CONJUNCTION
A conjunction is a word that connects or joins individual words or groups of
words (parts of sentence). In fact, the word ‘conjunction’ literally means “the
act of joining”. e.g.,
(a). Ali and Ahmed are friends.
(b). I was going to write you, but I decided to call instead.
Types of conjunctions:
(i). Coordinating Conjunctions
(ii). Correlative Conjunctions
(iii). Subordinating Conjunctions
1COORDINATING CONJUNCTION
They connect equal parts of sentences. In other words, they
connect words to words, phrases to phrases, and clauses to
clauses. e.g.,
(a). I like playing the football or going for a walk. (phrase to
phrase)
(b). Khalil hated this job, but he couldn’t afford to quit.(clause to
clause)
(c) Salman and Usman are brothers. (noun to noun)
Important Coordinate Conjunctions
These are
F A N B O Y S
⇓ ⇓ ⇓ ⇓ ⇓ ⇓ ⇓
For And nor but or yet so
TYPES OF COORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS:
These conjunctions are of four types:
(1) Cumulative Conjunctions:
1
These conjunctions merely add one statement to another. (and, also, too,
as well as) e.g. We started early and reached in time.
These conjunctions are of four types:
(1) Cumulative Conjunctions:
These conjunctions merely add one statement to another. (and, also, too,
as well as) e.g. We started early and reached in time.
I
AK
(2) Adversative Conjunction:
These express opposition or contrast between two statements e.g. (but,
m-
yet, still, only etc.)
He is busy but he will come.
(3) Disjunctive or Alternative Conjunction:
(4) Illative Conjunctions:
a hee
These express a choice between two alternatives. E. . (or, else, neither,
otherwise)
These conjunctions express an inference. (for, then, so, therefore) E.g.
Ibr
He was terrified for the disease was dangerous.
CORRELAETIVE CONJUNCTIONS
They also connect equal parts but they are actually two conjunctions in
ah
one.
[Link] Max or Yousaf would get promoted
Important Correlative Conjunctions
ull
Both⸺and, either⸺or, neither⸺nor, not only⸺but also, no
sooner⸺than, so⸺that, as⸺as, so⸺as, scarcely⸺when,
such⸺as, as⸺so
Abd
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
They connect dependent (subordinate) clause with the independent
(main) clause. The subordinate clauses act as nouns or as adverbs.
E.g.
(i). Now he had to decide what to do next.
(ii).He realized he should have waited until he had a new job.
2
Important Subordinating Conjunctions:
After, as, as if, as long as, because, before, but that, even if, expect that,
ever since, if, if only, in case, just as, since, until, when, whenever, while.
Subordinate conjunctions can be classified according to their
meaning.
(1). Place: (where, wherever): Imply a sense of place. E.g. where
there is smoke, there is fire.
I
(2) Time: (after, before, since, till, until, when, whenever, while) give a
AK
sense of time.
(3) Cause: (since, as, because) can provide a reason
(4) Purpose: (in order that, so that, that, lest)
m-
(5) Condition: (if, even if, provided, though, unless) can state
condition or possibility
(6) Concession: (although, though, however)
(7) Comparison: (as, than)
hee
COMPOUND CONJUNCTIONS
We use many compound expressions as Conjunctions; these are called
Compound Conjunctions.
a
Ibr
In order that– The notice was published in order that all might know
the facts.
On condition that– I will forgive you on condition that you do not
repeat the offence.
ah
Even if– Such an act would not be kind even if it were just.
So that– He saved some bread so that he should not go hungry on
the morrow.
ull
Provided that– You can borrow the book provided that you return it
soon.
As through– He walks as through he is slightly lame.
Abd
Inasmuch as– I must refuse your request, inasmuch as I believe it
unreasonable.
As well as– Rama as well as Govind was present there.
As soon as– He took off his coat as soon as he entered the house.
As if– He looks as if he were weary.