FIRE PROTECTION AND ARSON INVESTIGATION

A Progressive Approach for Criminology Students

Lesson 1 – The Science of Fire

A. Introduction to Fire Protection and Arson Investigation

Fire protection and arson investigation are two crucial fields that work in tandem to prevent
and investigate fires, ensuring the safety of communities and aiding in the pursuit of justice. Fires,
with their devastating potential, pose a significant threat to lives and property. Therefore, the
expertise and knowledge of professionals in these fields are essential in mitigating risks and
determining the causes of fire incidents.

Fire protection encompasses a range of practices and strategies to prevent fires, suppress
them effectively, and minimize their impact. Building codes, fire safety regulations, and advanced
fire suppression systems are implemented to create safer environments. The National Fire
Protection Association (NFPA) and other organizations are pivotal in setting fire prevention
standards, including installing smoke detectors, fire alarms, sprinkler systems, and fire-resistant
building materials.

An arson investigation determines if a fire was intentionally set and, if so, identifies the
responsible parties. Arson investigators combine scientific methodologies, forensic analysis, and law
enforcement techniques to unravel the complexities surrounding fire incidents. These professionals
play a crucial role in identifying and bringing arsonists to justice by carefully examining fire scenes,
collecting evidence, and conducting thorough analyses.

Forensic fire investigation relies on established methodologies and the expertise of trained
professionals to reconstruct fire scenes and analyze patterns. Through the study of fire behavior,
burn patterns, and residue analysis, investigators can discern crucial details about the origin and
cause of a fire. Additionally, they work closely with forensic chemists to identify accelerants,
evaluate electrical systems, and determine potential fire hazards.

Arson investigations are often collaborative efforts involving law enforcement agencies, fire
departments, forensic scientists, and legal professionals. Sharing resources, information, and
expertise across these disciplines is vital to successful investigations and prosecution of arson cases.
Additionally, organizations such as the International Association of Arson Investigators (IAAI) provide
training, certification, and networking opportunities for professionals in the field, fostering a
community dedicated to advancing arson investigation techniques.

Advancements in technology have greatly enhanced the capabilities of fire protection and
arson investigation. State-of-the-art fire detection systems, forensic tools, and analytical techniques
have revolutionized how professionals approach their work. Furthermore, ongoing research and
development in fire science and forensic analysis continually improve our understanding of fire
behavior, enhancing the accuracy and reliability of investigations.

In conclusion, fire protection and arson investigation are critical disciplines that aim to
prevent fires, protect communities, and bring perpetrators of intentional fires to justice. By adhering
to established standards, implementing preventive measures, and employing advanced investigative
techniques, professionals in these fields play a vital role in ensuring the safety and well-being of

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individuals and their surroundings. Their expertise, collaboration, and technological advancements
strengthen the fight against fires and the pursuit of justice in arson cases.

B. What is Fire?

Fire is a chemical reaction and physical process characterized by the rapid oxidation or
combustion of a fuel in the presence of heat, oxygen, and a fuel source, releasing heat, light, and
various gases. It is an exothermic reaction involving breaking and rearranging chemical bonds within
the fuel molecules.

C. Elements of Fire

The elements of fire, often called the "fire tetrahedron," are the four essential components
required for fire to occur and sustain itself. These elements include fuel, heat, oxygen, and the
chemical chain reaction. Here's a breakdown of each component:

1. Fuel: Fuel refers to any combustible material that can undergo combustion. It can be in the
form of solids, liquids, or gases. Common examples of fuel include wood, paper, gasoline,
propane, and natural gas. The fuel's type and properties affect the fire's characteristics and
behavior.

2. Heat: Heat is the energy necessary to raise the temperature of the fuel to its ignition point,
where it can start burning. Heat is often supplied through an external ignition source, such
as a flame, spark, electrical arc, or intense heat from another fire. Once the fuel reaches its
ignition temperature, it generates heat and sustains the fire.

3. Oxygen: Oxygen is the oxidizing agent required for the combustion process. It is obtained
from the surrounding air and is necessary to support the chemical reaction during
combustion. The presence of oxygen allows the fuel to react with heat, releasing energy in
the form of heat and light.

4. Chemical Chain Reaction: The chemical chain reaction refers to the self-sustaining process
that occurs once the fuel is heated and reacts with oxygen. As the fuel molecules break apart
and combine with oxygen, they release heat, light, and various combustion by-products.
These by-products can further contribute to the fire and support its propagation. The
chemical chain reaction continues as long as there is a sufficient supply of fuel, heat, and
oxygen.

The understanding and control of these four elements are fundamental in fire safety and
firefighting. Fire protection professionals employ various strategies to disrupt one or more elements
of the fire tetrahedron to prevent fires or extinguish them effectively. For instance, fire suppression
systems may remove heat by cooling the fuel or limiting the oxygen supply to starve the fire of its
essential elements.

It is important to note that the understanding and management of fire also involve additional
factors, such as the physical arrangement of fuel, ventilation conditions, and the presence of other
chemicals or materials that can influence the behavior and intensity of the fire.

