🌟 CHAPTER 10

LIGHT: REFLECTION AND REFRACTION

Class 10 Physics – Full Detailed Explanation (Nook & Corner)

🔹 INTRODUCTION
Light is a form of energy that enables us to see objects. When light:

●​ bounces back → Reflection​

●​ changes medium → Refraction​

This chapter mainly deals with:

1.​ Reflection of light by spherical mirrors​

2.​ Refraction of light through glass slab​

3.​ Refraction by spherical lenses​

4.​ Image formation & applications​

🔹 1. REFLECTION OF LIGHT
👉 What is Reflection?
Reflection is the bouncing back of light rays into the same medium after striking a surface.

👉 Laws of Reflection
1.​ Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection​
(∠i = ∠r)​
 2.​ Incident ray, reflected ray, and normal lie in the same plane​

🔹 2. SPHERICAL MIRRORS
Types of Mirrors
Mirror Nature

Plane Mirror Flat

Concave Mirror Curved inward

Convex Mirror Curved outward

👉 Important Terms (VERY IMPORTANT FOR EXAMS)

Term Meaning

Pole (P) Middle of mirror

Centre of Curvature (C) Centre of sphere

Radius of Curvature (R) Distance PC

Principal Axis Line passing through P and C

Principal Focus (F) Point where rays

converge/diverge

Focal Length (f) Distance PF

👉 Relation:
f=R2f = \frac{R}{2}f=2R​

🔹 3. IMAGE FORMATION BY CONCAVE MIRROR

Object Image Nature Size
Position Position

At infinity At F Real, inverted Highly diminished

Beyond C Between C & F Real, inverted Diminished

At C At C Real, inverted Same size

Between C & F Beyond C Real, inverted Enlarged

At F At infinity Real Highly enlarged

Between F & P Behind mirror Virtual, erect Enlarged

📌 Uses of Concave Mirror

●​ Shaving mirror​

●​ Dentist mirror​

●​ Headlights & torches​

🔹 4. IMAGE FORMATION BY CONVEX MIRROR

Object Position Image

Anywhere Virtual, erect, diminished

Between P & F (behind mirror)

📌 Uses
●​ Rear-view mirrors in vehicles (wide field of view)​

🔹 5. SIGN CONVENTION (VERY IMPORTANT)

📌 New Cartesian Sign Convention
●​ Right of mirror → Positive​

●​ Left of mirror → Negative​

 ●​ Upward → Positive​

●​ Downward → Negative​

🔹 6. MIRROR FORMULA & MAGNIFICATION

👉 Mirror Formula
1f=1v+1u\frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{v} + \frac{1}{u}f1​=v1​+u1​

👉 Magnification
m=hiho=−vum = \frac{h_i}{h_o} = -\frac{v}{u}m=ho​hi​​=−uv​

🔹 7. REFRACTION OF LIGHT
👉 What is Refraction?
Bending of light when it passes from one medium to another due to change in speed.

👉 Laws of Refraction (Snell’s Law)

1.​ Incident ray, refracted ray, normal lie in same plane​

2.​

sin⁡isin⁡r=constant\frac{\sin i}{\sin r} = \text{constant}sinrsini​=constant

🔹 8. REFRACTIVE INDEX (μ)

μ=Speed of light in airSpeed of light in medium\mu = \frac{\text{Speed of light in
air}}{\text{Speed of light in medium}}μ=Speed of light in mediumSpeed of light in air​

👉 Higher μ → light bends more

🔹 9. REFRACTION THROUGH GLASS SLAB
●​ Incident ray bends towards normal​

●​ Emergent ray is parallel to incident ray​

●​ Lateral displacement occurs​

🔹 10. SPHERICAL LENSES

Types
Lens Nature

Convex Lens Converging

Concave Diverging
Lens

👉 Image Formation by Convex Lens

Object Image Nature
Position

At infinity At F Real, diminished

Beyond 2F Between F & 2F Real

At 2F At 2F Same size

Between F & 2F Beyond 2F Enlarged

At F At infinity Highly enlarged

Between F & O Same side Virtual, enlarged

👉 Image by Concave Lens

●​ Always virtual, erect, diminished​
🔹 11. LENS FORMULA & MAGNIFICATION
Lens Formula
1f=1v+1u\frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{v} + \frac{1}{u}f1​=v1​+u1​

