation building.
c. Cite the role and contribution of science and technology in nation building
d. Make a creative video presentation on the contributions of the different past presidents after Marcos
in science and technology.

Trivia: How much do you know about your country Philippines?

Direction:Read and understand each of the following questions carefully. Write your answer in your
assessment notebook.
1. "Marcha Filipina Magdalo"was the original title of the Philippines' national anthem before it was
changed to"Marcha Nacional Filipina"and thento"Lupang Hinirang."
a. True
b. False

2. How many provinces are there?

a. 93 c. 71
b. 81 d. 65

3. Who was the"Hero of Tirad Pass?"

a. Juan Luna c. Gregorio del Pilar
b. Andres Bonifacio d. Marcelo H. del Pilar

4. The Mayon Volcano is located in what province in Region V?

a. CamarinesSur c. Catanduanes
b. Albay d. Masbate

5. Which Philippine hero was born in Ilocos Norte and was also known for his"Spoliarium"?
a. JuanLuna c. EmilioJacinto
b. Gen. AntonioLuna d. AndresBonifacio

6. What is the"world's smallest commercial fish"that can be found in Bicol?

a. sinarapan c. sardine
b. dilis d. shrimp

7. In which town is the"First Monument of Rizal"located?

a. Naga c. Daet
b. Manila d. Basud

8. How many cities and municipalities does the National Capital Region (NCR) have?
a. 17 c. 13
b. 20 d. 15

9. What are the official languages of the Philippines?

a. Cebuano and Chinese c. Bicol and Ilocano
b. Tagalog and Spanish d. Filipino and English

10. Who is considered the second president of the Philippines?

a. Ramon Magsaysay c. Fidel Castro
b. Manuel L. Quezon d. Fidel V. Ramos

It's good to know that you're still knowledgeable enough about the history of the Philippines. As a Filipino,
you must be proud of who you are and what you can give to your country. In this lesson, you will find new
things and new insights that will make you realized that Filipinos are one of a kind race.
 The developments of Science and Technology in the Philippines have already come a long
way. Many significant inventions and discoveries have been accomplished by or attributed to
Filipinos.

PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
Scientific and
technological
development in the
Philippines began in the
pre-colonial period. Even
before the Spaniards
came to the Philippine
islands, early Filipino
settlers were already
using certain plants and
herbs as medicines.
Systems of farming and
animal-raising were also
implemented. Moreover, early Filipinos had also developed different modes of transportation,
whether terrestrial or maritime.
A complicated engineering feat was achieved by the natives of the Cordilleras when they
built rice terraces by hand. Through these terraces, the people were able to cultivate crops on the
mountainsides in cold temperatures. They incorporated an irrigation system that uses water from
the forests and mountain tops to achieve an terraces of the Cordilleras, which is still functional,
show the innovative and ingenious way of the natives to survive in otherwise unfriendly
environment.
The developments of Science and Technology in the Philippines have already come a long
way. Many significant inventions and discoveries have been accomplished by or attributed to
Filipinos Scientific and technologies development in the
Philippines began in the pre-colonial period. Even before the
Spaniards came to the Philippine islands, early Filipino settlers
already are using certain plants and herbs as medicines.
System of farming and animal raising were also
implemented. Some Filipino’s had also developed different
modes of transportation, whether terrestrial of submarines.
A complicated engineering feat was achieved by
the natives of the Cordilleras when they build rice terraces by
hand. With this, people will cultivate crops on the mountainside
in cold temperatures. They incorporated an irrigation system that
uses water from the forest and mountain tops to achieve an
collaborate farming system, this invention shows the innovative
and indigenous way of natives to survive in an otherwise
unfriendly environment.
 Communities of various ethnic groups in the archipelago established city-states often
governed by a raja or a lakan. These city-states were formed by assimilating small political units
known as barangay that were each led by a datu. Each barangay consisted of about a hundred
families.
By the 5th century, the city-states in the Philippine archipelago were organized in strict
social classes as follows:
 Datu (ruling class)
 Maginoo (noble class, where the datu ascends from)
 Maharlika (Warrior class)
 Timawa (freemen)
 Alipin (dependent class), classified into alipingnamamahay (serfs)
and alipingsaguiguilid (slaves)

In Luzon
In the Cagayan Valley, the head of the Ilongot city-states was called a benganganat, while
for the Gaddang it was called a mingal.
The Ilocano people in northwestern Luzon were originally located in modern-day Ilocos Sur
and were led by a babacnang. Their polity was called Samtoy which did not have a royal family but
was headed as a chieftaincy.
The people of the Cordilleras, collectively known by the Spanish as Igorot, were headed by
an apo. These civilizations were highland plutocracies with distinct cultures where most were
headhunters. According to literature, some Igorot people were always at war with the lowland
Ilocano people from the west.

