Unit : 1 1.

Diode 6
1.1 Zener Diode
1.1.1 Construction, Symbol, Circuit diagram for characteristics of Zener diode
(Forward & Reverse), Zener & Avalanche Breakdown
1.1.2 Zener diode specifications – Zener voltage, power dissipation, break over
current, dynamic resistance & maximum reverse current.

1.2 Rectifiers and Filters:

1.2.1 Need of rectifier, Types of single-phase rectifiers - Half wave & full
wave rectifier (Bridge & Centre tapped).
1.2.2 Circuit operation of the rectifiers, Input & output waveforms for
voltage & current, Average and rms value of voltage & current
(expression only), Ripple, Ripple factor, Ripple frequency, form factor,
PIV of diode used, Rectifier efficiency.
1.2.3 Need of filters, Types of filters – a) Series inductor, b) Shunt capacitor,
c) LC filter, d) π filter.
1.2.4 Circuit operation of the filters, limitations & advantages

A. SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Diode and Zener Diode

1. What is a Zener diode? How does it differ from a PN junction diode? Draw the symbol of a
Zener diode. What is Zener voltage?
2. Define power dissipation of a Zener diode. What is break-over current in a Zener diode?
3. Define dynamic resistance of a Zener diode. What is the maximum reverse current of a
Zener diode?
4. What is Zener breakdown? What is avalanche breakdown?

2. Rectifiers

1. What is the need for a rectifier? Define half-wave rectifier. Define full-wave rectifier.
2. Mention any two differences between half-wave and full-wave rectifiers.
3. What is Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV)? Define ripple in rectifier output.
4. What is ripple factor? Define rectifier efficiency. What is form factor? What is ripple
frequency?

3. Filters

1. Why are filters required in rectifier circuits? What is a series inductor filter? What is a shunt
capacitor filter? What is an LC filter?What is a π (pi) filter? Mention one limitation of
capacitor filter. Mention one advantage of LC filter.

B. LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Zener Diode

1. Explain the construction, symbol, and working of a Zener diode with neat diagrams.
2. Draw and explain the V–I characteristics of a Zener diode in forward and reverse bias, clearly
indicating Zener and avalanche breakdown regions.
3. Explain Zener diode specifications:
Zener voltage, Power dissipation, Break-over current, Dynamic resistance, Maximum reverse
current.
2. Rectifiers

1. Explain the operation of a half-wave rectifier with circuit diagram and input–output
waveforms. Derive expressions for average and RMS output voltage.
2. Explain the operation of a centre-tapped full-wave rectifier with circuit diagram and
waveforms.
3. Explain the operation of a bridge rectifier with circuit diagram and waveforms.
4. Compare half-wave and full-wave rectifiers based on efficiency, ripple factor, PIV, and
output voltage.

5. Define and explain: Ripple, Ripple factor, Ripple frequency, Form factor, Rectifier efficiency

3. Filters

1. Explain the working of a shunt capacitor filter with circuit diagram. State its advantages and
limitations.
2. Explain the working of a series inductor filter with circuit diagram.
3. Explain the LC filter and π filter, including circuit operation, advantages, and limitations.
4. Compare different types of filters used in rectifier circuits.

C. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQs)

1. A Zener diode is mainly used as a: a) Rectifier b) Amplifier c) Voltage regulator d) Oscillator

2. Zener breakdown occurs due to: a) Thermal effect b) High reverse voltage c) Forward
biasing d) High current gain.
3. Avalanche breakdown occurs mainly due to: a) Tunneling effect, b) Impact ionization, c)
Heating effect, d) Forward bias-Answer: b

4. Ripple frequency of a half-wave rectifier is:

a) f
b) 2f
c) f/2
d) 0 -Answer: a

5. Ripple frequency of a full-wave rectifier is:

a) f
b) f/2
c) 2f
d) 3f- Answer: c

6. PIV of a diode in a bridge rectifier is:

a) Vm
b) 2Vm
c) Vm/2
d) 4Vm -Answer: a

7. Which rectifier has the highest efficiency?

a) Half-wave rectifier , b) Centre-tapped full-wave rectifier,c) Bridge rectifier,d) Clipper
8. A capacitor filter is connected:
a) In series with load
b) Across the load
 c) In series with diode
d) Across the transformer-Answer: b

9. Which filter provides the least ripple?

a) Series inductor filter,b) Shunt capacitor filter,c) LC filter,d) π filter Answer: d
10. Dynamic resistance of a Zener diode is measured in:
a) Ohms,b) Volts,c) Amperes,d) Watts-Answer: a
Unit : 2 2. Transistors: 14

2.1 Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT):

2.1.1 Transistor configurations – CB, CE, CC, circuit diagram for input &
output characteristics of each configuration, Input & output
characteristics. Comparison between three configurations.