Magnification
m=vum = \frac{v}{u}m=uv​

🔹 12. POWER OF LENS

P=1f(f in meters)P = \frac{1}{f} \quad (f \text{ in meters})P=f1​(f in meters)

Unit: Dioptre (D)​

Convex → Positive power​
Concave → Negative power

📘 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS (PYQs)

1️⃣ Why convex mirror is used as rear view mirror? (3 marks)

Answer:

●​ Gives erect image​

●​ Diminished image​

●​ Wider field of view​

2️⃣ Define focal length of a spherical mirror. (1 mark)

Distance between pole and principal focus.

📝 MCQs (WITH ANSWERS)
1.​ Magnification of plane mirror is:​

✅
a) 0​
b) 1 ​
c) –1​
d) >1​

2.​ Power of concave lens is:​

a) Positive​

✅
b) Zero​
c) Negative ​
d) Infinite​

📊 CASE BASED QUESTIONS (CBQ)

Case:

A student uses a concave mirror of focal length –15 cm to observe an object placed 30 cm
away.

Q1. Nature of image?​

➡ Real and inverted

Q2. Position of image?​

➡ At centre of curvature

Q3. Magnification?​
➡ –1
🌈 CHAPTER 11
THE HUMAN EYE AND THE COLOURFUL WORLD
Class 10 Physics – Full Detailed Explanation (All Nook & Corner)

🔹 1. INTRODUCTION
This chapter explains:

●​ 👁️ How the human eye works​

●​ 👓 Defects of vision and their correction​
●​ 🌈 Dispersion, scattering of light​
●​ 🌅 Why sky is blue & sun appears red at sunrise/sunset​
🔹 2. THE HUMAN EYE
The human eye works like a camera.

👉 Main Parts of Human Eye

Part Function

Cornea Allows light to enter

Iris Controls size of pupil

Pupil Regulates amount of light

Eye Lens Forms image on retina

Retina Screen where image is

formed

Optic Nerve Sends signals to brain

Ciliary Muscles Change focal length

📌 Image formed on retina is real, inverted, diminished​

📌 Brain makes it appear erect

🔹 3. POWER OF ACCOMMODATION
👉 Ability of eye lens to change its focal length to see:
●​ Near objects​

●​ Distant objects​

Important values:

●​ Near point = 25 cm​

●​ Far point = Infinity​

🔹 4. DEFECTS OF VISION
(A) Myopia (Short-sightedness)

●​ Near objects visible​

●​ Distant objects blurred​

Cause:

●​ Eye lens too powerful​

●​ Image forms before retina​

✔️
Correction:​
Concave lens

(B) Hypermetropia (Long-sightedness)

●​ Distant objects visible​

●​ Near objects blurred​

Cause:

●​ Eye lens less powerful​

●​ Image forms behind retina​

✔️
Correction:​
Convex lens

(C) Presbyopia
 ●​ Due to age​

●​ Weak ciliary muscles​

●​ Near point shifts away​

Correction:

●​ Convex lens​

●​ Or bifocal lens​

🔹 5. REFRACTION OF LIGHT THROUGH PRISM

👉 What is Dispersion?
Splitting of white light into seven colours (VIBGYOR) when passed through a prism.

Colour Bending

Violet Maximum

Red Minimum

🔹 6. SCATTERING OF LIGHT
👉 Scattering = deviation of light in all directions by particles.
Rayleigh Scattering:

●​ Scattering ∝ 1 / λ⁴​

●​ Shorter wavelength scatters more​

🔹 7. WHY SKY IS BLUE?

