la Madulation

Analog Communication 4 -3 Angle Modulation

4.2 Mathematical
Analysis of FM using Sinusoidal Signal
The equation of an AC wave in
the generalized form is,
e = A sin ¢(t)
The . (1)
of
instantaneous
increase d (t)
angular velocity 0; is then by definition the instantaneous rate
dt of angular displacement (t). Hence
velocity = 0 instanangos angular
o, = 2 f;
do (t)
dt . (2)
(t) = 0,t + 0
For a sinusoidal wave, where 9 is the
angular position at t = 0; then
do ()
dt

. (4)
A frequency-modulated wave with
in which the instantaneous angular sinusoidal modulation is by definition, a wave
velocity is varied according to the relation,
0; = 0+2TAf cos Omt
. 5)
where Afis frequency deviation. The equation of the FM wave is now obtained as
follows :
d¢ (t)
dt

ebioetnie-nok F0+2 mA fcos ont s o o soeeisllh

Integrating, ¢(t) = o +2 rAf cos omt]dt
2 Af
(t) = ot + sin o, t
m

Neglecting the constant of integration,

2nAf sin ot
(t) = o t+ 2 Tfm
Af
(t) = ot+ sin ot
fm
Analog Communication 4-4 Angle Modulation

The equation (1) viz e= A sin (t) gives the equation for FM wave as,
Af
e= Asin ot sin o,nt
= A sin fot +mr sin omt] ...(6)
where mr is termed as the modulation index.
As per definition, A = 8 = kf E,m where kf is the frequency deviation constant
e- Asin ot+ KÍfmEn gin0,mt ..7)

4.3 Mathematical Analysis of PM using Sinusoidal Signal

By varying the phase angle of the carrier with modulating signal, phase
modulation results. The unmodulated carrier is given by,
e = A sin (o,t+e)
When phase mmodulated, ¢ is replaced by (t) ,
where (t) = e + Kp Em Sin Omt
where Kp is phase deviation constant. Usually ¢e can be dropped from the
equation since it is a constant that does not affect the modulation. The equation for
phase modulated wave becomes,
e = A sin (o,t+ KpEm sin omt)
In order to emphasize the similarity with sinusoidal frequency modulation, we
replace Kp Em by m,, where m, is phase modulation index.
Then e = Asin (o,t+ m, sin omt) m, = Kp Em

4.4 Mathematical Treatment as Applied to General Non-sinusoidal

Signals
In this section we see the FM and PM for non-sinusoidal signals. The following
examples-illustrate this topic.
m Example 4.1 : Sketch FM and PM waves for the modulating signal m(t) having a
frequency of 4kHz, as shown in Fig. 4.3. The constants k, and k, are 2nx 10 and
8r, respectively. Assume the carrier frequency f, to be 100 MHz.
Analog Communication 4-5 Angle Modulation

m(t)
32000

-32000
-2.5¢10 -2.5x10

FM
PM

Fig. 4.3 FM and PM waveform

Solution: Frequency of modulating signal, m(t) is 4 kHz.
Hence time of one cycle is 1
T=
4 kHz = 2.5x 10-4s
For F.M. :
Given, f, = 100 MHz = 10° Hz (given), k= 2rx105
m(t)min = -1V ; m(t)max = + 1V.
2Trx 105
Hence,fmin = f+ kt m(t)min = 10 + -(-1) Hz
27 2T
= 10 10 = 99.9 MHz
kf 2Tx 105
and f; max = f+ 2T m(t)max = 10 + 2T -(+1) Hz
Ii max = 100.1 MHz
As m(t) increases and decreases linearly with time, the instarntaneous frequency
will increase linearly from 99.9 MHz to 100.1 MHz over a half cycle of m() and will
decrease from 100.1MHz to 99.9 MHz over the other half cycle of m(t).
Analog Communication 4 -6 Angle Modulation

For PM:- PM for m(t) is FM for

The timne derivative of triangular m(t) shown in square wave as

shown.
kp d
f = f + [m()]
2T dt
8T d
ff = f+ 2T dt -[m(0)]
f, = f+ 4[m()]
dt

-2
fmin = f + 4 dt
-m(t) = 10 + 4 Hz
1
Jmin
52.5x10+)
= 10 - 128 x 10° Hz
= 99.872 MHz