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D. Classification of Fire

Fires are commonly classified based on their fuel type and behavior. The most widely used
classification system is the one developed by the National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG) in
the United States. The NWCG's classification system categorizes fires into the following six classes:

1. Class A: Fires involving ordinary combustible materials, such as wood, paper, cloth, and
many plastics.
2. Class B: Fires involving flammable liquids or gases, such as gasoline, oil, propane, and natural
gas.
3. Class C: Fires involving energized electrical equipment, such as appliances, wiring,
transformers, and motors. Commercial
4. Class D: Fires involving combustible metals, such as magnesium, titanium, potassium, and
sodium.
5. Class E: Fires involving electrically energized equipment, such as industrial machinery and
appliances.
6. Class F: Fires involving cooking oils and fats, often found in commercial kitchens.

Each class has specific characteristics and requires different approaches for suppression and
control.

E. Principles of Fire

Principles of fire behavior are essential concepts that help fire fighters and fire safety
professionals understand how fires develop, spread, and can be controlled. The principles of fire
behavior include the following:

1. Fire Triangle: The fire triangle represents the three elements necessary for a fire to occur:
fuel, heat, and oxygen. These three components must be present in the right proportions to
sustain combustion. Removing any one of these elements can extinguish a fire.

2. Fire Tetrahedron: Building upon the fire triangle, the fire tetrahedron adds a fourth element
- the chemical chain reaction. The chemical reaction between fuel, heat, and oxygen sustains
the fire. Breaking the chain reaction can also extinguish a fire.

3. Heat Transfer: Heat can be transferred in three ways: conduction (direct contact),
convection (through air or fluid movement), and radiation (energy transmitted as
electromagnetic waves). Understanding heat transfer helps in predicting fire spread and
implementing appropriate firefighting strategies.

4. Fire Development: Fires typically go through several stages: ignition (beginning of the fire),
growth (fire spreads and intensifies), fully developed (maximum heat release), and decay
(fire weakens). Knowing these stages is crucial for firefighting tactics.

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 5. Fire Behavior Predictability: Although fires can be unpredictable, they still follow certain
patterns based on fuel, weather, and topography. Understanding these factors can help
predict fire behavior and aid firefighting efforts.

6. Flashover and Backdraft: Flashover is a rapid and widespread ignition of combustible

materials in an enclosed space due to intense heat. A backdraft is an explosion caused by the
introduction of air into an oxygen-depleted environment. These events pose significant risks
to fire-fighters.

7. Fire Spread: Fires can spread through direct flame contact, heat transfer to adjacent fuels,
and the production of hot gases and embers that ignite new areas. Understanding fire
spread helps in containment and control.

8. Smoke: Smoke is a by-product of incomplete combustion and consists of a mixture of

particles, aerosols, and gases. It can obscure vision, carry heat, and be toxic. Analyzing
smoke behavior is crucial for fire-fighter safety and locating the seat of the fire.

F. Stages of Fire

Fires typically progress through several stages, each with distinct characteristics and behaviors.
The stages of fires are commonly described as follows:

1. Incipient Stage: This is the initial stage of a fire, where the heat, fuel, and oxygen come
together, and the fire starts to develop. At this stage, the fire is usually small and localized,
and it may be possible to extinguish it with minimal effort using a portable fire extinguisher.

2. Growth Stage: During this stage, the fire begins to intensify and spread rapidly. The heat
release rate increases and the fire starts generating significant amounts of heat and smoke.
It becomes more challenging to control the fire at this point, and it may require the use of
larger firefighting equipment or suppression tactics.

3. Fully Developed Stage: In this stage, the fire reaches its maximum heat release rate. The fire
is now well-established and has spread extensively. The environment becomes extremely
hazardous due to high temperatures, intense heat, and thick, toxic smoke. Structural
collapse and flashover become significant concerns during this stage.

4. Decay Stage: As the available fuel in the fire area is consumed, the fire's intensity starts to
decrease. The heat release rate drops and the fire's spread slows down. However, there will
still be hot spots and hidden pockets of fire that may rekindle if not fully extinguished.

Please note that the specific terminology and descriptions of fire stages may vary slightly
depending on different fire service organizations or fire science references.

G. Transmission or Transfer of Heat

Heat can be transferred through three main mechanisms:

1. Conduction: Conduction is the transfer of heat through direct contact between objects or
substances. In this process, heat energy moves from a region of higher temperature to a

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 region of lower temperature. Metals are good conductors of heat, which is why metal
utensils left in a hot pan quickly become hot to the touch.

2. Convection: Convection is the transfer of heat through the movement of fluids (liquids or
gases). When a fluid is heated, it becomes less dense and rises, carrying heat with it. As the
fluid cools, it becomes denser and sinks. This creates a continuous flow of heated and cooler
fluid, which transfers heat to surrounding objects. A common example of convection is the
way air circulates and heats a room when a heater is turned on.

3. Radiation: Radiation is the transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves. Unlike

conduction and convection, radiation does not require a medium to transfer heat. Heat
energy is emitted in the form of infrared radiation, and it travels in straight lines until it is
absorbed by a solid object, where it is converted back into heat. The warmth you feel from
the sun or the heat from a fire are examples of heat transfer through radiation.