2.1.2 Transistor parameters – input & output resistance, α, β and relation

between them, Related numerical problems.

2.1.3 Transistor specification – VCE Sat, IC Max, VCEO, ICEO, VCE Breakdown, α, β, Power
dissipation.

2.1.4 Basic Common Emitter Amplifier and D.C Load Line : Importance of DC
load line and AC load line, Operating point, selection of Q point and
stabilization, Related numerical problems.
A. SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS : (2–3 marks each)

1. Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)

2. Define a Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT).
3. Name the three terminals of a BJT.
4. What is meant by transistor configuration?
5. List the three transistor configurations.
6. Define current gain α in CB configuration.
7. Define current gain β in CE configuration.
8. State the relationship between α and β.
9. Define input resistance and output resistance of a transistor.
10. What is VCE(sat)?
11. Define IC(max) of a transistor.
12. What is meant by transistor power dissipation?
13. Define operating point (Q-point).
14. Why is biasing required in a transistor?
15. Name any two transistor biasing methods.
16. What is voltage divider biasing?
17. Define DC load line.
18. What is AC load line?
19. What is meant by thermal stability in a transistor amplifier?
20. Power Amplifier
21. What is a power amplifier?
22. List the classes of power amplifiers.
23. What is Class-A amplifier?
24. What is crossover distortion?
25. What is push–pull amplifier?
2.2 Field Effect Transistor (JFET)

1. Define Field Effect Transistor (FET).

2. What is a JFET?
3. Define pinch-off voltage.
4. What is drain resistance?
5. Define transconductance (gm).
6. What is amplification factor (μ)?
7. State the relationship between gm, rd, and μ.

2.2.2 MOSFET
1. What is a MOSFET? Name the types of MOSFET. Mention any two applications of MOSFET.

2.3 Unijunction Transistor (UJT)

1. What is a UJT? Define intrinsic stand-off ratio (η).What is the use of UJT? What is a
relaxation oscillator?

B. LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

2.1 Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)

1. Explain the construction and working of a BJT with neat diagram.

2. Explain CB, CE, and CC configurations with circuit diagrams and input–output characteristics.
3. Compare CB, CE, and CC configurations based on input resistance, output resistance, current
gain, voltage gain, and applications.
4. Explain transistor parameters: Input resistance,Output resistance, Current gains α and
β,Relationship between α and β.
5. Explain transistor specifications: VCE(sat), IC(max), VCEO, ICEO, VCE breakdown, α, β, and
power dissipation.
6. Explain the basic common emitter amplifier with circuit diagram.
7. Explain DC load line and AC load line with suitable diagram.
8. Discuss the importance of DC load line, operating point, and selection of Q-point for proper
amplifier operation.
9. Explain the need for biasing and describe different transistor biasing methods.
10. Explain the voltage divider biasing method with circuit diagram and advantages.
Power Amplifier
1. Explain the classification of power amplifiers – Class A, Class B, Class AB, and Class C.
2. Explain the working of a push–pull amplifier with circuit diagram and waveforms.
3. Compare Class A, Class B, Class AB, and Class C amplifiers.

2.2 Field Effect Transistor (JFET)

1. Explain the construction, working principle, and V–I characteristics of JFET.

2. Explain pinch-off voltage, drain resistance, transconductance, and amplification factor and
derive their relationship.

2.2.2 MOSFET
1. Explain the construction and working of MOSFET.
2. Explain types of MOSFET with neat diagrams and applications.

2.3 Unijunction Transistor (UJT)

 1. Explain the construction, working principle, and characteristics of UJT.
2. Explain the equivalent circuit of UJT.
3. Explain UJT as a relaxation oscillator with circuit diagram and waveforms.
4. List the applications of UJT.

C. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQs)

1. A transistor has _____ PN junctions. a) One bTwo c) Three d) Four

2. The most widely used transistor configuration is a) CB b) CE C) CC d) None
3. Current gain in CE configuration is denoted by: a) Α b) β c) γ d) μ
4. Relationship between α and β is: a) β = α / (1 − α), b) α = β / (1 − β), c) β = α², d) α = β²
5. Voltage divider bias provides:a) Poor stability, b) No biasing,c) Good stability, d) High
distortion.
6. A Class-B amplifier has efficiency approximately equal to: a)25% b)50% c)78.5% d)100%.
7. In JFET, current conduction is due to: Holes only Electrons only Both electrons and holes Ion.
8. Pinch-off voltage occurs when: a) Drain current becomes zero b) Channel is fully open c)
Channel is just closed Gate current increases
9. MOSFET stands for: a) Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistorb) Metal Oxide
Silicon Field c) Transistor Metal Oxide Surface Transistor d) Mixed Oxide Semiconductor FET
10. UJT is mainly used as: a) Amplifier b) Oscillator c) Rectifier d) Regulator
Unit: 3 3. Feedback Amplifiers and Oscillators 05