2
dt-m()
fimax = f, + 4 = 10 + 4 Hz
Jmax
1
a5x10-)
= 10 + 128 × 10° Hz = 100.128 MHz
d
Since
dt
[m(t)]switches back and forth from a value of - 3200 to + 3200 at 4 kHz;
the carrier frequency switches back and forth from 99.872 MHz to 100.128 MHz. This
indirect method of sketching PM using m(t)] todt frequency-modulate carrier can
a
be used as long as m(t) is a continuous signal w.r.t time. If m(t) is
d
discontinuous,
dt
m(t) ] contains impulses and this method cannot be used. In such a case, a direct

approach is to be used. This shown in next example.

Example 4.2 : Sketch FM and PM waves for the modulating signal m(t), as shown in
Fig. 4.4. Assume frequency of 100 MHz and constants k and k, as 2x 105 and T

respectively.
Analog Communicatlon
4-7 Angle Modulation
m()

2
m)

-2
100.6
MHZ

IMMAAAAAAA.
99.8
MHz
\MAMLAMMN
FM PM

Fig. 4.4
Solution: For FM:
f = f+ k m(t)
2T
o = 10 +27tx2 105
T -2] Hz

= 10 + 2 x 10° Hz =
100.2 MHz
and 2x 105
ff = f+ 2T --2]Hz
= 10 - 2x 10° Hz
=99.8 MHz
As m(t) switches from - 2 to
+2 and vice versa, the
switches between 99.8 MHz and 100.2 MHz, as shown. frequency of FM wave
This scheme of carrier frequency
"Frequency Shift Keying [FSK]".
modulation by á di,ital is signal known as
For PM: f= f+ kp d
2rt dt (m())

= 10 + n/4 d [m(0] Hz
2T dt

= 10°+m)] Hz
Analog Communication 4-8 Angle Modulation
As the derivative of m() contains impulses, as
shown it is not apparent how an
instantaneous frequency can be changed by an infinite amount and then changed back
to the original frequency in zero time. Hence we have
to use direct approach.
s()PM = A, cos lo, (t) +k, m(t)]
=A, cos

A coso,.() -2 when m(t) =- 2

A cos o(t)+ when m(t)= 2

sin o (t) when (t) =-2

-A sin o (t) when (t) =2
This way of carrier PM by a digital signal is known as Phase Shift Keying [PSK]
as the information digits are transmitted by shifting the
carrier phase.
The PM wave in this example has phase discontinuities at instarnts where
impulses
of m(t)]are located. At these instants, the carrier phase shifts.

4.5 Characteristics of Frequency Modulation

4.5.1 Modulation Index
Modulation in FM is generally expressed in terms of the modulation index. The
modulation index is the ratio of the frequency deviation to the modulating frequency.
m modulation index= frequency deviation
modulating frequency
Af
fm
The Table 4.1 gives how the modulation index is related to the number of effective
side bands :

Modulation index 0.5 2 3 4

Number of effective 2 3 4 6 7
sidebands on either side of
carrier

Table 4.1
As per Table 4.1 number of effective side band on either sides of carrier is 4. This
can graphically shown as in the Fig. 4.5.
 Analog Communication 4-11 Angle Modulation

Example 4.3: Determine the percent modulation of an FM wave viph a frequer

deviation of 15 kHz for (a) FM broadcast, (to) for TV broadcast.
15kHz 15kHz
Solution : a) M= 75 kHz x100= 20% b) M 25kHz x100 60%

JI Example 4,4 : Determine the frequency deviation and arrier swing required to
provide 80% modulation in the FM broadcast band. Repeat this for an FM signal
serving as the audio portion of a TV broadcast.
Solution : a) FM broadcast band :
M Actual Frequency deviation
Max Frequency deviation x100 %
80 =
Af actualfrequency
75 kHz x100

. Actual frequency deviation 80

x75 =60 kHz
100
Carrier swing = 2 xfrequency deviation = 120 kHz
b) Sound in TV broadcast :