H. Possible Sources of Ignition

Ignition refers to the process of initiating combustion or the start of a fire. There are various
potential sources of ignition, and some common examples include:

1. Open Flames: Open flames from sources like candles, matches, lighters, or gas stoves can
easily ignite flammable materials.

2. Electrical Equipment: Electrical faults, damaged wiring, and overloaded circuits can generate
sparks and heat, leading to ignition in the presence of flammable materials.

3. Smoking Materials: Carelessly discarded cigarettes, cigars, or matchsticks can ignite nearby
combustible materials.

4. Heating Appliances: Malfunctioning or improperly used heating appliances such as space

heaters, furnaces, and ovens can be sources of ignition.

5. Hot Surfaces: Objects that become very hot, such as heating elements, motors, or
machinery, can ignite nearby flammable materials through conduction.

6. Sparks and Hot Particles: Sparks from grinding, welding, and cutting operations, or hot
particles from fireworks and industrial processes can ignite combustible materials.

7. Chemical Reactions: Some chemical reactions can produce heat or sparks, leading to ignition
if they come into contact with flammable substances.

It's important to exercise caution and implement fire safety measures to prevent ignition
sources from coming into contact with flammable materials and causing fires.

I. Combustion and its Principles

Combustion is a chemical reaction between a fuel (typically a hydrocarbon or other organic

material) and an oxidizing agent (usually oxygen) that produces heat, light, and various combustion
products such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other gases. Combustion is an exothermic
process, meaning it releases energy in the form of heat and light.

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Principles of Combustion

1. Fire Triangle and Fire Tetrahedron: Combustion is governed by the principles of the fire
triangle and fire tetrahedron. The fire triangle consists of three elements necessary for
combustion: fuel, oxygen, and heat. When these elements come together in the right
proportions, a fire can occur. The fire tetrahedron adds a fourth element, the chemical chain
reaction, which sustains the fire.

2. Ignition Temperature: Every fuel has an ignition temperature, which is the minimum
temperature at which it can spontaneously ignite and sustain combustion. Once the fuel
reaches this temperature and is in the presence of sufficient oxygen, the combustion process
can begin.

3. Self-Sustaining Reaction: Combustion is a self-sustaining reaction. Once the initial ignition

occurs, the heat generated in the process raises the temperature of the surrounding fuel,
leading to the continuous release of combustible gases and vapors. These gases and vapors
then mix with oxygen in the air, causing further combustion and heat generation.

4. The heat of Combustion: The heat of combustion is the amount of heat released when a
given amount of fuel undergoes complete combustion with oxygen. It is typically expressed
in energy units like joules or calories per unit mass of fuel.

5. Exothermic Reaction: Combustion is an exothermic reaction because it releases heat energy

into the surroundings. The energy released during combustion is what sustains the fire and
allows it to continue burning as long as there is a sufficient supply of fuel and oxygen.

6. Flame Structure: Flames are visible evidence of combustion. They consist of various zones,
including the preheating zone, where the fuel is heated to its ignition temperature; the
combustion zone, where the fuel reacts with oxygen and releases heat and light; and the
post-combustion zone, where remaining combustion products cool down.

7. Products of Combustion: The products of combustion depend on the type of fuel and the
availability of oxygen. In complete combustion (with sufficient oxygen), the products are
primarily carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor (H2O). In incomplete combustion (limited
oxygen), carbon monoxide (CO), soot, and other toxic gases may be produced.

8. Heat Transfer in Combustion: Combustion involves heat transfer through conduction,

convection, and radiation. The heat generated during combustion can transfer to nearby
fuels, leading to the potential spread of the fire.

Understanding the principles of combustion is crucial for fire safety, firefighting, and the
development of technologies related to energy production and utilization.

J. Factors that Influenced the Spread of Fire

The spread of fire is influenced by various factors that can impact its intensity, rate of spread,
and direction. Some of the key factors include:

1. Fuel Type and Arrangement: The type, quantity, and arrangement of fuel play a significant
role in fire spread. Different fuels have varying ignition temperatures, burning rates, and

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 heat release capacities. Dense arrangements of combustible materials can lead to rapid fire
spread, while discontinuous fuel can create breaks and slow down the fire's advancement.

2. Weather Conditions: Weather conditions have a substantial impact on fire behavior. Strong
winds can carry flames and embers over long distances, causing spot fires ahead of the main
fire front. Low humidity levels can dry out vegetation and increase its flammability, while
high temperatures can promote rapid combustion.

3. Topography: The shape and slope of the land can influence fire behavior. Fires tend to
spread more quickly uphill due to preheating of the fuel and increased exposure to air.
Additionally, canyons and valleys can channel winds, leading to accelerated fire spread.

4. Fire Duration and Size: Long-duration fires and large fire fronts have a greater potential to
create their weather conditions, including fire-induced winds, which can further enhance fire
spread.

5. Fire Behavior Feedback: As a fire spreads, it can modify the environment around it, creating
its weather patterns. For example, a large and intense fire can generate its winds, known as
fire-induced or pyro-convective winds, which can accelerate the rate of spread.