In Mindanao
The Lumad people from inland Mindanao are known to have been headed by a datu. The
Subanon people in the Zamboanga Peninsula were ruled by a timuay until they were overcame by
the Sultanate of Sulu in the 13th century.
The Sama-Bajau people in Sulu who were not Muslims nor affiliated with the Sultanate of
Sulu were ruled by a nakurah before the arrival of Islam.

COLONIAL PERIOD
Colonization by the
Spaniards provided the Philippines
with modern means of
construction. Walls, roads, bridges,
and other large infrastructures
were built using some of the
engineering skills and tools
brought by the Spaniards. In
addition, the Spanish government
developed health and education
systems that were enjoyed by the
principaliaclass.

The American occupation modernized almost all aspects of life in the Philippines. They
established a government agency, the Bureau of Science, for the sole purpose of nurturing
development in the field of science and technology.
 Colonization by the Spaniard provided the Philippines with modern means of construction
walls, roads, bridges, and other large infrastructure were built using some of the engineering skills
and tools brought by the Spaniards.
Spaniards Government developed health and education system that were enjoyed by the
“Principalia Class”
The Principalia or noble class was the ruling and usually educated upper class in the towns
of colonial Philippines, composed of the Gobernadorcillo (who had functions similar to town
mayor) and the Cabezas de Barangay (chiefs of the barangays) who governed the districts. The
distinction of status of being part of the principalia was a hereditary right.
The Principalia was the first estate of the four echelons of Filipino society at the time of
contact with the Spaniards, as described by Fr. Juan de Plasencia, a pioneer Franciscan missionary
in the Philippines.

POST-COLONIAL PERIOD

After achieving independence from

the colonizers, the Philippines, under
different administrations, continued to
pursue programs in science and
technology. Each leadership had its own
science and technology agenda. However,
it is important to note than some
Philippine presidents posted more
developments in the field than others.

One of the presidents who ushered in advancements in science and technology was former
president and dictator Ferdinand Marcos. Under his term, many agencies in science and
technology were established and strengthened, including the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical
and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) in place of the abolished Weather Bureau;
the National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST); and the reconstituted National Science
and Technology Authority (originally established in 1958 as the National Science and Development
Board and now the Department of Science and Technology), among others. Marcos saw that the
key to nation-building is the continued development of science and technology. The progress in
science and technology continued even after his dictatorial rule and the presidents after him left
their own legacies in the field.

Questions for Reflections

Instruction:Explain each of the following questions in 5-10 sentences. You may refer to the rubrics
provided on how your work will be graded. (5 Points)

1. Trace the development of science and technology from the pre-colonial time up to the present.
What have you observed?
2. What do you think are the major contributions of science and technology to Philippines nation-
building?
 3. What specific government policies do you like the most in terms of contributing to the
development of science and technology?
4. What do you think are the major contributions of the Philippines to the field at present?
5. What policies do you want the government to implement in the near future?

Multiple Choice
Direction: Read the following questions carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer in your
Assessment notebook.

1. The following are function of PAGASA in the Philippines, EXCEPT;

A. provide public weather forecasts and advisories
B. provide meteorological, astronomical, and climatologically functions
C. provide foods and shelter to those community affected by natural calamities
D. provide information and services primarily for the protection of life and property

2. Who is the Philippine president amended 1973 Philippine Constitution, Article XV, Section 9 (1),
declaring that the advancement of science and technology shall have priority in the national development?
A. Fidel Ramos C. Ferdinand Marcos
B. Benigno Aquino III D. Manuel L. Quezon

3. In what period were Filipinos used plants and herbs as medicines, and implement farming and animal
raising system.
A. Pre-Colonial Period B. Colonial Period C. Post- Colonial Period D. Medieval Period

4. Which of the following descriptions that talks about the Post-colonial culture in the Philippines?
A. System of farming and animal raising were implemented
B. Development of agency to strengthen science and technology in the country
C. The means of construction of walls, roads, bridges, and other infrastructures using engineering skills
D. Development of rice terraces by hand and incorporate irrigation system using water from mountains

5. How the Spanish empire influenced the technological advancement in the Philippines?
A. They were the colonizer with the strong control over the Philippine Islands.
B. They dissolved the monarchical system of the past and instated their own “democratic” system
C. They unified the islands, gave it a name after their King and were successful for spreading Christianity
in the archipelago.
D. They introduced the Industrial Revolution to the Philippines with the railways, better and more
modern shipping trade routes.