 ●​ Blue light has shorter wavelength​

●​ Scatters more in atmosphere​

●​ Hence sky appears blue​

🔹 8. WHY SUN APPEARS RED AT SUNRISE & SUNSET?

●​ Sunlight travels longer distance​

●​ Blue light scatters away​

●​ Only red light reaches eye​

🔹 9. Tyndall Effect
👉 Scattering of light by colloidal particles
Examples:

●​ Sunbeam visible in dusty room​

●​ Headlight beam in fog​

📘 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS (PYQs)

Q1. Why is concave lens used to correct myopia? (3 marks)

Answer:

●​ Diverges incoming rays​

 ●​ Image shifts to retina​

●​ Clear distant vision​

Q2. Define power of accommodation. (1 mark)

Ability of eye lens to adjust focal length.

📝 MCQs (WITH ANSWERS)

1.​ Image on retina is:​
a) Virtual​

✅​
b) Erect​
c) Real and inverted
d) Enlarged​

2.​ Defect corrected by convex lens:​

a) Myopia​

✅
b) Presbyopia​
c) Hypermetropia ​
d) Astigmatism​

3.​ Colour scattered most:​

a) Red​
b) Yellow​

✅
c) Green​
d) Blue ​

📊 CASE BASED QUESTIONS (CBQ)

Case:

A student cannot see distant objects clearly but can read books easily.
Q1. Defect?​
➡ Myopia

Q2. Lens used?​

➡ Concave lens

Q3. Image forms where?​

➡ Before retina

⚡ CHAPTER 12
ELECTRICITY
Class 10 Physics – Full Detailed Explanation

🔹 1. INTRODUCTION
Electricity deals with:
 ●​ Electric current​

●​ Potential difference​

●​ Resistance​

●​ Ohm’s law​

●​ Electrical energy & power​

●​ Domestic electric circuits​

Electricity plays a major role in:

●​ Lighting​

●​ Heating​

●​ Communication​

●​ Household appliances​

🔹 2. ELECTRIC CURRENT
👉 Definition
Electric current is the rate of flow of electric charge.

I=QtI = \frac{Q}{t}I=tQ​

Where:

●​ I = current (ampere, A)​

●​ Q = charge (coulomb, C)​

●​ t = time (second, s)​

📌 1 Ampere = flow of 1 coulomb per second

🔹 3. ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
👉 Definition
Potential difference is the work done per unit charge.

V=WQV = \frac{W}{Q}V=QW​

Unit: Volt (V)

📌 1 volt = 1 joule / 1 coulomb

🔹 4. ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
A closed conducting path through which electric current flows.

Circuit Components:

●​ Cell / Battery​

●​ Switch (Key)​

●​ Bulb / Resistor​

●​ Connecting wires​

🔹 5. OHM’S LAW (VERY IMPORTANT)

👉 Statement
At constant temperature, current through a conductor is directly proportional to potential
difference across it.

V∝IV \propto IV∝I V=IRV = IRV=IR

Where:
 ●​ R = resistance (ohm, Ω)​

🔹 6. RESISTANCE
👉 Definition
Resistance is the opposition offered to current.

R=VIR = \frac{V}{I}R=IV​

Unit: Ohm (Ω)

Factors affecting resistance:

1.​ Length of conductor (↑ length → ↑ resistance)​

2.​ Area of cross-section (↑ area → ↓ resistance)​

3.​ Material​

4.​ Temperature​

🔹 7. RESISTIVITY (ρ)
R=ρLAR = \rho \frac{L}{A}R=ρAL​

●​ ρ = resistivity (Ω m)​

●​ Depends only on material​

🔹 8. COMBINATION OF RESISTORS
(A) Series Combination
Req=R1+R2+R3R_{eq} = R_1 + R_2 + R_3Req​=R1​+R2​+R3​
📌 Current same​
📌 Voltage divides

(B) Parallel Combination

1Req=1R1+1R2\frac{1}{R_{eq}} = \frac{1}{R_1} + \frac{1}{R_2}Req​1​=R1​1​+R2​1​

📌 Voltage same​
📌 Current divides

🔹 9. ELECTRIC POWER
👉 Definition
Rate at which electrical energy is consumed.