6. Human Activities: Human activities, such as burning debris, campfires left unattended,
discarded cigarettes, and intentional arson, can initiate fires and contribute to their spread.
Additionally, urban development and the proximity of buildings can facilitate fire spread
through the urban-wildland interface.

7. Firefighting Resources and Tactics: The availability and effectiveness of firefighting

resources can influence fire containment and control efforts. Early detection and rapid
response can help limit fire spread, while resource limitations can allow fires to grow and
become more challenging to manage.

8. Fire History and Vegetation Characteristics: The history of fire in an area and the type of
vegetation present can impact fire behavior. Areas with a history of frequent fires may have
vegetation adapted to fire, while areas without recent fires may have a build-up of fuel,
making fires more intense.

9. Ignition Source: The source of ignition and the location where the fire starts can affect the
initial size and intensity of the fire, influencing its subsequent spread.

Understanding these factors is crucial for fire management and mitigation efforts. By considering
these variables, fire management agencies can develop strategies to prevent and control wildfires,
protect communities, and minimize the impact of fires on the environment and human lives.

K. Spontaneous Combustion, Flashover, Back Draft, Bite Back, Flash Fire

1. Spontaneous Combustion: Spontaneous combustion is a phenomenon where a material self-

ignites without any external heat source or ignition spark. It occurs when a substance undergoes a
slow oxidation process, generating heat, and reaching its ignition temperature. Common examples
include oily rags, hay stacks, and certain chemical substances. Proper storage and disposal of
materials prone to spontaneous combustion are essential to prevent fires caused by this
phenomenon.

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2. Flashover: Flashover is a critical event in a fire's development, characterized by the near-
simultaneous ignition of all combustible materials in an enclosed space. It occurs when the heat
from the fire reaches a point where it significantly raises the temperature of the room's contents,
including walls, furniture, and other materials. Once the contents reach their ignition temperature,
multiple points in the room ignite simultaneously, resulting in a sudden and intense fire spread.
Flashovers are extremely dangerous to firefighters and occupants, as they produce a rapid increase
in heat, flames, and toxic gases.

3. Backdraft: Backdraft is a phenomenon that occurs when a fire in an enclosed space consumes the
available oxygen, resulting in incomplete combustion. The fire may appear to smoulder or be
relatively quiet due to the lack of oxygen. When a fresh supply of air is suddenly introduced into
space, the unburned gases and smoke ignite explosively, causing a sudden burst of flames known as
a backdraft. Backdrafts can be highly unpredictable and hazardous to firefighters entering a building
with such conditions.

4. BLEVE (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion - "Bite Back"): A BLEVE occurs when a container
holding a pressurized liquid (such as liquefied petroleum gas or propane) is subjected to intense
heat, causing the liquid inside to rapidly vaporize. The pressure build-up exceeds the container's
structural integrity, leading to an explosion. The term "Bite Back" is a colloquial term used to
describe the explosive nature of a BLEVE.

5. Flash Fire: A flash fire is a sudden and intense fire that spreads rapidly through a flammable
atmosphere. It occurs when flammable gases, vapors, or fine particles (such as dust) mix with air in
the right proportion and are ignited by an external heat source. Flash fires are common in industrial
settings where combustible gases or dust can accumulate and pose a significant risk to workers in
the area.

It's important to be aware of these fire-related terms and phenomena, especially for
firefighting personnel and those involved in fire safety and emergency response. Understanding
these events can help prevent accidents, protect lives, and improve fire management strategies.

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Lesson 2 – R.A. 9514, with Emphasis on Sections 1 to 9 of the Law

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9514 – CSE FOE

AN ACT ESTABLISHING A COMPREHENSIVE FIRE CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES, REPEALING

PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 1185 AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

SECTION 1. This Act shall be known as the “Fire Code of the Philippines of 2008”.

SECTION 2. It is the policy of the State to ensure public safety, promote economic development
through the prevention and suppression of all kinds, of destructive fires, and promote the
professionalization of the fire service as a profession. Towards this end, the State shall enforce all
laws, rules, and regulations to ensure adherence to standard fire prevention and safety measures
and promote accountability in the fire protection and prevention service.

SECTION 3. Definition of Terms. - As used in this Fire Code, the following words and phrases shall
mean and be construed as indicated:

Abatement - any act that would remove or neutralize a fire hazard.

Administrator - any person who acts as an agent of the owner and manages the use of a building for
him.

A blasting Agent - any material or mixture consisting of a fuel and oxidizer used to set off explosives.
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Cellulose Nitrate or Nitro Cellulose - A highly combustible and explosive compound produced by the
reaction of nitric acid with cellulose material.

Cellulose Nitrate Plastic (Pyroxylin) - any plastic substance, material, or compound having cellulose
nitrate (nitrocellulose) as a base.

Combustible Flammable or Inflammable - Descriptive of materials that are easily set on fire.

Combustible Fiber - Any readily ignitable and free-burning fiber such as cotton, oakum, rags, waste
cloth, waste paper, kapok, hay, straw, Spanish moss, excelsior, and other similar materials
commonly used in commerce.