M= Actual frequency deviation

Maximum permissible frequency deviation x100%
80 = Actual frequency deviation
25 kHz x 100
80
Frequency deviation = x 25
100
=20 kHz
Carrier swing = 2x frequency
= 40 kHz
deviation
4.6 Frequency
Spectrum of FM Wave
For an AM wave, it is
wave. easy to tell what
Unfortunately, the situation is quite frequencies are present in the
the equation (6) is the
sine of a sine, the complicated, modulated
functions. mathematically
for
only solution involves the FM. Since
use of Bessel
 st

(Refer
Table 20
(m)Jy
Communication
Analog
4.2). pairs lt 6.0 3.0 15 1.0 05 0.25 1.0.00
15.0-0.01 10.0-O25
120 90-0 8050-18-0.33
7040-040-007 2.5-005
It can Using
-026 022 051 0.77 094
of is 005 0.17 030
0.15-028-0.24 0
be 09 98
sidebands, seen expanded Bessel 034 058 0.55 044 024 0.12
-022-0.08
0.21 024
0040.23-0.11-0
0.00-0.30-0.17 0.50
that 025 D49 045 0.35 0.23 0.71 JJ
0.14-0.18-0.27-0.06 0.05 0.36 0
G.04-0.19-0.12
functions, 03
the to 0.05-0.22-0.23-0.01 043 031 022 0.13 0.06 002
each 020 0.11 0.36
wave obtain 29-0.10
0.18-0.07-0.24-0.17 0.16 0.36 0.39 0.28 0.13 0.07 003 0.01 J
preceded it
consists e emay Table 0.13 0.19 0.35 0.35 004 0.02 J
0 0.13
= = 26
be 4.2 0.21 0.20 034 0.34 0.25 0.13 0.05 0.01 J,
+J4 +J2
+ +Jy AJ shownA 4-12
by a J3 sin
carrier (m) (mr)(mr) Bessel
0.03-0.17-0.22-0.09 0.22 0.33 0.32 0.23 0.13 0.05 0.02 JOrderorn
J (m
(o,ttmr
coefficients. (m) that 0.05 0.31 0.30 0.22 0.13 0.06 0.02
si n ) functions
and sin sin sin sin J
the 0.23 0.29 0.21 0.13 0.06 0.02
(0, (o (o (o,
an sin
o,t) equation Je
+40m) +om)t- + + 0.30 0.20 0.12 0.06 0.02
apparently 20m)
3o omt
These m)t 0.10 0.27 0.12 0.06 0.03 J
t-+sin t+ for
sin 0.24 0.20 0.06 0.03 0.01 Jiz
are sin sin
(0, (o (0 FM,
infinite(o-20m)t] 0.28 0.12 0.03 J
Modulation
Angle
Bessel -3eOm)t| - Om)
40m) 0.25 0.07 0.01 J
number
functions. t+ 0.18 0.03 J

.. 0.12 0.01 Js
of

modulationthe
the CommunicationAnalog
Observations
relation aid The
The
As
5. 4. 3. 2. 1. of
amplitude
Some sidebands by present
well In
following
lowered.
amplitude [Link] How phasesidebands The
[Link] depends
of
table a
sideband
fm as AM, Bessel
modulation Values of J,(m;)
manychange of 2the in 0.10
only -0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 of of
the at m, observations
isfcarrier the -04 functions
Then,
of sideband the
Bessel's upon the
fBessel equal
or distribution output. three
distant modulating fm, 3 1
different
the
assuming index that in U(m) m). functions
distances frequencies, 2
modulation
with
coefficients
particular .. the Fig.
sidebands components However, are
increases, etc.
output. made 4.6 3 modulation frequercy 4-13
that is and
fromfrequency or
symmetrical Bessel Valuesm,
of 4
the pair may the The FMviz with obtainedindex
will the 5 J(m)
Jm) components
frequency the have of sidebands has the Bessel functions índex. m
increase havecarrier frequency fm 6
sidebands.
valuesignificant carrier
an
about from and
negative
frequency infinitefunctions 7
deviationas of separation are and the can for
the 8
the amplitudes the separated graph bethe
values, carrier number two : 9 either
modulationparticular
is have case
between
side 10 (Fig Modulation Angle
constant, equal [Link]
indicatingfrequency,
from of calculatedwith of
is frequencies 4.6)
sidebands,
dependent
J
frequency the
coefficient
amplitudes. successive the showing simuso
carrier
relative a
180° asare
is on
Analog Communication 4-14 Angle Modulation
6. In AM, the sideband power and the total transmitted power increases with them
depth of modulation. However, in FM the total transmitted power always
remains constant. The increased depth of modulation requires more bandwidth
for transmission.
7. For certain values of modulation indices, called eigen values, the Bessel
coefficient Jo (m ) for the carrier term has zero value and the entire FM wave
consists of sideband components of various orders. The carrier disappears for
the modulations index, mf, equal to 2.4, 5.5, 8.6, 11.8, and so on.