P=VIP = VIP=VI

Using Ohm’s law:

P=I2RP = I^2RP=I2R P=V2RP = \frac{V^2}{R}P=RV2​

Unit: Watt (W)

🔹 10. ELECTRICAL ENERGY

E=P×tE = P \times tE=P×t

Commercial unit:

●​ 1 kWh (Unit)​

1 kWh =3.6×106J1 \text{ kWh } = 3.6 \times 10^6 J1 kWh =3.6×106J

🔹 11. HEATING EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

When current flows through a conductor, heat is produced.
Joule’s Law of Heating:
H=I2RtH = I^2RtH=I2Rt

Applications:

●​ Electric iron​

●​ Heater​

●​ Fuse​

🔹 12. ELECTRIC FUSE

●​ Safety device​

●​ Made of thin wire​

●​ High resistance, low melting point​

●​ Breaks circuit during overload​

📘 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS (PYQs)

Q1. Define electric current. (1 mark)

➡ Rate of flow of electric charge.

Q2. Why copper is used for wiring? (2 marks)

➡ Low resistivity​
➡ Good conductor
Q3. Calculate resistance if V = 12 V and I = 2 A. (2 marks)
R=VI=122=6 ΩR = \frac{V}{I} = \frac{12}{2} = 6\ \OmegaR=IV​=212​=6 Ω

📝 MCQs (WITH ANSWERS)

1.​ SI unit of resistance:​
a) Volt​

✅
b) Ampere​
c) Ohm ​
d) Watt​

2.​ Which has highest resistivity?​

a) Copper​
b) Aluminium​

✅
c) Iron​
d) Rubber ​

3.​ Unit of electric power:​

✅
a) Joule​
b) Watt ​
c) Volt​
d) Ampere​

📊 CASE BASED QUESTIONS (CBQ)

Case:

An electric bulb is connected to a 220 V supply and draws a current of 0.5 A.

Q1. Power of bulb?

P=VI=220×0.5=110 WP = VI = 220 \times 0.5 = 110\ WP=VI=220×0.5=110 W

Q2. Energy consumed in 1 hour?

E=110×1=110WhE = 110 \times 1 = 110 WhE=110×1=110Wh

Q3. Name the effect used.​
➡ Heating effect of current

🧲 CHAPTER 13
MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
Class 10 Physics – Full Detailed Explanation

🔷 1. MAGNET & MAGNETIC FIELD

Magnet

A magnet is a material that produces a magnetic field and attracts iron, cobalt, nickel.

Magnetic Field

Region around a magnet or current-carrying conductor where magnetic force is experienced.

📌 Represented by magnetic field lines

🔷 2. MAGNETIC FIELD LINES

Properties:

1.​ Originate from North pole → South pole​

2.​ Never intersect​

3.​ Closer lines = stronger field​

4.​ Inside magnet: South → North​

🔷 3. OERSTED’S EXPERIMENT
●​ Discovered that electric current produces magnetic field​

●​ Compass needle deflects near current-carrying conductor​

📌 Foundation of this chapter

🔷 4. MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO CURRENT-CARRYING

CONDUCTOR
(A) Straight Current-Carrying Conductor

●​ Magnetic field forms concentric circles​

●​ Strength depends on:​

○​ Current​
 ○​ Distance from wire​

(B) RIGHT HAND THUMB RULE (VERY IMPORTANT)

👉 Hold conductor in right hand:

●​ Thumb → Direction of current​

●​ Curled fingers → Direction of magnetic field​

📌 Used to find direction of magnetic field

🔷 5. MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A CIRCULAR LOOP

●​ Field is strong at center​

●​ Direction by right hand thumb rule​

🔷 6. MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A SOLENOID

Solenoid

A long coil of insulated copper wire.