Combustible Liquid - any liquid having a flash point at or above 37.8°C (100 °F).

Corrosive Liquid - any liquid that causes fire when in contact with organic matter or with certain
chemicals.

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Curtain Board - A vertical panel of non-combustible or fire-resistive materials attached to and
extending below the bottom chord of the roof trusses, to divide the underside of the roof into
separate compartments so that heat and smoke will be directed upwards to a roof vent.

Cryogenic - Descriptive of any material which by its nature or as a result of its reaction with other
elements produces a rapid drop in temperature of the immediate surroundings.

Damper - A normally open device installed inside the air duct system which automatically closes to
restrict the passage of smoke or fire.

Distillation - The process of first raising the temperature to separate the more volatile from the less
volatile parts and then cooling and condensing the resulting vapor to produce a nearly purified
substance.

Duct System - A continuous passageway for the transmission of air.

Dust - A finely powdered substance which, when mixed with air in the proper proportion and ignited
will cause an explosion.

Electrical Arc - An extremely hot luminous bridge formed by the passage of an electric current across
a space between two conductors or terminals due to the incandescence of the conducting vapor.

Ember - A hot piece or lump that remains after a material has partially burned, and is still oxidizing
without the manifestation of flames.

Finish materials are used as the final coating of a surface for ornamental or protective purposes.

Fire - the active principle of burning is characterized by the heat and light of combustion.

Fire Trap - A building unsafe in case of fire because it will burn easily or because it lacks adequate
exits or fire escapes.

Fire Alarm - Any visual or audible signal produced by a device or system to warn the occupants of the
building or firefighting elements of the presence or danger of fire to enable them to undertake
immediate action to save life and property and to suppress the fire.

Fire Door - A fire resistive door is prescribed for openings in fire separation walls or partitions.

Fire Hazard - Any condition or act which increases or may cause an increase in the probability of the
occurrence of fire, or which may obstruct, delay, hinder, or interfere with firefighting operations and
the safeguarding of life and property.

Fire Lane - The portion of a roadway or public way that should be kept open and unobstructed at all
times for the expedient operation of firefighting units.

Fire Protective and Fire Safety Device - Any device intended for the protection of buildings or
persons to include, but not limited to, built-in protection system such as sprinklers and other
automatic extinguishing systems, detectors for heat, smoke, and combustion products, and other
warning system components, personal protective equipment such as fire blankets, helmets, fire
suits, gloves, and other garments that may be put on or worn by persons to protect themselves
during a fire.

Fire Safety Constructions - Refers to the design and installation of walls, barriers, doors, windows,
vents, means of egress, etc. integral to and incorporated into a building or structure to minimize
danger to life from fire, smoke, fumes, or panic before the building is evacuated. These features are

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also designed to achieve, among others, safe and rapid evacuation of people through means of
egress on construction which are sealed from smoke or fire, the confinement of fire or smoke in the
room or floor of origin, and delay their spread to other parts of the building using smoke sealed and
fire-resistant doors, walls and floors. It shall also mean to include the treatment of building
components or contents with flame-retardant chemicals.

Flash Point - the minimum temperature at which any material gives off vapor in sufficient
concentration to form an ignitable mixture with air.

Forcing - A process where a piece of metal is heated before changing its shape or dimensions.

Fulminate - A kind of stable explosive compound that explodes by percussion.

Hazardous Operation/Process - any act of manufacturing, fabrication, conversion, etc., that uses or
produces materials that are likely to cause fires or explosions.

Horizontal Exit - Passageway from one building to another or through or around a wall in
approximately the same floor level.

Hose Box - A box or cabinet where fire hoses, valves, and other equipment are stored and arranged
for firefighting.

Hose Reel - A cylindrical device turning on an axis around which a fire hose is wound and connected.

Hypergolic Fuel - A rocket or liquid propellant consists of combinations of fuels and oxidizers that
ignite spontaneously in contact with each other.

Industrial Baking and Drying - The industrial process of subjecting materials to heat to remove
solvents or moisture from the same, and/or to fuse certain chemical salts to form a uniform glazing
on the surface of the materials being treated.

Jumper - A piece of metal or an electrical conductor used to bypass a safety device in an electrical
system.

Occupancy - the purpose for which a building or portion thereof is used or intended to be used.

Occupant - any person occupying and using a building or portions thereof by a lease contract with
the owner or administrator or by permission or sufferance of the latter.

Organic Peroxide - A strong oxidizing organic compound that releases oxygen readily. It causes fire
when in contact with combustible materials, especially under conditions of high temperature.

Overloading - the use of one or more electrical appliances or devices that draw or consume electrical
current beyond the designed capacity of the existing electrical system.

Owner - the person who holds the legal right of possession or title to a building or real property.

Oxidizing Material - A material that readily yields oxygen in quantities sufficient to stimulate or
support combustion.

Pressurized or Forced Draft Burning Equipment - Type of burner where the fuel is subjected to
pressure before discharge into the combustion chamber and/or which includes fans or other
provisions for the introduction of air at above normal atmospheric pressure into the same
combustion chamber.

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Public Assembly Building - any building or structure where fifty (50) or more people congregate,
gather, or assemble for any purpose.