4.7 Bandwidth Requirements

To find the bandwidth occupied by FM wave, the useful rule is that frequency
modulated wave contains sideband components of importance on either side of the
carrier wave over a frequency interval approximating the sum of the frequency
most of the
deviation and the modulating frequency. The total bandwid th in which
energy of the wave is contained is then twice this value.
Thus, BWEM = 2 [mr t+l]fm
frequency deviation
2
modulating frequency
+1| fm
=

BWEM = 2 [Af +fm ]

To illustrate the use of the above equation, let us consider the following examples:
1) Af = 75 kHz fm = 50 Hz
50
BWhx =2 75 +; 1000
kHz

= 150.1 kHz
Af = 75 kHz fm = 500 Hz
2)
500
BWEM =
275* jo00 kHz

= 151kHz
3) Af = 75 kHz fm =5 kHz
oln BWEM= 2 [75 + 5]= 160 kHz
Thus, although the modulation frequency changes from 50 Hz to kHz, or by d
factor of 1:100, the bandwidth occupied by the spectrunm alters verymodulation
litle, ro is
150.1 kHzto 160 kHz. These examples explain why frequency
sometimes referred to as a constant-bandwidth system.
 Angle Modulation
Analog Communication 4-15

bandwidth requirements are determined by the

It is a matter of experience that the in the
maximum frequency deviation and maximum modulation frequency present
complex modulating wave.
We have, BW = 2 (m+1) fm

BW = 2 (8 + fm max)
In commercial FM broad casting,

Maximum frequency deviation permissible = 75 kHz

and Maximum modulating frequency = 15 kHz,
then Max BWEM = 2 [75 + 15] = 180 kHz.
bandwidth required to transmit the
The above equation for calculating maximum
FM wave is known as Carson's rule.
The bandwith for PM = 2(M, + 1) fm
= 2(k, Em + 1) fm m, =k, Em
Example 4.5: A carrier wave of amplitude 5 V and frequency 90 MHz is frequency
frequency 15 kHz. The
modulated by a sinusoidal voltage of amplitude 5 V and
of the modulated FM
frequency deviation constant is 1 kHz / V. Sketch the spectrum
wave.

frequency deviation constant

Solution : Amplitude of modulating voltage is 5 V and
is 1kHz/V.
Hence, Frequency deviation = [1 kHz/V] (5 VÊ
= 5 kHz

frequency deviation
Modulation index m =
modulating frequency
5kHz
15kHz

=0,.333
(Refer Table 4.2 )
For m = 0.333, from the table of Bessel functions,
Use approxímate, values for Jo , J and J2
For carrier : Jo = 0.96
First side frequency:J = 0.18
Analog Communication 4-16i Angle Modulatio
Second side frequency:J= 0.02 f
These are the values for unmodulated carrier of 1 V.
Higher order side frequencies are negligible since m is small.
The amplitude of the carrier is 5 V (given).
Hence : Jo = 0.96x5= 4.8 V
J = 0.18x5 = 0.9 V;
J3 = 0.02 x5 = 0.1 V.
The frequency spectrum is shown below :
4.8 V
Carrier
0.9 V 0.9 V

0.1 V A 0.1 V

+Frequency
89.970 89.985 90 90.015 90.03
MHz MHz MHz MHz MHZ

Fig. 4.7

Modulating frequency is 15 kHz.