3.1 Concept of Positive and Negative feedback, Voltage gain of amplifier for
negative and positive feedback.
3.2 Introduction to oscillator, Block diagram of sine wave oscillator,
requirement of oscillation, Barkhausen criterion. Wien bridge oscillator,
Colpitt oscillator – operating principle, frequency of oscillation.

A. SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. What is feedback in an amplifier? Define positive feedback. Define negative feedback.

2. State two advantages of negative feedback in amplifiers. State two disadvantages of
negative feedback. Define voltage gain of an amplifier.
3. Write the expression for voltage gain with negative feedback. Write the expression for
voltage gain with positive feedback.
4. What is an oscillator?
5. Differentiate between an amplifier and an oscillator.
6. What is meant by Barkhausen criterion?
7. State the conditions required for oscillation.
8. What is the function of feedback network in an oscillator?
9. What is meant by frequency of oscillation?
10. What is a sine wave oscillator?

B. LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Explain the concept of feedback in amplifiers and distinguish between positive and negative
feedback with suitable block diagrams.
2. Derive the expression for voltage gain of an amplifier with negative feedback and explain its
effect on gain stability, bandwidth, and distortion.
3. Explain the expression for voltage gain with positive feedback and state its applications.
4. Explain the block diagram of a sine wave oscillator and describe the requirement of
oscillation.
 5. Explain the Barkhausen criterion for sustained oscillations.
6. Explain the working principle of Wien bridge oscillator with circuit diagram and derive the
expression for frequency of oscillation.
7. Explain the working principle of Colpitt oscillator with circuit diagram and derive the
expression for frequency of oscillation.
8. Compare Wien bridge oscillator and Colpitt oscillator.

C. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQs)

1. Negative feedback in an amplifier:

a) Increases gain b) Decreases stability c) Reduces distortion d) Increases noise

2. The overall gain of an amplifier with negative feedback is:a) Greater than open loop gain b)
Equal to open loop gain c) Less than open loop gain d) Infinite

3. For sustained oscillations, the loop gain should be: a) Less than unityb) Greater than unityc)
Equal to unity d) Zero

4. Barkhausen criterion is applicable to: a)Rectifiers b) Amplifiers only c) Oscillators d) Filters

A Wien bridge oscillator uses: a)LC network b) RC network c) RLC network d) Transformer

5. Frequency of oscillation of Wien bridge oscillator depends on:

6. a)L and C b) R and L c) R and C d) Only C

7. Colpitt oscillator uses:

a) Two inductors and one capacitor b) One inductor and two capacitors c) Two
resistors and one capacitor d) RC network

8. Positive feedback is mainly used in:

a) Power amplifiers b) Audio amplifiers c) Oscillators d) Voltage regulators

9. The phase shift required around the loop for oscillation is: a) 90°b) 180°c) 270°d) 360°

10. Negative feedback increases:a) Distortion b) Gain c) Bandwidth d) Noise

Unit: 4 4. Combinational Logic Circuits: 06

4.1 Half adder, Full adder, Half subtractor, Full subtractor, N bit parallel adder,
Parity Generator and checker, Digital comparator
4.2 Code converter, Encoder, Decoder, Multiplexer, Demultiplexer.

A. SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. What is a combinational logic circuit?
2. Define half adder.
3. Define full adder.
4. Write the truth table of a half adder.
5. Write the truth table of a full adder.
6. Define half subtractor.
 7. Define full subtractor.
8. What is an N-bit parallel adder?
9. Define parity bit.
10. What is a parity generator?
11. What is a parity checker?
12. Define digital comparator.
13. What is a code converter?
14. What is an encoder?
15. What is a decoder?
16. Define multiplexer.
17. Define demultiplexer.
18. State one application of a multiplexer.
19. State one application of a decoder.
20. State one difference between encoder and decoder.

B. LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Explain the working of a half adder with logic diagram and truth table.
2. Explain the working of a full adder with logic diagram and truth table.
3. Explain the working of a half subtractor with logic diagram and truth table.
4. Explain the working of a full subtractor with logic diagram and truth table.
5. Explain the construction and operation of an N-bit parallel adder.
6. Explain parity generator and parity checker with block diagram and truth table.
7. Explain the working of a digital comparator with suitable example.
8. Explain the working of a code converter (Binary to Gray or BCD to Excess-3).
9. Explain the working of an encoder with logic diagram.
10. Explain the working of a decoder with logic diagram.
11. Explain the working of a multiplexer with truth table and logic diagram.
12. Explain the working of a demultiplexer with truth table and logic diagram.
13. Compare multiplexer and demultiplexer.

C. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQs)

A combinational logic circuit has:

a) Memoryb) Feedback c) Output depending only on present input d) Clock input
Half adder has _____ inputs and _____ outputs. a) 1, 1 b) 2, 1 c) 2, 2 d) 3, 2
Full adder has _____ inputs. a) Two b) Three c) Four d) One
Half subtractor produces:
a) Sum and carry b) Difference and borrow c) Product and carry d) Quotient and remainder
A parallel adder is used to: a) Add decimal numbers b) Add binary numbers simultaneously
c) Multiply binary numbers d) Subtract binary numbers
Even parity means the total number of 1s is:a) Odd b) Even c) Zero d) Infinite
A digital comparator is used to: a) Add two numbers b) Compare two binary numbers
c) Encode data d) Decode data
An encoder converts: a) Binary to decimal b) Decimal to binary c) Multiple inputs into coded output
d) Coded input to multiple outputs
A decoder has _____ outputs for n inputs. a) n b) n² c) 2ⁿ d) n/2
A multiplexer is also called:
a) Data selector b) Data distributor c) Decoder d) Encoder
A demultiplexer is also called: a) Data selector b) Data distributor c) Adder d) Comparator
Which circuit selects one of many inputs and forwards it to the output?
a) Decoder b) Encoder c) Multiplexer d) Demultiplexer
 Unit: 5 5 Sequential Logic Circuits: 09

5.1 Flip-flops – RS, D, T, JK, JK Master Slave Flip Flops using basic gates, preset and
clear signals.
5.2 Counters - Asynchronous & Synchronous Counter, Mod-N counter, Up Down
Counter, Ring counter
5.3 Registers - Shift register, Serial in Serial out, Serial in Parallel out, Parallel in
serial out, Parallel in Parallel out.

UNIT–5 : SEQUENTIAL LOGIC CIRCUITS

A. SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. What is a sequential logic circuit?

2. How does a sequential circuit differ from a combinational circuit?
3. Define a flip-flop.
4. What is a clock signal?
5. Define preset and clear signals.
6. What is RS flip-flop?
7. What is D flip-flop?
8. What is JK flip-flop?
9. What is T flip-flop?
10. What is a master–slave flip-flop?
11. Mention one advantage of JK flip-flop over RS flip-flop.
12. What is meant by race-around condition?
13. Define asynchronous counter.
14. Define synchronous counter.
15. What is Mod-N counter?
16. What is an up-counter?
17. What is a down-counter?
18. What is a ring counter?
19. Define register.
20. What is a shift register?
21. Define SISO register.
22. Define SIPO register.
23. Define PISO register.
24. Define PIPO register.

B. LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

Flip -flop

1. Explain the RS flip-flop using basic gates with truth table and timing diagram.
2. Explain the D flip-flop using logic diagram and truth table.
3. Explain the T flip-flop with logic diagram and truth table.
4. Explain the JK flip-flop with logic diagram and truth table.
5. Explain the JK master–slave flip-flop, its operation, and how it eliminates race-around
condition.
6. Explain the role of preset and clear signals in flip-flops.

Counters
 1. Explain the asynchronous (ripple) counter with logic diagram and timing waveform.
2. Explain the synchronous counter with logic diagram and timing waveform.
3. Compare asynchronous and synchronous counters.
4. Explain the design and operation of Mod-N counter.
5. Explain the up-down counter with block diagram and working.
6. Explain the ring counter with diagram and applications.

Registers

1. Explain the shift register with neat diagram.

2. Explain SISO shift register with timing diagram.
3. Explain SIPO shift register with timing diagram.
4. Explain PISO shift register with timing diagram.
5. Explain PIPO register and its applications.
6. Compare different types of shift registers.

C. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQs)

1. A sequential circuit contains:

a) Only logic gates b) Memory elements c) No clock d) Only combinational logic
2. Which flip-flop has no invalid state? a) RS b) D c) T d) JK
3. Race-around condition occurs in: a) RS flip-flop b) D flip-flop c) JK flip-flop d) T flip-flop
4. Master–slave flip-flop is used to eliminate:
a) Noise b) Power loss c) Race-around condition d) Propagation delay
5. In an asynchronous counter, flip-flops are triggered:
a) Simultaneously b) By external clock only c) One after another d) Randomly
6. A Mod-10 counter is also called:a) Binary counter b) Octal counter c) Decade counter d) Ring
counter
7. Which counter uses only one logic ‘1’ circulating?
a) Up-counter b) Down-counter c) Ring counter d) Mod-N counter
8. SIPO register converts: a) Serial to serial b) Parallel to serial c) Serial to parallel d) Parallel to
parallel
9. PISO register converts: a) Serial to serial b) Parallel to serial c) Serial to parallel d) Parallel to
parallel
10. Preset signal is used to: a) Reset output to 0 b) Set output to 1 c) Disable clock d) Change
frequency
11. Clear signal is used to: a) Set output to 1 b) Reset output to 0 c) Enable clock d) Increase
speed
12. A synchronous counter is faster because: a) Uses fewer gates b) No memory c) All flip-flops
triggered together d) Has no clock
Unit: 6 6 Data Converters & Memory Devices: 05

6.1 D/A Converter: Basic concepts, Weighted Resistor D/A converter, R-2R
Ladder D/A converter.
6.2 A/D Converter: Successive approximation method, Dual slope method.
6.3 Concept of - Static Memory & Dynamic Memory, SDRAM, DDR RAM, PROM,
EEROM, EPROM.
6.4 Comparison of Logic families – DTL, TTL and ECL Gates

UNIT–6 : DATA CONVERTERS & MEMORY DEVICES

A. SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
6.1 Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC)
1. What is a digital-to-analog converter (DAC)?
2. Define resolution of a DAC.
3. What is meant by accuracy in a DAC?
4. What is a weighted resistor DAC?
5. What is an R-2R ladder DAC?
6. State one advantage of R-2R ladder DAC over weighted resistor DAC.

6.2 Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC)

1. What is an analog-to-digital converter (ADC)?

2. What is sampling?
3. Define conversion time of an ADC.
4. What is successive approximation ADC?
5. What is dual slope ADC?

6.3 Memory Devices

1. What is static memory?
2. What is dynamic memory?
3. Define SDRAM.
4. What is DDR RAM?
5. What is PROM?
6. What is EPROM?
7. What is EEPROM?
8. Mention one difference between RAM and ROM.

6.4 Logic Families

1. What is a logic family?
2. Name any two logic families.
3. What is TTL logic family?
4. What is ECL logic family?
5. State one advantage of ECL over TTL.

B. LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

6.1 D/A Converter

1. Explain the basic concept of digital-to-analog conversion.

2. Explain the weighted resistor DAC with circuit diagram and operation.
3. Explain the R-2R ladder DAC with circuit diagram and operation.
4. Compare weighted resistor DAC and R-2R ladder DAC.

6.2 A/D Converter

1. Explain the successive approximation method of A/D conversion with block diagram and
operation.
2. Explain the dual slope ADC with block diagram and working.
3. Compare successive approximation ADC and dual slope ADC.

6.3 Memory Devices

 1. Explain the difference between static RAM (SRAM) and dynamic RAM (DRAM).
2. Explain SDRAM and DDR RAM with features and applications.
3. Explain PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM with characteristics and applications.

6.4 Logic Families

1. Explain the characteristics of DTL, TTL, and ECL logic families.

2. Compare DTL, TTL, and ECL in terms of speed, power dissipation, noise margin, and
applications.

C. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQs)

1. A DAC converts:
a) Analog to digitalb) Digital to analog c) AC to DC d) DC to AC.
2. Resolution of an n-bit DAC is:
a) 1/2ⁿ b) 1/(2ⁿ − 1) c) 2ⁿ d) n²
3. R-2R ladder DAC uses:
a) Many different resistor values b) Only two resistor values c) Only one resistor d)
Capacitors only.
4. Successive approximation ADC uses:
a) Comparator onlyb) Counter c) Successive approximation register d) Integrator
5. Dual slope ADC is mainly used in:
a) High-speed applications b) Digital multimeters c) Microprocessors d) Oscillators
6. Static RAM stores data using: a) Capacitors b) Flip-flops c) Magnetic core d) Transistors only
7. DRAM requires: a) No refreshing b) Continuous refreshing c) No power d) No clock
8. EEPROM stands for: a) Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
9. b) Electronically Erased Program ROM c) Electrical Erase Programmable ROM d) Electrically
Enabled Program ROM
10. TTL logic family uses: a) MOSFETs b) BJTs c) JFETs d) Vacuum tubes
11. ECL logic family is known for:
a) Low speed b) High power consumption and high speed c) Low noise immunity d) Low
cost