Public Way - Any street, alley, or other strip of land unobstructed from the ground to the sky,
deeded, dedicated, or otherwise permanently appropriated for public use.

Pyrophoric - Descriptive of any substance that ignites spontaneously when exposed to air.

Refining - A process where impurities and/or deleterious materials are removed from a mixture to
produce a pure element or compound. It shall also refer to partial distillation and electrolysis.

Self-closing Doors - Automatic closing doors are designed to confine smoke and heat and delay the
spread of fire.

Smelting - Melting or fusing of metallic ores or compounds to separate impurities from pure metals.

Sprinkler System - An integrated network of hydraulically designed piping installed in a building,

structure, or area with outlets arranged in a systematic pattern that automatically discharges water
when activated by heat or combustion products from a fire.

Standpipe System - A system of vertical pipes in a building to which fire hoses can be attached on
each floor, including a system by which water is made available to the outlets as needed.

Vestibule - A passage hall or antechamber between the outer doors and the interior parts of a house
or building.

Vertical Shaft - an enclosed vertical space of passage that extends from floor to floor, as well as from
the base to the top of the building.

SECTION 4. Applicability of the Code. - The provisions of the Fire Code shall apply to all persons and
all private and public buildings, facilities, or structures erected or constructed before and after its
effectivity.

SECTION 5. Responsibility for the Enforcement of this Code. - This Code shall be administered and
enforced by the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP), under the direct supervision and control of the
Chief of the Bureau of Fire Protection, through the hierarchy of organization as provided for in
Chapter VI of Republic Act No. 6975. With the approval of the Secretary of the Department of the
Interior and Local Government (DILG), the Chief, BFP, is hereby authorized to:

a. Issue implementing rules and regulations, and prescribe standards, schedules of fees/fire service
charges and administrative penalties therefor as provided in the pertinent provisions of this Code;

b. Reorganize the BFP as may be necessary and appropriate;

c. Support and assist fire volunteers, practitioners, and fire volunteer organizations in the country
who shall undergo mandatory fire suppression, inspection, rescue, emergency medical services, and
related emergency response training and competency evaluations to be conducted by the BFP. In
the case of the fire practitioners, they shall undergo mandatory continuous professional education
and competency evaluation of their expertise, knowledge, and skills in the area of fire science,
engineering, and technology to be conducted by the.

The BFP may enter into external party agreements for the conduct of training, education, and
evaluation of fire volunteers, practitioners, and fire volunteer organizations, which shall be under
the full control and supervision of the BFP: Provided, however, That during firefighting operations,

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fire volunteer organizations shall be under the direct operational control of the fire ground
commanders of the BFP;

d. Enter into a long-term agreement, either through public biddings or negotiations by the provisions
of Republic Act No. 9184, otherwise known as the Government Procurement Reform Act of 2003, for
the acquisition of fire prevention, fire protection, and fire fighting investigation, rescue, paramedics,
hazardous material handling equipment, supplies, materials, and related technical services necessary
for the fire service;

e. Enter into Memoranda of Agreement with other departments, bureaus, agencies, offices, and
corporations of the government, as well as private institutions, to define areas of cooperation and
coordination and delineate responsibility on fire prevention education, fire safety, fire prevention,
fire suppression and other matters of common concern;

f. Call on the police, other law enforcement agencies, and local government assistance to render
necessary assistance in the enforcement of this Code;

g. Designate a fire safety inspector through his/her duly authorized representative, who shall inspect
every building or structure within his area of responsibility at least once a year and every time the
owner, administrator, or occupant shall renew his/her business permit or permit to operate;

No occupancy permit, business, or permit to operate shall be issued without securing a Fire Safety
Inspection Certificate (FSIC) from the Chief, BFP, or his/her duly authorized representative;

h. Inspect at a reasonable time, any building, structure, installation, or premises for dangerous or
hazardous conditions or materials as outlined in this Code, provided that in the case of a single-
family dwelling, an inspection must be upon the consent of the occupant or lawful order from the
proper court. The Chief, BFP, or his/her duly authorized representative shall order the
owner/occupant to remove hazardous materials and/or stop hazardous operation/process by the
standards set by this Code or it's implementing rules or regulations or other pertinent laws;

i. Where conditions exist and are deemed hazardous to life and property, to order the
owner/occupant of any building or structure to summarily abate such hazardous conditions;

j. Require the building owner/occupant to submit plans and specifications, and other pertinent
documents of said building to ensure compliance with applicable codes and standards; and

k. Issue a written notice to the owner and/or contractor to stop work on a portion of any work due
to absence, or in violation of approved plans and specifications, permit and/or clearance or
certification as approved by the Chief, BFP, or his/her duly authorized representative. The notice
shall state the nature of the violation and no work shall be continued on that portion until the
violation has been corrected.

