ME 331 Heat and Mass Transfer
Lecture W2/1
INTRODUCTION
AND BASIC
CONCEPTS
Dr Waqas Khalid
SMME-NUST
waqaskhalid@[Link]
Practice Problem
1–38 A 5-m x 6-m x 8-m room is to be heated by an electrical resistance
heater placed in a short duct in the room. Initially, the room is at 15°C, and
the local atmospheric pressure is 98 kPa. The room is losing heat steadily to
the outside at a rate of 200 kJ/min. A 200-W fan circulates the air steadily
through the duct and the electric heater at an average mass flow rate of 50
kg/min. The duct can be assumed to be adiabatic, and there is no air leaking
in or out of the room. If it takes 15 minutes for the room air to reach an
average temperature of 25°C, find (a) the power rating of the electric heater
and (b) the temperature rise that the air experiences each time it passes
through the heater.
Assumptions
• Air is an ideal gas at high T and low P
• Δke ≈Δpe≈0
• Const. specific heat at room temperature for air
• Heat loss from duct is negligible
• House is airtight so no air leaking in or out of
• room
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Thermal
Conductivity
Thermal conductivity:
The rate of heat transfer
through a unit thickness
of the material per unit
area per unit
temperature difference.
The thermal conductivity
of a material is a
measure of the ability of
the material to conduct
heat.
A high value for thermal
conductivity indicates A simple experimental setup
that the material is a to determine the thermal
good heat conductor, conductivity of a material.
and a low value indicates
that the material is a
poor heat conductor or
insulator.
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The range of
thermal
conductivity of
various
materials at
room
temperature.
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Thermal conductivities of gases such as
air vary by a factor of 104 from those of
pure metals such as copper.
Pure crystals and metals have the
highest thermal conductivities, and gases
and insulating materials the lowest.
Mechanisms of heat
conduction in different
phases of a substance.
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The variation of
the thermal
conductivity of
various solids,
liquids, and gases
with temperature.
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Thermal Diffusivity
cp Specific heat, J/kg · °C: Heat capacity
per unit mass
cp Heat capacity, J/m3·°C: Heat capacity
per unit volume
Thermal diffusivity, m2/s: Represents
how fast heat diffuses through a material
A material that has a high thermal
conductivity or a low heat capacity will
obviously have a large thermal diffusivity.
Larger the thermal diffusivity, the faster the
propagation of heat into the medium.
A small value of thermal diffusivity means
that heat is mostly absorbed by material
and a small amount of heat is conducted
further.
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CONVECTION
Convection: Mode of
energy transfer between a
solid surface and the
adjacent liquid or gas that is
in motion, and it involves
the combined effects of
conduction and fluid motion.
The faster the fluid motion,
the greater the convection
heat transfer.
In the absence of any bulk
fluid motion, heat transfer
between a solid surface and
Heat transfer from a hot surface to air
the adjacent fluid is by pure
by convection.
conduction.
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Forced convection: If
fluid is forced to flow over
the surface by external
means such as a fan,
pump, or the wind.
Natural (or free)
convection: If fluid
motion is caused by
buoyancy forces that are
induced by density
differences due to The cooling of a boiled egg by
variation of temperature forced and natural convection.
in fluid.
Heat transfer processes that involve change of phase of a fluid are also
considered to be convection because of fluid motion induced during
process, such as rise of vapor bubbles during boiling or fall of liquid
droplets during condensation.
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Newton’s law of cooling
h Convection heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 · °C
As Surface area through which convection heat transfer takes place
Ts Surface temperature
T Temperature of the fluid sufficiently far from the surface
Convection heat transfer
coefficient h is not a property
of the fluid.
It is an experimentally
determined parameter
whose value depends on all
the variables influencing
convection such as
- Surface geometry
- Nature of fluid motion
- Properties of the fluid
- Bulk fluid velocity
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RADIATION
• Radiation: Energy emitted by matter in the form of electromagnetic
waves (or photons) as a result of the changes in the electronic
configurations of the atoms or molecules.
• Unlike conduction and convection, transfer of heat by radiation does not
require presence of an intervening medium.
• In fact, heat transfer by radiation is fastest (at the speed of light) and it
suffers no attenuation in a vacuum. This is how energy of sun reaches
earth.
• In heat transfer studies we are interested in thermal radiation, which is
the form of radiation emitted by bodies because of their temperature.
• All bodies at a temperature above absolute zero emit thermal radiation.
• Radiation is a volumetric phenomenon, and all solids, liquids, and
gases emit, absorb, or transmit radiation to varying degrees.
• However, radiation is usually considered to be a surface phenomenon
for solids.
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Stefan–Boltzmann law
= 5.670 10−8 W/m2 · K4 Stefan–Boltzmann constant
Blackbody: Idealized surface that emits radiation at the maximum rate.
Radiation emitted
by real surfaces
Emissivity : A measure of how closely
a surface approximates a blackbody for
which = 1 of the surface. 0 1.
Blackbody radiation represents the maximum
amount of radiation that can be emitted from
a surface at a specified temperature.
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Absorptivity : Fraction of the radiation energy incident on a
surface that is absorbed by the surface. 0 1
A blackbody absorbs the entire radiation incident on it ( = 1).
Kirchhoff’s law: The emissivity and the absorptivity of a surface at
a given temperature and wavelength are equal.
Absorption of radiation incident on an
opaque surface of absorptivity α.
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Net radiation heat transfer: When a surface is completely enclosed by a
Difference between rates of much larger (or black) surface at temperature
radiation emitted by surface Tsurr separated by a gas (such as air) that
and radiation absorbed. does not intervene with radiation, the net rate
of radiation heat transfer between these
Determination of net rate of two surfaces is given by
heat transfer by radiation
between two surfaces is a
complicated matter since it
depends on
• Properties of surfaces
• Their orientation relative to
each other
• Interaction of medium
between the surfaces with
radiation
Radiation is usually
significant relative to
conduction or natural
convection, but
negligible relative to Radiation heat transfer between a
forced convection. surface and the surfaces surrounding it. 16
When radiation and convection occur
simultaneously between a surface and a gas:
Combined heat transfer coefficient hcombined
includes the effects of both convection and radiation.
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