6. What is the role of science and technology in nation building?

A. Preservation of culture and arts
B. Establishment of national order
C. Establishment of a government policy
D. Alteration of the way people live with profound effects on economic development

7. All are descriptions of pre-colonial culture in the Philippines, EXCEPT?

 A. The literacy rate was high.
B. Several professions already existed.
C. We already had an advanced technology used.
D. They had the know-how to make advanced weapons.

8. The President of the Philippines who amended 1973 Philippine Constitution, Article XV, Section 9 (1),
declaring that the "advancement of science and technology shall have priority in the national
development”.
A. Ferdinand Marcos B. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo C. Ninoy Aquino [Link] P. Romulo

9. The President who signed into law the Balik Scientist Program, which seeks to provide incentives to
Filipino scientists to entice them to return to the country. It is known as RA 110351 which mandates the
Department of Science and Technology (DOST) to invite Filipino scientists to return to the Philippines to fill
in the gaps in scientific and technological expertise in the country.
A. Corazon Aquino B. Benigno Aquino Jr. C .Rodrigo Dueterte D. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo

10. Which of the following is NOT the function of Department of Science and Technology in the
Philippines?
A. Promote public consciousness in science and technology.
B. Undertake policy research, technology assessment, feasibility and technical studies.
C. Develop and maintain an information system and databank on commerce and industry sector
D. Undertake design and engineering works to complement research and development functions.

RUBRICS

Video Presentation

Needs
Excellent (5pts) Good (4pts) Satisfactory (3pts) Improvement
(1-2pts)
The video clearly The video The video The video does not
Concept demonstrates a key demonstrates key demonstrates a demonstrate a clear
concept. concepts. previous concept. concept.
The quality and
The quality and The quality and
The video clearly materials in the video
materials in the video materials in the video
Design demonstrates a lacked some
adequately organized are not organized and
key concept. organization and 50%
and somewhat clear lack clarity.
clear.
The majority of
All members Only one person
the members Half of the group did
Participation demonstrate an active demonstrated an
demonstrate an active most of the work.
role in the process active role.
role
Final product l
Final product looks
Final product looks required more Final product looks
decent and the
professional and the revisions and the unrefined and the
Final Product concepts were
concepts were visibly concepts were concepts were not
somewhat
demonstrated. not clearly demonstrated.
demonstrated.
demonstrated.
 Explanation Writing Rubrics

Shows a thorough understanding of the concept or material and extends the understanding
Distinguished beyond the requirements (e.g., relating concepts/materials to other concepts/materials, offering
(5 points) new ideas, by a deep and nuanced analysis, or by demonstrating a level of skill beyond
expectations for proficiency)
Proficient Show a complete and correct understanding of the concept or the ability to perform the skill as
(4 Points) articulated.
Basic Shows partial mastery of prerequisite knowledge and a rudimentary or incomplete understanding
(3 Points) of the concept or a rudimentary ability to perform the skill as articulated.
Unsatisfactory (1-2 Shows serious misconceptions or lack of understanding of the concept or an inability to perform
Points) the skill.

Activity Output Rubrics

5 Points 4 Points 3 Points 2 Points 1 Points
Poor. Add some
Good but still Fair and need to
Overall Impact. Excellent. Very Good. effort to get a
could do better. try harder.
higher grade.
Good. Answered
Very Good. The the questions
students were correctly but still
Excellent. The
able almost missing the whole Fair. Answered Poor. Put no effort
student was able
answer the point for their the questions in answering the
Answers to Each to answer the
question correctly answer to the without trying. Did question. Did not
Questions. question correctly.
though missing question. Needs not explain the explain answer at
Explained the idea
some more ideas. to improve the answers very well. all.
very well.
Explained the idea way he/she
well. explains his/her
answer.
The paper is
No erasures on Has lots of Very dirty output
almost full of
the paper. Very Has little erasures. erasures but still and the writing is
Neatness and erasures and the
Neat. The writing Almost neat. The looking neat. The very untidy
Readability writing is almost
is very neat as writing is neat. writing makes it making it
impossible to
well. difficult to read. unreadable.
read.