SECTION 6. Technical Staff. - The Chief, BFP shall constitute a technical staff of highly qualified
persons who are knowledgeable on fire prevention, fire safety, and fire suppression. They may be
drawn not only from the organic members of the BFP and other government offices and agencies
but also from other sources in the latter case, they will either be appointed into the service or hired
as consultants by law. The technical staff shall study, review, and evaluate the latest developments
and standards on fire technology; prepare plans/programs, on fire safety, prevention, and
suppression and evaluate implementation thereof; develop programs on the professionalization of
the fire service; coordinate with appropriate government and private institutions for the offering of
college courses on fire technology and fire protection engineering; propose amendments to the Fire

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Code; advise the Chief, BFP on any matter brought to his attention; and perform such other
functions as directed on any matter brought to his attention and perform such other functions as
directed by higher authorities.

SECTION 7. Inspections, Safety Measures, Fire Safety, Constructions, and Protective and/or Warning
Systems. - As may be defined and provided in the rules and regulations, owners, administrators or
occupants of buildings, structures, and their premises or facilities and other responsible persons
shall be required to comply with the following, as may be appropriate:

a) Inspection Requirement - A fire safety inspection shall be conducted by the Chief, BFP, or his duly
authorized representative as a prerequisite to the grants of permits and/or licenses by local
governments and other government agencies concerned, for the:

(1) Use or occupancy of buildings, structures, facilities, or their premises including the installation or
fire protection and fire safety equipment, and electrical system in any building structure or facility;
and

(2) Storage, handling, and/or use of explosives or combustible, flammable, toxic, and other
hazardous materials;

b) Safety Measures for Hazardous Materials - Fire safety measures shall be required for the
manufacture, storage, handling, and/or use of hazardous materials involving:

(1) Cellulose nitrate plastic of any kind;

(2) Combustible fibers;

(3) Cellular materials such as foam, rubber, sponge rubber, and plastic foam;

(4) Flammable and combustible liquids or gases of any classification;

(5) Flammable paints, varnishes, stains, and organic coatings;

(6) high-piled or widely spread combustible stock;

(7) Metallic magnesium in any form;

(8) corrosive liquids, oxidizing materials, organic peroxide, nitromethane, ammonium nitrate, or any
amount of highly toxic, pyrophoric, hypergolic, or cryogenic materials or poisonous gases as well as
material compounds which when exposed to heat or flame become fire conductor, or generate
excessive smoke or toxic gases;

(9) blasting agents, explosives and special industrial explosive materials, blasting caps, black powder,
liquid nitroglycerine, dynamite, nitrocellulose, fulminates of any kind, and plastic explosives
containing ammonium salt or chlorate;

(10) Firework materials of any kind or form;

(11) Matches in commercial quantities;

(12) Hot ashes, live coals, and embers;

(13) Mineral, vegetable, or animal oils and other derivatives/by-products;

(14) Combustible waste materials for recycling or resale;

(15) Explosive dust and vapors; and

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(16) Agriculture, forest, marine, or mineral products that may undergo spontaneous combustion;

(17) any other substance with the potential to cause harm to persons, property, or the environment
because of one or more of the following: a) The chemical properties of the substance; b) The
physical properties of the substance; c) The biological properties of the substance. Without limiting
the definition of hazardous material, all dangerous goods, combustible liquids, and chemicals are
hazardous materials.

c) Safety Measures for Hazardous Operations/Processes - Fire safety measures shall be required for
the following hazardous operations/processes:

(1) Welding or soldering;

(2) Industrial baking and drying;

(3) Waste disposal;

(4) pressurized/forced-draft burning equipment;

(5) Smelting and forging;

(6) Motion picture projection using electrical arc lamps;

(7) Refining, distillation, and solvent extraction; and

(8) Such other operations or processes as may hereafter be prescribed in the rules and regulations.

d) Provision on Fire Safety Construction, Protective and Warning System - Owners, occupants or
administrator or buildings, structures, and their premises or facilities, except such other buildings or
structures as may be exempted in the rules and regulations to be promulgated under Section 5
hereof, shall incorporate and provide therein fire safety construction, protective and warning
system, and shall develop and implement fire safety programs, to wit:

(1) Fire protection features such as sprinkler systems, hose boxes, hose reels or standpipe systems,
and other firefighting equipment;

(2) Fire alarm systems;

(3) Firewalls to separate adjoining buildings, or warehouses and storage areas from other
occupancies in the same building;

(4) Provisions for confining the fire at its sources such as fire resistive floors and walls extending up
to the next floor slab or roof, curtain boards, and other fire-containing or stopping components;

(5) Termination of all exits in an area affording safe passage to a public way or safe dispersal area;

(6) Stairway, vertical shafts, horizontal exits, and other means of egress sealed from smoke and heat;

(7) A fire exit plan for each floor of the building showing the routes from each other room to
appropriate exits, displayed prominently on the door of such room;

(8) Self-closing fire-resistive doors leading to corridors;

(9) Fire dampers in centralized air-conditioning ducts;

(10) Roof vents for use by firefighters; and

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(11) Properly marked and lighted exits with provision for emergency lights to adequately illuminate
exit ways in case of power failure.