Properties:

●​ Acts like a bar magnet​

●​ One end → North, other → South​

●​ Strong, uniform magnetic field inside​

📌 Used to make electromagnets

🔷 7. ELECTROMAGNET
Temporary magnet formed by passing current through solenoid.

Advantages:

●​ Strength can be changed​

●​ Can be switched ON/OFF​

Uses:

●​ Electric bell​

●​ Cranes​

●​ Relays​

🔷 8. FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR

IN MAGNETIC FIELD
When conductor carrying current is placed in magnetic field → it experiences force.

🔷 9. FLEMING’S LEFT HAND RULE (MOTOR RULE)

👉 Stretch left hand:
●​ Forefinger → Magnetic field​

●​ Middle finger → Current​

●​ Thumb → Force / Motion​

📌 Used in electric motors

🔷 10. ELECTRIC MOTOR
Principle:

A current-carrying conductor in magnetic field experiences force.

Main Parts:

●​ Armature​

●​ Split ring (commutator)​

●​ Brushes​

●​ Magnet​

●​ Battery​

Uses:

●​ Fans​

●​ Mixers​

●​ Washing machines​

🔷 11. ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Definition:

Production of electric current due to change in magnetic field.

Discovered by Michael Faraday

🔷 12. FLEMING’S RIGHT HAND RULE (GENERATOR
RULE)
👉 Stretch right hand:
●​ Thumb → Motion of conductor​

●​ Forefinger → Magnetic field​

●​ Middle finger → Induced current​

📌 Used in electric generators

🔷 13. ELECTRIC GENERATOR

Function:

Converts mechanical energy → electrical energy

Types:

●​ AC Generator​

●​ DC Generator​

🔷 14. DIRECT CURRENT (DC) & ALTERNATING

CURRENT (AC)
DC AC

Constant direction Changes

direction

Battery Power station

Low voltage High voltage

🔷 15. DOMESTIC ELECTRIC CIRCUIT (IMPORTANT)
Features:

●​ Live wire (Red)​

●​ Neutral wire (Black)​

●​ Earth wire (Green)​

📌 Earth wire prevents electric shock

🔷 16. ELECTRIC FUSE

Safety device that protects appliances from overload.

📘 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS (PYQs)

Q1. State Fleming’s left hand rule. (2 marks)

➡ Direction of force on conductor.

Q2. Why is earth wire necessary? (2 marks)

➡ Prevents electric shock​

➡ Provides low resistance path

Q3. What is electromagnetic induction? (1 mark)

➡ Induction of current due to changing magnetic field.

📝 MCQs (WITH ANSWERS)
1.​ Who discovered electromagnetic induction?​

✅
a) Newton​
b) Faraday ​
c) Ampere​
d) Maxwell​

2.​ Device converting electrical → mechanical energy:​

✅
a) Generator​
b) Motor ​
c) Transformer​
d) Fuse​

3.​ Rule used for motor:​

✅​
a) Right hand rule​
b) Fleming’s left hand rule
c) Maxwell rule​
d) Lenz law​

📊 CASE-BASED QUESTIONS (CBQ)

Case:

A current-carrying conductor is placed perpendicular to a magnetic field.

Q1. What effect is observed?​

➡ Mechanical force

Q2. Which rule determines direction of force?​

➡ Fleming’s Left Hand Rule

Q3. Name device based on this principle.​

➡ Electric motor

🔥 BOARD EXAM DIAGRAMS (VERY IMPORTANT)

You MUST practice these:

●​ Right Hand Thumb Rule​

●​ Magnetic field around straight conductor​

●​ Solenoid​

●​ Fleming’s Left Hand Rule​

●​ Fleming’s Right Hand Rule​

●​ DC Electric Motor​

●​ Electromagnet​

●​ Domestic electric circuit