SECTION 8. Prohibited Acts. - The following are declared as prohibited acts and omissions:

a. Obstructing or blocking the exit ways or across to buildings marked for fire safety purposes, such
as but not limited to aisles in interior rooms, any part of stairways, hallways, corridors, vestibules,
balconies or bridges leading to a stairway or exit of any kind, or tolerating or allowing said violations;

b. Constructing gates, entrances, and walkways to building components and yards, and temporary or
permanent structures on public ways, which obstruct the orderly and easy passage of fire fighting
vehicles and equipment;

c. Prevention, interference, or obstruction of any operation of the fire service, or of duly organized
and authorized fire brigades;

d. Obstructing designated fire lanes or access to fire hydrants;

e. Overcrowding or admission of persons beyond the authorized capacity in movie houses, theatres,
coliseums, auditoriums, or other public assembly buildings, except in other assembly areas on the
ground floor with open sides or open doors sufficient to provide safe exits;

f. Locking fire exits during periods when people are inside the building;

g. Prevention or obstruction of the automatic closure of fire doors smoke partitions or dampers;

h. Use of fire protective or firefighting equipment of the fire service other than for firefighting except
in other emergencies where their use is justified;

i. Giving false or malicious fire alarms;

j. Smoking in prohibited areas as may be determined by fire service, or throwing of cigars, cigarettes,
burning objects in places which may start or cause a fire;

k. Abandoning or leaving a building or structure by the occupant or owner without appropriate

safety measures;

l. Removing, destroying, tampering, or obliterating any authorized mark, seal, sign, or tag posted or
required by the fire service for fire safety in any building, structure, or processing equipment; and

m. Use of jumpers tampering with electrical wiring or overloading the electrical system beyond its
designated capacity or such other practices that would tend to undermine the fire safety features of
the electrical system.

SECTION 9. Violations, Penalties, and Abatement of Fire Hazards. - Fire hazards shall be abated
immediately. The Chief, BFP, or his/her duly authorized representative, upon the report, that a
violation of this Code or other pertinent laws, rules, and regulations is being committed, shall issue
notice/order to comply with the owner, administrator, occupant, or another person responsible for
the condition of the building or structure, indicating among other things, the period within which
compliance shall be effected, which shall be within ten (10) to fifteen (15) days after the receipt of
the notice/order, depending on the reasonableness to adequately comply with the same.

If after the lapse of the aforesaid period, the owner, administrator, occupant, or other responsible
persons fail to comply, the Chief, BFP, or his/her duly authorized representative shall put up a sign in
front of the building or structure that it is a fire hazard. Specifically, the notice shall bear the words

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“WARNING: THIS BUILDING/STRUCTURE IS A FIRE HAZARD”, which shall remain posted until such
time that the owner, administrator, occupant, or other persons responsible for the condition of the
building, structure, and their premises or facilities abate the same, but such period shall not exceed
fifteen (15) days from the lapse of the initial period given in the notice/order to comply.

Finally, with the failure of the owner, administrator, occupant, or other persons responsible for the
condition of the building, structure, and their premises or facilities to comply within the period
specified above, the Chief, BFP may issue an order for such abatement. If the owner, administrator,
or occupant of buildings, structure, and their premises or facilities do not abate the same within the
period fixed in said order, the building, structure, premises, or facilities shall be ordered closed by
the Chief, BFP or his/her duly authorized representative notwithstanding any permit clearance or
certificate earlier issued by the local authorities.

Any building or structure assessed and declared by the Chief, BFP, or his/her duly authorized
representative as a firetrap on account of the gravity or palpability of the violation or is causing clear
and present imminent fire danger to adjoining establishments and habitations shall be declared a
public nuisance, as defined in the Civil Code of the Philippines in a notice to be issued to the owner,
administrator, occupant or another person responsible for the condition of the building, structure
and their premises or facilities. If the assessed value of the nuisance or the amount to be spent in
abating the same is not more than One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00), the owner,
administrator, or occupant thereof shall abate the hazard within Fifteen (15) days, or if the assessed
value is more than One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00), within thirty (30) days from receipt
of the order declaring said building or structure a public nuisance; otherwise, the Chief, BFP or
his/her duly authorized representative shall forthwith cause its summary abatement. Failure to
comply within five (5) days from the receipt of the notice shall cause the Chief, BFP, or his/her duly
authorized representative to put up a sign in front of the building or structure, at or near the
entrance of such premises, notifying the public that such building or structure is a “FIRE TRAP”,
which shall remain until the owner, administrator, occupant or other person responsible for the
condition of the building, structure and their premises or facilities abate the same within the
specified period.

Summary abatement as used herein shall mean all corrective measures undertaken to abate hazards
which shall include, but not be limited to remodeling, repairing, strengthening, reconstructing,
removing, and demolition, either partial or total, of the building or structure. The expenses incurred
by the government for such summary abatement shall be borne by the owner, administrator, or
occupant. These expenses shall constitute a prior lien upon such property.

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References:

Commission on Higher Education Memorandum Order Number 05, Series of 2018

International Association of Arson Investigators (IAAI) - [Link]
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) - [Link]
Republic Act Number 9514 - Fire Code of the Philippines of 2008
Fire Dynamics by Gregory E. Gorbett and James L. Pharr
National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG)
International Association of Fire Chiefs (IAFC)
United States Fire Administration (USFA)

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